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Papier K, Atkins JR, Tong TYN, Gaitskell K, Desai T, Ogamba CF, Parsaeian M, Reeves GK, Mills IG, Key TJ, Smith-Byrne K, Travis RC. Identifying proteomic risk factors for cancer using prospective and exome analyses of 1463 circulating proteins and risk of 19 cancers in the UK Biobank. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4010. [PMID: 38750076 PMCID: PMC11096312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The availability of protein measurements and whole exome sequence data in the UK Biobank enables investigation of potential observational and genetic protein-cancer risk associations. We investigated associations of 1463 plasma proteins with incidence of 19 cancers and 9 cancer subsites in UK Biobank participants (average 12 years follow-up). Emerging protein-cancer associations were further explored using two genetic approaches, cis-pQTL and exome-wide protein genetic scores (exGS). We identify 618 protein-cancer associations, of which 107 persist for cases diagnosed more than seven years after blood draw, 29 of 618 were associated in genetic analyses, and four had support from long time-to-diagnosis ( > 7 years) and both cis-pQTL and exGS analyses: CD74 and TNFRSF1B with NHL, ADAM8 with leukemia, and SFTPA2 with lung cancer. We present multiple blood protein-cancer risk associations, including many detectable more than seven years before cancer diagnosis and that had concordant evidence from genetic analyses, suggesting a possible role in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Papier
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tammy Y N Tong
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kezia Gaitskell
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Trishna Desai
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chibuzor F Ogamba
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mahboubeh Parsaeian
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gillian K Reeves
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tim J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Smith-Byrne
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Chella Krishnan K, El Hachem EJ, Keller MP, Patel SG, Carroll L, Vegas AD, Gerdes Gyuricza I, Light C, Cao Y, Pan C, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Shravah V, Anum D, Pellegrini M, Lee CF, Seldin MM, Rosenthal NA, Churchill GA, Attie AD, Parker B, James DE, Lusis AJ. Genetic architecture of heart mitochondrial proteome influencing cardiac hypertrophy. eLife 2023; 12:e82619. [PMID: 37276142 PMCID: PMC10241513 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in both normal heart function and disease etiology. We report analysis of common genetic variations contributing to mitochondrial and heart functions using an integrative proteomics approach in a panel of inbred mouse strains called the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP). We performed a whole heart proteome study in the HMDP (72 strains, n=2-3 mice) and retrieved 848 mitochondrial proteins (quantified in ≥50 strains). High-resolution association mapping on their relative abundance levels revealed three trans-acting genetic loci on chromosomes (chr) 7, 13 and 17 that regulate distinct classes of mitochondrial proteins as well as cardiac hypertrophy. DAVID enrichment analyses of genes regulated by each of the loci revealed that the chr13 locus was highly enriched for complex-I proteins (24 proteins, P=2.2E-61), the chr17 locus for mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein complex (17 proteins, P=3.1E-25) and the chr7 locus for ubiquinone biosynthesis (3 proteins, P=6.9E-05). Follow-up high resolution regional mapping identified NDUFS4, LRPPRC and COQ7 as the candidate genes for chr13, chr17 and chr7 loci, respectively, and both experimental and statistical analyses supported their causal roles. Furthermore, a large cohort of Diversity Outbred mice was used to corroborate Lrpprc gene as a driver of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded gene regulation, and to show that the chr17 locus is specific to heart. Variations in all three loci were associated with heart mass in at least one of two independent heart stress models, namely, isoproterenol-induced heart failure and diet-induced obesity. These findings suggest that common variations in certain mitochondrial proteins can act in trans to influence tissue-specific mitochondrial functions and contribute to heart hypertrophy, elucidating mechanisms that may underlie genetic susceptibility to heart failure in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Elie-Julien El Hachem
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Field Systems Biology, Sciences Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Mark P Keller
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Sanjeet G Patel
- Department of Surgery/Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Luke Carroll
- Metabolic Systems Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Alexis Diaz Vegas
- Metabolic Systems Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | | | - Christine Light
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityUnited States
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational BiosciencesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Varun Shravah
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Diana Anum
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational BiosciencesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Chi Fung Lee
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityUnited States
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityUnited States
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- Center for Epigenetics and MetabolismIrvineUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
| | | | | | - Alan D Attie
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Benjamin Parker
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - David E James
- Metabolic Systems Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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3
