1
|
Baek HJ, Kim KS, Kwoen M, Park ES, Lee HJ, Park KU. Saliva assay: a call for methodological standardization. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2024; 54:54.e13. [PMID: 39058348 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2304180209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity provides an ideal environment for microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, to flourish. Increasing attention has been focused on the connection between the oral microbiome and both oral and systemic diseases, spurring active research into the collection and analysis of specimens for healthcare purposes. Among the various methods for analyzing the oral microbiome, saliva analysis is especially prominent. Saliva samples, which can be collected non-invasively, provide information on the systemic health and oral microbiome composition of an individual. This review was performed to evaluate the current state of the relevant research through an examination of the literature and to suggest an appropriate assay method for investigating the oral microbiome. We analyzed articles published in English in SCI(E) journals after January 1, 2000, ultimately selecting 53 articles for review. Articles were identified through keyword searches in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases. Three experienced researchers conducted full-text assessments following title and abstract screening to select appropriate papers. Subsequently, they organized and analyzed the desired data. Our review revealed that most studies utilized unstimulated saliva samples for oral microbiome analysis. Of the 53 studies examined, 29 identified relationships between the oral microbiome and various diseases, such as oral disease, Behçet disease, cancer, and oral lichen planus. However, the studies employed diverse methods of collection and analysis, which compromised the reliability and accuracy of the findings. To address the limitations caused by methodological inconsistencies, a standardized saliva assay should be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jin Baek
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Keun-Suh Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - MinJeong Kwoen
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun-Sun Park
- Medical Library, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Un Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nascimento GG, Balan P, Alves-Costa S, Bitencourt FV, Kalhan AC, Leite FRM. Oral and systemic health in Singapore: Revisiting the past to define the future. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2024; 52:353-363. [PMID: 37779341 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify studies exploring oral and systemic conditions using Singapore data. METHODS Studies were searched using the databases PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, with no publication date or language restrictions. Studies analysing Singaporean data were included in this review. RESULTS Six domains were identified: pregnancy and gingivitis; tooth eruption, dental caries and early-life factors; Crohn's disease and oral microbiome; diabetes and periodontal diseases; number of teeth, chewing ability and cognitive status; and oral health and pneumonia. Using data from Singapore, oral-systemic studies have prompted reflections on the aetiopathogenesis of oral disorders, such as common causes connecting oral and systemic chronic conditions. Moreover, it is speculated whether oral conditions could be used as a marker to predict future systemic diseases or whether early-life factors could affect the development of oral and systemic immune responses. CONCLUSIONS While Singapore provides opportunities to explore challenges connected to healthy ageing, it also explores health development in many stages of life. Singapore has been prioritizing investigations on a healthier life, and new initiatives are paving the way for oral health research across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Nascimento
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preethi Balan
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Silas Alves-Costa
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Graduate Dentistry Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Fernando Valentim Bitencourt
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ashish C Kalhan
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabio R M Leite
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hernández-Cabanyero C, Vonaesch P. Ectopic colonization by oral bacteria as an emerging theme in health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae012. [PMID: 38650052 PMCID: PMC11065354 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The number of research papers published on the involvement of the oral microbiota in systemic diseases has grown exponentially over the last 4 years clearly demonstrating the growing interest in this field. Indeed, accumulating evidence highlights the central role of ectopic colonization by oral bacteria in numerous noncommunicable diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), undernutrition, preterm birth, neurological diseases, liver diseases, lung diseases, heart diseases, or colonic cancer. There is thus much interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms that lead to the colonization and maintenance of ectopic oral bacteria. The aim of this review is to summarize and conceptualize the current knowledge about ectopic colonization by oral bacteria, highlight wherever possible the underlying molecular mechanisms and describe its implication in health and disease. The focus lies on the newly discovered molecular mechanisms, showcasing shared pathophysiological mechanisms across different body sites and syndromes and highlighting open questions in the field regarding the pathway from oral microbiota dysbiosis to noncommunicable diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hernández-Cabanyero
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yoon H, Park S, Jun YK, Choi Y, Shin CM, Park YS, Kim N, Lee DH. Evaluation of Bacterial and Fungal Biomarkers for Differentiation and Prognosis of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2882. [PMID: 38138026 PMCID: PMC10745905 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate bacterial and fungal biomarkers to differentiate patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), predict the IBD prognosis, and determine the relationship of these biomarkers with IBD pathogenesis. The composition and function of bacteria and fungi in stool from 100 IBD patients and 97 controls were profiled using next-generation sequencing. We evaluated the cumulative risk of relapse according to bacterial and fungal enterotypes. The microbiome and mycobiome alpha diversity in IBD patients were significantly lower and higher than in the controls, respectively; the micro/mycobiome beta diversity differed significantly between IBD patients and the controls. Ruminococcus gnavus, Cyberlindnera jadinii, and Candida tropicalis increased in IBD patients. Combining functional and species analyses revealed that lower sugar import and higher modified polysaccharide production were associated with IBD pathogenesis. Tricarboxylic acid cycling consuming acetyl CoA was higher in IBD patients than the controls, leading to lower short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) fermentation. Bacterial and fungal enterotypes were not associated with IBD relapse. We found differences in bacterial and fungal species between IBD patients and controls. A working model for the role of gut bacteria in IBD pathogenesis is proposed, wherein bacterial species increase modified N-glycan production and decrease SCFA fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.J.); (Y.C.); (C.M.S.); (Y.S.P.); (N.K.); (D.H.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.J.); (Y.C.); (C.M.S.); (Y.S.P.); (N.K.); (D.H.L.)
| | - Yonghoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.J.); (Y.C.); (C.M.S.); (Y.S.P.); (N.K.); (D.H.L.)
| | - Cheol Min Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.J.); (Y.C.); (C.M.S.); (Y.S.P.); (N.K.); (D.H.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.J.); (Y.C.); (C.M.S.); (Y.S.P.); (N.K.); (D.H.L.)
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.J.); (Y.C.); (C.M.S.); (Y.S.P.); (N.K.); (D.H.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.J.); (Y.C.); (C.M.S.); (Y.S.P.); (N.K.); (D.H.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kitamoto S, Kamada N. The oral-gut axis: a missing piece in the IBD puzzle. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:54. [PMID: 37932859 PMCID: PMC10626704 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial intractable intestinal disease. Focusing on only one facet of the pathogenesis of IBD is insufficient to fully capture the complexity of the disease, and results in limited advance in clinical management. Therefore, it is critical to dissect the interactions amongst the multifarious contributors to the pathogenesis to comprehensively understand its pathology and subsequently improve clinical outcomes. In this context, the systemic interactions between organs, particularly the oral-gut axis mediated by host immune cells and resident microorganisms, have garnered significant attention in IBD research. More specifically, periodontal disease such as periodontitis has been implicated in augmenting intestinal inflammation beyond the confines of the oral cavity. There is mounting evidence suggesting that potentially harmful oral resident bacteria, termed pathobionts, and pro-inflammatory immune cells from the oral mucosa can migrate to the gastrointestinal tract, thereby potentiating intestinal inflammation. This article aims to provide a holistic overview of the causal relationship between periodontal disease and intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, we will discuss potential determinants that facilitate the translocation of oral pathobionts into the gut, a key event underpinning the oral-gut axis. Unraveling the complex dynamics of microbiota and immunity in the oral-gut continuum will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology inherent in both oral and intestinal diseases and the development of prospective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kitamoto
- The World Premier International Research Center (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), 1012 IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- The World Premier International Research Center (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), 1012 IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Salhy M. Intestinal bacteria associated with irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14621. [PMID: 37246923 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown. Abnormal intestinal bacterial profiles and low bacterial diversity appear to play important roles in the pathophysiology of IBS. This narrative review was designed to present recent observations made relating to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which implicate possible roles of 11 intestinal bacteria in the pathophysiology of IBS. The intestinal abundances of nine of these bacteria increased after FMT in patients with IBS, and these increases were inversely correlated with IBS symptoms and fatigue severity. These bacteria were Alistipes spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium biforme, Holdemanella biformis, Prevotella spp., Bacteroides stercoris, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Bacteroides zoogleoformans, and Lactobacillus spp. The intestinal abundances of two bacteria were decreased in patients with IBS after FMT and were correlated with the severity of IBS symptoms and fatigue (Streptococcus thermophilus and Coprobacillus cateniformis). Ten of these bacteria are anaerobic and one (Streptococcus thermophilus) is facultative anaerobic. Several of these bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which is used as an energy source by large intestine epithelial cells. Moreover, it modulates the immune response and hypersensitivity of the large intestine and decreases intestinal cell permeability and intestinal motility. These bacteria could be used as probiotics to improve these conditions. Protein-rich diets could increase the intestinal abundance of Alistipes, and plant-rich diet could increase the intestinal abundance of Prevotella spp., and consequently improve IBS and fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna, Stord, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Álvarez-Herms J, González A, Corbi F, Odriozola I, Odriozola A. Possible relationship between the gut leaky syndrome and musculoskeletal injuries: the important role of gut microbiota as indirect modulator. AIMS Public Health 2023; 10:710-738. [PMID: 37842270 PMCID: PMC10567981 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2023049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to examine the evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota (GM), leaky gut syndrome and musculoskeletal injuries. Musculoskeletal injuries can significantly impair athletic performance, overall health, and quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that the state of the gut microbiota and the functional intestinal permeability may contribute to injury recovery. Since 2007, a growing field of research has supported the idea that GM exerts an essential role maintaining intestinal homeostasis and organic and systemic health. Leaky gut syndrome is an acquired condition where the intestinal permeability is impaired, and different bacteria and/or toxins enter in the bloodstream, thereby promoting systemic endotoxemia and chronic low-grade inflammation. This systemic condition could indirectly contribute to increased local musculoskeletal inflammation and chronificate injuries and pain, thereby reducing recovery-time and limiting sport performance. Different strategies, including a healthy diet and the intake of pre/probiotics, may contribute to improving and/or restoring gut health, thereby modulating both systemically as local inflammation and pain. Here, we sought to identify critical factors and potential strategies that could positively improve gut microbiota and intestinal health, and reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and its recovery-time and pain. In conclusion, recent evidences indicate that improving gut health has indirect consequences on the musculoskeletal tissue homeostasis and recovery through the direct modulation of systemic inflammation, the immune response and the nociceptive pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Leioa, Spain
