1
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Cai X, Li Y, Gao F, Muhammad B, Yang H. Therapeutic effect and study of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells in patients with ischaemic bowel disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6121. [PMID: 38480861 PMCID: PMC10937724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic bowel disease (ICBD) is a group of intestinal ischaemia syndromes caused by various aetiologies of reduced intestinal blood flow or vascular occlusion. ICBD can present as abdominal pain, bloody stool, and diarrhoea. This disease often occurs in middle-aged and elderly individuals with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The incidence of ischaemic bowel disease has been increasing for decades, and it is difficult to diagnose, resulting in rapid disease progression and a high mortality rate. Therefore, fully understanding this disease, improving the diagnosis rate of this disease, and finding appropriate treatment methods are urgently needed to improve the condition and prognosis of patients. Umbilical cord blood stem cells are accessible, have weak immunogenicity, and have various biological functions, such as angiogenesis, inflammation and immune regulation. Many studies have confirmed that cord blood stem cells can relieve ischaemia, and these cells have attracted tremendous amounts of attention in regenerative medicine in recent years. In this paper, we discuss the clinical characteristics of ICBD, analyse the characteristics of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (HUCB-MNCs), and use its to treat ischaemic bowel disease. Additionally, we compare the clinical manifestations and related indicators before and after treatment to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Cai
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 238 Jingshi East Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Graduate Department of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 238 Jingshi East Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Graduate Department of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyu Gao
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 238 Jingshi East Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bilal Muhammad
- Graduate Department of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongli Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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2
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Lino MM, Rondão T, Banerjee A, Aires I, Rodrigues M, Reis T, Santinha A, Fernandes D, Serrenho D, Sobrino T, Sargento-Freitas J, Pereira FC, Carvalho AL, Ferreira L. Small extracellular vesicles administered directly in the brain promote neuroprotection and decreased microglia reactivity in a stroke mouse model. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18212-18217. [PMID: 37933179 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we investigate the bioactivity of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), focusing on their local effect in the brain. sEVs from mononuclear cells (MNCs) showed superior effects in vitro to sEVs from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and were able to promote neuroprotection and decrease microglia reactivity in a stroke mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Lino
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Rondão
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Inês Aires
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Magda Rodrigues
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Reis
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - António Santinha
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Dominique Fernandes
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Débora Serrenho
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- NeuroAging Laboratory (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Frederico C Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iCBR, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Yoshida Y, Takeda Y, Yamahara K, Yamamoto H, Takagi T, Kuramoto Y, Nakano-Doi A, Nakagomi T, Soma T, Matsuyama T, Doe N, Yoshimura S. Enhanced angiogenic properties of umbilical cord blood primed by OP9 stromal cells ameliorates neurological deficits in cerebral infarction mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:262. [PMID: 36609640 PMCID: PMC9822952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation shows proangiogenic effects and contributes to symptom amelioration in animal models of cerebral infarction. However, the effect of specific cell types within a heterogeneous UCB population are still controversial. OP9 is a stromal cell line used as feeder cells to promote the hematoendothelial differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Hence, we investigated the changes in angiogenic properties, underlying mechanisms, and impact on behavioral deficiencies caused by cerebral infarction in UCB co-cultured with OP9 for up to 24 h. In the network formation assay, only OP9 pre-conditioned UCB formed network structures. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry analysis showed a prominent phenotypic shift toward M2 in the monocytic fraction of OP9 pre-conditioned UCB. Further, OP9 pre-conditioned UCB transplantation in mice models of cerebral infarction facilitated angiogenesis in the peri-infarct lesions and ameliorated the associated symptoms. In this study, we developed a strong, fast, and feasible method to augment the M2, tissue-protecting, pro-angiogenic features of UCB using OP9. The ameliorative effect of OP9-pre-conditioned UCB in vivo could be partly due to promotion of innate angiogenesis in peri-infarct lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Yoshida
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Takeda
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamahara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hanae Yamamoto
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Yoji Kuramoto
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medial University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medial University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Soma
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Hematology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Doe
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medial University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan ,grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Hyogo Medical University, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530 Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
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Combination of stem cell therapy and acupuncture to treat ischemic stroke: a prospective review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:87. [PMID: 35241146 PMCID: PMC8896103 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause globally that leads to severe disability and death. Stem cell therapy has been developed over the recent years to treat stroke and diminish the mortality and disability rate of brain injuries. Acupuncture, which can activate endogenous recovery via physical stimuli, has been applied to enhance the recovery and rehabilitation of stroke patients. Attempts have been made to combine stem cell therapy and acupuncture to treat stroke patients and have shown the promising results. This prospective review will look into the possible mechanisms of stem cell therapy and acupuncture and intend to undercover the potential benefit of the combined therapy. It intends to bridge the modern emerging stem cell therapy and traditional acupuncture at cellular and molecular levels and to demonstrate the potential benefit to improve clinical outcomes.