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Bader JM, Albrecht V, Mann M. MS-based proteomics of body fluids: The end of the beginning. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023:100577. [PMID: 37209816 PMCID: PMC10388585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate biomarkers are a crucial and necessary precondition for precision medicine, yet existing ones are often unspecific and new ones have been very slow to enter the clinic. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics excels by its untargeted nature, specificity of identification and quantification making it an ideal technology for biomarker discovery and routine measurement. It has unique attributes compared to affinity binder technologies, such as OLINK Proximity Extension Assay and SOMAscan. In a previous review we described technological and conceptual limitations that had held back success (Geyer et al., 2017). We proposed a 'rectangular strategy' to better separate true biomarkers by minimizing cohort-specific effects. Today, this has converged with advances in MS-based proteomics technology, such as increased sample throughput, depth of identification and quantification. As a result, biomarker discovery studies have become more successful, producing biomarker candidates that withstand independent verification and, in some cases, already outperform state-of-the-art clinical assays. We summarize developments over the last years, including the benefits of large and independent cohorts, which are necessary for clinical acceptance. They are also required for machine learning or deep learning. Shorter gradients, new scan modes and multiplexing are about to drastically increase throughput, cross-study integration, and quantification, including proxies for absolute levels. We have found that multi-protein panels are inherently more robust than current single analyte tests and better capture the complexity of human phenotypes. Routine MS measurement in the clinic is fast becoming a viable option. The full set of proteins in a body fluid (global proteome) is the most important reference and the best process control. Additionally, it increasingly has all the information that could be obtained from targeted analysis although the latter may be the most straightforward way to enter into regular use. Many challenges remain, not least of a regulatory and ethical nature, but the outlook for MS-based clinical applications has never been brighter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob M Bader
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vincent Albrecht
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Hober A, Rekanovic M, Forsström B, Hansson S, Kotol D, Percy AJ, Uhlén M, Oscarsson J, Edfors F, Miliotis T. Targeted proteomics using stable isotope labeled protein fragments enables precise and robust determination of total apolipoprotein(a) in human plasma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281772. [PMID: 36791076 PMCID: PMC9931122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a), also known as Lp(a), is an LDL-like particle composed of apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) bound covalently to apolipoprotein B100. Plasma concentrations of Lp(a) are highly heritable and vary widely between individuals. Elevated plasma concentration of Lp(a) is considered as an independent, causal risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Targeted mass spectrometry (LC-SRM/MS) combined with stable isotope-labeled recombinant proteins provides robust and precise quantification of proteins in the blood, making LC-SRM/MS assays appealing for monitoring plasma proteins for clinical implications. This study presents a novel quantitative approach, based on proteotypic peptides, to determine the absolute concentration of apo(a) from two microliters of plasma and qualified according to guideline requirements for targeted proteomics assays. After optimization, assay parameters such as linearity, lower limits of quantification (LLOQ), intra-assay variability (CV: 4.7%) and inter-assay repeatability (CV: 7.8%) were determined and the LC-SRM/MS results were benchmarked against a commercially available immunoassay. In summary, the measurements of an apo(a) single copy specific peptide and a kringle 4 specific peptide allow for the determination of molar concentration and relative size of apo(a) in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hober
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirela Rekanovic
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Forsström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Hansson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Kotol
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Percy
- Department of Applications Development, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tasso Miliotis
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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5
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Lagging C, Klasson S, Pedersen A, Nilsson S, Jood K, Stanne TM, Jern C. Investigation of 91 proteins implicated in neurobiological processes identifies multiple candidate plasma biomarkers of stroke outcome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20080. [PMID: 36418382 PMCID: PMC9684578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inter-individual variation in stroke outcomes is large and protein studies could point to potential underlying biological mechanisms. We measured plasma levels of 91 neurobiological proteins in 209 cases included in the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke using a Proximity Extension Assay, and blood was sampled in the acute phase and at 3-month and 7-year follow-ups. Levels were also determined once in 209 controls. Acute stroke severity and neurological outcome were evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. In linear regression models corrected for age, sex, and sampling day, acute phase levels of 37 proteins were associated with acute stroke severity, and 47 with 3-month and/or 7-year outcome at false discovery rate < 0.05. Three-month levels of 8 proteins were associated with 7-year outcome, of which the associations for BCAN and Nr-CAM were independent also of acute stroke severity. Most proteins followed a trajectory with lower levels in the acute phase compared to the 3-month follow-up and the control sampling point. Conclusively, we identified multiple candidate plasma biomarkers of stroke severity and neurological outcome meriting further investigation. This study adds novel information, as most of the reported proteins have not been previously investigated in a stroke cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lagging
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Klasson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annie Pedersen