- Phymo Lab, Physiology, and Molecular laboratory, Spain
| | - Adriana González
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Corbi
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Centre de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Health Department of Basque Government, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adrian Odriozola
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Leioa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu X, Ge P, Zhai Y, Liu W, Zhang Q, Ye X, Liu X, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang D. Plasma urea cycle metabolite levels and the risk of moyamoya disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1163733. [PMID: 37492403 PMCID: PMC10363741 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1163733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Urea cycle metabolites are expected to be the biomarkers for cerebrovascular diseases. However, the effects of circulating urea cycle metabolites on the risk of MMD and its subcategories remain unclear. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the association between plasma urea cycle metabolites and the risk of MMD and its subcategories. Methods We measured plasma urea cycle metabolite levels for 360 adult MMD patients and 89 matched healthy controls. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were obtained from the medical record. The study was conducted from July 2020 to December 2021. Results After multivariate adjustment, the risk of MMD increased with each increment in ornithine level (per natural log [ornithine] increment: OR, 3.893; 95% CI, 1.366-11.090). The risk of MMD decreased with each increment in arginine level (per natural log [arginine] increment: OR, 0.109; 95% CI, 0.028-0.427), urea level (per natural log [urea] increment: OR, 0.261; 95% CI, 0.072-0.940), and global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR) level (per natural log [GABR] increment: OR, 0.189; 95% CI, 0.074-0.484). The addition of plasma arginine (integrated discrimination improvement: 1.76%, p = 0.021) or GABR (integrated discrimination improvement: 1.76%, p = 0.004) to conventional risk factors significantly improved the risk reclassification for MMD. Conclusion Plasma ornithine levels are positively associated with the risk of MMD. By contrast, the levels of arginine, urea, and GABR are inversely related to the risk of MMD. Plasma urea cycle metabolites might be potential biomarkers for the risk of MMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Peicong Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanren Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Xingju Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Etienne-Mesmin L, Meslier V, Uriot O, Fournier E, Deschamps C, Denis S, David A, Jegou S, Morabito C, Quinquis B, Thirion F, Plaza Oñate F, Le Chatelier E, Ehrlich SD, Blanquet-Diot S, Almeida M. In Vitro Modelling of Oral Microbial Invasion in the Human Colon. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0434422. [PMID: 36971547 PMCID: PMC10100946 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04344-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the human microbiome characterization have revealed significant oral microbial detection in stools of dysbiotic patients. However, little is known about the potential interactions of these invasive oral microorganisms with commensal intestinal microbiota and the host. In this proof-of-concept study, we proposed a new model of oral-to-gut invasion by the combined use of an in vitro model simulating both the physicochemical and microbial (lumen- and mucus-associated microbes) parameters of the human colon (M-ARCOL), a salivary enrichment protocol, and whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing. Oral invasion of the intestinal microbiota was simulated by injection of enriched saliva in the in vitro colon model inoculated with a fecal sample from the same healthy adult donor. The mucosal compartment of M-ARCOL was able to retain the highest species richness levels over time, while species richness levels decreased in the luminal compartment. This study also showed that oral microorganisms preferably colonized the mucosal microenvironment, suggesting potential oral-to-intestinal mucosal competitions. This new model of oral-to-gut invasion can provide useful mechanistic insights into the role of oral microbiome in various disease processes. IMPORTANCE Here, we propose a new model of oral-to-gut invasion by the combined use of an in vitro model simulating both the physicochemical and microbial (lumen- and mucus-associated microbes) parameters of the human colon (M-ARCOL), a salivary enrichment protocol, and whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing. Our study revealed the importance of integrating the mucus compartment, which retained higher microbial richness during fermentation, showed the preference of oral microbial invaders for the mucosal resources, and indicated potential oral-to-intestinal mucosal competitions. It also underlined promising opportunities to further understand mechanisms of oral invasion into the human gut microbiome, define microbe-microbe and mucus-microbe interactions in a compartmentalized fashion, and help to better characterize the potential of oral microbial invasion and their persistence in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Victoria Meslier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ophélie Uriot
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elora Fournier
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Deschamps
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Denis
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aymeric David
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sarah Jegou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christian Morabito
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benoit Quinquis
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Thirion
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - S. Dusko Ehrlich
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Santé (MEDIS), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathieu Almeida
