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Kargar M, Zare N, Jafarzadeh Kohneloo A, Afra F, Hadidi E, Gholami K. Lipid management strategies for diabetic patients align with an evidence-based guideline. Daru 2024:10.1007/s40199-024-00534-x. [PMID: 39240497 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-024-00534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) significantly. Statins are recommended for all diabetic patients aged ≥ 40 years to alleviate this risk. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the status of the implementation of the recommendations of lipid management strategies for diabetic patients. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 500 patients with DM, aged ≥ 40 referring to a public pharmacy with at least one diabetic medication in their prescription, were enrolled. Patients' demographics, lipid panel data, medications, personal and family history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and risk factors for ASCVD were documented. The appropriateness of stain dosing intensity was judged based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guideline. RESULTS The mean ± SD of the age of patients was 61.39 ± 10.49 years. Among patients, 238 (47.6) were men. More than half of the patients were subject to receiving primary prevention (59.8%, n = 299). For 80.8% (n = 404) of patients, a statin, most frequently atorvastatin (61.8%), was prescribed. The appropriate statin dose based on the guideline for 470 patients (94%), was high-intensity statin. In 70.6% (n = 353) of patients, lipid management was not in accordance with the guideline. Patients with ASCVD were more likely to receive the statins and the appropriate doses compared to patients without ASCVD (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION Despite a relatively high percentage of patients who received statins, the lipid management in most patients was not in accordance with the guideline. The profound problem was the suboptimal dosage of statins. Investigating the reasons and barriers of the appropriate management can be helpful. Additionally, since patients without ASCVD who should receive statins for primary prevention were significantly less likely to receive statins and evidence-based doses, more attention is needed for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kargar
- Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Noushid Zare
- School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aarefeh Jafarzadeh Kohneloo
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Afra
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Hadidi
- 13-Aban Pharmacotherapy Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kheirollah Gholami
- Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chekol Tassew W, Ferede YA, Zeleke AM. Prescribing patterns of statins and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabol Open 2024; 23:100297. [PMID: 39006881 PMCID: PMC11246013 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2024.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan African nations, there's a documented shortfall in the utilization of statins, despite established clinical guidelines advocating their use for reducing cardiovascular risks and overall mortality among Type 2 diabetes patients aged 40-75 years old. Most clinical guidelines recommend prescribing statins to individuals with type 2 diabetes to reduce the chances of cardiovascular disease. There is currently a lack of extensive research on statin utilization specifically for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Africa. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prescription patterns of statins for preventing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods The findings of the review were presented following the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-2020) checklist. We conducted searches on electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, African Journal Online, and Google Scholar. This systematic review and meta-analysis included articles that met specific inclusion criteria: observational studies such as cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies focusing on determinants, risk factors, or correlates associated with statin prescription within Africa. Only published articles up to June 2, 2024, published in English, and conducted in either community or healthcare facility settings were considered. Data import was initially conducted using Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis was performed using STATA software. Cochran's Q test was employed to assess whether there was a significant variance in prevalence among the studies. Additionally, the I2 statistic was utilized to quantify the extent of heterogeneity. A funnel plot, a visual tool, was utilized to evaluate publication bias. Results The search strategy resulted in 7695 published original articles. The full texts of the 89 papers were assessed for eligibility and quality. Moreover, some articles were rejected due to inaccuracies in the outcome variable. Ultimately, only ten studies focusing on the prevalence of statin prescription were examined. The research suggests that the pooled prevalence of statin prescription among Type 2 diabetic individuals in Africa is found to be 48.82% (95% CI: 35.41-63.24). Age greater than 65 years (AOR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.70-7.45; I2 = 54.7%), comorbidity (AOR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.27-4.63, I2 = 96.4%), dyslipidemia (AOR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.54-6.44, I2 = 61.7%), DM duration greater than ten years (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.81-2.28, I2 = 77.3%), and government insurance (AOR = 8.85, 95% CI: 2.72-28.76, I2 = 81.5%) were factors associated with statin prescription among type 2 diabetic patients. Conclusions In general, the extent of statin prescriptions for individuals with type 2 diabetes who are eligible for statin therapy was below the target outlined by clinical practice guidelines. Being over 65 years old, having comorbidities, experiencing dyslipidemia, having type 2 diabetes for more than ten years, and having government insurance were all identified as independent factors predicting the prescription of statins. This finding is concerning and underscores the urgent need to enhance adherence to clinical practice guidelines for the well-being of this vulnerable population at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Chekol Tassew
- Teda Health Science College, Department of Medical Nursing, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Melaku EE, Urgie BM, Tilahun AT, Assefa HK, Abebe AA, Tefera AS. Prevalence of vitamin B 12 deficiency and associated factors among primary school children: North East Ethiopia: multicenter cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:82. [PMID: 38867328 PMCID: PMC11170803 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency is common and is more frequent in low- and middle-income countries with a poor or inadequate diet of animal foods. In Ethiopia, researches related to the status of micronutrients in children are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and associated factors among primary school children. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 10-February 30/2023. A total of 514 students were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, document review, anthropometric measurement, and laboratory studies were implemented to collect data. Data was analyzed by STATA version 14 and summarized by using frequency tables and graphs. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with vitamin B12 Deficiency. RESULTS About 34% of the students were found to have vitamin B12 deficiency. Not Consuming animal products (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI:1.20-2.79) and low body mass index (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI:1.05-2.47) were associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a notable high deficiency of vitamin B12 in primary school students. Consumption of animal products and BMI were identified as statically significant associated factors with serum concentration of vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aklile Semu Tefera
- Department of Epidemiology, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Ekpor E, Addo-Mensah D, Akyirem S. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with type 2 diabetes in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:3468-3477. [PMID: 38846843 PMCID: PMC11152840 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is an established cardiovascular risk factor in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the extent to which these conditions co-occur in Africa is unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with T2D in Africa. Methods Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on 5 December 2023. This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered on PROSPERO. The prevalence data for dyslipidemia was pooled through a random-effects meta-analysis. The authors assessed heterogeneity and publication bias using I 2 statistics and Egger's test, respectively. Results Our search identified 8035 records, of which 60 articles involving 20 034 individuals with T2D were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia recorded 38.6% (95% CI: 34.1-43.4) for high TC (≥ 5.2 mmol/l), 52.7% (95% CI: 44.2-61.1) for high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (≥ 2.6 mmol/l), 43.5% (95% CI: 37.1-50.0) for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (< 1.0 mmol/l in men and less than 1.3 mmol/l in women), and 37.4% (95% CI: 32.2-42.9) for high triglycerides (TG) (≥ 1.7 mmol/l). Subgroup analysis based on gender indicated a notably higher prevalence of dyslipidemia among females compared to males. Conclusion Dyslipidemia is prevalent among persons with T2D in Africa. This highlights the need for early screening, diagnosis, and management of dyslipidemia to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular complications in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ekpor
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Ghana, Legon
- Christian Health Association of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorothy Addo-Mensah
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Fisseha PY, Baye AM, Beyene MG, Makonnen E. Evaluation of Statin Indication and Dose Intensification Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients at a Tertiary Hospital. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1157-1169. [PMID: 38469106 PMCID: PMC10926852 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s446711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. While guidelines endorse statin use in type 2 DM (T2DM) to mitigate cardiovascular risks and mortality, challenges like statin initiation and prompt treatment adjustments affect patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess the appropriateness of indications for and dose intensification of statin therapy among T2DM patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). Methodology A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to June 30 2020. In total, 405 T2DM patients were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. An adjusted odds ratio (OR) was used and a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-values of <0.05 were utilized to determine statistical significance. Results Of the total 405 participants, 346 (85.4%) started taking statins for primary or secondary prevention purposes. Indication for statin use was appropriate in 96.2% patients, while for 216 (62.4%) patients their doses were appropriately intensified. Predictors of the inappropriateness of statin use were an atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) score of ≥7.5% (AOR=0.28; 95% CI: 0.102-0.738, p=0.01), the presence of dyslipidemia (AOR=4.48; 95% CI: 1.85-10.84; p=0.001), initiation of aspirin therapy (AOR=3.7; 95% CI: 1.522-9.144; p=0.004), and an LDL-cholesterol level of 70-189 mg/dL (AOR=0.124; 95% CI: 0.042-0.365; p=0.001). DM duration of ≥10 years (AOR=2.51; 95% CI: 1.35-4.66, p=0.004), male gender (AOR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.16-3.58, p=0.013), age ≥65 years (AOR=2.15; 95% CI: 1.23-3.75, p=0.007) and uncontrolled blood pressure (AOR=2.09; 95% CI: 1.07-4.08, p=0.031) were associated with inappropriate statin intensification. Conclusion The study found that indication of statins was optimal and about two-thirds of patients had their doses appropriately intensified. Monitoring is needed to avoid inappropriate intensification of statin therapy, particularly in patients with longer diabetes duration, those of male gender and advanced age, and those with uncontrolled blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pineal Yitbarek Fisseha
- Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assefa Mulu Baye
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melak Gedamu Beyene
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Melaku EE, Ayele ET, Urgie BM, Ayidagnuhim GB, Hassen EM, Tefera AS. Appropriate Use of Primary Statin Preventive Therapy Among Patients with High Atherosclerosis-Related Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Cross-Sectional Study, Northeast Ethiopia. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2023; 19:707-718. [PMID: 37954557 PMCID: PMC10638903 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s435036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart diseases, ischemic stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases) account for the majority of deaths in diabetic and other high-risk patients. Statin therapy reduces major vascular events, coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, and ischemic stroke. However, a gap exists between guideline recommendations and the clinical practice of primary statin preventive therapy. This was a cross-sectional study that aimed to determine the prevalence and some associated risk factors of. Purpose This study was intended to assess the magnitude of primary statin preventive therapy and associated factors among patients with high atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease risks. Patients and Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted by a consecutive sampling technique from February 1, 2023, to May 30, 2023. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, document review, and laboratory measurements were implemented to collect data. Data entered into Epi Data were analysed by STATA version 14 and summarized by using frequency tables and graphs. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed and checked for association at a p value of <0.05. Results A total of 389 patients were included in this study. Diabetes mellitus (43.75%), hypertension (47.3%), and chronic kidney disease (9.25%) were commonly identified diseases. One hundred sixty-seven (42.93%, CI: 38.07-47.92) patients with high atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risks were on primary statin preventive therapy. Duration of diabetes mellitus (AOR=1.33, CI: 1.1569-1.528), treating physician (AOR=3.875, CI: 1.368-10.969), follow-up regularity (AOR=3.113, CI: 1.029-9.417) and ten-year atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease risk score (AOR=1.126, CI: 1.021-1.243) were found to be significantly associated with the use of primary statin preventive therapy. Conclusion and Recommendations The magnitude of patients who were on primary statin preventive therapy was relatively low (42.93%). Improving the regular follow-up and making senior physicians (internists) attend patients at medical follow-up clinics would likely improve the number of patients who are on primary statin preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermiyas Endewunet Melaku
- Department of Internal Medicine, school of Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Esubalew Tesfahun Ayele
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Besufekad Mulugeta Urgie
- Department of Internal Medicine, school of Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Erzik Mohammed Hassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, school of Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Aklile Semu Tefera