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Division of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Jood
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tara M. Stanne
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Jern
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Lähteenmäki Taalas T, Järvelä L, Niinikoski H, Huurre A, Harila‐Saari A. Inflammatory biomarkers after an exercise intervention in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. EJHAEM 2022; 3:1188-1200. [PMID: 36467791 PMCID: PMC9713025 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer survivors show increased risk for non-communicable diseases and chronic low-grade inflammation characterizes the development of such diseases. We investigated inflammatory plasma protein profiles of survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in comparison to healthy controls and after an intervention with a home-based exercise program. Survivors of childhood ALL aged 16-30 years (n = 21) with a median age at diagnosis 4.9 (1.6-12.9) years and a median time of 15.9 years from diagnosis, and sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n = 21) were studied. Stored plasma samples were analyzed with Olink's 92-protein-wide Inflammation panel in 21 ALL long-term survivors at baseline, after a previous 16-week home-based exercise intervention (n = 17) and in 21 age- and sex-matched controls at baseline. Protein expression levels were compared between the groups. Inflammatory protein levels did not differ between the survivors and controls at baseline. Significantly reduced levels after the intervention were found in 11 proteins related to either vascular inflammation, insulin resistance, or both: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14), oncostatin M (OSM), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), MCP-2, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand 10 (TRAIL), adenosine deaminase (ADA), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (CXCL6), and latency-associated peptide transforming growth factor beta 1 (LAP TGF-β1). The ALL survivors were not significantly more affected by inflammation than controls at baseline. The survivors' 16-week exercise intervention led to significant reduction in inflammatory protein levels. Physical exercise should be promoted for survivors of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Lähteenmäki Taalas
- University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Liisa Järvelä
- University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Anu Huurre
- University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Arja Harila‐Saari
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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7
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Rhodes CJ, Wharton J, Swietlik EM, Harbaum L, Girerd B, Coghlan JG, Lordan J, Church C, Pepke-Zaba J, Toshner M, Wort SJ, Kiely DG, Condliffe R, Lawrie A, Gräf S, Montani D, Boucly A, Sitbon O, Humbert M, Howard LS, Morrell NW, Wilkins MR. Using the Plasma Proteome for Risk Stratifying Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1102-1111. [PMID: 35081018 PMCID: PMC9851485 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202105-1118oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide), a biomarker of cardiac origin, is used to risk stratify patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Its limitations include poor sensitivity to early vascular pathology. Other biomarkers of vascular or systemic origin may also be useful in the management of PAH. Objectives: Identify prognostic proteins in PAH that complement NT-proBNP and clinical risk scores. Methods: An aptamer-based assay (SomaScan version 4) targeting 4,152 proteins was used to measure plasma proteins in patients with idiopathic, heritable, or drug-induced PAH from the UK National Cohort of PAH (n = 357) and the French EFORT (Evaluation of Prognostic Factors and Therapeutic Targets in PAH) study (n = 79). Prognostic proteins were identified in discovery-replication analyses of UK samples. Proteins independent of 6-minute-walk distance and NT-proBNP entered least absolute shrinkage and selection operator modeling, and the best combination in a single score was evaluated against clinical targets in EFORT. Measurements and Main Results: Thirty-one proteins robustly informed prognosis independent of NT-proBNP and 6-minute-walk distance in the UK cohort. A weighted combination score of six proteins was validated at baseline (5-yr mortality; area under the curve [AUC], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.85) and follow-up in EFORT (AUC, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.94; P = 9.96 × 10-6). The protein score risk stratified patients independent of established clinical targets and risk equations. The addition of the six-protein model score to NT-proBNP improved prediction of 5-year outcomes from AUC 0.762 (0.702-0.821) to 0.818 (0.767-0.869) by receiver operating characteristic analysis (P = 0.00426 for difference in AUC) in the UK replication and French samples combined. Conclusions: The plasma proteome informs prognosis beyond established factors in PAH and may provide a more sensitive measure of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rhodes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Wharton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia M Swietlik
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Harbaum
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Girerd
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - J Gerry Coghlan
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Lordan
- University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Church
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Pepke-Zaba
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Toshner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Wort
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David G Kiely
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robin Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; and
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,BioResource for Translational Research, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Montani
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Athénaïs Boucly
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Luke S Howard
