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Soltan Dallal MM, Nasser A, Karimaei S. Characterization of Virulence Genotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Biofilm Synthesis in Salmonella spp Isolated from Foodborne Outbreaks. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:4805228. [PMID: 39346023 PMCID: PMC11436275 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4805228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is the main bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne disease, particularly in developing countries. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) include Enteritidis and Typhimurium as the most prevalent strains which are one of the significant causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. Therefore, identifying the most predominant serovars, types of common contaminated food, and paying attention to their antibiotic resistance are the main factors in the prevention and control strategy of salmonellosis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence rate of serovars, the biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) status, and phenotypic virulence factors of Salmonella strains isolated from diarrhea samples in some cities of Iran. A total of 40 (10.41%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from 384 diarrhea samples processed and the most common serovar was Salmonella serovar Typhimurium (82.5). Also, all isolates belonging to serovar Typhimurium showed more virulence factors compared to other serovars. The isolates showed a high resistance rate to ampicillin (95%) and nalidixic acid (87.5%), while a low resistance rate was found for chloramphenicol (2.5%). Moreover, significant variances in the capacity of biofilm formation were found between different Salmonella serotypes. The resistance of NTS to extant choice drugs is a potential public health problem. Constant monitoring of AMR pattern and virulence profile of NTS serovars is suggested for the prevention of salmonellosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Food Microbiology Research CenterTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nasser
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Karimaei
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Luo X, Deng J, Luo M, Yu N, Che X. Detection and Characterization of Bacterial and Viral Acute Gastroenteritis among Outpatient Children under 5 Years Old in Guangzhou, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:809-814. [PMID: 38412529 PMCID: PMC10993840 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children can be attributed to a multitude of bacterial and viral pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of bacterial and viral AGE in children and to compare clinical characteristics between single and multiple enteric pathogen infections. A total of 456 stool samples were collected from outpatient children under 5 years old with AGE, which were subsequently analyzed for nine bacteria and three viruses using the Luminex xTAG® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. The presence of at least one pathogen was detected in 260 cases (57.0%), with Salmonella being the predominant agent, followed by norovirus, Campylobacter, and rotavirus. A total of 69 cases (15.1%) exhibited positive results for two or more enteric pathogens. Although certain co-infections demonstrated significant differences in primary clinical features compared with mono-infections, no statistical variance was observed in terms of disease severity. In outpatient children from southern China, Salmonella emerged as the most prevalent causative agent of AGE, succeeded by norovirus and Campylobacter. This study underscores the burden posed by coinfections and highlights the clinical characteristics associated with AGE when accompanied by coinfections among children under 5 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiankai Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Mbuthia OW, Ng'ayo MO. Antibiotic sensitivity profile of bacterial isolates from stool samples among children below five years in Murang'a County, Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:87. [PMID: 37663642 PMCID: PMC10474812 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.87.17909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction the discovery of antibiotics led to the optimistic belief of completely eradicating infectious diseases during the golden era following their discovery. Countries are grappling with the burden of microbial resistance bringing a near paralysis of all facets of mankind. Enterobacteriaceae and other hard-to-treat Gram-negative bacteria have become resistant to nearly all antibiotic options available, and this is a bad taste in the fight against microbial resistance. Methods during the months of April-October 2017, 163 children below five years presenting with diarrhea were randomly selected in Murang´a and Muriranja´s Hospitals. Bacterial agents were identified and antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined. Design: a cross-sectional study approach was used. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA v. 13. Results a total of 188 bacteria belonging to 11 genera were isolated, and identified and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined. Susceptibility testing showed that almost all the Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), Salmonella, Klebsiella, Shigella, Vibrio, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Citrobacter and Yersinia species were resistant to the following antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and kanamycin. Other than ETEC (90.9%), all the rest of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Other than ETEC (9.1%), EAEC (33.3%) and Salmonella species (95.2%), all the rest of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Other than V. cholerae, all the other isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Isolates were sporadically resistant to erythromycin, streptomycin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin. Conclusion the high resistance rate of enteric Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in Murang´a County is alarming. The need for urgent, efficient, and sustainable actions and interventions, such as culture and susceptibility testing, is needed and must be taken into account to minimize and prevent the establishment and spread of enteric pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Waithaka Mbuthia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musa Otieno Ng'ayo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
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Shen L, Yan H, Li W, Tian Y, Lin C, Liu B, Wang Y, Jia L, Zhang D, Yang P, Wang Q, Gao Z. Occurrence of respiratory viruses among outpatients with diarrhea in Beijing, China, 2019-2020. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1073980. [PMID: 36713165 PMCID: PMC9878210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1073980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate respiratory virus infections in diarrhea cases and identify the risk of respiratory virus transmission through feces. Methods Fecal specimens were collected from diarrhea cases in enteric disease clinics in Beijing, China, from 2019 to 2020. Cases that tested negative for norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, and enteric adenovirus were included in the study. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect 16 groups of respiratory viruses, and the major viruses were genotyped. Viruses isolation and digestion of clinical specimens and nucleic acid by artificial gastric acid or artificial bile/pancreatic juice were used to evaluate the risk of respiratory virus transmission through feces. Results A total of 558 specimens were collected and 47 (8.42%) specimens were detected positive, 40 (13.33%, 40/300) in 2019, and 7 (2.71%, 7/258) in 2020, including 20 (3.58%) for human rhinovirus (HRV), 13 (2.32%) for Bocavirus (BoV), 6 (1.08%) for parainfluenza virus I (PIV), 4 (0.72%) for coronavirus (CoV) OC43, 3 (0.54%) for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A, and 1 (0.18%) for both BoV and CoV OC43. Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other viruses were not detected in this study. Eight genotypes were identified in the 13 HRV specimens. BoVs 1 and 2 were identified in nine BoV specimens. HRV infectious virions were successfully isolated from 2 clinical specimens and clinical specimens of HRV, RSV, PIV, and CoV could not be detected after 4 h of digestion and their nucleic acid could not be detected after 2 h of digestion by artificial gastric acid or artificial bile/pancreatic juice. Conclusion There may be a risk of respiratory virus transmission from diarrhea cases, and interventions against SARS-COV-2 epidemics are also effective for other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Shen
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China,Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Yan
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Changying Lin
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Baiwei Liu
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Daitao Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Quanyi Wang,
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China,Zhiyong Gao,
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Mabika RM, Liabagui SLO, Mounioko F, Souza A, Yala JF. Evaluation of the bioresistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from faeces of children with diarrhoea in the town of Koula-Moutou, Gabon: prospective study. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:63. [PMID: 36523289 PMCID: PMC9733464 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.63.25276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction the emergence and expansion of multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae responsible for various infections are increasing in the world. This study was designed to determine the phenotypic profiles of the resistance of enterobacteria strains isolated from the faeces of children with diarrhoeal diseases and to classify them according to the type of resistance. Methods screening was carried out on 98 isolates divided into 2 groups: opportunistic pathogens and strict enteropathogens. Their sensitivity to 13 antibiotics was evaluated by the Mueller Hinton agar medium diffusion method. Results a strong resistance to different classes of β-lactams was found in the strains, 74.0% (n=45) and 83.3% (n=31) for opportunists and enteropathogens, respectively. These strains were completely resistant to doxycycline and erythromycin (100%; n=98) for both types of bacteria. Opportunists and enteropathogens were 95.1% (n=58) and 94.6% (n=35) resistant to gentamicin, and 31.1% (n=19) and 35.1% (n=13) resistant to chloramphenicol, respectively. Similarly, the total resistance of strains was observed with ofloxacin and amounted to 98.4% (n=60) and 96.7% with levofloxacin and norfloxacin, respectively. The analysis of β-lactam resistance phenotypes revealed a dominance of the carbapenemase-producing strains (28.6%; n=28). However, 24.3% (n=9) of enteropathogens were pan-resistant versus 19.7% (n=12) for opportunists. Conclusion the results of this study indicate a worryingly high level of antibiotic resistance in enterobacteria which might tend towards total resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolande Mabika Mabika
