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Wei B, Dong Q, Ma J, Zhang A. The association between triglyceride-glucose index and cognitive function in nondiabetic elderly: NHANES 2011-2014. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:188. [PMID: 37932783 PMCID: PMC10629120 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between Insulin resistance (IR) evaluated through homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and cognitive function is controversial among nondiabetic individuals. No study so far has reported the association between the IR evaluated through triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and cognitive function among nondiabetics. This study aims to assess this association among US nondiabetic older elderly. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Low cognitive function was evaluated using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Battery for immediate word list learning (CERAD-WL) and delayed recall (CERAD-DR) test, the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential interval (CI) to examine the association between the TyG index (continuous and quartiles) and low cognitive function. RESULTS A total of 661 nondiabetic older adults were included with a mean age of 68.62 ± 6.49 years. Compared to the 1st quartile of the TyG index, participants in the TyG index 4th quartile were associated with low cognitive function evaluated through the CERAD test (CERAD-WL and CERAD-DR) [OR: 2.62; 95% CI (1.31, 5.23); P < 0.05]. Subgroup analyses showed that females (ORQ4 VS Q1: 3.07; 95% CI (1.04, 9.05); P < 0.05) and smokers (OR Q4 VS Q1: 2.70; 95% CI (1.01, 7.26); P < 0.05) categories were related with a higher risk of low cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS A high TyG index was strongly correlated with low cognitive function evaluated through the CERAD test (CERAD-WL and CERAD-DR) among US nondiabetic older women. The management of IR in women might be beneficial to primarily prevent low cognitive function among nondiabetic older elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Wei
- School of Nursing, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No.619 Changcheng Road, Daiyue District, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Qianni Dong
- School of Nursing, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No.619 Changcheng Road, Daiyue District, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- School of Nursing, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- School of Nursing, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No.619 Changcheng Road, Daiyue District, Taian, 271000, China.
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2
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Backeström A, Papadopoulos K, Eriksson S, Olsson T, Andersson M, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Nyberg L, Rolandsson O. Acute hyperglycaemia leads to altered frontal lobe brain activity and reduced working memory in type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247753. [PMID: 33739980 PMCID: PMC7978337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
How acute hyperglycaemia affects memory functions and functional brain responses in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes is unclear. Our aim was to study the association between acute hyperglycaemia and working, semantic, and episodic memory in participants with type 2 diabetes compared to a sex- and age-matched control group. We also assessed the effect of hyperglycaemia on working memory–related brain activity. A total of 36 participants with type 2 diabetes and 34 controls (mean age, 66 years) underwent hyperglycaemic clamp or placebo clamp in a blinded and randomised order. Working, episodic, and semantic memory were tested. Overall, the control group had higher working memory (mean z-score 33.15 ± 0.45) than the group with type 2 diabetes (mean z-score 31.8 ± 0.44, p = 0.042) considering both the placebo and hyperglycaemic clamps. Acute hyperglycaemia did not influence episodic, semantic, or working memory performance in either group. Twenty-two of the participants (10 cases, 12 controls, mean age 69 years) were randomly invited to undergo the same clamp procedures to challenge working memory, using 1-, 2-, and 3-back, while monitoring brain activity by blood oxygen level–dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants with type 2 diabetes had reduced working memory during the 1- and 2-back tests. fMRI during placebo clamp revealed increased BOLD signal in the left lateral frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex as a function of working memory load in both groups (3>2>1). During hyperglycaemia, controls showed a similar load-dependent fMRI response, whereas the type 2 diabetes group showed decreased BOLD response from 2- to 3-back. These results suggest that impaired glucose metabolism in the brain affects working memory, possibly by reducing activity in important frontal brain areas in persons with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Backeström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Konstantin Papadopoulos
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sture Eriksson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tommy Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Nyberg L, Boraxbekk CJ, Sörman DE, Hansson P, Herlitz A, Kauppi K, Ljungberg JK, Lövheim H, Lundquist A, Adolfsson AN, Oudin A, Pudas S, Rönnlund M, Stiernstedt M, Sundström A, Adolfsson R. Biological and environmental predictors of heterogeneity in neurocognitive ageing: Evidence from Betula and other longitudinal studies. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101184. [PMID: 32992046 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in cognitive performance increase with advancing age, reflecting marked cognitive changes in some individuals along with little or no change in others. Genetic and lifestyle factors are assumed to influence cognitive performance in ageing by affecting the magnitude and extent of age-related brain changes (i.e., brain maintenance or atrophy), as well as the ability to recruit compensatory processes. The purpose of this review is to present findings from the Betula study and other longitudinal studies, with a focus on clarifying the role of key biological and environmental factors assumed to underlie individual differences in brain and cognitive ageing. We discuss the vital importance of sampling, analytic methods, consideration of non-ignorable dropout, and related issues for valid conclusions on factors that influence healthy neurocognitive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen (ISMC), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Eriksson Sörman
- Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Hansson
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Herlitz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kauppi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica K Ljungberg
- Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Hugo Lövheim
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundquist
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Statistics, USBE, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Oudin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Environment Society and Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University
| | - Sara Pudas
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Stiernstedt
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Sundström
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research (CEDAR), Umeå University, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Cholerton B, Omidpanah A, Verney SP, Nelson LA, Baker LD, Suchy-Dicey A, Longstreth WT, Howard BV, Henderson JA, Montine TJ, Buchwald D. Type 2 diabetes and later cognitive function in older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1050-1057. [PMID: 30924200 PMCID: PMC6579638 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin resistance is a substantial health issue for American Indians, with type 2 diabetes overrepresented in this population as compared with non-Hispanic whites. Insulin resistance and its related conditions in turn increase risk for dementia and cognitive impairment. The aim of the current study was to determine whether type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance at midlife was associated with later-life cognitive testing in a large sample of older American Indians, aged 65 and older. METHODS American Indian participants who underwent both fasting blood draw as part of the Strong Heart Study and had subsequent cognitive testing as part of the later adjunct Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians study were included (n = 790). Regression models examined type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose and subsequent cognitive test performance as part of a longitudinal study design. The relationship between a continuous measure of insulin resistance and later cognitive test performance was assessed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Controlling for demographic and clinical factors, verbal fluency and processing speed/working memory were significantly negatively associated with having type 2 diabetes and with insulin resistance, but not with impaired fasting glucose. CONCLUSION In this sample of American Indians, type 2 diabetes at midlife was associated with subsequent lower performance on measures of executive function. These results may have important implications for future implementation of diagnostic and intervention services in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Adam Omidpanah