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Nigussie S, Demeke F. Prescribing patterns of statins and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attended at Jugol General Hospital in eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 4:1061628. [PMID: 37034477 PMCID: PMC10076854 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1061628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Most clinical practice guidelines support the use of statins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, nothing is known about the prescribing patterns of statins at Jugol General Hospital in eastern Ethiopia. Objective This study aimed to assess the prescribing patterns of statins and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attended at Jugol General Hospital in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received follow-up care from 1 June 2017 to 1 June 2022. The study participants were enrolled consecutively using a convenience sampling technique. The data were extracted from patients' medical records using a data abstraction checklist. The extracted data were entered into EpiData, version 3.1, and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22, for analysis. Associations were considered to be statistically significant at a p-value < 0.05 and presented as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Result The medical records of 423 patients were reviewed. The review revealed that medical records were complete for 410 of these patients, and these records were included in the analysis. The majority of the study participants were female (72.2%) and between the age of 40 and 65 years (61.2%). All of the study participants were eligible for statin prescription; however, statins were prescribed for only 257 (62.7%) study participants. Of the statins prescribed, moderate-dose-intensity statins were prescribed for 40 (15.6%) participants who were at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Atorvastatin was the most commonly (93.3%) prescribed statin. The presence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular events was significantly associated with statin prescribing. Conclusion The magnitude of prescribing statins for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was low in comparison with the clinical practice guidelines recommendation. This finding is alarming and is a call for action to improve the execution of clinical practice guidelines for the benefit of this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambel Nigussie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Shambel Nigussie,
| | - Fekade Demeke
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
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Al Souheil F, Chahine B. Statin Prescription Patterns Among Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lebanon. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2022; 10:159-166. [PMID: 36422816 PMCID: PMC9944594 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-022-00335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though statins have been proven to be effective in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease among diabetic patients, a suboptimal use of the latter has been detected in real clinical practice, especially among older adults. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the patterns and predictors of statin use among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Lebanon. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that extended between April 2021 and February 2022. Our study involved elderly T2DM outpatients, aged 65-80 years, who presented to 40 community pharmacies for prescription filling. Diabetes status was ascertained via dispensed medication information, and patients were classified based on the American Diabetes Association preset risk scores for cardiovascular diseases in diabetics: low, moderate, or high risk. The questionnaire included patients' demographics, clinical information, and status of statin use. RESULTS A total of 420 diabetic geriatric patients were observed in this study; their mean age was 70 years (± 7), and there was a predominance of males, 270 (64.3%). Almost all patients were classified as being at high risk, 396 (94.3%), while the rest were at moderate risk; thus, all were recommended to receive statins; however, statin prescription was only reported among 197 (46.9%), with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin being the most used: 102 (51.8%) and 62 (31.5%), respectively. Of patients prescribed statins, 60 (14.3%) were taking them for primary prevention and 137 (32.6%) for secondary prevention. Patients having a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score had lesser odds of being prescribed statins (odds ratio [OR] 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.8, p = 0.028); however, those presenting with a history of dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease had higher odds of statin prescription (OR 10.5, 95% CI 4.2-26.1, p < 0.001, and OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.4-10.5, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Despite patients' eligibility to receive statins, statin undertreatment was evident among elderly outpatients with T2DM in Lebanon, which was modulated by several predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al Souheil
- grid.444421.30000 0004 0417 6142PharmD program, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bahia Chahine