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Microbiology Team, Agrobiology Research Unit, Masuku University of Science and Technology, BP 067 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sandrine Lydie Oyegue Liabagui
- Laboratory of Research in Immunology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Regional Doctoral School of Central Africa in Tropical Infectiology, Masuku University of Science and Technology, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Franck Mounioko
- Vector Ecology Laboratory, Tropical Ecology Research Institute, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Alain Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Microbiology Team, Agrobiology Research Unit, Masuku University of Science and Technology, BP 067 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jean Fabrice Yala
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Microbiology Team, Agrobiology Research Unit, Masuku University of Science and Technology, BP 067 Franceville, Gabon
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Ogutu EA, Ellis A, Rodriguez KC, Caruso BA, McClintic EE, Ventura SG, Arriola KRJ, Kowalski AJ, Linabarger M, Wodnik BK, Webb-Girard A, Muga R, Freeman MC. Determinants of food preparation and hygiene practices among caregivers of children under two in Western Kenya: a formative research study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1865. [PMID: 36203140 PMCID: PMC9535979 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrhea is a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide and is linked to early childhood stunting. Food contamination from improper preparation and hygiene practices is an important transmission pathway for exposure to enteric pathogens. Understanding the barriers and facilitators to hygienic food preparation can inform interventions to improve food hygiene. We explored food preparation and hygiene determinants including food-related handwashing habits, meal preparation, cooking practices, and food storage among caregivers of children under age two in Western Kenya. METHODS We used the Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivations model for Behavior Change (COM-B) framework in tool development and analysis. We conducted 24 focus group discussions with mothers (N = 12), fathers (N = 6), and grandmothers (N = 6); 29 key informant interviews with community stakeholders including implementing partners and religious and community leaders; and 24 household observations. We mapped the qualitative and observational data onto the COM-B framework to understand caregivers' facilitators and barriers to food preparation and hygiene practices. RESULTS Facilitators and barriers to food hygiene and preparation practices were found across the COM-B domains. Caregivers had the capability to wash their hands at critical times; wash, cook, and cover food; and clean and dry utensils. Barriers to food hygiene and preparation practices included lack of psychological capability, for instance, caregivers' lack of knowledge of critical times for handwashing, lack of perceived importance of washing some foods before eating, and not knowing the risks of storing food for more than four hours without refrigerating and reheating. Other barriers were opportunity-related, including lack of resources (soap, water, firewood) and an enabling environment (monetary decision-making power, social support). Competing priorities, socio-cultural norms, religion, and time constraints due to work hindered the practice of optimal food hygiene and preparation behaviors. CONCLUSION Food hygiene is an underexplored, but potentially critical, behavior to mitigate fecal pathogen exposure for young children. Our study revealed several knowledge and opportunity barriers that could be integrated into interventions to enhance food hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Ogutu
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Anna Ellis
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Katie C. Rodriguez
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Bethany A. Caruso
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Emilie E. McClintic
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Sandra Gómez Ventura
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kimberly R. J. Arriola
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Alysse J. Kowalski
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Molly Linabarger
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Breanna K. Wodnik
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Amy Webb-Girard
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Richard Muga
- grid.472446.7Uzima University College, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Yue M, Liu D, Li X, Jin S, Hu X, Zhao X, Wu Y. Epidemiology, Serotype and Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from a Children's Hospital in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 2006-2021. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:4735-4748. [PMID: 36034174 PMCID: PMC9416490 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s374658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This research investigated the dynamics of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and the epidemiology of Salmonella infection in children. These data can aid in the prevention and control of the Salmonella epidemic and the diagnosis and treatment of salmonellosis. Methods In this study, we retrospectively reviewed and analysed data regarding epidemiology, clinical symptoms, Salmonella serotypes, and antibiotic resistance from the medical records of patients with Salmonella infections in Hangzhou Children’s Hospital from April 2006 to December 2021. Results A total of 2099 Salmonella isolates were identified during the 16-year study period, and 98.6% (2069) of the isolates were isolated from stool. About 84.5% (1773/2099) of the total Salmonella isolates were detected from May to October. The median age of the 2099 children with Salmonella infection was 1.4 years (17 months) (IQR: 0.9–2.8 years). In 1572 (74.9%) patients, the course of the disease was limited to uncomplicated gastroenteritis. S. Typhimurium (805/2099, 38.4%) was predominant, followed by S. Enteritidis (290/2099, 13.8%). The total number of serotypes and the number of less common serotypes are increasing. Nontyphoid Salmonella that cause invasive infections, including S. Typhimurium, S. Stanley, and S. Choleraesuis, accounted for 60.0% (18/30). The Salmonella strains were resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin at percentages of 71.5%, 51.5%, 36.5%, 22.4%, and 14.7%, respectively. No imipenem-resistant strains were identified. 24.8% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Conclusion S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were the dominant serotypes in children (<2 years) with salmonella-infected arrhoea in Hangzhou, China. Ongoing serotype monitoring should be necessitated and dynamic changes in serotypes should be carefully examined to prevent the sudden outbreak of foodborne illness. Salmonella exhibits a higher rate of resistance to common antibiotics, and the risk of multidrug resistance should not be ignored. Therefore, clinicians should administer antibiotics judiciously according to the results of drug sensitivity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shurui Jin
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xue Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Li T, Yang N, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Wang X, Wang J. C-terminal mini-PEGylation of a marine peptide N6 had potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties against Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains in vitro and in vivo. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:128. [PMID: 35549900 PMCID: PMC9097129 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum are two important groups of zoonotic pathogens. At present, the treatment of intestinal pathogenic bacteria infection mainly relies on antibiotics, which directly inhibit or kill the pathogenic bacteria. However, due to long-term irrational, excessive use or abuse, bacteria have developed different degrees of drug resistance. N6, an arenicin-3 derivative isolated from the lugworm, has potent antibacterial activity and is poorly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and distribution in vivo. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an extensively studied polymer and commonly used in protein or peptide drugs to improve their therapeutic potential. Here, we modified the N-/C-terminal or Cys residue of N6 with liner PEGn of different lengths (n = 2, 6,12, and 24), and the effects of PEGylation of N6 on the stability, toxicity, bactericidal mechanism, distribution and efficacy were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results The antimicrobial activity of the peptide showed that PEGylated N6 at the C-terminus (n = 2, N6-COOH-miniPEG) had potent activity against Gram-negative bacteria; PEGylated N6 at the N-terminus and Cys residues showed low or no activity with increasing lengths of PEG. N6-COOH-miniPEG has higher stability in trypsin than the parent peptide-N6. N6-COOH-miniPEG significantly regulated cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β were reduced by 31.21%, 65.62% and 44.12%, respectively, lower than those of N6 (-0.06%, -12.36% and -12.73%); N6-COOH-miniPEG increased the level of IL-10 (37.83%), higher than N6 (-10.21%). The data indicated that N6-COOH-miniPEG has more potent anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory effect than N6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. N6-COOH-miniPEG exhibited a much wider biodistribution in mice and prolonged in vivo half-time. FITC-labeled N6-COOH-miniPEG was distributed throughout the body of mice in the range of 0.75 – 2 h after injection, while FITC-labeled N6 only concentrated in the abdominal cavity of mice after injection, and the distribution range was narrow. N6-COOH-miniPEG improved the survival rates of mice challenged with E. coli or S. pullorum, downregulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 in the serum of LPS-infected mice, and alleviated multiple-organ injuries (the liver, spleen, kidney, and lung), superior to antibiotics, but slightly inferior to N6. Conclusions The antibacterial activity, bactericidal mechanism and cytotoxicity of N6-COOH-miniPEG and N6 were similar. N6-COOH-miniPEG has a higher resistance to trysin than N6. The distribution of N6-COOH-miniPEG in mice was superior to that of N6. In exploring the modulatory effects of antimicrobial peptides on cytokines, N6-COOH-miniPEG had stronger anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects than N6. The results suggested that C-terminal PEGylated N6 may provide an opportunity for the development of effective anti-inflammatory and antibacterial peptides. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02534-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Qin X, Yang M, Cai H, Liu Y, Gorris L, Aslam MZ, Jia K, Sun T, Wang X, Dong Q. Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040532. [PMID: 35453283 PMCID: PMC9031511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is a global public health problem. Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhmurium, is one of the leading Salmonella serovars in several countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to this serovar in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nineteen eligible studies during 2011–2021 were included. A total of 4514 isolates from humans, animals, foods, and the environment were reported, which mainly concerned isolates found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled resistance rate of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Rates were found to be very high (values ≥ 75%) for tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin; high (50–75%) for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol; and moderate (25–50%) for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, trimethoprim, and gentamicin. The rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, and colistin were low (values ≤ 25%), but of great concern in terms of their current clinical importance. Furthermore, a high multidrug resistance rate (86%, 95% CI: 78–92%) was present in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, with the ASSuT pattern largely dominating. Subgroup analysis results showed that the high heterogeneity of resistance rates was not entirely dependent on isolated sources. Taken together, the severity of antibiotic resistance in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- urgently requires the rational use of antibiotics in future infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Leon Gorris
- Food Safety Futures, 6524 BS Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Aslam
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Jia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Tianmei Sun
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Fardsanei F, Soltan Dallal MM, Zahraei Salehi T, Douraghi M, Memariani M, Memariani H. Antimicrobial resistance patterns, virulence gene profiles, and genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolated from patients with gastroenteritis in various Iranian cities. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:914-921. [PMID: 34712421 PMCID: PMC8528249 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54019.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance profiles and presence of virulence genes among Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) isolated from patients with gastroenteritis in various regions of Iran. Moreover, genetic relatedness among the strains was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Materials and Methods From April through September 2017, 59 Salmonella strains were isolated from 2116 stool samples. Of these strains, 27 S. Enteritidis were recovered. These strains were subjected to disk diffusion tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of virulence genes (invA, hilA, pefA, rck, stn, ssrA, ssaR, sefA, spvC, sipA, sipC, sopB, sopE, and sopE2), and PFGE. Results High prevalence of resistance towards cefuroxime (n = 20, 74.1%) and ciprofloxacin (n = 13, 48.2%) were demonstrated. All tested strains possessed invA, hilA, sefA, sipA, sopB, and sopE. The least prevalent virulence gene was rck (n = 6; 22.2%). Based on combinations of virulence genes, 12 virulotypes were observed. The most common virulotype was VP2 (n = 12; 44.4%), harboring all of the virulence genes except for rck. PFGE typing showed only two distinct fingerprints among tested strains. Each fingerprint had completely different virulotypes. Notably, VP4 (harboring all genes except for rck and spvC) was only presented in pulsotype A, while VP2 was confined to pulsotype B. Conclusion S. Enteritidis strains were derived from a limited number of clones, suggesting that it is highly homogenous. Future works should consider combinations of other genotyping methods together with larger sample sizes from more diverse sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fardsanei
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Xu H, Zhang W, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang W, Li Y, Li Q. Characterization of Salmonella serotypes prevalent in asymptomatic people and patients. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:632. [PMID: 34210275 PMCID: PMC8252320 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Salmonella enterica usually results in diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, but some people become asymptomatic or chronic carrier as a source of infection for others. This study aimed to analyze the difference in serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic profiles between Salmonella strains isolated from patients and those from asymptomatic people in Nantong city, China. Methods A total of 88 Salmonella strains were collected from patients and asymptomatic people from 2017 to 2018. Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PFGE analysis were performed to analyze the characteristics of these strains. Results Twenty serotypes belonging to 8 serogroups were identified in the 88 Salmonella strains. S. Typhimurium remained to be the predominant serotype in strains from both patients and asymptomatic people. Among the 27 strains from patients, S. Enteritidis and S. Rissen were shown as the other two major serotypes, while S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis were demonstrated as the other significant serotypes among the 61 strains from asymptomatic people. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that 84.1% of strains from both resources were multi-drug resistant. PFGE displayed a highly discriminative ability to differentiate strains belonging to S. Derby, S. Typhimurium, etc., but could not efficiently differentiate serotypes like S. Enteritidis. Conclusions This study’s results demonstrated that S. Typhimurium could cause human infection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic state; S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis usually cause asymptomatic infection, while S. Enteritidis infection mainly results in human diseases. The high multi-drug resistance rate detected in the antimicrobial resistance and diverse PFGE profiles of these strains implied that the strains were isolated from different sources, and the increased surveillance of Salmonella from both patients and asymptomatic people should be taken to control the disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06340-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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12
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Guo S, Sun Q, Zhao X, Shen L, Zhen X. Prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic utilization in Chinese children. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 34074254 PMCID: PMC8168021 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to public health globally. Irrational utilization of antibiotics being one of the main reasons of antibiotic resistant. Children as a special group, there's more chance of getting infected. Although most of the infection is viral in etiology, antibiotics still are the most frequently prescribed medications for children. Therefore, high use of antibiotics among children raises concern about the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing. This systematic review aims to measuring prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic utilization in children in China. METHODS English and Chinese databases were searched to identify relevant studies evaluating the prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic utilization in Chinese children (0-18 years), which were published between 2010 and July 2020. A Meta-analysis of prevalence was performed using random effect model. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and modified Jadad score was used to assess risk of bias of studies. In addition, we explored the risk factors of antibiotic utilization in Chinese children using qualitative analysis. RESULTS Of 10,075 studies identified, 98 eligible studies were included after excluded duplicated studies. A total of 79 studies reported prevalence and 42 studies reported risk factors for antibiotic utilization in children. The overall prevalence of antibiotic utilization among outpatients and inpatients were 63.8% (35 studies, 95% confidence interval (CI): 55.1-72.4%), and 81.3% (41 studies, 95% CI: 77.3-85.2%), respectively. In addition, the overall prevalence of caregiver's self-medicating of antibiotics for children at home was 37.8% (4 studies, 95% CI: 7.9-67.6%). The high prevalence of antibiotics was associated with multiple factors, while lacking of skills and knowledge in both physicians and caregivers was the most recognized risk factor, caregivers put pressure on physicians to get antibiotics and self-medicating with antibiotics at home for children also were the main factors attributed to this issue. CONCLUSION The prevalence of antibiotic utilization in Chinese children is heavy both in hospitals and home. It is important for government to develop more effective strategies to improve the irrational use of antibiotic, especially in rural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Guo
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110100, China
| | - Liyan Shen
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xuemei Zhen
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China.
