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Campagna A, Baima G, Romano F, Amoroso F, Mussano F, Oteri G, Aimetti M, Peditto M. Orally Derived Stem Cell-Based Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Studies. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:145. [PMID: 38786543 PMCID: PMC11120617 DOI: 10.3390/dj12050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present systematic review was performed to assess the application of orally derived stem cells in periodontal regenerative therapy, and because of this, the following PICO question was proposed: "In patients with periodontitis, can the adjunctive use of orally derived stem cells provide additional clinical and radiographic benefits for periodontal regeneration?". Randomized clinical studies were electronically and manually searched up until December 2023. Quantitative analyses were performed with the aim of evaluating the mean differences (MDs) between the treatment and control groups in terms of clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction, gingival recession (GR), and radiographic bone gain (RBG) using random effect models. A total of seven studies were selected for the systematic review. Meta-analyses excluding studies with a high risk of bias highlighted a non-statistically significant result for the use of stem cells when compared to the control groups in terms of CAL gain [MD = 1.05; 95% CI (-0.88, 2.97) p = 0.29] and PPD reduction [MD = 1.32; 95% CI (-0.25, 2.88) p = 0.10]. The same also applied to GR [MD = -0.08; 95% CI (-0.79, 0.63) p = 0.83] and RBG [MD = 0.50; 95% CI (-0.88, 1.88) p = 0.48]. Based on the high heterogeneity, there is not enough evidence to consider the adjunctive application of orally derived mesenchymal stem cells as a preferential approach for periodontal regenerative treatment, as compared to standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Campagna
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.C.); (G.O.); (M.P.)
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (F.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Giacomo Baima
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (F.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (F.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Federico Amoroso
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (F.A.); (M.A.)
- Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Mussano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (F.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Giacomo Oteri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.C.); (G.O.); (M.P.)
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (F.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Matteo Peditto
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.C.); (G.O.); (M.P.)
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Hu BY, Xin M, Chen M, Yu P, Zeng LZ. Mesenchymal stem cells for repairing glaucomatous optic nerve. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:748-760. [PMID: 38638254 PMCID: PMC10988077 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.04.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common and complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons. Currently, there is no effective method to address the cause of RGCs degeneration. However, studies on neuroprotective strategies for optic neuropathy have increased in recent years. Cell replacement and neuroprotection are major strategies for treating glaucoma and optic neuropathy. Regenerative medicine research into the repair of optic nerve damage using stem cells has received considerable attention. Stem cells possess the potential for multidirectional differentiation abilities and are capable of producing RGC-friendly microenvironments through paracrine effects. This article reviews a thorough researches of recent advances and approaches in stem cell repair of optic nerve injury, raising the controversies and unresolved issues surrounding the future of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yu Hu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liu-Zhi Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, China
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3
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Kong J, Cheng W, Chang L, Yu J, Wang R, Xie J. Effects of HMGB1/TLR4 on secretion IL-10 and VEGF in human jaw bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Appl Oral Sci 2024; 32:e20230304. [PMID: 38359267 PMCID: PMC10984578 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway on the expression of IL-10 and VEGF in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODOLOGY Human JBMSCs were isolated and cultured. Then, HMGB1 was added into the JBMSCs culture medium, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-10 and VEGF were assessed. Moreover, cells were pretreated with a specific TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242), and the expression changes of IL-10 and VEGF were compared. RESULTS Compared with the control group, exposure to HMGB1 in human JBMSCs up-regulated TLR4, IL-10, and VEGF secretion at both protein and mRNA levels (P<0. 05). In addition, the increased expression of IL-10 and VEGF could be restrained in TAK-242 group compared with the HMGB1 group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that HMGB1 activate TLR4 signaling pathway in Human JBMSCs, which plays a regulatory role in cytokines expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kong
- Jinan Stomatological HospitalDepartment of ProsthodonticsChinaJinan Stomatological Hospital, Department of Prosthodontics, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Jinan Stomatological HospitalDepartment of ProsthodonticsChinaJinan Stomatological Hospital, Department of Prosthodontics, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Lianzhen Chang
- Jinan Stomatological HospitalDepartment of PeriodontistChinaJinan Stomatological Hospital, Department of Periodontist, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jingyi Yu
- Jinan Stomatological HospitalDepartment of ProsthodonticsChinaJinan Stomatological Hospital, Department of Prosthodontics, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ronglin Wang
- Jinan Stomatological HospitalDepartment of ProsthodonticsChinaJinan Stomatological Hospital, Department of Prosthodontics, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jianli Xie
- Jinan Stomatological HospitalDepartment of ProsthodonticsChinaJinan Stomatological Hospital, Department of Prosthodontics, Shandong Province, China.