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Kun Ma, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Ni Q, Guo J. Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells Promote Microglial Survival by Modulating Autophagy after Bacterial Infection. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022130106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Blanco-Elices C, Chato-Astrain J, Oyonarte S, Bermejo-Casares F, España-López A, Fernández-Valadés R, Sánchez-Quevedo MDC, Alaminos M, Martín-Piedra MA, Garzón I. Generation of a novel model of bioengineered human oral mucosa with increased vascularization potential. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1116-1131. [PMID: 34510438 PMCID: PMC9293188 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to generate novel models of bioartificial human oral mucosa with increased vascularization potential for future use as an advanced therapies medicinal product, by using different vascular and mesenchymal stem cell sources. Background Oral mucosa substitutes could contribute to the clinical treatment of complex diseases affecting the oral cavity. Although several models of artificial oral mucosa have been described, biointegration is a major issue that could be favored by the generation of novel substitutes with increased vascularization potential once grafted in vivo. Methods Three types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were obtained from adipose tissue, bone marrow, and dental pulp, and their in vitro potential was evaluated by inducing differentiation to the endothelial lineage using conditioning media. Then, 3D models of human artificial oral mucosa were generated using biocompatible fibrin‐agarose biomaterials combined with human oral mucosa fibroblasts and each type of MSC before and after induction to the endothelial lineage, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as controls. The vascularization potential of each oral mucosa substitute was assessed in vitro and in vivo in nude mice. Results In vitro induction of MSCs kept in culture was able to increase the expression of VEGF, CD31, and vWF endothelial markers, especially in bone marrow and dental pulp‐MSCs, and numerous proteins with a role in vasculogenesis become overexpressed. Then, in vivo grafting resulted in a significant increase in blood vessels formation at the interface area between the graft and the host tissues, with significantly positive expression of VEGF, CD31, vWF, and CD34 as compared to negative controls, especially when pre‐differentiated MSCs derived from bone marrow and dental pulp were used. In addition, a significantly higher number of cells committed to the endothelial lineage expressing the same endothelial markers were found within the bioartificial tissue. Conclusion Our results suggest that the use of pre‐differentiated MSCs could contribute to a rapid generation of a vascular network that may favor in vivo biointegration of bioengineered human oral mucosa substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco-Elices
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Oyonarte
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Andalusian Network for Transfusional Medicine, Cells and Tissues and Blood and Tissue Bank of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio España-López
- Craniofacial Malformations and Cleft Lip and Palate Management Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Valadés
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Sánchez-Quevedo
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martín-Piedra
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Department of Histology (Tissue Engineering Group), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Ye Z, Hu J, Xu H, Sun B, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Serum Exosomal microRNA-27-3p Aggravates Cerebral Injury and Inflammation in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction by Targeting PPARγ. Inflammation 2021; 44:1035-1048. [PMID: 33394189 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute cerebral infarction (ACI) possesses high mortality. Exosomes present in serum have potential application value in ACI diagnosis. This study investigated the mechanism of serum exosomes in ACI. Serum exosomes isolated from ACI patients and normal people were identified and then injected into the established middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model to evaluate cerebral injury and inflammation. Exosomal microRNA (miR)-27-3p expression was detected and interfered to analyze rat cerebral inflammation. The binding relationship between miR-27-3p and PPARγ was predicted and verified. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglia model was established and intervened with miR-27-3p to detect PPARγ, Iba-1, and inflammation-related factor expressions. After overexpressing PPARγ, rat cerebral inflammation was evaluated. The clinical significance of serum exosomal miR-27-3p in ACI was evaluated. Serum exosomes from ACI patients caused exacerbated MCAO rat cerebral injury and poor behavior recovery, as well as promoted cerebral inflammation. Serum exosomal miR-27-3p deepened rat brain inflammation. miR-27-3p targeted PPARγ to promote microglia activation and inflammation-related factor expressions in MCAO rats, and overexpressing PPARγ attenuated MCAO rat cerebral inflammation. Serum exosomal miR-27-3p promised to be a biomarker for ACI. We proved that serum exosomes from ACI patients aggravated ACI patient cerebral inflammation via the miR-27-3p/PPARγ axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Ye
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingchun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.289 Kuocang Road, Liandu District of Lishui City, Wenzhou, 323000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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8