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13
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Hayamo M, Alemayehu T, Tadesse B, Mitiku E, Bedawi Z. Magnitude, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella and Salmonella, among children with diarrhea in Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211009729. [PMID: 33948178 PMCID: PMC8053760 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211009729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was aimed at identifying Shigella and Salmonella infection, their antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among children with diarrhea who attended Alamura Health Center. Method: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 263 children aged below 14 years with diarrhea. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data after obtaining the necessary consent from their parents or caretakers. The culture and sensitivity tests were performed using the standard operating procedure of the microbiology laboratory. Results: Accordingly, 20/263 (7.6%), 95% confidence interval: 4.4%–11.4% Shigella and 1/263 (0.38%), 95% confidence interval: 0.0%–1.1% Salmonella were isolated. Shigella dysenteriae was dominant 11 (4.2%), followed by Shigella spp. 9 (3.42%) and Salmonella typ 1 (0.38%). The isolates showed 71.4% overall resistance to ampicillin and 61.9% for augmentin and tetracycline, whereas 95.2% of the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 85.9% to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, 81% to gentamycin, 76.2% to chloramphenicol, 66.7% to cefuroxime and 52.4% to cotrimoxazole. The habit of washing hands after toilet use for a while (adjusted odds ratio: 235.1, 95% confidence interval: 20.9–2643.3, p < 0.000) and storing cooked food in an open container for later use (adjusted odds ratio: 36.44, 95% confidence interval: 5.82–228.06, p < 0.000) showed a statistically significant association. Conclusion: High level of Shigella and single Salmonella was isolated. Ampicillin, augmentin and tetracycline were resistant and ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole were relatively sensitive. Hand-washing after defecation for some time and storing of foods for later use in an open container were statistically associated. Therefore, to alleviate this infection, the concerned body should focus on imparting health education for hand-wash after defecation and storing food in a closed container for later use is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manamo Hayamo
- Biology Department, College of Computational Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Alemayehu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Tadesse
- Laboratory Service, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Enkosilassie Mitiku
- Laboratory Service, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Zufan Bedawi
- Biology Department, College of Computational Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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14
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Enteropathogenic Infections: Organoids Go Bacterial. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8847804. [PMID: 33505475 PMCID: PMC7810537 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8847804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections represent a major health care challenge which is particularly prevalent in countries with restricted access to clean water and sanitation and lacking personal hygiene precautions, altogether facilitating fecal-oral transmission of a heterogeneous spectrum of enteropathogenic microorganisms. Among these, bacterial species are responsible for a considerable proportion of illnesses, hospitalizations, and fatal cases, all of which have been continuously contributing to ignite researchers' interest in further exploring their individual pathogenicity. Beyond the universally accepted animal models, intestinal organoids are increasingly valued for their ability to mimic key architectural and physiologic features of the native intestinal mucosa. As a consequence, they are regarded as the most versatile and naturalistic in vitro model of the gut, allowing monitoring of adherence, invasion, intracellular trafficking, and propagation as well as repurposing components of the host cell equipment. At the same time, infected intestinal organoids allow close characterization of the host epithelium's immune response to enteropathogens. In this review, (i) we provide a profound update on intestinal organoid-based tissue engineering, (ii) we report the latest pathophysiological findings defining the infected intestinal organoids, and (iii) we discuss the advantages and limitations of this in vitro model.
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15
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Mizuno CM, Luong T, Cederstrom R, Krupovic M, Debarbieux L, Roach DR. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages That Infect Citrobacter rodentium, a Model Pathogen for Intestinal Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:E737. [PMID: 32650458 PMCID: PMC7412075 DOI: 10.3390/v12070737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major pathogen for diarrheal diseases among children. Antibiotics, when used appropriately, are effective; however, their overuse and misuse have led to the rise of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Thus, there are renewed efforts into the development of phage therapy as an alternative antibacterial therapy. Because EPEC in vivo models have shortcomings, a surrogate is used to study the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in animal models. In this study, two new phages CrRp3 and CrRp10, which infect C. rodentium, were isolated and characterized. CrRp3 was found to be a new species within the genus Vectrevirus, and CrRp10 is a new strain within the species Escherichia virus Ime09, in the genus Tequatrovirus. Both phages appear to have independently evolved from E. coli phages, rather than other Citrobacter spp. phages. Neither phage strain carries known genes associated with bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, or lysogeny. CrRp3 is more potent, having a 24-fold faster adsorption rate and shorter lytic cycle when compared to the same properties of CrRp10. However, a lysis curve analysis revealed that CrRp10 prevented growth of C. rodentium for 18 h, whereas resistance developed against CrRp3 within 9 h. We also show that hypoxic (5% oxygen) conditions decreased CrRp3 ability to control bacterial densities in culture. In contrast, low oxygen conditions did not affect CrRp10 ability to replicate on C. rodentium. Together, CrRp10 is likely to be the better candidate for future phage therapy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M. Mizuno
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Tiffany Luong
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Cederstrom
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Debarbieux
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Dwayne R. Roach
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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16
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Wang W, Zhao L, Hu Y, Dottorini T, Fanning S, Xu J, Li F. Epidemiological Study on Prevalence, Serovar Diversity, Multidrug Resistance, and CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases of Salmonella spp. from Patients with Diarrhea, Food of Animal Origin, and Pets in Several Provinces of China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e00092-20. [PMID: 32312775 PMCID: PMC7318004 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00092-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 2,283 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 18,334 samples, including samples from patients with diarrhea, food of animal origin, and pets, across 5 provinces of China. The highest prevalence of Salmonella spp. was detected in chicken meats (39.3%, 486/1,237). Fifteen serogroups and 66 serovars were identified, with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis being the most dominant. Most (85.5%, 1,952/2,283) isolates exhibited resistance to ≥1 antimicrobial, and 56.4% were multidrug resistant (MDR). A total of 222 isolates harbored extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and 200 of these were of the CTX-M type and were mostly detected in isolates from chicken meat and turtle fecal samples. Overall, eight blaCTX-M genes were identified, with blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-123, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-79, and blaCTX-M-130 being the most prevalent. In total, 166 of the 222 ESBL-producing isolates had amino acid substitutions in GyrA (S83Y, S83F, D87G, D87N, and D87Y) and ParC (S80I), while the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-encoding genes oqxA, oqxB, qepA, qnrB, and qnrS were detected in almost all isolates. Of the 15 sequence types (STs) identified in the 222 ESBLs, ST17, ST11, ST34, and ST26 ranked among the top 5 in number of isolates. Our study revealed considerable serovar diversity and a high prevalence of the co-occurrence of MDR determinants, including CTX-M-type ESBLs, quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations, and PMQR genes. This is the first report of CTX-M-130 Salmonella spp. from patients with diarrhea and QRDR mutations from turtle fecal samples. Our study emphasizes the importance of actions, both in health care settings and in the veterinary medicine sector, to control the dissemination of MDR, especially the CTX-M-type ESBL-harboring Salmonella isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Séamus Fanning
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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17
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Khademi F, Vaez H, Ghanbari F, Arzanlou M, Mohammadshahi J, Sahebkar A. Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella serotypes in Iran: a meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:16-29. [PMID: 32013798 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1719701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella serotypes, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, recovered from clinical samples in Iran. A full electronic search using related keywords was conducted in Persian and English languages in ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Scientific Information Database (SID) search engines to find papers published between 1983 and 1 July 2019. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 eligible articles were selected for the final analysis out of the initial 13,186 studies retrieved. The pooled prevalence of quinolone-resistant Salmonella serotypes in clinical specimens in Iran was 2.9% to ciprofloxacin and 48.1% to nalidixic acid. Additional data on antibiotic resistance was as follows: 54.3% to tetracycline, 50.6% to ceftizoxime, 50.2% to streptomycin, 37.9% to ampicillin, 36.5% to kanamycin, 33.5% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 27.2% to chloramphenicol, 19.1% to cephalothin, 8.8% to ceftriaxone, 7.6% to cefotaxime, 7.4% to aztreonam, 7.2% to gentamicin, 7% to cefepime, 6.8% to ceftazidime, 5.8% to cefixime, 2.7% to imipenem and 2.2% to meropenem. Findings of the present study showed a rising trend of resistance to the drugs of choice for the treatment of Salmonella infections, i.e. ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Iran. However, ciprofloxacin, third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems are still effective antibiotics especially against multi-drug resistant strains in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamid Vaez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ghanbari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Saddoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arzanlou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Jafar Mohammadshahi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis, Kolkata, India, during 2000-2016. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:613-627. [PMID: 31898246 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. The study was undertaken to determine the isolation rate, serovar prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular subtypes of NTS from a hospital-based diarrheal disease surveillance in Kolkata, India. Rectal swabs were collected from children (< 5 years of age) with acute gastroenteritis from 2000 to 2016. Samples were processed following standard procedures for identification of NTS. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, AMR genes, plasmid profiles, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtypes. A total of 99 (1.0%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from 9957 samples processed. Of the 17 Salmonella serovars identified, S. Worthington (33%) was predominant followed by S. Enteritidis (13%), S. Typhimurium (12%), and others. The isolates showed high resistance towards nalidixic acid (43%), ampicillin (34%), third-generation cephalosporins (32%), and azithromycin (25%), while low resistance was observed for fluoroquinolones (2%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production (blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV-12 genes) and azithromycin resistance (mphA gene) were common in S. Worthington, while fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA and parC mutations) was found in S. Kentucky. Diverse plasmid profiles were observed among the isolates. PFGE analysis identified genetically related strains of each serovar in circulation. MLST also revealed phylogenetically clonal isolates of which S. Worthington ST592 and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky ST198 were not reported earlier from India. NTS resistant to current drugs of choice poses a potential public health problem. Continuous monitoring of AMR profiles and molecular subtypes of NTS serovars is recommended for controlling the spread of resistant organisms.