- PharmD program, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Bideberi AT, Mutagaywa R. Statin Prescription Patterns and Associated Factors Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending Diabetic Clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:633-646. [PMID: 35250285 PMCID: PMC8894101 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s347765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine statin prescription patterns and associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients attending the diabetic clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PATIENTS AND METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving outpatients was conducted from September 2020 to November 2020. Statin prescription history (both type and dosage) was obtained from patients as well as from the electronic medical records for determination of patterns. Participants were categorized as moderate or high risk for cardiovascular disease whereas prescription patterns were categorized as moderate and high intensity statins. Logistic regression was used to examine association, control confounders and effect modifier whereby p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Of 400 patients who were approached for the study, 395 (98.8%) were eligible for statin prescriptions. The mean (±SD) age of the study participants was 58.1±10.3 years, out of which 371 (93.9%) belonged to the age group ≥40 years. Two-thirds(241 61.0%) of the patients were female. About two-thirds(257; 69.4%) of patients had health insurance coverage. Statins were prescribed in 47.3% of the participants. Moderate intensity statin was the only pattern prescribed. In the adjusted model, insurance coverage (OR: 0.056; 95% CI: 0.03-0.12), and hypertension (OR: 0.259; 95% CI: 0.12-0.54) were associated with an increased likelihood of being prescribed a moderate intensity statin. CONCLUSION A significant number of patients at MNH diabetic clinic were not on statins despite qualifying for the prescription. The findings call for further studies on reasons for low statin prescription practices in this tertiary facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneth Telesphore Bideberi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Correspondence: Aneth Telesphore Bideberi, Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel +255 759334883, Email
| | - Reuben Mutagaywa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Abdulwahab DK, Ibrahim WW, Abd El-Aal RA, Abdel-Latif HA, Abdelkader NF. Grape seed extract improved the fertility-enhancing effect of atorvastatin in high-fat diet-induced testicular injury in rats: involvement of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 73:366-376. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Reduced male fertility is highly prevalent with hypercholesterolaemia. Though statins are drugs of choice for hypercholesterolaemia, their effect on male fertility is still controversial and dose-dependent. Grape seed extract (GSE) possess hypocholesterolemic and testicular protective effects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of low-dose atorvastatin (ATV) on male infertility in hypercholesterolaemic rats and assess the additional value of combining ATV with GSE.
Methods
Male rats were randomized into four groups. The normal group was fed a standard diet. The remaining groups were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 1 month to induce hypercholesterolaemia. Two HFD groups were administered either ATV (1 mg/kg) alone or combined with GSE (200 mg/kg) orally for 65 days, while the third group served as HFD control.
Key findings
Treatment with ATV or ATV/GSE attenuated dyslipidemia-induced alteration in serum HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and total cholesterol. ATV enhanced serum testosterone, sperm count and motility and fertility index. The effect on testosterone and sperm count was more pronounced by ATV/GSE. Moreover, ATV reduced testicular malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, caspase-9 and caspase-3 while elevated reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase along with catalase activity. Noteworthy, GSE/ATV induced more powerful antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
Conclusion
GSE enhanced ATV’s protective effect against hypercholesterolaemia-induced infertility via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia K Abdulwahab
- Department of Toxicology and Developmental Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Weam W Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A Abd El-Aal
- Department of Toxicology and Developmental Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hekma A Abdel-Latif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kebede zelalem B, Feyisa D. Determinants of Statin Initiation Among Adult Diabetic Patients in Bonga, Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4839-4847. [PMID: 33335410 PMCID: PMC7737626 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s283993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative disease associated with a high risk of chronic complications and comorbidities. According t the World Health Organization, 16.7 million people worldwide die of cardiovascular diseases each year. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to evaluate determinants of statin initiation among diabetic patients. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate statin initiation and determinants in Gebre Tsadik Shewa General Hospital, Bonga, Ethiopia. This hospital covers a catchment population of about 1.4 million and offers diagnosis and treatment in outpatient and inpatient settings in different departments. Epi data 4.0.2.49 and STATA 14.2 were used for data entry and analysis. Before analysis, presence of co-linearity and model fitness were checked. Chi-square statistics were used to check adequacy of cells for binary logistic regression. Bivariate analysis was done and p <0.25 was included in a multivariate model. Finally p-value less than 0.05 was considered a significant predictor. RESULTS A total of 120 patients were included in this study, of which 77 (64.17%) were males. The mean age and standard deviation was 47.04 ± 12.13 years with 75% of patients ≥40 years. The mean duration of illness was 10.26 ± 0.6 years. Ninety-eight (81.67%) patients had varying comorbidities. Sixty-four (53.33%) patients developed complications. The majority of patients were evaluated by a general practitioner (GP). Fifty-one (42.5%) patients started statins. Of them, 31 (60.78%) started for secondary prevention. The majority of patients had atorvastatin with moderate dosage. Government insurance (p=0.029), polypharmacy (0.008), physician level of training (0.023) and previous counseling of patients about the importance of statins (p<001) were significantly associated with initiation of statins. CONCLUSION Only near to 40% of patients started statins. Physician reluctance and unavailability of drugs were the most common reasons not to initiate statins. The hospital tries to provide medication. Physicians should evaluate patients in need of cardio-protective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezie Kebede zelalem
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Feyisa
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
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Hammad MA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Alghamdi S, Mangi AA, Aziz NA, Mohamed Noor DA. Statins-related peripheral neuropathy among diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:341-346. [PMID: 32305775 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a complaint with often unidentified reasons. Some medicines, including statins therapy, are anticipated to be amongst the reasons for PN. AIMS This study intended to assess the association of peripheral neuropathy with statins therapy amongst Type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS At Penang General Hospital, 757 cases were categorized into two groups (564 with statins therapy and 193 without statins therapy). The diagnosis of PN was investigated retrospectively for a period of 10 years (2006-2016). Confounding risk factors as age, diabetes period, hypertension, glycemic control, other co-morbidity, and prescriptions were matched. RESULTS About 129 (22.9%) cases from 564 statins users had PN. Only 30 (15.5%) subjects had PN from 193 statins non-users. Chi-square test showed a significant variance among statins treatment cohort and statin-free cohort in the occurrence of PN (P-value: 0.001). Spearman's investigation presented a positive correlation (r: 0.078, p-value: 0.031) among statins use and PN prevalence. Binary logistic regression was statistically significant for statins therapy as a predictor of peripheral neuropathy incidence (r2: 0.006, p-value: 0.027) amid diabetic patients. The relative risk of peripheral neuropathy connected with statins therapy is (RR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02-2.11). The excess relative risk is 47.1%. While the absolute risk (AR) is 7.3% and the number needed to harm (NNH) is 14. CONCLUSIONS The study indicated a positive association between peripheral neuropathy and statins utilization. Peripheral neuropathy was higher amongst statins users than the statins-free group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El Arish, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Ali Mangi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, DI-Khan KPK, Pakistan
| | - Nor Azizah Aziz
- Endocrinology Clinics, Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Sarfo FS, Ovbiagele B. Prevalence and predictors of statin utilization among patient populations at high vascular risk in Ghana. J Neurol Sci 2020; 414:116838. [PMID: 32325358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate implementation of evidence-based preventive measures for individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) will only worsen the current epidemic of CVDs in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed rates and predictors of statin utilization among two high CVD risk patient populations, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and those with stroke, encountered across five hospitals in Ghana. METHODS A cross-sectional study among 1427 patients with T2DM and 159 stroke survivors encountered at 5 hospitals (1 primary-level, 2 secondary level and 2 tertiary level) in Ghana between July 2015 and June 2018. We collected baseline demographic and clinical details including statin prescription from medical records. Factors associated with statin prescription among T2DM for primary prevention and stroke survivors for secondary prevention were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among patients with T2DM without CVDs, 240 (16.8%) were on statins for primary prevention. Factors associated with statin use among diabetics expressed as aOR (95% CI) were being treated at a tertiary level hospital 5.86 (3.22-10.68), hypertension comorbidity 1.80 (1.25-2.60), and lower income 0.43 (0.26-0.70). Among 159 stroke survivors, 22 (14.0%) were on statins with the following associated factors: lower income 0.16 (0.03-0.77), secondary level vs. tertiary level education 0.21 (0.05-0.97) and having T2DM 4.69 (1.63-13.49). CONCLUSION Approximately 1 in 6 individuals with T2DM without CVD and 1 in 7 stroke survivors are prescribed statins in Ghana. Efforts to bridge this practice gap and improve access to life saving preventative medications for CVD risk reduction in low-and-middle income countries are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Stephen Sarfo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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