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis (MGP), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang X, Huang X, Huang Y, Zheng J, Lu Y, Mai Z, Zhao X, Cui L, Huang S. The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe? J Transl Med 2023; 21:211. [PMID: 36949458 PMCID: PMC10031900 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by abundant and diverse microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiome. The oral cavity has more than 700 species of bacteria and consists of unique microbiome niches on mucosal surfaces, on tooth hard tissue, and in saliva. The homeostatic balance between the oral microbiota and the immune system plays an indispensable role in maintaining the well-being and health status of the human host. Growing evidence has demonstrated that oral microbiota dysbiosis is actively involved in regulating the initiation and progression of an array of autoimmune diseases.Oral microbiota dysbiosis is driven by multiple factors, such as host genetic factors, dietary habits, stress, smoking, administration of antibiotics, tissue injury and infection. The dysregulation in the oral microbiome plays a crucial role in triggering and promoting autoimmune diseases via several mechanisms, including microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, autoantigen overproduction, and amplification of autoimmune responses by cytokines. Good oral hygiene behaviors, low carbohydrate diets, healthy lifestyles, usage of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, oral microbiota transplantation and nanomedicine-based therapeutics are promising avenues for maintaining a balanced oral microbiome and treating oral microbiota-mediated autoimmune diseases. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases is critical for providing novel insights into the development of oral microbiota-based therapeutic approaches for combating these refractory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Zizhao Mai
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Haizhu District, No.366 Jiangnan Da Dao Nan, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Crost EH, Coletto E, Bell A, Juge N. Ruminococcus gnavus: friend or foe for human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad014. [PMID: 37015876 PMCID: PMC10112845 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminococcus gnavus was first identified in 1974 as a strict anaerobe in the gut of healthy individuals, and for several decades, its study has been limited to specific enzymes or bacteriocins. With the advent of metagenomics, R. gnavus has been associated both positively and negatively with an increasing number of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases from inflammatory bowel diseases to neurological disorders. This prompted renewed interest in understanding the adaptation mechanisms of R. gnavus to the gut, and the molecular mediators affecting its association with health and disease. From ca. 250 publications citing R. gnavus since 1990, 94% were published in the last 10 years. In this review, we describe the biological characterization of R. gnavus, its occurrence in the infant and adult gut microbiota and the factors influencing its colonization of the gastrointestinal tract; we also discuss the current state of our knowledge on its role in host health and disease. We highlight gaps in knowledge and discuss the hypothesis that differential health outcomes associated with R. gnavus in the gut are strain and niche specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle H Crost
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Coletto
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bell
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sohn J, Li L, Zhang L, Genco RJ, Falkner KL, Tettelin H, Rowsam AM, Smiraglia DJ, Novak JM, Diaz PI, Sun Y, Kirkwood KL. Periodontal disease is associated with increased gut colonization of pathogenic Haemophilus parainfluenzae in patients with Crohn's disease. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112120. [PMID: 36774550 PMCID: PMC10415533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal colonization of the oral bacterium Haemophilus parainfluenzae has been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) severity and progression. This study examines the role of periodontal disease (PD) as a modifier for colonization of H. parainfluenzae in patients with CD and explores the mechanisms behind H. parainfluenzae-mediated intestinal inflammation. Fifty subjects with and without CD were evaluated for the presence of PD, and their oral and fecal microbiomes were characterized. PD is associated with increased levels of H. parainfluenzae strains in subjects with CD. Oral inoculation of H. parainfluenzae elicits strain-dependent intestinal inflammation in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease, which is associated with increased intestinal interferon-γ (IFN-γ)+ CD4+ T cells and disruption of the host hypusination pathway. In summary, this study establishes a strain-specific pathogenic role of H. parainfluenzae in intestinal inflammation and highlights the potential effect of PD on intestinal colonization by pathogenic H. parainfluenzae strains in patients with CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Sohn
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, 645 Biomedical Research Building, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Robert J Genco
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Karen L Falkner
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aryn M Rowsam
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Reconstructive Surgery Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Dominic J Smiraglia
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Reconstructive Surgery Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jan M Novak
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, 645 Biomedical Research Building, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Patricia I Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Yijun Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Keith L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu Y, Li Z, Peng X. Regulatory effects of oral microbe on intestinal microbiota and the illness. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1093967. [PMID: 36816583 PMCID: PMC9928999 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1093967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the association between oral health, intestinal microbiota, and systemic diseases has been further validated. Some oral microbial species have been isolated from pathological intestine mucosa or feces and identified as biomarkers for intestinal diseases. A small proportion of oral microbiome passes through or colonizes the lower gastrointestinal tract, even in healthy individuals. Opportunistic pathogens from the oral cavity may expand and participate in the occurrence and progression of intestinal diseases when the anatomical barrier is disrupted. These disruptors interact with the intestinal microbiota, disturbing indigenous microorganisms, and mucosal barriers through direct colonization, blood circulation, or derived metabolite pathways. While interacting with the host's immune system, oral-derived pathogens stimulate inflammation responses and guide the transition of the intestinal microenvironment from a healthy state to a pre-disease state. Therefore, the oral-gut microbiome axis sheds light on new clinical therapy options, and gastrointestinal tract ecology balance necessitates simultaneous consideration of both oral and gut microbiomes. This review summarizes possible routes of oral microbes entering the intestine and the effects of certain oral bacteria on intestinal microbiota and the host's immune responses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR, Abello V, Ijaz H, Khalid I, Rahim M, Asif M, Cusnir H. An Unusual Case of Haemophilus parainfluenzae Endocarditis in a Young Patient With Crohn's Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e33770. [PMID: 36793806 PMCID: PMC9924830 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of infective endocarditis (IE) associated with Haemophilus parainfluenzae in a 40-year-old male patient with a history of Crohn's Disease (CD). A complete workup, including an echocardiogram and blood cultures, revealed mitral valve vegetation colonized by H. parainfluenzae. The patient was started on appropriate antibiotics with follow-up for outpatient surgery. This case discusses the potential for ectopic colonization of heart valves by H. parainfluenzae in patients with CD. The presence of this organism as the offending agent in this patient's case of IE shines a light on the pathogenesis of CD. Although uncommon, CD-associated bacterial seeding should be a differential when assessing young patients with IE.
Collapse
|
15
|
Newman KL, Kamada N. Pathogenic associations between oral and gastrointestinal diseases. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:1030-1039. [PMID: 35691866 PMCID: PMC9691515 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are complex chronic conditions characterized by aberrant host immune response and dysregulated microbiota. Emerging data show an association between periodontitis and IBD, including direct and indirect mechanistic links between oral and intestinal inflammation. Direct pathways include translocation of proinflammatory microbes from the oral cavity to the gut and immune priming. Indirect pathways involve systemic immune activation with possible nonspecific effects on the gut. There are limited data on the effects of periodontal disease treatment on IBD course and vice versa, but early reports suggest that treatment of periodontitis decreases systemic immune activation and that treatment of IBD is associated with periodontitis healing, underscoring the importance of recognizing and treating both conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Newman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tonelli Enrico V, Vo N, Methe B, Morris A, Sowa G. An unexpected connection: A narrative review of the associations between Gut Microbiome and Musculoskeletal Pain. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 31:3603-3615. [PMID: 36308543 PMCID: PMC9617047 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple diverse factors contribute to musculoskeletal pain, a major cause of physical dysfunction and health-related costs worldwide. Rapidly growing evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiome has overarching influences on human health and the body's homeostasis and resilience to internal and external perturbations. This broad role of the gut microbiome is potentially relevant and connected to musculoskeletal pain, though the literature on the topic is limited. Thus, the literature on the topic of musculoskeletal pain and gut microbiome was explored. METHODS This narrative review explores the vast array of reported metabolites associated with inflammation and immune-metabolic response, which are known contributors to musculoskeletal pain. Moreover, it covers known modifiable (e.g., diet, lifestyle choices, exposure to prescription drugs, pollutants, and chemicals) and non-modifiable factors (e.g., gut architecture, genetics, age, birth history, and early feeding patterns) that are known to contribute to changes to the gut microbiome. Particular attention is devoted to modifiable factors, as the ultimate goal of researching this topic is to implement gut microbiome health interventions into clinical practice. RESULTS Overall, numerous associations exist in the literature that could converge on the gut microbiome's pivotal role in musculoskeletal health. Particularly, a variety of metabolites that are either directly produced or indirectly modulated by the gut microbiome have been highlighted. CONCLUSION The review highlights noticeable connections between the gut and musculoskeletal health, thus warranting future research to focus on the gut microbiome's role in musculoskeletal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Tonelli Enrico
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Room E1612, BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Nam Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Room E1612, BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Barbara Methe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1218 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1218 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Sowa
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Room E1612, BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Medical Building, Suite 910, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Increased abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus in gut microbiota is associated with moyamoya disease and non-moyamoya intracranial large artery disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20244. [PMID: 36424438 PMCID: PMC9691692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease endemic in East Asia. The p.R4810K mutation in RNF213 gene confers a risk of MMD, but other factors remain largely unknown. We tested the association of gut microbiota with MMD. Fecal samples were collected from 27 patients with MMD, 7 patients with non-moyamoya intracranial large artery disease (ICAD) and 15 control individuals with other disorders, and 16S rRNA were sequenced. Although there was no difference in alpha diversity or beta diversity between patients with MMD and controls, the cladogram showed Streptococcaceae was enriched in patient samples. The relative abundance analysis demonstrated that 23 species were differentially abundant between patients with MMD and controls. Among them, increased abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus > 0.003 and decreased abundance of Roseburia inulinivorans < 0.002 were associated with higher risks of MMD (odds ratio 9.6, P = 0.0024; odds ratio 11.1, P = 0.0051). Also, Ruminococcus gnavus was more abundant and Roseburia inulinivorans was less abundant in patients with ICAD than controls (P = 0.046, P = 0.012). The relative abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus or Roseburia inulinivorans was not different between the p.R4810K mutant and wildtype. Our data demonstrated that gut microbiota was associated with both MMD and ICAD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lourenço TGB, de Oliveira AM, Tsute Chen G, Colombo APV. Oral-gut bacterial profiles discriminate between periodontal health and diseases. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:1227-1237. [PMID: 36261869 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation explored oral-gut microbial signatures with potential to distinguish among periodontal conditions. BACKGROUND DATA The interplay between the oral and gut microbiomes may be a critical pathway linking periodontal diseases and systemic inflammatory disorders. The mechanisms by which oral microorganisms translocate to the gut and cause microbial dysbiosis, favoring an inflammatory state, are still unknown. As a first approach, characterization of oral-gut microbial profiles associated with periodontal health and diseases can provide insights on such mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis. METHODS Fecal and saliva samples from individuals with periodontal health (PH, 8), gingivitis (GG, 17), and periodontitis (PD, 24) were analyzed for their microbial composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial taxa were compared and correlated to periodontal parameters. Multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) was carried out to identify profiles related to health and disease. RESULTS Few significant differences in oral-gut taxa were detected among clinical groups, although increase in fecal Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii and salivary Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Parvimonas micra, and Fretibacterium sp. HMT358 were strongly correlated with deep pockets and inflammation (p < .01). Over 50% of the fecal microbiota comprised microorganisms shared between oral and gut sites, whereas oral taxa were detected in approximately 9%, particularly enriched in GG fecal samples (p = .04). Trends for lower fecal richness and higher salivary diversity in PD compared to PH were observed. MDA was able to classify correctly 82% of the patients into the clinical groups. Main classifiers of periodontitis were high BMI, older age, and enrichment of oral-fecal Leptotrichia sp. HMT4, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Dialister invisus, and a novel Lautropia sp. HMTC89-like organism. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of an exploratory investigation, specific profiles of oral-gut taxa, including known and potential novel organisms, combined with social-demographic features were able to discriminate individuals with periodontal diseases in this study population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Gomes Baêta Lourenço
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Miranda de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Postgraduate program in Periodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Postgraduate program in Periodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abdelbary MMH, Hatting M, Bott A, Dahlhausen A, Keller D, Trautwein C, Conrads G. The oral-gut axis: Salivary and fecal microbiome dysbiosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1010853. [PMID: 36275026 PMCID: PMC9585322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1010853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that fall into two main categories: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus and harbors diverse bacterial communities. Several sequencing-based studies have identified an intestinal enrichment of oral-associated bacteria and demonstrated their ability to induce intestinal inflammation in mice, suggesting that intestinal pathobionts originate from the oral cavity, particularly members of the genus Streptococcus. This study aimed to investigate the composition of the salivary and fecal microbiome of IBD patients (n = 14) compared to healthy controls (n = 12) and to determine the abundance of common bacterial taxa in both niches. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from saliva and fecal samples, and the 16S rRNA gene was targeted for sequencing. Our results revealed that the overall microbial composition of saliva was significantly altered in the IBD patients compared to the control subjects (p = 0.038). At the genus level, Veillonella and Prevotella were highly abundant in IBD (median: 25.4% and 22.2%, respectively) compared to the control group (17.9% and 13.4%, respectively). In contrast, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Fusobacterium were associated with a healthy gut state. Regarding the fecal microbiome, the IBD group had a significantly higher abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Escherichia-Shigella (both comprising pathogenic bacteria) compared with the control group. Members of both bacterial groups have previously been shown to positively correlate with intestinal inflammation and high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that disrupt intestinal barrier integrity. In addition, we demonstrate that the increased abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Escherichia-Shigella has also been associated with significant upregulation of certain metabolic pathways in the feces of the IBD group, including bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. Streptococcus was the only common genus detected in both the salivary and fecal microbiome and represented the oral-gut axis in our study. Using culture-based methods, we isolated 57 and 91 Streptococcus strains from saliva as well as 40 and 31 strains from fecal samples of the controls and IBD patients, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of streptococci based on sodA sequences revealed several patient-specific clusters comprising salivary and fecal streptococcal isolates from the same patient and belonging to the same species, suggesting that the oral cavity is an endogenous reservoir for intestinal strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. H. Abdelbary
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohamed M. H. Abdelbary,
| | | | - Alexandra Bott
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Dahlhausen