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Webale MK, Wanjala C, Guyah B, Shaviya N, Munyekenye GO, Nyanga PL, Marwa IN, Kagoiyo S, Wangai LN, Webale SK, Kamau K, Kitungulu N. Epidemiological patterns and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial diarrhea among children in Nairobi City, Kenya. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2020; 13:238-246. [PMID: 32821354 PMCID: PMC7417493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Determine the prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance among diarrheic children in Nairobi City, Kenya. BACKGROUND Regardless of enteric bacterial pathogens being a major cause of gastroenteritis in children, their occurrence and antimicrobial resistance patterns reveals regional spatial and temporal variation. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, a total of 374 children below five years presenting with diarrhea at Mbagathi County Hospital were recruited. Stool microbiology test was used to detect enteric bacterial infection. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS Diarrheagenic E. coli (36.4%) was the leading species followed by Shigella (3.2%), Salmonella (2.4%), Campylobacter (1.6%), Yersinia (1.3%) and Aeromonas (1.1%) species. Escherichia coli pathotyping revealed that 20.9%, 4.0%, 10.2% and 0.5% of the study participants were infected with enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) pure isolates while the prevalence of mixed pathotype infections was 0.3% for EAEC/EPEC/ETEC and 0.5% for EAEC/ETEC. Shigella sero-grouping revealed that 0.5%, 0.3%, 1.9%, and 0.5% were infected with Shigella boydii, Shigella dysentriae, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei pure isolates. Shigella species and E. coli co-infection was detected in 2.4% of the children, specifically, 1.1% for EAEC/Shigella boydii, 0.5% for EAEC/Shigella dysentriae and 0.3% in each case of EAEC/Shigella sonnei, EPEC/Shigella flexneri and ETEC/Shigella flexneri co-infections. Most of the isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. CONCLUSION There was a high prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens and co-infection alters epidemiological dynamics of bacterial diarrhea in children. Continuous antibiotic resistance surveillance is justified because the pathogens were highly resistant to commonly prescribed antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Wanjala
- School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Bernard Guyah
- School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Nathan Shaviya
- School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Sammy Kagoiyo
- School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya
| | | | - Sella K. Webale
- School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Kenny Kamau
- School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Kitungulu
- School of Biological Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
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20
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Murugan S, Purusothaman D, Richard EJ, Chalichem NSS, Bethapudi B, Chandrasekaran PR, Velusami CC, D’Souza P, Mundkinajeddu D. Anti-diarrhoeal activity of a polyherbal formulation in rats and elucidation of its cellular mechanisms. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2020; 10:417-427. [PMID: 32850298 PMCID: PMC7430962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to study anti-diarrhoeal activity of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) in rats and elucidate its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-diarrhoeal activity of PHF was investigated using castor oil-induced diarrhoea, small intestinal transit and enteropooling models in rats. PHF was tested at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg rat body weight. Loperamide was used as a reference control for in vivo studies. Anti-secretory action was evaluated against heat labile enterotoxin (from Escherichia coli) induced secretion in rat ileal loop model. The effect of PHF (12.5-100 µg/ml) on cAMP-dependent secretory activity was investigated against forskolin-induced cAMP release in HT-29 cells. RESULTS PHF demonstrated significant (p≤0.05) anti-diarrhoeal activity by increasing the time for first faecal drop and inhibited diarrhoeal episodes by 43, 58 and 60% at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight, respectively in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the intestinal transit was inhibited upto 33% and the weight of secretory contents induced by castor oil was significantly reduced by PHF, approximately 29% in enteropooling assay. On the other hand, the intestinal loop instilled with PHF and enterotoxin from E. coli demonstrated 61% inhibition of fluid accumulation as compared to loop instilled with enterotoxin only. In vitro studies indicated that PHF inhibits cAMP release in HT-29 cells corroborating the anti-secretory effects observed in aforesaid studies. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the PHF possesses anti-diarrhoeal activity, evident through reduced faecal output, decreased intestinal transit and anti-secretory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar Murugan
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya Purusothaman
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Edwin Jothie Richard
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Nehru Sai Suresh Chalichem
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharathi Bethapudi
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India,Corresponding Author: Tel: +91-80-40209999,
| | - Prasanna Raja Chandrasekaran
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Chinampudur Velusami
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth D’Souza
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Mundkinajeddu
- Research and Development centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl. Area, 19th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
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21
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Eshaghi Zadeh SH, Fahimi H, Fardsanei F, Soltan Dallal MM. Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons Among Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Children with Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:160-166. [PMID: 30706828 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666190130171020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease worldwide. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is concerning. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to identify class 1 integron genes and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea. METHODS A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from children with diarrhea. The isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for the presence of class 1 integron genes (i.e. intI1, sulI1, and qacEΔ1). RESULTS The most prevalent serotype was Enteritidis 36.7%, followed by Paratyphi C (30%), and Typhimurium (16.7%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (53.3%), followed by streptomycin (40%), and tetracycline (36.7%). Regarding class 1 integrons, 36.7%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of the isolates carried intI1, SulI, and qacEΔ1, respectively, most of which (81.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of class 1 integron was significantly associated with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline (p = 0.042). However, there was no association between class 1 integron and other antibiotics used in this study (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The high frequency of integron class 1 gene in MDR Salmonella strains indicates that these mobile genetic elements are versatile among different Salmonella serotypes, and associated with reduced susceptibility to many antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Hanieh Eshaghi Zadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fardsanei
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Xu H, Zhang W, Guo C, Xiong H, Chen X, Jiao X, Su J, Mao L, Zhao Z, Li Q. Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles Among Salmonella Isolated from Food Catering Workers in Nantong, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:346-351. [PMID: 30657345 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a worldwide foodborne pathogen causing human disease. Food handlers, who are potential carriers of Salmonella, may transmit the pathogen to consumers through food. To determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars among food handlers working in the catering industry in Nantong, China, a total of 214,542 food handlers' fecal samples were tested for Salmonella in the Nantong CDC (Centers for Disease Control) from 2012 to 2017. Among those tested, 193 (0.09%) were identified to be positive for Salmonella, and the highest detection rate was 0.16% during the period of July to September. Serotyping analysis showed that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was the predominant serotype (16.1%), followed by Salmonella Derby (13.5%), Salmonella Enteritidis (11.4%), and Salmonella London (11.4%). The high detection rate of Salmonella Derby was probably closely related to its high prevalence of the serotype in pork, which is the primary meat consumed by the Chinese. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis demonstrated that 73.4% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with predominant resistance to ampicillin (AMP, 64.6%), followed by resistance to sulfisoxazole (SUL, 58.1%), nalidixic acid (55.8%), and tetracycline (TET, 44.5%). Therefore, MDR Salmonella strain carriage among food handlers working in the catering industry might be a potential source of human salmonellosis, especially for the predominant MDR genotype isolates (32.3%) with resistance to AMP, SUL, and TET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China.,2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Guo
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Haiping Xiong
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Su
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Liting Mao
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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23