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven P. Verney
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lonnie A. Nelson
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura D. Baker
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Astrid Suchy-Dicey
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William T. Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Burns CM, Kaszniak AW, Chen K, Lee W, Bandy DJ, Caselli RJ, Reiman EM. Longitudinal Changes in Serum Glucose Levels are Associated with Metabolic Changes in Alzheimer's Disease Related Brain Regions. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:833-840. [PMID: 29480176 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between longitudinal changes in serum glucose level and longitudinal changes in [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (FDG PET) measurements of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk are unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether variation in serum glucose levels across time are associated with changes in FDG PET measurements of cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) in brain regions preferentially affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Participants are a subset of a prospective cohort study investigating FDG PET, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4, and risk for AD which includes data from baseline, interim, and follow up visits over 4.4±1.0-years. An automated brain-mapping algorithm was utilized to characterize and compare associations between longitudinal changes in serum glucose levels and longitudinal changes in rCMRgl. RESULTS This study included 80 adults aged 61.5±5 years, including 38 carriers and 42 non-carriers of the APOE ɛ4 allele. Longitudinal increases in serum glucose levels were associated with longitudinal CMRgl decline in the vicinity of parietotemporal, precuneus/posterior cingulate, and prefrontal brain regions preferentially affected by AD (p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). Findings remained significant when controlled for APOE ɛ4 status and baseline and advancing age. CONCLUSIONS Additional studies are needed to clarify and confirm the relationship between longitudinal changes in peripheral glucose and FDG PET measurements of AD risk. Future findings will set the stage on the use of FDG PET in the evaluation of possible interventions that target risk factors for the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Burns
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alfred W Kaszniak
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel J Bandy
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Richard J Caselli
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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6
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Pappas C, Small BJ, Andel R, Laczó J, Parizkova M, Ondrej L, Hort J. Blood Glucose Levels May Exacerbate Executive Function Deficits in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:81-89. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Pappas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brent J. Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczó
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Parizkova
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lerch Ondrej
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Del Olmo N, Ruiz-Gayo M. Influence of High-Fat Diets Consumed During the Juvenile Period on Hippocampal Morphology and Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:439. [PMID: 30515083 PMCID: PMC6255817 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of obesity on neurocognitive functioning is an issue of increasing clinical interest. Over the last decade, a number of studies have analyzed the influence of high-fat diets (HFDs) on cognitive performance, particularly in adolescent individuals. Different approaches, including behavioral, neurochemical, electrophysiological and morphological studies, have been developed to address the effect of HFDs on neural processes interfering with learning and memory skills in rodents. Many of the studies have focused on learning and memory related to the hippocampus and the mechanisms underlying these processes. The goal of the current review article is to highlight the relationship between hippocampal learning/memory deficits and nutritional/endocrine inputs derived from HFDs consumption, with a special emphasis on research showing the effect of HFDs intake during the juvenile period. We have also reviewed recent research regarding the effect of HFDs on hippocampal neurotransmission. An overview of research suggesting the involvement of fatty acid (FA) receptor-mediated signaling pathways in memory deficits triggered by HFDs is also provided. Finally, the role of leptin and HFD-evoked hyperleptinemia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Djelti F, Dhenain M, Terrien J, Picq JL, Hardy I, Champeval D, Perret M, Schenker E, Epelbaum J, Aujard F. Impaired fasting blood glucose is associated to cognitive impairment and cerebral atrophy in middle-aged non-human primates. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:173-186. [PMID: 28039490 PMCID: PMC5310663 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated cognitive impairment is a major health and social issue because of increasing aged population. Cognitive decline is not homogeneous in humans and the determinants leading to differences between subjects are not fully understood. In middle-aged healthy humans, fasting blood glucose levels in the upper normal range are associated with memory impairment and cerebral atrophy. Due to a close evolutional similarity to Man, non-human primates may be useful to investigate the relationships between glucose homeostasis, cognitive deficits and structural brain alterations. In the grey mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus, spatial memory deficits have been associated with age and cerebral atrophy but the origin of these alterations have not been clearly identified. Herein, we showed that, on 28 female grey mouse lemurs (age range 2.4-6.1 years-old), age correlated with impaired fasting blood glucose (rs=0.37) but not with impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance. In middle-aged animals (4.1-6.1 years-old), fasting blood glucose was inversely and closely linked with spatial memory performance (rs=0.56) and hippocampus (rs=−0.62) or septum (rs=−0.55) volumes. These findings corroborate observations in humans and further support the grey mouse lemur as a natural model to unravel mechanisms which link impaired glucose homeostasis, brain atrophy and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathia Djelti
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), MIRCen, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jérémy Terrien
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Jean-Luc Picq
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et de Neuropsychologie, EA 2027, Université Paris 8, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Isabelle Hardy
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Delphine Champeval
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Martine Perret
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Esther Schenker
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France.,Centre Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, UMR S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- MECADEV UMR 7179, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
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