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Poblano-Pérez LI, Castro-Manrreza ME, González-Alva P, Fajardo-Orduña GR, Montesinos JJ. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Dental Tissues: Immunomodulatory Properties and Clinical Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1986. [PMID: 38396665 PMCID: PMC10888494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells located in different areas of the human body. The oral cavity is considered a potential source of MSCs because they have been identified in several dental tissues (D-MSCs). Clinical trials in which cells from these sources were used have shown that they are effective and safe as treatments for tissue regeneration. Importantly, immunoregulatory capacity has been observed in all of these populations; however, this function may vary among the different types of MSCs. Since this property is of clinical interest for cell therapy protocols, it is relevant to analyze the differences in immunoregulatory capacity, as well as the mechanisms used by each type of MSC. Interestingly, D-MSCs are the most suitable source for regenerating mineralized tissues in the oral region. Furthermore, the clinical potential of D-MSCs is supported due to their adequate capacity for proliferation, migration, and differentiation. There is also evidence for their potential application in protocols against autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions due to their immunosuppressive capacity. Therefore, in this review, the immunoregulatory mechanisms identified at the preclinical level in combination with the different types of MSCs found in dental tissues are described, in addition to a description of the clinical trials in which MSCs from these sources have been applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ignacio Poblano-Pérez
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (L.I.P.-P.); (G.R.F.-O.)
| | - Marta Elena Castro-Manrreza
- Immunology and Stem Cells Laboratory, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Patricia González-Alva
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies, Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Guadalupe R. Fajardo-Orduña
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (L.I.P.-P.); (G.R.F.-O.)
| | - Juan José Montesinos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (L.I.P.-P.); (G.R.F.-O.)
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Cao C, Maska B, Malik MA, Tagett R, Kaigler D. Immunomodulatory differences between mesenchymal stem cells from different oral tissues. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23317. [PMID: 38192855 PMCID: PMC10771986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been identified as having potentially therapeutic immunomodulatory properties. MSCs isolated from different oral tissues have similar morphology and immunophenotypes, however, direct comparisons of their gene expression and immunomodulatory properties have not been conducted. We isolated alveolar bone-derived MSCs (aBMSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and gingiva-derived MSCs (GMSCs) from the same patients and compared their immunophenotypes and transcriptomes. Additionally, we compared their production of soluble immunomodulatory cytokines as well as their immunoregulatory properties in coculture with THP-1 human monocytic cells. RNA sequencing revealed distinct gene expression in DPSCs while aBMSCs and GMSCs had less differentially expressed genes. DPSCs also had significantly less secretion of osteopontin compared to aBMSCs and GMSCs. Finally, DPSCs did not exhibit an immunosuppresive effect on THP-1 cells to the same degree as aBMSCs and GMSCs. These findings demonstrate that MSCs from different oral tissues have distinct transcriptomes and immunoregulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bartosz Maska
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Malika A. Malik
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca Tagett
- Bioinformatics Core, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Darnell Kaigler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Yang Z, Ma L, Du C, Wang J, Zhang C, Hu L, Wang S. Dental pulp stem cells accelerate wound healing through CCL2-induced M2 macrophages polarization. iScience 2023; 26:108043. [PMID: 37829207 PMCID: PMC10565783 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the host immune function plays a key role in the efficiency of tissue regeneration and wound healing. However, the difference in immunological modulation and tissue regeneration function between MSCs from different sources remains unclear. Compared to PDLSCs, BMMSCs, and ADSCs, DPSCs exhibited greater tissue regeneration potential and triggered more M2 macrophages in vivo. DPSCs elicited the polarization of M2a macrophages by conditioned medium and transwell assay and exhibited higher expression levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Specific blocking of CCL2 could significantly inhibit the DPSCs-induced polarization of M2 macrophages. DPSCs promoted wound healing of the palatal mucosa and M2 macrophages polarization in vivo, which could be significantly impaired by CCL2-neutralized antibody. Our data indicate that DPSCs exert better tissue regeneration potential and immunoregulatory function by secreting CCL2, which can enhance MSCs-mediated tissue regeneration or wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linsha Ma
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Conglin Du