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Wang S, Yang F, Li D, Qin J, Hou W, Jiang L, Kong M, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Fang Y, Miao Y, Xu L, Chen J, Bao Z, Olszewski MA, Zhao H, Zhang Y. Clinical application of a multiplex genetic pathogen detection system remaps the aetiology of diarrhoeal infections in Shanghai. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:37. [PMID: 30214488 PMCID: PMC6134694 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Culture-based diagnostic methods cannot achieve rapid and precise diagnoses for the identification of multiple diarrhoeal pathogens (DPs). A high-throughput multiplex genetic detection system (HMGS) was adapted and evaluated for the simultaneous identification and differentiation of infectious DPs and a broad analysis of DP infection aetiology. Results DP-HMGS was highly sensitive and specific for DP detection compared with culture-based techniques and was similar to singleplex real-time PCR. The uniform level of sensitivity of DP-HMGS for all DPs allowed us to remap the aetiology of acute diarrhoeal infections in Shanghai, correcting incidences of massively underdiagnosed DP species with accuracy approaching that of sequencing-based methods. The most frequent DPs were enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus and Campylobacter jejuni. DP-HMGS detected two additional causes of infectious diarrhoea that were previously missed by routine culture-based methods: enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Yersinia enterocolitica. We demonstrated the age dependence of specific DP distributions, especially the distributions of rotavirus, intestinal adenovirus and Clostridium difficile in paediatric patients as well as those of dominant bacterial infections in adults, with a distinct “top 3” pattern for each age group. Finally, the multiplexing capability and high sensitivity of DP-HMGS allowed the detection of infections co-induced by multiple pathogens (approximately 1/3 of the cases), with some DPs preferentially co-occurring as infectious agents. Conclusions DP-HMGS has been shown to be a rapid, specific, sensitive and appropriate method for the simultaneous screening/detection of polymicrobial DP infections in faecal specimens. Widespread use of DP-HMGS is likely to advance routine diagnostic and clinical studies on the aetiology of acute diarrhoea. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0264-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Wang
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Feng Yang
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Dong Li
- 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Juanxiu Qin
- 5Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200135 China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Lian Jiang
- 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Mimi Kong
- 6Ningbo HEALTH Gene Technologies Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Yong Wu
- 6Ningbo HEALTH Gene Technologies Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- 6Ningbo HEALTH Gene Technologies Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Fuju Zhao
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yi Fang
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yingxin Miao
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Lingli Xu
- Shanghai ABSciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,8Department of Gastroenterology, Gerontology Institute of Shanghai, Affiliated with Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,8Department of Gastroenterology, Gerontology Institute of Shanghai, Affiliated with Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- 9Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System and Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, 200040 China.,3Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
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24
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Li D, Shen M, Xu Y, Liu C, Wang W, Wu J, Luo X, Jia X, Ma Y. Virulence gene profiles and molecular genetic characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from a hospital in western China. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:35. [PMID: 30127859 PMCID: PMC6097206 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is one of the most important etiological agents of diarrheal diseases. In this study we investigated the prevalence, virulence gene profiles, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular genetic characteristics of DEC at a hospital in western China. Methods A total of 110 Escherichia coli clinical isolates were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from 2015 to 2016. Microbiological methods, PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were used in this study. Results Molecular analysis of six DEC pathotype marker genes showed that 13 of the 110 E. coli isolates (11.82%) were DEC including nine (8.18%) diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) and four (3.64%) enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). The adherence genes fimC and fimH were present in all DAEC and EAEC isolates. All nine DAEC isolates harbored the virulence genes fyuA and irp2 and four (44.44%) also carried the hlyA and sat genes. The virulence genes fyuA, irp2, cnf1, hlyA, and sat were found in 100%, 100%, 75%, 50%, and 50% of EAEC isolates, respectively. In addition, all DEC isolates were multidrug resistant and had high frequencies of antimicrobial resistance. Molecular genetic characterization showed that the 13 DEC isolates were divided into 11 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and 10 sequence types. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report of DEC, including DAEC and EAEC, in western China. Our analyses identified the virulence genes present in E. coli from a hospital indicating their role in the isolated DEC strains’ pathogenesis. At the same time, the analyses revealed, the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the DEC isolates. Thus, DAEC and EAEC among the DEC strains should be considered a significant risk to humans in western China due to their evolved pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China.,2School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Min Shen
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Ying Xu
- 4Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Chao Liu
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Wen Wang
- 5West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Xianmei Luo
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Xu Jia
- 3Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Yongxin Ma
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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25
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Zhang SX, Zhou YM, Tian LG, Chen JX, Tinoco-Torres R, Serrano E, Li SZ, Chen SH, Ai L, Chen JH, Xia S, Lu Y, Lv S, Teng XJ, Xu W, Gu WP, Gong ST, Zhou XN, Geng LL, Hu W. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from infections in Southwest China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:53. [PMID: 29792233 PMCID: PMC5964730 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial diarrhea is one of the most common causes for medical consultations, mortality and morbidity in the world. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are major intestinal pathogens in developing countries, and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has greatly contributed to resistant strains. Hence, the aim of the present study is to identify the antimicrobial resistance patterns and the molecular characteristics of DEC and NTS in southwest, China. METHODS 1121 diarrheal patients and 319 non-diarrheal subjects across all age groups were recruited from four sentinel hospitals from June 2014 to July 2015 in Kunming City, Yunnan Province. Each stool specimen was collected to detect DEC and NTS with standard microbiological and molecular methods. Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing complied with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Molecular characterization of strains was carried out using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A structured questionnaire was used to record basic epidemiological data (e.g. sex, age, residence, season, etc.). Data were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS DEC was detected in 127 (11.33%) diarrhea cases and 9 (2.82%) non-diarrheal cases (χ2 = 20.69, P < 0.001, OR = 4.36, 95% CI: 2.19-8.65), and the prevalence of NTS isolated from diarrhea cases was higher than that of non-diarrheal cases across all age groups (n = 42, 3.75%, n = 1, 0.31%, χ2 = 10.10, P = 0.002, OR = 12.38, 95% CI: 1.70-90.29). The rates of resistance to ten antibiotics of DEC and NTS showed significant differences (χ 2 = 386.77, P < 0.001; χ2 = 191.16, P < 0.001). The rates of resistance to Amoxicillin and Clavulafiate (AMC), Cephalothin (CEP), Gentamicin (GEN) and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (SXT) of DEC isolated from diarrhea cases were higher than those of NTS isolated from diarrhea patients (37.01% vs 14.29%, χ2 = 7.57, P = 0.006; 29.92% vs 11.90%, χ2 = 5.40, P = 0.02; 37.01% vs 11.90%, χ2 = 5.80, P = 0.016; 62.20% vs 26.19%, χ2 = 16.44, P < 0.001; respectively). Ciprofloxacin (CIP) was the most sensitive antibiotic for DEC and NTS strains isolated from diarrhea cases. Resistance rates of DEC isolates from cases and controls to more than three kinds antimicrobials (multidrug resistance, MDR) showed no significant differences (81.10% vs 88.89%, P = 0.33). Pulsotype patterns of DEC strains were highly diverse; however, the pulsotype pattern of NTS strains was closely related to the serotype. The pattern of S. enteritidis was highly similar, but the S. enterica Typhimurium strain was discrete. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae is of great concern. The societal effects of antibiotic use justify strict monitoring to combat increases in antimicrobial resistance. Molecular epidemiology and systematic epidemiological investigation can provide accurate evidence for tracking the infection source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Xian Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650022, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Guang Tian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rita Tinoco-Torres
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jiao Teng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Peng Gu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650022, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Tang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lan-Lan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Wei HS. Bacterial diarrhea in hospitalized children: Pathogen distribution and drug resistance. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:680-686. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i11.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the pathogen distribution and drug resistance in hospitalized children with bacterial diarrhea to guide the selection of appropriate antimicrobial drug regimen for the clinical treatment of bacterial diarrhea in children.