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Pattanaik B, Hammarlund M, Mjörnstedt F, Ulleryd MA, Zhong W, Uhlén M, Gummesson A, Bergström G, Johansson ME. Polymorphisms in alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene, CHRNA7, and its partially duplicated gene, CHRFAM7A, associate with increased inflammatory response in human peripheral mononuclear cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22271. [PMID: 35344211 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101898r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve can, via the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), regulate inflammation. The gene coding for the α7nAChR, CHRNA7, can be partially duplicated, that is, CHRFAM7A, which is reported to impair the anti-inflammatory effect mediated via the α7nAChR. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been described in both CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A, however, the functional role of these SNPs for immune responses remains to be investigated. In the current study, we set out to investigate whether genetic variants of CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A can influence immune responses. By investigating data available from the Swedish SciLifeLab SCAPIS Wellness Profiling (S3WP) study, in combination with droplet digital PCR and freshly isolated PBMCs from the S3WP participants, challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we show that CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A are expressed in human PBMCs, with approximately four times higher expression of CHRFAM7A compared with CHRNA7. One SNP in CHRFAM7A, rs34007223, is positively associated with hsCRP in healthy individuals. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO)-terms analysis of plasma proteins associated with gene expression of CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A demonstrated an involvement for these genes in immune responses. This was further supported by in vitro data showing that several SNPs in both CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A are significantly associated with cytokine response. In conclusion, genetic variants of CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A alters cytokine responses. Furthermore, given that CHRFAM7A SNP rs34007223 is associated with inflammatory marker hsCRP in healthy individuals suggests that CHRFAM7A may have a more pronounced role in regulating inflammatory processes in humans than previously been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagmi Pattanaik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Hammarlund
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Filip Mjörnstedt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus A Ulleryd
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wen Zhong
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Gummesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Caron B, Patin E, Rotival M, Charbit B, Albert ML, Quintana-Murci L, Duffy D, Rausell A. Integrative genetic and immune cell analysis of plasma proteins in healthy donors identifies novel associations involving primary immune deficiency genes. Genome Med 2022; 14:28. [PMID: 35264221 PMCID: PMC8905727 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood plasma proteins play an important role in immune defense against pathogens, including cytokine signaling, the complement system, and the acute-phase response. Recent large-scale studies have reported genetic (i.e., protein quantitative trait loci, pQTLs) and non-genetic factors, such as age and sex, as major determinants to inter-individual variability in immune response variation. However, the contribution of blood-cell composition to plasma protein heterogeneity has not been fully characterized and may act as a mediating factor in association studies. Methods Here, we evaluated plasma protein levels from 400 unrelated healthy individuals of western European ancestry, who were stratified by sex and two decades of life (20–29 and 60–69 years), from the Milieu Intérieur cohort. We quantified 229 proteins by Luminex in a clinically certified laboratory and their levels of variation were analyzed together with 5.2 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. With respect to non-genetic variables, we included 254 lifestyle and biochemical factors, as well as counts of seven circulating immune cell populations measured by hemogram and standardized flow cytometry. Results Collectively, we found 152 significant associations involving 49 proteins and 20 non-genetic variables. Consistent with previous studies, age and sex showed a global, pervasive impact on plasma protein heterogeneity, while body mass index and other health status variables were among the non-genetic factors with the highest number of associations. After controlling for these covariates, we identified 100 and 12 pQTLs acting in cis and trans, respectively, collectively associated with 87 plasma proteins and including 19 novel genetic associations. Genetic factors explained the largest fraction of the variability of plasma protein levels, as compared to non-genetic factors. In addition, blood-cell fractions, including leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets, had a larger contribution to inter-individual variability than age and sex and appeared as confounders of specific genetic associations. Finally, we identified new genetic associations with plasma protein levels of five monogenic Mendelian disease genes including two primary immunodeficiency genes (Ficolin-3 and FAS). Conclusions Our study identified novel genetic and non-genetic factors associated to plasma protein levels which may inform health status and disease management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-022-01032-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barthelemy Caron
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Patin
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Rotival
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Charbit
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, CRT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France.,Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, CRT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France. .,Translational Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Rausell
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, F-75006, Paris, France. .,Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, F-75015, Paris, France.