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Oral and General Health Integration and Translation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu X, Lv S, Kan W, Fan B, Shao B. Human alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cell cultivation on a 3D-printed PDLLA scaffold for bone formation. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 61:527-533. [PMID: 37679196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess effects of 3-dimensionally (3D) printed poly-d,l-lactin (PDLLA) on human alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cell (h-ABMSC) osteogenic proliferation and differentiation. Human ABMSCs were cultured and identified using flow cytometry and morphological analysis. Control and PDLLA experimental groups were assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) to detect cellular cytotoxicity and proliferative activity. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine expression levels of osteogenesis genes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN). The results showed that h-ABMSCs were successfully cultured and revealed by microscopic observation. Human ABMSCs were spindle-shaped, with clustered and fish-like primary cells. Cell surface markers were negative for CD34 and positive for CD44 and CD90. PDLLA had no cytotoxicity. Human ABMSCs proliferated normally, and osteogenic differentiation of the cells was observed on the surface of PDLLA. Cellular proliferative activity and expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes of PDLLA and control groups showed no significant difference, including ALP, Runx-2, OPN, and OCN. These results suggest that 3D-printed PDLLA has good cell compatibility and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Baoding First Central Hospital, 320 Great Wall North Street, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Shouyin Lv
- Department of Stomatology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, 20 Zhaowuda Road, Huhhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenjiao Kan
- Department of Stomatology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, 20 Zhaowuda Road, Huhhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Boxi Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, 20 Zhaowuda Road, Huhhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, 20 Zhaowuda Road, Huhhot 010017, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Zeng CW. Advancing Spinal Cord Injury Treatment through Stem Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Cell Types, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14349. [PMID: 37762654 PMCID: PMC10532158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can lead to significant neurological deficits and lifelong disability, with far-reaching physical, psychological, and economic consequences for affected individuals and their families. Current treatments for SCIs are limited in their ability to restore function, and there is a pressing need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to promote the regeneration and repair of damaged neural tissue following SCIs. This review article comprehensively discusses the potential of different stem cell types, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), in SCI treatment. We provide an in-depth analysis of the unique advantages and challenges associated with each stem cell type, as well as the latest advancements in the field. Furthermore, we address the critical challenges faced in stem cell therapy for SCIs, including safety concerns, ethical considerations, standardization of protocols, optimization of transplantation parameters, and the development of effective outcome measures. We also discuss the integration of novel technologies such as gene editing, biomaterials, and tissue engineering to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cells. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts among various stakeholders in the scientific community, including researchers, clinicians, bioengineers, industry partners, and patients, to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of stem cell therapy for SCI patients. By fostering such collaborations and advancing our understanding of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine, we can pave the way for the development of groundbreaking therapies that improve the lives of those affected by SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Cabaña-Muñoz ME, Pelaz Fernández MJ, Parmigiani-Cabaña JM, Parmigiani-Izquierdo JM, Merino JJ. Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oral Cavity and Surrounding Areas: Types and Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2109. [PMID: 37631323 PMCID: PMC10459416 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells are those obtained from the conformation of dental structures (DMSC), such as deciduous and permanent teeth and other surrounding tissues. Background: The self-renewal and differentiation capacities of these adult stem cells allow for great clinical potential. Because DMSC are cells of ectomesenchymal origin, they reveal a high capacity for complete regeneration of dental pulp, periodontal tissue, and other biomedical applications; their differentiation into other types of cells promotes repair in muscle tissue, cardiac, pancreatic, nervous, bone, cartilage, skin, and corneal tissues, among others, with a high predictability of success. Therefore, stem and progenitor cells, with their exosomes of dental origin and surrounding areas in the oral cavity due to their plasticity, are considered a fundamental pillar in medicine and regenerative dentistry. Tissue engineering (MSCs, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules) sustains and induces its multipotent and immunomodulatory effects. It is of vital importance to guarantee the safety and efficacy of the procedures designed for patients, and for this purpose, more clinical trials are needed to increase the efficacy of several pathologies. Conclusion: From a bioethical and transcendental anthropological point of view, the human person as a unique being facilitates better clinical and personalized therapy, given the higher prevalence of dental and chronic systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Cabaña-Muñoz
- CIROM—Centro de Rehabilitación Oral Multidisciplinaria, 30001 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.C.-M.); (J.M.P.-C.); (J.M.P.-I.)
| | | | - José María Parmigiani-Cabaña
- CIROM—Centro de Rehabilitación Oral Multidisciplinaria, 30001 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.C.-M.); (J.M.P.-C.); (J.M.P.-I.)