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Prospects of Therapeutic Target and Directions for Ischemic Stroke. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040321. [PMID: 33916253 PMCID: PMC8065883 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a serious, adverse neurological event and the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Most strokes are caused by a block in cerebral blood flow, resulting in neurological deficits through the death of brain tissue. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is currently the only immediate treatment medication for stroke. The goal of rt-PA administration is to reduce the thrombus and/or embolism via thrombolysis; however, the administration of rt-PA must occur within a very short therapeutic timeframe (3 h to 6 h) after symptom onset. Components of the pathological mechanisms involved in ischemic stroke can be used as potential biomarkers in current treatment. However, none are currently under investigation in clinical trials; thus, further studies investigating biomarkers are needed. After ischemic stroke, microglial cells can be activated and release inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines lead to severe neurotoxicity via the overactivation of microglia in prolonged and lasting insults such as stroke. Thus, the balanced regulation of microglial activation may be necessary for therapy. Stem cell therapy is a promising clinical treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Stem cells can increase the functional recovery of damaged tissue after post-ischemic stroke through various mechanisms including the secretion of neurotrophic factors, immunomodulation, the stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis, and neovascularization. To investigate the use of stem cell therapy for neurological diseases in preclinical studies, however, it is important to develop imaging technologies that are able to evaluate disease progression and to “chase” (i.e., track or monitor) transplanted stem cells in recipients. Imaging technology development is rapidly advancing, and more sensitive techniques, such as the invasive and non-invasive multimodal techniques, are under development. Here, we summarize the potential risk factors and biomarker treatment strategies, stem cell-based therapy and emerging multimodal imaging techniques in the context of stroke. This current review provides a conceptual framework for considering the therapeutic targets and directions for the treatment of brain dysfunctions, with a particular focus on ischemic stroke.
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Wang M, Li Y, Zhang R, Zhang S, Feng H, Kong Z, Aiziretiaili N, Luo Z, Cai Q, Hong Y, Liu Y. Adiponectin-Transfected Endothelial Progenitor Cells Have Protective Effects After 2-Hour Middle-Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Neurol 2021; 12:630681. [PMID: 33746885 PMCID: PMC7966523 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.630681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This present study aimed to examine the effects of adiponectin-transfected endothelial progenitor cells (LV-APN-EPCs) on cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Seventy male Sprague–Dawley rats with T2DM were randomly divided into sham, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), LV-APN-EPCs, LV-EPCs, and EPCs groups. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced by the intraluminal suture method. After 1 h of reperfusion, the five interventions were performed by tail-vein injections. The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to assess neurological function before and on days 1, 7, and 14 after MCAO. After 14 days, magnetic resonance imaging scanning, hematoxylin and eosin staining, terminal dUTP nick-end labeling staining, Western blotting analysis, cluster of differentiation (CD) 31 immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to evaluate infarct rate, morphological damage, cell apoptosis, and microvessel density. Results: Compared with PBS, LV-EPCs, and EPCs groups, the LV-APN-EPCs group showed significantly lower mNSS score, lower infarct rate, and less morphological damage (all P < 0.05). In addition, compared with other groups, the LV-APN-EPCs group had significantly increased levels of B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) protein, CD31+ microvessels, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and decreased levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein and neuronal apoptosis in the peri-infarct cortex (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that LV-APN-EPCs exert protective effects against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in T2DM rats by increasing angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuaimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Feng
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohong Kong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadire Aiziretiaili
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengjin Luo
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Shan Y, Hu J, Lv H, Cui X, Di W. miR-221 Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting the Proinflammatory Response. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105489. [PMID: 33276305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is clearly affected by microRNAs (miRNAs) due to dysfunction of their regulatory networks. Our clinical data confirmed decreased miR-221 levels in plasma collected from patients with acute ischemia compared with plasma from healthy controls. Therefore, we further aimed to demonstrate the regulatory mechanisms by which miR-221 exerts its neuroprotective effects in acute ischemic brain injury. METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to establish focal cerebral ischemia in adult male C57BL/6 mice. A miR-221 mimic or a negative mimic control was injected by intracerebroventricular administration 24 h prior to MCAO. After 48 h, cerebral infarction volume and neurological scores were calculated, and to determine the extent of neuroprotection by miR-221, neurobehavioral tests were performed. Quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry were also performed to identify the expression of inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines as well as infiltration/activation of various immune cells in the brain. RESULTS The results showed that MCAO mice treated with a miR-221 mimic exhibited significantly decreased cerebral infarction volume and increased amelioration of behavioral deficits. Moreover, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, VCAM-1, and IL-6) and chemokines (CCL2 and CCL3) was significantly decreased in the miR-221 mimic-treated group. In addition, the flow cytometry data showed that macrophage infiltration and microglial activation were blocked by miR-221 treatment. CONCLUSION our results indicate that miR-221 could decrease brain damage in the setting of acute ischemic stroke by inhibiting the proinflammatory response, which furthered our understanding of the molecular basis of miR-221 and provided a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shan
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 West Friendship Rd, Xi'an, China, 710068
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 West Friendship Rd, Xi'an, China, 710068
| | - Hua Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 West Friendship Rd, Xi'an, China, 710068
| | - Xiaoli Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 West Friendship Rd, Xi'an, China, 710068
| | - Wei Di
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 West Friendship Rd, Xi'an, China, 710068.