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10
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Dekker PM, Boeren S, van Goudoever JB, Vervoort JJM, Hettinga KA. Exploring Human Milk Dynamics: Interindividual Variation in Milk Proteome, Peptidome, and Metabolome. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1002-1016. [PMID: 35104145 PMCID: PMC8981310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Human milk is a dynamic
biofluid, and its detailed composition
receives increasing attention. While most studies focus on changes
over time or differences between maternal characteristics, interindividual
variation receives little attention. Nevertheless, a comprehensive
insight into this can help interpret human milk studies and help human
milk banks provide targeted milk for recipients. This study aimed
to map interindividual variation in the human milk proteome, peptidome,
and metabolome and to investigate possible explanations for this variation.
A set of 286 milk samples was collected from 29 mothers in the third
month postpartum. Samples were pooled per mother, and proteins, peptides,
and metabolites were analyzed. A substantial coefficient of variation
(>100%) was observed for 4.6% and 36.2% of the proteins and peptides,
respectively. In addition, using weighted correlation network analysis
(WGCNA), 5 protein and 11 peptide clusters were obtained, showing
distinct characteristics. With this, several associations were found
between the different data sets and with specific sample characteristics.
This study provides insight into the dynamics of human milk protein,
peptide, and metabolite composition. In addition, it will support
future studies that evaluate the effect size of a parameter of interest
by enabling a comparison with natural variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter M Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Emma Children's Hospital, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper A Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Clark KC, Kwitek AE. Multi-Omic Approaches to Identify Genetic Factors in Metabolic Syndrome. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:3045-3084. [PMID: 34964118 PMCID: PMC9373910 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly heritable disease and a major public health burden worldwide. MetS diagnosis criteria are met by the simultaneous presence of any three of the following: high triglycerides, low HDL/high LDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, hypertension, and central obesity. These diseases act synergistically in people suffering from MetS and dramatically increase risk of morbidity and mortality due to stroke and cardiovascular disease, as well as certain cancers. Each of these component features is itself a complex disease, as is MetS. As a genetically complex disease, genetic risk factors for MetS are numerous, but not very powerful individually, often requiring specific environmental stressors for the disease to manifest. When taken together, all sequence variants that contribute to MetS disease risk explain only a fraction of the heritable variance, suggesting additional, novel loci have yet to be discovered. In this article, we will give a brief overview on the genetic concepts needed to interpret genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait locus (QTL) data, summarize the state of the field of MetS physiological genomics, and to introduce tools and resources that can be used by the physiologist to integrate genomics into their own research on MetS and any of its component features. There is a wealth of phenotypic and molecular data in animal models and humans that can be leveraged as outlined in this article. Integrating these multi-omic QTL data for complex diseases such as MetS provides a means to unravel the pathways and mechanisms leading to complex disease and promise for novel treatments. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-40, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Clark
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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12
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Zamani P, Mohammadi H, Mirhoseini SZ. Genome-wide association study and genomic heritabilities for blood protein levels in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23771. [PMID: 34887490 PMCID: PMC8660901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum protein levels are related to physiological and pathological status of animals and could be affected by both genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to evaluate genetic variation of serum protein profile in sheep. Blood samples were randomly collected from 96 Lori-Bakhtiari ewes, a heavy meat-type breed. Total protein, albumin, globulin, α1, α2, β and γ globulins and IgG levels were measured in blood serum. The samples were genotyped using the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip. The studied traits adjusted for age, birth type, birth season and estimate of breeding value for body weight were considered as pseudo-phenotypes in genome-wide association analysis. In the GWAS model, the first five principal components were fitted as covariates to correct the biases due to possible population stratification. The Plink, R and GCTA software were used for genome-wide association analysis, construction of Q-Q and Manhattan plots and estimation of genetic variances, respectively. Noticeable genomic heritabilities ± SE were estimated for total and γ globulins (0.868 ± 0.262 and 0.831 ± 0.364, respectively), but other protein fractions had zero or close to zero estimates. Based on the Bonferroni adjusted p values, four QTLs located on 181.7 Mbp of OAR3, 107.7 Mbp of OAR4, 86.3 Mbp of OAR7 and 83.0 Mbp of OAR8 were significantly associated with α1, β, β and γ globulins, respectively. The results showed that the PKP2, IGF2R, SLC22A1 and SLC22A2 genes could be considered as candidate genes for blood serum proteins. The present study showed significant genetic variations of some blood protein fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zamani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - H Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - S Z Mirhoseini