| | | | - José Joaquín Merino
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (U.C.M), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Alarcón-Apablaza J, Prieto R, Rojas M, Fuentes R. Potential of Oral Cavity Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Scoping Review. Cells 2023; 12:1392. [PMID: 37408226 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone loss is a common problem that ranges from small defects to large defects after trauma, surgery, or congenital malformations. The oral cavity is a rich source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Researchers have documented their isolation and studied their osteogenic potential. Therefore, the objective of this review was to analyze and compare the potential of MSCs from the oral cavity for use in bone regeneration. METHODS A scoping review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The databases reviewed were PubMed, SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Web of Science. Studies using stem cells from the oral cavity to promote bone regeneration were included. RESULTS A total of 726 studies were found, of which 27 were selected. The MSCs used to repair bone defects were (I) dental pulp stem cells of permanent teeth, (II) stem cells derived from inflamed dental pulp, (III) stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, (IV) periodontal ligament stem cells, (V) cultured autogenous periosteal cells, (VI) buccal fat pad-derived cells, and (VII) autologous bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells associate with scaffolds to facilitate insertion into the bone defect and to enhance bone regeneration. The biological risk and morbidity of the MSC-grafted site were minimal. Successful bone formation after MSC grafting has been shown for small defects with stem cells from the periodontal ligament and dental pulp as well as larger defects with stem cells from the periosteum, bone, and buccal fat pad. CONCLUSIONS Stem cells of maxillofacial origin are a promising alternative to treat small and large craniofacial bone defects; however, an additional scaffold complement is required for stem cell delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Alarcón-Apablaza
- Research Centre in Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Ruth Prieto
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Mariana Rojas
- Comparative Embryology Laboratory, Program of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ramón Fuentes
- Research Centre in Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Department of Integral Adults Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
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11
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Banimohamad-Shotorbani B, Karkan SF, Rahbarghazi R, Mehdipour A, Jarolmasjed S, Saghati S, Shafaei H. Application of mesenchymal stem cell sheet for regeneration of craniomaxillofacial bone defects. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:68. [PMID: 37024981 PMCID: PMC10080954 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects are among the most common damages in human medicine. Due to limitations and challenges in the area of bone healing, the research field has turned into a hot topic discipline with direct clinical outcomes. Among several available modalities, scaffold-free cell sheet technology has opened novel avenues to yield efficient osteogenesis. It is suggested that the intact matrix secreted from cells can provide a unique microenvironment for the acceleration of osteoangiogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, cell sheet technology (CST) has been investigated in terms of several skeletal defects with promising outcomes. Here, we highlighted some recent advances associated with the application of CST for the recovery of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) in various preclinical settings. The regenerative properties of both single-layer and multilayer CST were assessed regarding fabrication methods and applications. It has been indicated that different forms of cell sheets are available for CMF engineering like those used for other hard tissues. By tackling current challenges, CST is touted as an effective and alternative therapeutic option for CMF bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Banimohamad-Shotorbani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi Karkan
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Mehdipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyedhosein Jarolmasjed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Saghati
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Shafaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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12
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Li N, Dai X, Yang F, Sun Y, Wu X, Zhou Q, Chen K, Sun J, Bi W, Shi L, Yu Y. Spontaneous spheroids from alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells maintain pluripotency of stem cells by regulating hypoxia-inducible factors. Biol Res 2023; 56:17. [PMID: 37016436 PMCID: PMC10074860 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous spheroid culture is a novel three-dimensional (3D) culture strategy for the rapid and efficient selection of progenitor cells. The objectives of this study are to investigate the pluripotency and differentiation capability of spontaneous spheroids from alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AB-MSCs); compare the advantages of spontaneous spheroids to those of mechanical spheroids; and explore the mechanisms of stemness enhancement during spheroid formation from two-dimensional (2D) cultured cells. METHODS AB-MSCs were isolated from the alveolar bones of C57BL/6 J mice. Spontaneous spheroids formed in low-adherence specific culture plates. The stemness, proliferation, and multi-differentiation capacities of spheroids and monolayer cultures were investigated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and oil-red O staining. The pluripotency difference between the spontaneous and mechanical spheroids was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIFs) inhibition experiments were performed to explore the mechanisms of stemness maintenance in AB-MSC spheroids. RESULTS AB-MSCs successfully formed spontaneous spheroids after 24 h. AB-MSC spheroids were positive for MSC markers and pluripotency markers (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, and cMyc). Spheroids showed higher Ki67 expression and lower Caspase3 expression at 24 h. Under the corresponding conditions, the spheroids were successfully differentiated into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. AB-MSC spheroids can induce neural-like cells after neurogenic differentiation. Higher expression of osteogenic markers, adipogenic markers, and neurogenic markers (NF-M, NeuN, and GFAP) was found in spheroids than in the monolayer. Spontaneous spheroids exhibited higher stemness than mechanical spheroids did. HIF-1α and HIF-2α were remarkably upregulated in spheroids. After HIF-1/2α-specific inhibition, spheroid formation was significantly reduced. Moreover, the expression of the pluripotency genes was suppressed. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous spheroids from AB-MSCs enhance stemness and pluripotency. HIF-1/2α plays an important role in the stemness regulation of spheroids. AB-MSC spheroids exhibit excellent multi-differentiation capability, which may be a potent therapy for craniomaxillofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China, 201318
- The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China, 201318
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jing'an District Dental Clinic, Shanghai, China, 15 Pingxingguan Road, 200040
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Xingwen Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Qianrong Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200072
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Wei Bi
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Le Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jing'an District Dental Clinic, Shanghai, China, 15 Pingxingguan Road, 200040.
| | - Youcheng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032.