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11
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Saft M, Gonzales-Portillo B, Park YJ, Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Cho J, Garbuzova-Davis S, Borlongan CV. Stem Cell Repair of the Microvascular Damage in Stroke. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092075. [PMID: 32932814 PMCID: PMC7563611 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening disease that leads to mortality, with survivors subjected to long-term disability. Microvascular damage is implicated as a key pathological feature, as well as a therapeutic target for stroke. In this review, we present evidence detailing subacute diaschisis in a focal ischemic stroke rat model with a focus on blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and related pathogenic processes in contralateral brain areas. Additionally, we discuss BBB competence in chronic diaschisis in a similar rat stroke model, highlighting the pathological changes in contralateral brain areas that indicate progressive morphological brain disturbances overtime after stroke onset. With diaschisis closely approximating stroke onset and progression, it stands as a treatment of interest for stroke. Indeed, the use of stem cell transplantation for the repair of microvascular damage has been investigated, demonstrating that bone marrow stem cells intravenously transplanted into rats 48 h post-stroke survive and integrate into the microvasculature. Ultrastructural analysis of transplanted stroke brains reveals that microvessels display a near-normal morphology of endothelial cells and their mitochondria. Cell-based therapeutics represent a new mechanism in BBB and microvascular repair for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - You Jeong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
| | | | | | - Justin Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +813-974-3988
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12
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Role of Nrf2 in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Protection by Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6123459. [PMID: 32774680 PMCID: PMC7407026 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6123459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the common complications of sepsis. Heretofore, there is no effective treatment for septic AKI. Recent studies have revealed that besides treating hematological malignancies, human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (hUCBMNCs) show good therapeutic effects on other diseases. But whether hUCBMNCs can protect against septic AKI and its underlying mechanism are unknown. Methods The rat model of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced AKI was developed, and the injection of hUCBMNCs was executed to prevent and treat AKI. ML385, a specific nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibitor, was used to silence Nrf2. The cell experiments were conducted to elaborate the protective mechanism of Nrf2 pathway. Results An effective model of LPS-induced AKI was established. Compared to the rats only with LPS injection, the levels of inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis in renal tissues after hUCBMNC injection were markedly attenuated. Pathological examination also indicated significant remission of renal tissue injury in the LPS+MNCs group, compared to rats in the LPS group. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the damage of the mitochondria in the LPS+MNCs group was lighter than that in the LPS group. Noteworthily, the renal Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was activated and autophagy was enhanced after hUCBMNC injection. ML385 could partly reverse the renoprotective effect of hUCBMNCs, which could demonstrate that Nrf2 participated in the protection of hUCBMNCs. Cell experiments showed that increasing the expression level of Nrf2 could alleviate LPS-induced cell injury by increasing the autophagy level and decreasing the injury of the mitochondria in HK-2 cells. Conclusion All results suggest that hUCBMNCs can protect against LPS-induced AKI via the Nrf2 pathway. Activating Nrf2 can upregulate autophagy to protect LPS-induced cell injury.