METHODS A total of 1107 children with bacterial diarrhea treated at our hospital from May 2012 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the clinical data of all children (including medical records, laboratory examination results, fecal pathogen detection results, and drug susceptibility test results), the distribution and composition of pathogenic bacteria, clinical symptoms, the drug resistance of main pathogenic bacteria, therapeutic effects, and prognosis were analyzed.
RESULTS In feces from 1107 children with bacterial diarrhea, 206 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated, including 39 cases of Gram-positive bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus) and 167 cases of Gram-negative bacteria (such as shigella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and salmonella). The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in the feces was the highest in children aged < 1 year, and the detection rate decreased with the increase of age. Pathogenic bacteria were detected throughout the year, especially in summer. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in clinical symptoms (such as fever, abdominal pain, defecation, and rehydration) between bacterial diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The rate of resistance of main Gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobial drugs moxifloxacin, vancomycin, and linezolid was less than 30%, and the rate of resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics ceftazidime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, meropenem, and imipenem was less than 30%. The cure rate of bacterial diarrhea was 96.48% (1068/1107) after one week of treatment with antibiotics and selective antibacterial agents.
CONCLUSION The pathogen distribution in children with bacterial diarrhea is complex, and clinicians should select antimicrobial drugs with a resistance rate less than 30% based on drug susceptibility test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Song Wei
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Ninghe District, Tianjin 301500, China
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27
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Jiang H, Zhang D, He J, Han X, Lin J, Lan Y, Xiong X, Yu L, Yang M, Han L. A Novel Method to Mask the Bitter Taste of Berberine Hydrochloride: Powder Surface Modification. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14:253-260. [PMID: 29720841 PMCID: PMC5909325 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_114_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Berberine hydrochloride (BH) is widely used as a nonprescription drug to treat diarrhea without drug resistance and side effects worldwide. However, its drastic bitterness affects patient compliance severely. Hence, it is essential to mask the bitter taste of BH. Objective: Powder surface modification technology is attempted to mask the bitterness of BH through changing the surface properties in vibromill. The purpose of this study was to apply this technology to mask the bitterness of BH and improve the patient compliance. Materials and Methods: Initially, to prepare the modifier-BH composites, some parameters were optimized, including type of modifiers, ratio between BH and modifiers, and composite time. Then, the contact angles, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy were utilized to evaluate the microstructure of composites. Moreover, electronic tongue measurement, animal performance test, and bitterness evaluation methods were applied to evaluate the masking effect. Results: Based on the results of bitter taste evaluations, mannitol was chosen as the best modifier, and the optimal ratio of BH and mannitol was 6:4 with grinding together for 2 min in vibromill. For the composites prepared by this process, the IR spectroscopy and surface properties were similar with that of mannitol, and the microstructure was also demonstrated that small particles of mannitol successfully coated on the surface of BH. Special structure of the composites decreased the contact area between BH and external media and finally inhibited the bitterness. This effect was confirmed by three different kinds of methods. Conclusion: Our study provides a novel method to mask the bitter taste of drugs. It will be of great interest to pharmaceutical experts and pharmacists. SUMMARY Powder surface modification, a novel and different from previous technology, is used to prepare modifier-berberine hydrochloride composites to mask the bitter taste of BH Electronic tongue measurement, animal performance test, human sensory test, and chemical evaluation method were simultaneously applied to evaluate the masking effect A novel method to mask the bitter taste of drugs was provided.
Abbreviations used: BH:Berberine hydrochloride; CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; ODT: Orally disintegrating tablets; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; CAs: Contact angles; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; IR: Infrared spectrogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing He
- Pharmaceutical preparation section, Guang'an City Chinese medicine hospital, Guangan, China
| | - Xue Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- Central Laboratory, The Affillated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingying Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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28
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Mbuthia OW, Mathenge SG, Oyaro MO, Ng'ayo MO. Etiology and pathogenicity of bacterial isolates: a cross sectional study among diarrheal children below five years in central regions of Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 31:88. [PMID: 31011389 PMCID: PMC6462152 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.88.15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial agents are among pathogens implicated to cause diarrhea in children resulting to huge mortality and morbidities. Bacterial etiologies causing diarrhea in children below five years are rarely investigated in Central Kenya, which would otherwise guide prescription and target health education. METHODS A cross-sectional study approach was applied on 163 randomly selected stool samples from children below five years who presented with diarrhea in Murang`a and Muriranja`s hospitals. The objective was to determine the bacterial agents of diarrhea. Enteric bacterial pathogens were cultured using appropriate media and identified. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA v.13. Chi-square or Fisher exact-test were used to check for evidence of relationship whenever applicable. RESULTS There were nearly equal distributions in gender 86 (52.8%) female vs. 77 (47.2%) male, majority (35.6%) aged between 0-12 months. Bacterial isolates were highly diverse in female than the male, children aged 49-60 months and least among those aged 0-12 months. A total of 188 bacterial isolates belonging to 11 genera were recovered. The predominant bacteria was nonpathogenic Escherichia coli 85 (45.2%), while 13 (6.9%) Escherichia coli were positive for virulence genes, including 8 (4.3%) positive for LT and STp Shiga-like or Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 3 (1.6%) positive for eae and bfpA Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and 2 (1.1%) positive for Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli gene. Others included: Salmonella 21 (11.2%), Pseudomonas 14 (7.4%), Shigella 14 (7.4%), Klebsiella 12 (6.4%), Aeromonas 8 (4.3%), Enterobacter 7 (3.7%), Proteus 8 (4.3%), Citrobactor 3 (1.6%), Yersinia 2 (1.1%) and Vibrio 1 (0.5%). CONCLUSION Salmonella was the major bacterial isolate and majority of the bacteria were statistically significant cause of diarrhea (p=0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Micah Ongeri Oyaro
- Human Pathology Department, Immunology Unit, University of Nairobi, Nairobi Kenya
| | - Musa Otieno Ng'ayo
- Centre of Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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29
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Trends of foodborne diseases in China: lessons from laboratory-based surveillance since 2011. Front Med 2017; 12:48-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Ahasan MS, Picard J, Elliott L, Kinobe R, Owens L, Ariel E. Evidence of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriales isolated from green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas on the Great Barrier Reef. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 120:18-27. [PMID: 28476351 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated Enterobacteriales and their antimicrobial resistance in green sea turtles captured adjacent to the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and proximate to urban development. Cloacal swabs were taken from 73 green turtles between 2015 and 2016. A total of 154 out of 341 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified as Enterobacteriales that represent 16 different species from 9 different genera. The dominant isolates were Citrobacter (30.52%), Edwardsiella (21.43%) and Escherichia (12.34%). The resistance against 12 antibiotics belonging to 6 different classes was determined. The isolates showed highest resistance to β-lactam antibiotics (78.57%) followed by quinolone (50%) and tetracycline classes (46.1%). Approximately one-third (37.7%) of the isolates identified exhibited multidrug-resistance. Isolates recovered from rehabilitated turtles were significantly multidrug resistant (p<0.009) compared to isolates from other study sites. These results provide baseline information on antimicrobial resistance while revealing gaps for further research to evaluate the level of pollution in the GBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Ahasan