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13
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Zhao J, Zhou YH, Zhao YQ, Gao ZR, Ouyang ZY, Ye Q, Liu Q, Chen Y, Tan L, Zhang SH, Feng Y, Hu J, Dusenge MA, Feng YZ, Guo Y. Oral cavity-derived stem cells and preclinical models of jaw-bone defects for bone tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 36927449 PMCID: PMC10022059 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaw-bone defects caused by various diseases lead to aesthetic and functional complications, which can seriously affect the life quality of patients. Current treatments cannot fully meet the needs of reconstruction of jaw-bone defects. Thus, the research and application of bone tissue engineering are a "hot topic." As seed cells for engineering of jaw-bone tissue, oral cavity-derived stem cells have been explored and used widely. Models of jaw-bone defect are excellent tools for the study of bone defect repair in vivo. Different types of bone defect repair require different stem cells and bone defect models. This review aimed to better understand the research status of oral and maxillofacial bone regeneration. MAIN TEXT Data were gathered from PubMed searches and references from relevant studies using the search phrases "bone" AND ("PDLSC" OR "DPSC" OR "SCAP" OR "GMSC" OR "SHED" OR "DFSC" OR "ABMSC" OR "TGPC"); ("jaw" OR "alveolar") AND "bone defect." We screened studies that focus on "bone formation of oral cavity-derived stem cells" and "jaw bone defect models," and reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of oral cavity-derived stem cells and preclinical model of jaw-bone defect models. CONCLUSION The type of cell and animal model should be selected according to the specific research purpose and disease type. This review can provide a foundation for the selection of oral cavity-derived stem cells and defect models in tissue engineering of the jaw bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Qing Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-Yue Ouyang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Marie Aimee Dusenge
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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14
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Craniomaxillofacial derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) for craniomaxillofacial bone tissue engineering: A literature review. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e650-e659. [PMID: 35691558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Craniomaxillofacial bone defects seriously affect the appearance, function, and psychological status of patients. Traditional autologous bone grafting is very challenging due to the limited sources of bone tissue, excessive surgical trauma, and high incidence of related complications. Craniomaxillofacial bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategies based on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are emerging as an alternative. Craniomaxillofacial BMSCs (C-BMSCs) are homologous to craniomaxillofacial bones, which develop from the mesoderm and neural crest. This article aims to compare the differences in osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune regulation of C-BMSCs and other sources of BMSCs, and propose ideas and strategies such as 3D printing and mechanotherapy to completely harness the characteristics of C-BMSCs. In conclusion, C-BSMCs are a promising source of stem cells for the repair and reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial bone defects, and more attention should be paid to accelerating their basic research and clinical practices.
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15
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Vackova I, Vavrinova E, Musilkova J, Havlas V, Petrenko Y. Hypothermic Storage of 3D Cultured Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132553. [PMID: 35808601 PMCID: PMC9269598 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulatory requirements in cell processing, in the choice of a biomaterial scaffold and in quality control analysis, have to be followed in the clinical application of tissue-engineered grafts. Confirmation of sterility during quality control studies requires prolonged storage of the cell-based construct. After storage, preservation of the functional properties of the cells is an important prerequisite if the cells are to be used for cell-based tissue therapies. The study presented here shows the generation of 3D constructs based on Wharton’s jelly multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSCs) and the clinically-acceptable HyaloFast® scaffold, and the effect of two- and six-day hypothermic storage of 3D cell-based constructs on the functional properties of populated cells. To study the viability, growth, gene expression, and paracrine secretion of WJ-MSCs within the scaffolds before and after storage, xeno-free culture conditions, metabolic, qPCR, and multiplex assays were applied. The WJ-MSCs adhered and proliferated within the 3D HyaloFast®. Our results show different viability of the cells after the 3D constructs have been stored under mild (25 °C) or strong (4 °C) hypothermia. At 4 °C, the significant decrease of metabolic activity of WJ-MSCs was detected after 2 days of storage, with almost complete cell loss after 6 days. In mild hypothermia (25 °C) the decrease in metabolic activity was less remarkable, confirming the suitability of these conditions for cell preservation in 3D environment. The significant changes were detected in gene expression and in the paracrine secretion profile after 2 and 6 days of storage at 25 °C. The results presented in this study are important for the rapid transfer of tissue engineering approaches into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Vackova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of Czech Academy of Science, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (J.M.)
| | - Eliska Vavrinova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Musilkova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of Czech Academy of Science, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (J.M.)
| | - Vojtech Havlas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Yuriy Petrenko
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of Czech Academy of Science, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (J.M.)
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Based Treatment in Dental Medicine: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031662. [PMID: 35163584 PMCID: PMC8836082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in regenerative therapeutic procedures is becoming an increasingly important topic in medicine. Since the first isolation of dental tissue-derived MSC, there has been an intense investigation on the characteristics and potentials of these cells in regenerative dentistry. Their multidifferentiation potential, self-renewal capacity, and easy accessibility give them a key role in stem cell-based therapy. So far, several different dental stem cell types have been discovered and their potential usage is found in most of the major dental medicine branches. These cells are also researched in multiple fields of medicine for the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarized dental MSC sources and analyzed their treatment modalities with particular emphasis on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA).