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13
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Leftin A, Rosenberg JT, Yuan X, Ma T, Grant SC, Frydman L. Multiparametric classification of sub-acute ischemic stroke recovery with ultrafast diffusion, 23 Na, and MPIO-labeled stem cell MRI at 21.1 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4186. [PMID: 31797472 PMCID: PMC8170591 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
MRI leverages multiple modes of contrast to characterize stroke. High-magnetic-field systems enhance the performance of these MRI measurements. Previously, we have demonstrated that individually sodium and stem cell tracking metrics are enhanced at ultrahigh field in a rat model of stroke, and we have developed robust single-scan diffusion-weighted imaging approaches that utilize spatiotemporal encoding (SPEN) of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for these challenging field strengths. Here, we performed a multiparametric study of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) biomarker evolution focusing on comparison of these MRI biomarkers for stroke assessment during sub-acute recovery in rat MCAO models at 21.1 T. T2 -weighted MRI was used as the benchmark for identification of the ischemic lesion over the course of the study. The number of MPIO-induced voids measured by gradient-recalled echo, the SPEN measurement of ADC, and 23 Na MRI values were determined in the ischemic area and contralateral hemisphere, and relative performances for stroke classification were compared by receiver operator characteristic analysis. These measurements were associated with unique time-dependent trajectories during stroke recovery that changed the sensitivity and specificity for stroke monitoring during its evolution. Advantages and limitations of these contrasts, and the use of ultrahigh field for multiparametric stroke assessment, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigdor Leftin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jens T Rosenberg
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- FAMU-FSU Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- FAMU-FSU Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Samuel C Grant
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- FAMU-FSU Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- FAMU-FSU Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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14
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Malhotra A, Castillo-Melendez M, Allison BJ, Sutherland AE, Nitsos I, Pham Y, McDonald CA, Fahey MC, Polglase GR, Jenkin G, Miller SL. Neurovascular effects of umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells in growth-restricted newborn lambs : UCBCs for perinatal brain injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 31915068 PMCID: PMC6947982 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal ventilation exacerbates brain injury in lambs with fetal growth restriction (FGR), characterized by neuroinflammation and reduced blood-brain barrier integrity, which is normally maintained by the neurovascular unit. We examined whether umbilical cord blood stem cell (UCBC) treatment stabilized the neurovascular unit and reduced brain injury in preterm ventilated FGR lambs. Methods Surgery was performed in twin-bearing pregnant ewes at 88 days’ gestation to induce FGR in one fetus. At 127 days, FGR and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) lambs were delivered, carotid artery flow probes and umbilical lines inserted, lambs intubated and commenced on gentle ventilation. Allogeneic ovine UCBCs (25 × 106 cells/kg) were administered intravenously to lambs at 1 h of life. Lambs were ventilated for 24 h and then euthanized. Results FGR (n = 6) and FGR+UCBC (n = 6) lambs were growth restricted compared to AGA (n = 6) and AGA+UCBC (n = 6) lambs (combined weight, FGR 2.3 ± 0.4 vs. AGA 3.0 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.0002). UCBC therapy did not alter mean arterial blood pressure or carotid blood flow but decreased cerebrovascular resistance in FGR+UCBC lambs. Circulating TNF-α cytokine levels were lower in FGR+UCBC vs. FGR lambs (p < 0.05). Brain histopathology showed decreased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, increased endothelial cell proliferation, pericyte stability, and greater integrity of the neurovascular unit in FGR+UCBC vs. FGR lambs. Conclusions Umbilical cord blood stem cell therapy mitigates perinatal brain injury due to FGR and ventilation, and the neuroprotective benefits may be mediated by stabilization of the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Malhotra
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. .,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Beth J Allison
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yen Pham
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Courtney A McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael C Fahey
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Lin Y, Lin J, Huang J, Chen Y, Tan J, Li Y, Chen S. Lower T cell inhibitory receptor level in mononuclear cells from cord blood compared with peripheral blood. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:35. [PMID: 31728384 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell inhibitory receptors play important role in maintaining T cell homeostasis. The feature of such negative costimulator signal transduction pathway in cord blood (CB) T cells remains unclear. In this study, the expression levels of T cell inhibitory receptors including programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) were characterized in CB and compared with peripheral blood (PB). Significant lower expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3 and BTLA was found in CB, while similar expression level of Tim-3 was showed between CB and PB. Together, different expression pattern of such T cell inhibitory receptor in CB is worthy to further discuss their role on immune response when CB is used in cord blood stem cell transplantation as well as allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor T-cell producing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinrong Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jingying Huang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Youchun Chen
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiaxiong Tan
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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16