- University Medical Center for Occupational Medicine, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Doris Keller
- University Medical Center for Occupational Medicine, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1371-1387. [PMID: 36156126 PMCID: PMC9527826 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cancer, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, but the precise mechanisms by which such risk is mediated remain poorly understood. Additionally, smoking can impact the oral, nasal, oropharyngeal, lung and gut microbiome composition, function, and secreted molecule repertoire. Microbiome changes induced by smoking can bear direct consequences on smoking-related illnesses. Moreover, smoking-associated dysbiosis may modulate weight gain development following smoking cessation. Here, we review the implications of cigarette smoking on microbiome community structure and function. In addition, we highlight the potential impacts of microbial dysbiosis on smoking-related diseases. We discuss challenges in studying host–microbiome interactions in the context of smoking, such as the correlations with smoking-related disease severity versus causation and mechanism. In all, understanding the microbiome’s role in the pathophysiology of smoking-related diseases may promote the development of rational therapies for smoking- and smoking cessation-related disorders, as well as assist in smoking abstinence.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang Z, You L, Ren Y, Zhu X, Mao X, Liang X, Wang T, Guo Y, Liu T, Xue J. Finasteride Alleviates High Fat Associated Protein-Overload Nephropathy by Inhibiting Trimethylamine N-Oxide Synthesis and Regulating Gut Microbiota. Front Physiol 2022; 13:900961. [PMID: 36045744 PMCID: PMC9420981 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.900961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy diet especially high-fat diet (HFD) is the major cause of hyperlipidemia leading to deterioration of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in patients. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut-derived uremic toxin. Our previous clinical study demonstrated that the elevation of TMAO was positively correlated with CKD progression. Finasteride, a competitive and specific inhibitor of type II 5a-reductase, has been reported recently to be able to downregulate plasma TMAO level thus preventing the onset of atherosclerosis by our research group. In this study, we established a protein-overload nephropathy CKD mouse model by bovine serum albumin (BSA) injection to investigate whether hyperlipidemia could accelerate CKD progression and the underlying mechanisms. Finasteride was administrated to explore its potential therapeutic effects. The results of biochemical analyses and pathological examination showed that HFD-induced hyperlipidemia led to aggravated protein-overload nephropathy in mice along with an elevated level of circulating TMAO, which can be alleviated by finasteride treatment possibly through inhibition of Fmo3 in liver. The 16 S rRNA sequencing results indicated that HFD feeding altered the composition and distribution of gut microbiota in CKD mice contributing to the enhanced level of TMAO precursor TMA, while finasteride could exert beneficial effects via promoting the abundance of Alistipes_senegalensis and Akkermansia_muciniphila. Immunofluorescence staining (IF) and qRT-PCR results demonstrated the disruption of intestinal barrier by decreased expression of tight junction proteins including Claudin-1 and Zo-1 in HFD-fed CKD mice, which can be rescued by finasteride treatment. Cytokine arrays and redox status analyses revealed an upregulated inflammatory level and oxidative stress after HFD feeding in CKO mice, and finasteride-treatment could alleviate these lesions. To summarize, our study suggested that finasteride could alleviate HFD-associated deterioration of protein-overload nephropathy in mice by inhibition of TMAO synthesis and regulation of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyuan Wang
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li You
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhu
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Mao
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowan Liang
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumeng Guo
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yumeng Guo, ; Te Liu, ; Jun Xue,
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yumeng Guo, ; Te Liu, ; Jun Xue,
| | - Jun Xue
- Division of Nephrology of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yumeng Guo, ; Te Liu, ; Jun Xue,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Common and Unique Pattern of Microbiome Profiles among Saliva, Tissue, and Stool Samples in Patients with Crohn’s Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071467. [PMID: 35889187 PMCID: PMC9320459 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate common and unique microbiome patterns in saliva, intestinal tissue biopsy, and stool samples from patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Saliva, tissue, and stool samples from patients with CD were prospectively collected. Quantitative and phylogenetic analyses of 16s rRNA sequencing data were performed with bioinformatical pipelines. A total of 30 patients were enrolled in this study. The composition of major microbial taxa was similar between tissue and stool samples. A total of 11 of the 20 most abundant microbiota were found in both samples. The microbial community in saliva was significantly distinct from that in tissue and stool. The major species of microbiota and their composition also differed significantly from those of tissue and stool samples. However, Streptococcus and Prevotella are common genera in saliva, tissue, and stool microbiome. The abundance of Streptococcus, Pantoea, and Actinomyces from the saliva sample group were significantly different, varying with the location of the inflammation. Saliva has a distinct microbial community compared with tissues and stools in patients with CD. Prevotella and Streptococcus, which are commonly observed in saliva, stool, and tissue, can be considered a potential biomarker related to the diagnosis or prognosis of CD.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kitamoto S, Kamada N. Untangling the oral-gut axis in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Int Immunol 2022; 34:485-490. [PMID: 35716367 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of literature reveals that host-microbe networks are well-coordinated and impact human health and disease. Recently, it has become evident that an abnormal alteration in bacterial configuration in the oral cavity, namely oral dysbiosis, caused by periodontal inflammation, is associated with various distant inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. However, the extent to which the relationships between oral and distant disorders are merely an association or are causally triggered by oral microorganisms remains debated. In this mini-review, we highlight mechanisms in inter-related organ system diseases , particularly the one between oral and gut inflammation. Further, we discuss clinical perspectives and propose a novel concept of a multi-hit hypothesis in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation, based on our updated knowledge of shared microbiological and immunological pathways between the oral and gut mucosae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kitamoto