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17
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Paganelli A, Trubiani O, Diomede F, Pisciotta A, Paganelli R. Immunomodulating Profile of Dental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Comprehensive Overview. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:635055. [PMID: 35047993 PMCID: PMC8757776 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.635055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells present in dental tissues, characterized by plastic adherence in culture and specific surface markers (CD105, CD73, CD90, STRO-1, CD106, and CD146), common to all other MSC subtypes. Dental pulp, periodontal ligament, apical papilla, human exfoliated deciduous teeth, alveolar bone, dental follicle, tooth germ, and gingiva are all different sources for isolation and expansion of MSCs. Dental MSCs have regenerative and immunomodulatory properties; they are scarcely immunogenic but actively modulate T cell reactivity. in vitro studies and animal models of autoimmune diseases have provided evidence for the suppressive effects of dental MSCs on peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, clearance of apoptotic cells, and promotion of a shift in the Treg/Th17 cell ratio. Appropriately stimulated MSCs produce anti-inflammatory mediators, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2, and interleukin (IL)-10. A particular mechanism through which MSCs exert their immunomodulatory action is via the production of extracellular vesicles containing such anti-inflammatory mediators. Recent studies demonstrated MSC-mediated inhibitory effects both on monocytes and activated macrophages, promoting their polarization to an anti-inflammatory M2-phenotype. A growing number of trials focusing on MSCs to treat autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are ongoing, but very few use dental tissue as a cellular source. Recent results suggest that dental MSCs are a promising therapeutic tool for immune-mediated disorders. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for dental MSC-mediated immunosuppression remain to be clarified, and impairment of dental MSCs immunosuppressive function in inflammatory conditions and aging must be assessed before considering autologous MSCs or their secreted vesicles for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Paganelli
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pisciotta
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Paganelli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,YDA, Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Pescara, Italy
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18
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Zou D, Vigen M, Putnam AJ, Cao C, Tarlé SA, Guinn T, Kaigler D. Phenotypic, trophic, and regenerative properties of mesenchymal stem cells from different osseous tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:75-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Immunomodulation of Skin Repair: Cell-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Skin Replacement (A Comprehensive Review). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010118. [PMID: 35052797 PMCID: PMC8773777 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has a crucial role in skin wound healing and the application of specific cell-laden immunomodulating biomaterials emerged as a possible treatment option to drive skin tissue regeneration. Cell-laden tissue-engineered skin substitutes have the ability to activate immune pathways, even in the absence of other immune-stimulating signals. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells with their immunomodulatory properties can create a specific immune microenvironment to reduce inflammation, scarring, and support skin regeneration. This review presents an overview of current wound care techniques including skin tissue engineering and biomaterials as a novel and promising approach. We highlight the plasticity and different roles of immune cells, in particular macrophages during various stages of skin wound healing. These aspects are pivotal to promote the regeneration of nonhealing wounds such as ulcers in diabetic patients. We believe that a better understanding of the intrinsic immunomodulatory features of stem cells in implantable skin substitutes will lead to new translational opportunities. This, in turn, will improve skin tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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20
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Cao L, Su H, Si M, Xu J, Chang X, Lv J, Zhai Y. Tissue Engineering in Stomatology: A Review of Potential Approaches for Oral Disease Treatments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:662418. [PMID: 34820359 PMCID: PMC8606749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.662418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an emerging discipline that combines engineering and life sciences. It can construct functional biological structures in vivo or in vitro to replace native tissues or organs and minimize serious shortages of donor organs during tissue and organ reconstruction or transplantation. Organ transplantation has achieved success by using the tissue-engineered heart, liver, kidney, and other artificial organs, and the emergence of tissue-engineered bone also provides a new approach for the healing of human bone defects. In recent years, tissue engineering technology has gradually become an important technical method for dentistry research, and its application in stomatology-related research has also obtained impressive achievements. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research advances of tissue engineering and its application in stomatology. These aspects include tooth, periodontal, dental implant, cleft palate, oral and maxillofacial skin or mucosa, and oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering. In addition, this article also summarizes the commonly used cells, scaffolds, and growth factors in stomatology and discusses the limitations of tissue engineering in stomatology from the perspective of cells, scaffolds, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Cao
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huiying Su
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengying Si
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Chang
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiajia Lv
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuankun Zhai
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Kaifeng, China
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21
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Isolation, Culture and Comprehensive Characterization of Biological Properties of Human Urine-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212503. [PMID: 34830384 PMCID: PMC8624597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an attractive source within the field of tissue engineering. However, their harvesting often requires invasive medical procedures. Urine-derived stem cells (UDSCs) display similar properties to MSCs, and their obtention and further processing is non-invasive for the donors as well as low cost. Here, we offer a comprehensive analysis of their biological properties. The goal of this study was to analyze their morphology, stemness, differentiation potential and cytokine profile. We have successfully isolated UDSCs from 25 urine samples. First colonies emerged up to 9 days after the initial seeding. Cell doubling time was 45 ± 0.24 SD, and when seeded at the density of 100 cells/cm2, they formed 42 ± 6.5 SD colonies within 10 days. Morphological analyzes revealed that two different types of the cell populations have been present. The first type had a rice-grain shape and the second one was characterized by a polyhedral shape. In several cell cultures, dome-shaped cells were observed as well. All examined UDSCs expressed typical MSC-like surface markers, CD73, CD90 and CD105. Moreover, conditioned media from UDSCs were harvested, and cytokine profile has been evaluated showing a significantly higher secretory rate of IL-8, IL-6 and chemokines MCP-1 and GM-CSF. We have also successfully induced human UDSCs into chondrogenic, osteogenic and myogenic cell lineages. Our findings indicate that UDSCs might have immense potential in the regeneration of the damaged tissues.