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Gornicka-Pawlak E, Janowski M, Habich A, Jablonska A, Sypecka J, Lukomska B. Intra-arterial Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Derived Cells Inversed Learning Asymmetry Resulting From Focal Brain Injury in Rat. Front Neurol 2019; 10:786. [PMID: 31456728 PMCID: PMC6700231 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Focal brain injury is a leading cause of serious disability significantly worsening patients' quality of life. Such damage disrupts the existing circuits, leads to motor, and cognitive impairments as well as results in a functional asymmetry. To date, there is still no therapy to effectively restore the lost functions. We examined the effectiveness of human umbilical cord blood (HUCB)-derived cells after their intra-arterial infusion following focal stroke-like brain damage. Methods: The model of stroke was performed using ouabain stereotactic injection into the right dorsolateral striatum in rats. Two days following the brain injury 107 cells were infused into the right carotid artery. The experimental animals were placed into enriched environment housing conditions to enhance the recovery process. Behavioral testing was performed using a battery of tasks visualizing motor as well as cognitive deficits for 30 days following brain injury. We assessed animal asymmetry while they were moving forward at time of testing in different tasks. Results: We found that intra-arterial infusion of HUCB-derived cells inversed lateralized performance resulting from the focal brain injury at the early stage of T-maze habit learning task training. The inversion was independent from the level of neural commitment of infused cells. The learning asymmetry inversion was observed only under specific circumstances created by the applied task design. We did not found such inversion in walking beam task, vibrissae elicited forelimb placing, the first exploration of open field, T-maze switching task as well as apomorphine induced rotations. Both the asymmetry induced by the focal brain injury and its inversion resulting from cell infusion decreased along the training. The inversion of learning asymmetry was also independent on the range of the brain damage. Conclusions: Intra-arterial infusion of HUCB-derived cells inversed lateralized performance of learning task resulting from focal brain damage. The inversion was not visible in any other of the used motor as well as cognitive tests. The observed behavioral effect of cell infusion was also not related to the range of the brain damage. Our findings contribute to describing the effects of systemic treatment with the HUCB-derived cells on functional recovery following focal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gornicka-Pawlak
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Habich
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jablonska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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NanoCsA improves the survival of human iPSC transplant in hemiparkinsonian rats. Brain Res 2019; 1719:124-132. [PMID: 31153914 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has supported that transplantation of human stem cells induces neuroprotective and reparative effects in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, without systemic immunosuppressive therapy, most of these grafted cells are rejected by the hosts. Long term and systemic injection of cyclosporine-A (CsA) is required to maintain the survival of grafted cells. The purpose this study is to examine a new treatment strategy to suppress the immunorejection by locally co-grafting of polylactic/glycolic acid nanoparticles containing CsA (NanoCsA) with differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In the in vitro media, NanoCsA provided sustained release of CsA for >6 weeks. The differentiated human iPSCs were co-grafted with NanoCsA or NanoVeh (nanoparticle without CsA) to the striatum of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine -lesioned rats. NanoCsA/iPSCs co-graft significantly improved locomotor activity compared to NanoVeh/iPSCs co-grafts or iPSC grafts + sytemic CsA at 1 month after transplantation. Brain tissues were collected for measurements of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and human marker Stem121 immunoreactivity. Cografting with NanoCsA/iPSCs, compared to NanoVeh/iPSCs, significantly increased TH and Stem121 immunoreactivity as well as tumor formation in the lesioned striatum. Taken together, our study supports that NanoCsA provides long-lasting CsA release and reduces immunorejection of human iPSCs xenograft in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of PD.
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18
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Lin W, Hsuan YCY, Lin MT, Kuo TW, Lin CH, Su YC, Niu KC, Chang CP, Lin HJ. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Preserve Adult Newborn Neurons and Reduce Neurological Injury after Cerebral Ischemia by Reducing the Number of Hypertrophic Microglia/Macrophages. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1798-1810. [PMID: 29338384 PMCID: PMC5784525 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717728936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the first source of a neuroinflammatory cascade, which seems to be involved in every phase of stroke-related neuronal damage. Two weeks after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), vehicle-treated rats displayed higher numbers of total ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cells, greater cell body areas of Iba-1-positive cells, and higher numbers of hypertrophic Iba-1-positive cells (with a cell body area over 80 μm2) in the ipsilateral ischemic brain regions including the frontal cortex, striatum, and parietal cortex. In addition, MCAO decreased the number of migrating neuroblasts (or DCX- and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine-positive cells) in the cortex, subventricular zone, and hippocampus of the ischemic brain, followed by neurological injury (including brain infarct and neurological deficits). Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs; 1 × 106 or 4 × 106) at 24 h after MCAO reduced neurological injury, decreased the number of hypertrophic microglia/macrophages, and increased the number of newborn neurons in rat brains. Thus, the accumulation of hypertrophic microglia/macrophages seems to be detrimental to neurogenesis after stroke. Treatment with hUC-MSCs preserved adult newborn neurons and reduced functional impairment after transient cerebral ischemia by reducing the number of hypertrophic microglia/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Lin
- 1 Meridigen Biotech Co., Ltd., Neihu, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- 2 Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Kuo
- 3 Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chin Su
- 1 Meridigen Biotech Co., Ltd., Neihu, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chi Niu
- 4 Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- 2 Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan.,3 Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan.,5 The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jung Lin
- 3 Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan.,6 Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