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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13
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Next generation plasma proteome profiling of COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptoms. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103723. [PMID: 34844191 PMCID: PMC8626206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has caused millions of deaths globally, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying the various effects of the disease remain poorly understood. Recently, a new analytical platform for comprehensive analysis of plasma protein profiles using proximity extension assays combined with next generation sequencing has been developed, which allows for multiple proteins to be analyzed simultaneously without sacrifice on accuracy or sensitivity. Methods We analyzed the plasma protein profiles of COVID-19 patients (n = 50) with mild and moderate symptoms by comparing the protein levels in newly diagnosed patients with the protein levels in the same individuals after 14 days. Findings The study has identified more than 200 proteins that are significantly elevated during infection and many of these are related to cytokine response and other immune-related functions. In addition, several other proteins are shown to be elevated, including SCARB2, a host cell receptor protein involved in virus entry. A comparison with the plasma protein response in patients with severe symptoms shows a highly similar pattern, but with some interesting differences. Interpretation The study presented here demonstrates the usefulness of “next generation plasma protein profiling” to identify molecular signatures of importance for disease progression and to allow monitoring of disease during recovery from the infection. The results will facilitate further studies to understand the molecular mechanism of the immune-related response of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Funding This work was financially supported by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.
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14
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Gallego-Paüls M, Hernández-Ferrer C, Bustamante M, Basagaña X, Barrera-Gómez J, Lau CHE, Siskos AP, Vives-Usano M, Ruiz-Arenas C, Wright J, Slama R, Heude B, Casas M, Grazuleviciene R, Chatzi L, Borràs E, Sabidó E, Carracedo Á, Estivill X, Urquiza J, Coen M, Keun HC, González JR, Vrijheid M, Maitre L. Variability of multi-omics profiles in a population-based child cohort. BMC Med 2021; 19:166. [PMID: 34289836 PMCID: PMC8296694 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple omics technologies are increasingly applied to detect early, subtle molecular responses to environmental stressors for future disease risk prevention. However, there is an urgent need for further evaluation of stability and variability of omics profiles in healthy individuals, especially during childhood. METHODS We aimed to estimate intra-, inter-individual and cohort variability of multi-omics profiles (blood DNA methylation, gene expression, miRNA, proteins and serum and urine metabolites) measured 6 months apart in 156 healthy children from five European countries. We further performed a multi-omics network analysis to establish clusters of co-varying omics features and assessed the contribution of key variables (including biological traits and sample collection parameters) to omics variability. RESULTS All omics displayed a large range of intra- and inter-individual variability depending on each omics feature, although all presented a highest median intra-individual variability. DNA methylation was the most stable profile (median 37.6% inter-individual variability) while gene expression was the least stable (6.6%). Among the least stable features, we identified 1% cross-omics co-variation between CpGs and metabolites (e.g. glucose and CpGs related to obesity and type 2 diabetes). Explanatory variables, including age and body mass index (BMI), explained up to 9% of serum metabolite variability. CONCLUSIONS Methylation and targeted serum metabolomics are the most reliable omics to implement in single time-point measurements in large cross-sectional studies. In the case of metabolomics, sample collection and individual traits (e.g. BMI) are important parameters to control for improved comparability, at the study design or analysis stage. This study will be valuable for the design and interpretation of epidemiological studies that aim to link omics signatures to disease, environmental exposures, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gallego-Paüls
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Hernández-Ferrer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Barrera-Gómez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chung-Ho E Lau
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Alexandros P Siskos
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer and Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Vives-Usano
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Arenas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Remy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eva Borràs