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22
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Elements of 3D Bioprinting in Periodontal Regeneration: Frontiers and Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease worldwide, caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque, which can lead to the destruction of periodontal supporting tissue and eventually tooth loss. The goal of periodontal treatment is to remove pathogenic factors and control the periodontal inflammation. However, the complete regeneration of periodontal supporting tissue is still a major challenge according to current technology. Tissue engineering recovers the injured tissue through seed cells, bio-capable scaffold and bioactive factors. Three-D-bioprinting is an emerging technology in regeneration medicine/tissue engineering, because of its high accuracy and high efficiency, providing a new strategy for periodontal regeneration. This article represents the materials of 3D bioprinting in periodontal regeneration from three aspects: oral seed cell, bio-scaffold and bio-active factors.
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23
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IL-6 regulates the bone metabolism and inflammatory microenvironment in aging mice by inhibiting Setd7. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151718. [PMID: 33962150 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging, which has become a worldwide problem, leads to the degeneration of multiple organs and tissues. Two of the main changes in aging are dysregulation of the tissue microenvironment and abnormal functioning of specific stem cells. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in the aging microenvironment are not only effector cells but also immunomodulatory cells that change the microenvironment. IL-6 is a primary inflammatory response factor associated with bone diseases. In this study, we stimulated BMSCs with IL-6 to investigate a novel mechanism of age-related osteoporosis. IL-6 activated the TLR2, TLR4 and AKT pathway as well as inhibited the expression of β-catenin and Setd7. In addition, Setd7 expression in the bone tissues of aged mice was suppressed. Setd7 not only promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation but also mediated proinflammatory gene expression in BMSCs under IL-6 stimulation. Due to its dual functions in BMSCs, Setd7 may be a novel molecular target for age-related osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
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24
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Shang L, Shao J, Ge S. Immunomodulatory functions of oral mesenchymal stem cells: Novel force for tissue regeneration and disease therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:539-552. [PMID: 34184321 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0321-766r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapeutic strategies have achieved remarkable efficacies. Oral tissue-derived MSCs, with powerful self-renewal and multilineage differentiation abilities, possess the features of abundant sources and easy accessibility and hold great potential in tissue regeneration and disease therapies. Oral MSCs mainly consist of periodontal ligament stem cells, gingival mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem. Early immunoinflammatory response stage is the prerequisite phase of healing process. Besides the potent capacities of differentiation and regeneration, oral MSCs are capable of interacting with various immune cells and function as immunomodulatory regulators. Consequently, the immunomodulatory effects of oral MSCs during damage repair seem to be crucial for exploring novel immunomodulatory strategies to achieve disease recovery and tissue regeneration. Herein, we reviewed various oral MSCs with their immunomodulatory properties and the potential mechanism, as well as their effects on immunomodulation-mediated disease therapies and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinlong Shao
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Characteristics, Classification, and Application of Stem Cells Derived from Human Teeth. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8886854. [PMID: 34194509 PMCID: PMC8184333 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8886854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since mesenchymal stem cells derived from human teeth are characterized as having the properties of excellent proliferation, multilineage differentiation, and immune regulation. Dental stem cells exhibit fibroblast-like microscopic appearance and express mesenchymal markers, embryonic markers, and vascular markers but do not express hematopoietic markers. Dental stem cells are a mixed population with different sensitive markers, characteristics, and therapeutic effects. Single or combined surface markers are not only helpful for understanding the subpopulation of mixed stem cell populations according to cell function but also for improving the stable treatment effect of dental stem cells. Focusing on the discovery and characterization of stem cells isolated from human teeth over the past 20 years, this review outlines the effect of marker sorting on cell proliferation and differentiation ability and the assessment of the clinical application potential. Classified dental stem cells from markers and functional molecules can solve the problem of heterogeneity and ensure the efficacy of cell therapy strategies including dentistry, neurologic diseases, bone repair, and tissue engineering.