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19
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Wu KJ, Yu SJ, Chiang CW, Lee YW, Yen BL, Hsu CS, Kuo LW, Wang Y. Wharton' jelly mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for ischemic brain injury. Brain Circ 2018; 4:124-127. [PMID: 30450419 PMCID: PMC6187942 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_16_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence have supported that Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cell (WJ-MSCs) have immunomodulatory and protective effects against several diseases including kidney, liver pathologies, and heart injury. Few in vitro studies have reported that WJ-MSCs reduced inflammation in hippocampal slices after oxygen–glucose deprivation. We recently reported the neuroprotective effects of human WJ-MSCs (hWJ-MSCs) in rats exposed to a transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion. hWJ-MSCs transplantation significantly reduced brain infarction and microglia activation in the penumbra leading with a significant reduction of neurological deficits. Interestingly, the grafted hWJ-MSCs in the ischemic core were mostly incorporated into IBA1 (+) cells, suggesting that hWJ-MSCs were immunorejected by the host. The immune rejection of hWJ-MSCs was reduced in after cyclosporine A treatment. Moreover, the glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression was significantly increased in the host brain after hWJ-MSCs transplantation. In conclusion, these results suggest that the protective effect of hWJ-MSCs may be due to the secretion of trophic factors rather than to the survival of grafted cells. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Lee
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sen Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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20
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Wu KJ, Yu SJ, Chiang CW, Lee YW, Yen BL, Tseng PC, Hsu CS, Kuo LW, Wang Y. Neuroprotective Action of Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplants in a Rodent Model of Stroke. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1603-1612. [PMID: 30284460 PMCID: PMC6299196 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718802754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSCs) have distinct immunomodulatory and protective effects against kidney, liver, or heart injury. Limited studies have shown that WJ-MSCs attenuates oxygen–glucose deprivation-mediated inflammation in hippocampal slices. The neuroprotective effect of intracerebral WJ-MSC transplantation against stroke has not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effect of human WJ-MSC (hWJ-MSC) transplants in an animal model of stroke. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized and placed in a stereotaxic frame. hWJ-MSCs, pre-labeled with chloromethyl benzamide 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’3’- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (CM-Dil), were transplanted to the right cerebral cortex at 10 min before a transient (60 min) right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Transplantation of hWJ-MSCs significantly reduced neurological deficits at 3 and 5 days after MCAo. hWJ-MSC transplants also significantly reduced brain infarction and microglia activation in the penumbra. Grafted cells carrying CM-Dil fluorescence were identified at the grafted site in the ischemic core; these cells were mostly incorporated into ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (+) cells, suggesting these xenograft cells were immuno-rejected by the host. In another set of animals, hWJ-MSCs were transplanted in cyclosporine (CsA)-treated rats. hWJ-MSC transplants significantly reduced brain infarction, improved neurological function, and reduced neuroinflammation. Less phagocytosis of CM-dil-labeled grafted cells was found in the host brain after CsA treatment. Transplantation of hWJ-MSC significantly increased glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the host brain. Taken together, our data support that intracerebral transplantation of hWJ-MSCs reduced neurodegeneration and inflammation in the stroke brain. The protective effect did not depend on the survival of grafted cells but may be indirectly mediated through the production of protective trophic factors from the transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, NHRI, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Lee
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, NHRI, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, NHRI, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Tseng
- Research and Development, HealthBanks Biotech Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sen Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, NHRI, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli, Taiwan
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21
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Repression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Aggravates Acute Ischemic Brain Injuries in Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082428. [PMID: 30126083 PMCID: PMC6121696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strokes are one of the leading causes of mortality and chronic morbidity in the world, yet with only limited successful interventions available at present. Our previous studies revealed the potential role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). In the present study, we investigate the effect of GR knockdown on acute ischemic brain injuries in a model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult male CD1 mice. GR siRNAs and the negative control were administered via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection 48 h prior to MCAO. The cerebral infarction volume and neurobehavioral deficits were determined 48 h after MCAO. RT-qPCR was employed to assess the inflammation-related gene expression profiles in the brain before and after MCAO. Western Blotting was used to evaluate the expression levels of GR, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (BDNF/TrkB) signaling. The siRNAs treatment decreased GR, but not MR, protein expression, and significantly enhanced expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in the brain. Of interest, GR knockdown suppressed BDNF/TrkB signaling in adult mice brains. Importantly, GR siRNA pretreatment significantly increased the infarction size and exacerbated the neurobehavioral deficits induced by MCAO in comparison to the control group. Thus, the present study demonstrates the important role of GR in the regulation of the inflammatory responses and neurotrophic BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in acute ischemic brain injuries in adult mice, revealing a new insight into the pathogenesis and therapeutic potential in acute ischemic strokes.