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Medicine Genomics Group, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), University of Santiago de Compostela, CEGEN-PRB3, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Muireann Coen
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hector C Keun
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer and Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juan R González
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Landegren U, Hammond M. Cancer diagnostics based on plasma protein biomarkers: hard times but great expectations. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1715-1726. [PMID: 33012111 PMCID: PMC8169444 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer diagnostics based on the detection of protein biomarkers in blood has promising potential for early detection and continuous monitoring of disease. However, the currently available protein biomarkers and assay formats largely fail to live up to expectations, mainly due to insufficient diagnostic specificity. Here, we discuss what kinds of plasma proteins might prove useful as biomarkers of malignant processes in specific organs. We consider the need to search for biomarkers deep down in the lowest reaches of the proteome, below current detection levels. In this regard, we comment on the poor molecular detection sensitivity of current protein assays compared to nucleic acid detection reactions, and we discuss requirements for achieving detection of vanishingly small amounts of proteins, to ensure detection of early stages of malignant growth through liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Landegren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala University and SciLifeLabUppsalaSweden
| | - Maria Hammond
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala University and SciLifeLabUppsalaSweden
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16
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Zhong W, Edfors F, Gummesson A, Bergström G, Fagerberg L, Uhlén M. Next generation plasma proteome profiling to monitor health and disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2493. [PMID: 33941778 PMCID: PMC8093230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for precision medicine approaches to monitor health and disease makes it important to develop sensitive and accurate assays for proteome profiles in blood. Here, we describe an approach for plasma profiling based on proximity extension assay combined with next generation sequencing. First, we analyze the variability of plasma profiles between and within healthy individuals in a longitudinal wellness study, including the influence of genetic variations on plasma levels. Second, we follow patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before and during therapeutic intervention using plasma proteome profiling. The studies show that healthy individuals have a unique and stable proteome profile and indicate that a panel of proteins could potentially be used for early diagnosis of diabetes, including stratification of patients with regards to response to metformin treatment. Although validation in larger cohorts is needed, the analysis demonstrates the usefulness of comprehensive plasma profiling for precision medicine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhong
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Gummesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Wang X, Ye C, Xun T, Mo L, Tong Y, Ni W, Huang S, Liu B, Zhan X, Yang X. Bacteroides Fragilis Polysaccharide A Ameliorates Abnormal Voriconazole Metabolism Accompanied With the Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:663325. [PMID: 33995087 PMCID: PMC8115215 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.663325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal agent voriconazole (VRC) exhibits extreme inter-individual and intra-individual variation in terms of its clinical efficacy and toxicity. Inflammation, as reflected by C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, significantly affects the metabolic ratio and trough concentrations of voriconazole. Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) is an important component of the human intestinal microbiota. Clinical data have shown that B. fragilis abundance is comparatively higher in patients not presenting with adverse drug reactions, and inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) levels are negatively correlated with B. fragilis abundance. B. fragilis natural product capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) prevents various inflammatory disorders. We tested the hypothesis that PSA ameliorates abnormal voriconazole metabolism by inhibiting inflammation. Germ-free animals were administered PSA intragastrically for 5 days after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Their blood and liver tissues were collected to measure VRC concentrations. PSA administration dramatically improved the resolution phase of LPS-induced hepatic VRC metabolism and inflammatory factor secretion. It reversed inflammatory lesions and alleviated hepatic pro-inflammatory factor secretion. Both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that PSA reversed LPS-induced IL-1β secretion, downregulated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulated CYP2C19 and P-gp. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that PSA from the probiotic B. fragilis ameliorates abnormal voriconazole metabolism by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-κB transcription and regulating drug metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression. Thus, PSA could serve as a clinical adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunxiao Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianrong Xun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqian Mo
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Tong