- The World Premier International Research Center (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), 1012 IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- The World Premier International Research Center (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), 1012 IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu S, Mok J, Gowans M, Ong DEH, Hartono JL, Lee JWJ. Oral Microbiome of Crohn's Disease Patients With and Without Oral Manifestations. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1628-1636. [PMID: 35511486 PMCID: PMC9624293 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Microbiome dysbiosis is associated with inflammatory destruction in Crohn's disease [CD]. Although gut microbiome dysbiosis is well established in CD, the oral microbiome is comparatively under-studied. This study aims to characterize the oral microbiome of CD patients with/without oral manifestations. METHODS Patients with CD were recruited with age-, gender- and race-matched controls. Potential confounders such as dental caries and periodontal condition were recorded. The oral microbiome was collected using saliva samples. Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced using shotgun sequencing. Metagenomic taxonomic and functional profiles were generated and analysed. RESULTS The study recruited 41 patients with CD and 24 healthy controls. Within the CD subjects, 39.0% had oral manifestations with the majority presenting with cobblestoning and/or oral ulcers. Principal coordinate analysis demonstrated distinct oral microbiome profiles between subjects with and without CD, with four key variables responsible for overall oral microbiome variance: [1] diagnosis of CD, [2] concomitant use of steroids, [3] concomitant use of azathioprine and 4] presence of oral ulcers. Thirty-two significant differentially abundant microbial species were identified, with the majority associated with the diagnosis of CD. A predictive model based on differences in the oral microbiome found that the oral microbiome has strong discriminatory function to distinguish subjects with and without CD [AUROC 0.84]. Functional analysis found that an increased representation of microbial enzymes [n = 5] in the butyrate pathway was positively associated with the presence of oral ulcers. CONCLUSIONS The oral microbiome can aid in the diagnosis of CD and its composition was associated with oral manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Hu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Mok
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Michelle Gowans
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - David E H Ong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juanda Leo Hartono
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Wei Jie Lee
- Corresponding author: Jonathan Wei Jie Lee, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jin S, Wetzel D, Schirmer M. Deciphering mechanisms and implications of bacterial translocation in human health and disease. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 67:102147. [PMID: 35461008 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significant increases in potential microbial translocation, especially along the oral-gut axis, have been identified in many immune-related and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and liver cirrhosis, for which we currently have no cure or long-term treatment options. Recent advances in computational and experimental omics approaches now enable strain tracking, functional profiling, and strain isolation in unprecedented detail, which has the potential to elucidate the causes and consequences of microbial translocation. In this review, we discuss current evidence for the detection of bacterial translocation, examine different translocation axes with a primary focus on the oral-gut axis, and outline currently known translocation mechanisms and how they adversely affect the host in disease. Finally, we conclude with an overview of state-of-the-art computational and experimental tools for strain tracking and highlight the required next steps to elucidate the role of bacterial translocation in human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Jin
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Daniela Wetzel
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Melanie Schirmer
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leaky Gum: The Revisited Origin of Systemic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071079. [PMID: 35406643 PMCID: PMC8997512 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is the gateway for microorganisms into your body where they disseminate not only to the directly connected respiratory and digestive tracts but also to the many remote organs. Oral microbiota, travelling to the end of the intestine and circulating in our bodies through blood vessels, not only affect a gut microbiome profile but also lead to many systemic diseases. By gathering information accumulated from the era of focal infection theory to the age of revolution in microbiome research, we propose a pivotal role of “leaky gum”, as an analogy of “leaky gut”, to underscore the importance of the oral cavity in systemic health. The oral cavity has unique structures, the gingival sulcus (GS) and the junctional epithelium (JE) below the GS, which are rarely found anywhere else in our body. The JE is attached to the tooth enamel and cementum by hemidesmosome (HD), which is structurally weaker than desmosome and is, thus, vulnerable to microbial infiltration. In the GS, microbial biofilms can build up for life, unlike the biofilms on the skin and intestinal mucosa that fall off by the natural process. Thus, we emphasize that the GS and the JE are the weakest leaky point for microbes to invade the human body, making the leaky gum just as important as, or even more important than, the leaky gut.
Collapse
|