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Tao H, Li Y, Wang T, Zhou C. Umbilical cord blood stem cells transplantation as an adjunctive treatment strategy for liver cirrhosis in Chinese population: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018. [PMID: 29520148 PMCID: PMC5834176 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s157603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of umbilical cord blood stem cells (USCs) transplantation combined with routine supportive therapy (RST) for liver cirrhosis (LC). Materials and methods Clinical trials involved in this research were searched from Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Wanfang and CNKI database. Treatment effects, quality of life (QoL), adverse events and other outcome measures were extracted and evaluated. Results A total of 10 trials including 616 LC patients were involved in this study. Based on our analysis, the liver function of LC patients was significantly improved after USCs transplantation and RST combined therapy, indicated by decreased total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase levels and prothrombin time and increased serum albumin level and prothrombin activity. Compared to those treated by RST alone, patients treated by combined therapy showed more satisfied treatment effects, improved QoL reflected by improved appetite (odds ratio [OR]=5.43, 95% CI=2.84 to 10.38, P<0.00001) and relieved fatigue (OR=4.33, 95% CI=0.87 to 21.60, P=0.07), ascetic fluid (OR=4.56, 95% CI=2.69 to 7.74, P<0.00001), abdominal distension (OR=4.01, 95% CI=1.34 to 12.02, P=0.01) and edema (OR=2.69, 95% CI=0.23 to 31.72, P=0.43). No serious adverse events occurred during USCs therapy. Conclusion USCs transplantation is a safe and effective adjuvant therapy for RST-treated LC, possibly through improving patients’ liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Health Care, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhui Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Huang L, Lu J, Cerqueira B, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Duong TQ. Chronic oral methylene blue treatment in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Brain Res 2017; 1678:322-329. [PMID: 29108817 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A single acute low-dose methylene blue (MB), an FDA-grandfathered drug, has been shown to ameliorate behavioral deficits and reduces MRI-defined infarct volume in experimental ischemic stroke when administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. The efficacy of chronic MB treatment in ischemic stroke remains unknown. In a randomized, double-blinded and vehicle-controlled design, we investigated the efficacy of chronic oral MB administration in ischemic stroke longitudinally up to 60 days post injury using MRI and behavioral tests, with end-point histology. The major findings were chronic oral MB treatment, compared to vehicle, i) improves functional behavioral outcomes starting on day 7 and up to 60 days, ii) reduces MRI-defined total lesion volumes from day 14 and up to 60 days where some initial abnormal MRI-defined core and perfusion-diffusion mismatch were salvaged, iii) reduces white-matter damage, iv) gray matter and white matter damages are consistent with Nissl stains and Black Gold stain histology. These findings provide further evidence that long-term oral administration of low-dose MB is safe and has positive therapeutic effects in chronic ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Cerqueira
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yichu Liu
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Radiology and Preclinical Imaging Center, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Huang L, Ma Q, Li Y, Li B, Zhang L. Inhibition of microRNA-210 suppresses pro-inflammatory response and reduces acute brain injury of ischemic stroke in mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:41-50. [PMID: 29111308 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and chronic neurologic disability. Yet, the successful treatment remains limited. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and the mechanism of a novel treatment, microRNA-210 (miR-210) inhibition, in protecting acute ischemic brain injury in adult mice. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult male C57BL/6 mice. MiR-210-LNA (miR-210 inhibitor) or the negative control was administered via intracerebroventricular injection 24h prior or 4h after MCAO. Cerebral infarction volume and behavioral deficits were determined 48h after MCAO. The expression of inflammation-related genes and infiltration/activation of various immune cells in the brain were assessed by RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Acute ischemic stroke significantly increased miR-210 levels in the brain, which was abolished by miR-210-LNA administered prior to MCAO. Pre- and post-MCAO treatments with miR-210-LNA significantly decreased cerebral infarction and ameliorated behavioral deficits induced by MCAO. Long-term behavioral recovery was also improved by miR-210-LNA post-treatment. At the same time, inhibition of miR-210 significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and chemokines (CCL2 and CCL3), but had no significant effect on anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β and IL-10). In addition, MCAO-induced macrophage infiltration and microglial activation in the brain were inhibited by the miR-210-LNA treatment. In summary, inhibition of miR-210 suppresses pro-inflammatory response and reduces brain damage in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, providing new insight in molecular basis of a novel therapeutic strategy of miR-210 inhibition in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States
| | - Qingyi Ma
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States
| | - Yong Li
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States
| | - Bo Li
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States.
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Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms and Tracking of Transplanted Stem Cells: Implications for Stroke Treatment. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2707082. [PMID: 28904531 PMCID: PMC5585684 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2707082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising potential therapeutic strategy to treat cerebral ischemia in preclinical and clinical trials. Currently proposed treatments for stroke employing stem cells include the replacement of lost neurons and integration into the existing host circuitry, the release of growth factors to support and promote endogenous repair processes, and the secretion of extracellular vesicles containing proteins, noncoding RNA, or DNA to regulate gene expression in recipient cells and achieve immunomodulation. Progress has been made to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying stem cell therapy and the homing, migration, distribution, and differentiation of transplanted stem cells in vivo using various imaging modalities. Noninvasive and safe tracer agents with high sensitivity and image resolution must be combined with long-term monitoring using imaging technology to determine the optimal therapy for stroke in terms of administration route, dosage, and timing. This review discusses potential therapeutic mechanisms of stem cell transplantation for the treatment of stroke and the limitations of current therapies. Methods to label transplanted cells and existing imaging systems for stem cell labeling and in vivo tracking will also be discussed.
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