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Quensland, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Picard
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Quensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Elliott
- AusPhage, 10 Heather Avenue, Rasmussen, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Robert Kinobe
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Quensland, Australia
| | - Leigh Owens
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Quensland, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Quensland, Australia
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31
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Yang N, Liu X, Teng D, Li Z, Wang X, Mao R, Wang X, Hao Y, Wang J. Antibacterial and detoxifying activity of NZ17074 analogues with multi-layers of selective antimicrobial actions against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3392. [PMID: 28611436 PMCID: PMC5469750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NZ17074 (N1), an arenicin-3 derivative isolated from the lugworm, has potent antibacterial activity and is cytotoxic. To reduce its cytotoxicity, seven N1 analogues with different structures were designed by changing their disulfide bonds, hydrophobicity, or charge. The “rocket” analogue-N2 and the “kite” analogue-N6 have potent activity and showed lower cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells than N1. The NMR spectra revealed that N1, N2, and N6 adopt β-sheet structures stabilized by one or two disulfide bonds. N2 and N6 permeabilized the outer/inner membranes of E. coli, but did not permeabilize the inner membranes of S. enteritidis. N2 and N6 induced E. coli and S. enteritidis cell cycle arrest in the I-phase and R-phase, respectively. In E. coli and in S. enteritidis, 18.7–43.8% of DNA/RNA/cell wall synthesis and 5.7–61.8% of DNA/RNA/protein synthesis were inhibited by the two peptides, respectively. Collapsed and filamentous E. coli cells and intact morphologies of S. enteritidis cells were observed after treatment with the two peptides. Body weight doses from 2.5–7.5 mg/kg of N2 and N6 enhanced the survival rate of peritonitis- and endotoxemia-induced mice; reduced the serum IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels; and protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. These data indicate that N2 and N6, through multiple selective actions, may be promising dual-function candidates as novel antimicrobial and anti-endotoxin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhanzhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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32
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Chiyangi H, Muma JB, Malama S, Manyahi J, Abade A, Kwenda G, Matee MI. Identification and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial enteropathogens from children aged 0-59 months at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: a prospective cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:117. [PMID: 28152988 PMCID: PMC5290660 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial diarrhoeal disease is among the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in children 0-59 months at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. However, most cases are treated empirically without the knowledge of aetiological agents or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify bacterial causes of diarrhoea and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in stool specimens obtained from the children at the hospital. METHODS This hospital-based cross-sectional study involved children aged 0-59 months presenting with diarrhoea at paediatrics wards at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, from January to May 2016. Stool samples were cultured on standard media for enteropathogenic bacteria, and identified further by biochemical tests. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used for characterization of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on antibiotics that are commonly prescribed at the hospital using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, which was performed using the Clinical Laboratory Standards International guidelines. RESULTS Of the 271 stool samples analysed Vibrio cholerae 01 subtype and Ogawa serotype was the most commonly detected pathogen (40.8%), followed by Salmonella species (25.5%), diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (18%), Shigella species (14.4%) and Campylobacter species (3.5%). The majority of the bacterial pathogens were resistant to two or more drugs tested, with ampicillin and co-trimoxazole being the most ineffective drugs. All diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolates were extended spectrum β-lactamase producers. CONCLUSION Five different groups of bacterial pathogens were isolated from the stool specimens, and the majority of these organisms were multidrug resistant. These data calls for urgent revision of the current empiric treatment of diarrhoea in children using ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, and emphasizes the need for continuous antimicrobial surveillance as well as the implementation of prevention programmes for childhood diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Chiyangi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Management Program, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John B Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sydney Malama
- Health Promotions Research Program, Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Joel Manyahi
- Health Promotions Research Program, Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ahmed Abade
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Management Program, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mecky I Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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33
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Nyanga PL, Onyuka J, Webale MK, Were T, Budambula V. Escherichia coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups in diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2017; 10:220-228. [PMID: 29118939 PMCID: PMC5660273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups and their antimicrobial profiles among diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya. BACKGROUND Although diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups are leading causes of diarrhea in children under five years in developing countries, their distribution and antimicrobial resistance vary from place to place and over time in a given region. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled diarrheic children (n=354) under five years seeking treatment at Mbagathi Hospital, Nairobi city, Kenya,. Stool samples were collected from all children for bacterial culture. Bacterial isolation and identification was performed by conventional microbiological methods. Polymerase chain amplification was used to detect aspU, aggR, andpcvd432 for EAEC, est and elt for ETEC, eae for EPEC, stx for EHEC, and ipaH for EIEC and Shigella species. Antimicrobial profile was determined by disk diffusion method. RESULTS The prevalence of EAEC, ETEC, EPEC (eae), EIEC (ipaH) was 21.2%, 10.5%, 4.5%, and 0.6%, respectively, while that of mixed infection was 0.6%for ETEC/EAEC and 0.3%for EAEC/EPEC/ETEC. No EHEC strain was isolated. Pathogenetic analysis for EAEC showed that5.9% carried aspU,8.2% possessed both aspU and aggR and 7.1% had a combination of aspU, aggR andpcvd432 while that of ETEC was 2.3% for elt, 6.5% for both elt and est and 1.7% for est. The combination of aspU with aggR, elt and est, and pcvd432 with aggR, aspU and est was 0.3% for each case of ETEC/EAEC mixed infection. The aspU gene co-existed with aggR, pcvd432, eae and elt in the EAEC/EPEC/ETEC mixed infection. The prevalence of S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneriand,S. sonnei was 0.8%, 0.6%, 1.7%, and 0.8%, respectively. No E. coli pathotype and shigella co-infection was detected. In addition, both E. coli pathotypes and Shigella species were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline while gentamycin and kanamycin resistance occurred in diarrheagenic E. coli. CONCLUSION E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups harboring virulent genes are important causes of diarrhea in children in Kenya. The increasing spectrum of antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic E. coli and Shigella species necessitates the development of antimicrobial stewardship education-programs to influence prescribing behavior as well as optimizing the use of effective antimicrobials in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lokamar Nyanga
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya.
| | - Jackson Onyuka
- School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kirinyaga, Kenya.
| | - Mark Kilongosi Webale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.
| | - Tom Were
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya.
| | - Valentine Budambula
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
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