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wensi Ni
- Department of Pediatric, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suping Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xixiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Longitudinal plasma protein profiling of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103147. [PMID: 33279861 PMCID: PMC7718461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive proteomics profiling may offer new insights into the dysregulated metabolic milieu of type 2 diabetes, and in the future, serve as a useful tool for personalized medicine. This calls for a better understanding of circulating protein patterns at the early stage of type 2 diabetes as well as the dynamics of protein patterns during changes in metabolic status. METHODS To elucidate the systemic alterations in early-stage diabetes and to investigate the effects on the proteome during metabolic improvement, we measured 974 circulating proteins in 52 newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve type 2 diabetes subjects at baseline and after 1 and 3 months of guideline-based diabetes treatment, while comparing their protein profiles to that of 94 subjects without diabetes. FINDINGS Early stage type 2 diabetes was associated with distinct protein patterns, reflecting key metabolic syndrome features including insulin resistance, adiposity, hyperglycemia and liver steatosis. The protein profiles at baseline were attenuated during guideline-based diabetes treatment and several plasma proteins associated with metformin medication independently of metabolic variables, such as circulating EPCAM. INTERPRETATION The results advance our knowledge about the biochemical manifestations of type 2 diabetes and suggest that comprehensive protein profiling may serve as a useful tool for metabolic phenotyping and for elucidating the biological effects of diabetes treatments. FUNDING This work was supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Erling Persson Foundation, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (ALF-agreement).
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Tebani A, Gummesson A, Zhong W, Koistinen IS, Lakshmikanth T, Olsson LM, Boulund F, Neiman M, Stenlund H, Hellström C, Karlsson MJ, Arif M, Dodig-Crnković T, Mardinoglu A, Lee S, Zhang C, Chen Y, Olin A, Mikes J, Danielsson H, von Feilitzen K, Jansson PA, Angerås O, Huss M, Kjellqvist S, Odeberg J, Edfors F, Tremaroli V, Forsström B, Schwenk JM, Nilsson P, Moritz T, Bäckhed F, Engstrand L, Brodin P, Bergström G, Uhlen M, Fagerberg L. Integration of molecular profiles in a longitudinal wellness profiling cohort. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4487. [PMID: 32900998 PMCID: PMC7479148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of precision medicine is to probe the stability in molecular profiles among healthy individuals over time. Here, we sample a longitudinal wellness cohort with 100 healthy individuals and analyze blood molecular profiles including proteomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, autoantibodies and immune cell profiling, complemented with gut microbiota composition and routine clinical chemistry. Overall, our results show high variation between individuals across different molecular readouts, while the intra-individual baseline variation is low. The analyses show that each individual has a unique and stable plasma protein profile throughout the study period and that many individuals also show distinct profiles with regards to the other omics datasets, with strong underlying connections between the blood proteome and the clinical chemistry parameters. In conclusion, the results support an individual-based definition of health and show that comprehensive omics profiling in a longitudinal manner is a path forward for precision medicine. An important aspect of precision medicine is to probe the stability in molecular profiles among healthy individuals over time. Here, the authors sample a longitudinal wellness cohort and analyse blood molecular profiles as well as gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Tebani
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Gummesson
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wen Zhong
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ina Schuppe Koistinen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tadepally Lakshmikanth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa M Olsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Boulund
- Center for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Neiman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Stenlund
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Hellström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max J Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tea Dodig-Crnković
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yang Chen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel Olin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaromir Mikes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Danielsson
- Center for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kalle von Feilitzen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Angerås
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Huss
- Codon Consulting, 118 26, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanela Kjellqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Forsström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 907 36, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Center for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Biosustainability, Danish Technical University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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