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Apatzidou DA, Bakopoulou AA, Kouzi-Koliakou K, Karagiannis V, Konstantinidis A. A tissue-engineered biocomplex for periodontal reconstruction. A proof-of-principle randomized clinical study. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 48:1111-1125. [PMID: 33899259 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the safety/efficacy of a tissue-engineered biocomplex in periodontal reconstruction. METHODS Twenty-seven intrabony defects were block-randomized across three treatment groups: Group-A (NA = 9) received autologous clinical-grade alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (a-BMMSCs), seeded into collagen scaffolds, enriched with autologous fibrin/platelet lysate (aFPL). In Group-B (NB = 10), the collagen scaffold/aFPL devoid of a-BMMSCs filled the osseous defect. Group-C (NC = 8) received Minimal Access Flap surgery retaining the soft tissue wall of defects identically with Groups-A/-B. Subjects were clinically/radiographically assessed before anaesthesia (baseline) and repeatedly over 12 months. RESULTS Quality controls were satisfied before biocomplex transplantation. There were no adverse healing events. All approaches led to significant clinical improvements (p < .001) with no inter-group differences. At 12 months, the estimated marginal means for all groups were as follows: 3.0 (95% CI: 1.9-4.1) mm for attachment gain; 3.7 (2.7-4.8) mm for probing pocket depth reduction; 0.7 (0.2-1.3) mm increase in recession. An overall greater mean reduction in the radiographic Cemento-Enamel Junction to Bottom Defect (CEJ-BD) distance was found for Groups-A/-C over Group-B (p < .023). CONCLUSION Radiographic evidence of bone fill was less pronounced in Group-B, although clinical improvements were similar across groups. All approaches aimed to trigger the innate healing potential of tissues. Cell-based therapy is justified for periodontal reconstruction and remains promising in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae A Apatzidou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina A Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Karagiannis
- School of Mathematics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AUTh, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Konstantinidis
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
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Matichescu A, Ardelean LC, Rusu LC, Craciun D, Bratu EA, Babucea M, Leretter M. Advanced Biomaterials and Techniques for Oral Tissue Engineering and Regeneration-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5303. [PMID: 33238625 PMCID: PMC7700200 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reconstruction or repair of oral and maxillofacial functionalities and aesthetics is a priority for patients affected by tooth loss, congenital defects, trauma deformities, or various dental diseases. Therefore, in dental medicine, tissue reconstruction represents a major interest in oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, and even daily clinical practice. The current clinical approaches involve a vast array of techniques ranging from the traditional use of tissue grafts to the most innovative regenerative procedures, such as tissue engineering. In recent decades, a wide range of both artificial and natural biomaterials and scaffolds, genes, stem cells isolated from the mouth area (dental follicle, deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament, dental pulp, salivary glands, and adipose tissue), and various growth factors have been tested in tissue engineering approaches in dentistry, with many being proven successful. However, to fully eliminate the problems of traditional bone and tissue reconstruction in dentistry, continuous research is needed. Based on a recent literature review, this paper creates a picture of current innovative strategies applying dental stem cells for tissue regeneration in different dental fields and maxillofacial surgery, and offers detailed information regarding the available scientific data and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Matichescu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Community and Oral Health, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean
- Department of Technology of Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laura-Cristina Rusu
- Department of Oral Pathology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.-C.R.); (D.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Dragos Craciun
- Department of Oral Pathology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.-C.R.); (D.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Emanuel Adrian Bratu
- Department of Implant Supported Restorations, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Babucea
- Department of Oral Pathology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.-C.R.); (D.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Marius Leretter
- Department of Prosthodontics, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Liu Y, Wang H, Dou H, Tian B, Li L, Jin L, Zhang Z, Hu L. Bone regeneration capacities of alveolar bone mesenchymal stem cells sheet in rabbit calvarial bone defect. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420930379. [PMID: 32566118 PMCID: PMC7288803 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420930379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells sheets have been verified as a promising non-scaffold
strategy for bone regeneration. Alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,
derived from neural crest, have the character of easily obtained and strong
multi-differential potential. However, the bone regenerative features of
alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells sheets in the craniofacial region
remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to compare the osteogenic
differentiation and bone defect repairment characteristics of bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells sheets derived from alveolar bone (alveolar bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells) and iliac bone (Lon-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells)
in vitro and in vivo. Histology character,
osteogenic differentiation, and osteogenic gene expression of human alveolar
bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Lon-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
were compared in vitro. The cell sheets were implanted in
rabbit calvarial defects to evaluate tissue regeneration characteristics.
Integrated bioinformatics analysis was used to reveal the specific gene and
pathways expression profile of alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Our
results showed that alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells had higher
osteogenic differentiation than Lon-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Although
no obvious differences were found in the histological structure, fibronectin and
integrin β1 expression between them, alveolar-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
sheet exhibited higher mineral deposition and expression levels of osteogenic
marker genes. After being transplanted in the rabbit calvarial defects area, the
results showed that greater bone volume and trabecular thickness regeneration
were found in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells sheet group compared to
Lon-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group at both 4 weeks and 8 weeks.
Finally, datasets of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells versus Lon-bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells, and periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells (another
neural crest derived mesenchymal stem cells) versus umbilical cord mesenchymal
stem cells were analyzed. Total 71 differential genes were identified by overlap
between the 2 datasets. Homeobox genes, such as LHX8, MKX, PAX9,
MSX, and HOX, were identified as the most
significantly changed and would be potential specific genes in neural crest
mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, the Al-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
sheet-based tissue regeneration appears to be a promising strategy for
craniofacial defect repair in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huixin Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tsinghua University Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luyuan Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenting Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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