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Barzegar Behrooz A, Darzi Ramandi H, Latifi-Navid H, Peymani P, Tarharoudi R, Momeni N, Sabaghpour Azarian MM, Eltonsy S, Pour-Rashidi A, Ghavami S. Genetic Prognostic Factors in Adult Diffuse Gliomas: A 10-Year Experience at a Single Institution. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2121. [PMID: 38893240 PMCID: PMC11172038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain lesions involving cerebral structures without well-defined boundaries and constitute the most prevalent central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. Among gliomas, glioblastoma (GB) is a glioma of the highest grade and is associated with a grim prognosis. We examined how clinical variables and molecular profiles may have affected overall survival (OS) over the past ten years. A retrospective study was conducted at Sina Hospital in Tehran, Iran and examined patients with confirmed glioma diagnoses between 2012 and 2020. We evaluated the correlation between OS in GB patients and sociodemographic as well as clinical factors and molecular profiling based on IDH1, O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT), TERTp, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification (EGFR-amp) status. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess patient survival. A total of 178 patients were enrolled in the study. The median OS was 20 months, with a 2-year survival rate of 61.0%. Among the 127 patients with available IDH measurements, 100 (78.7%) exhibited mutated IDH1 (IDH1-mut) tumors. Of the 127 patients with assessed MGMT promoter methylation (MGMTp-met), 89 (70.1%) had MGMT methylated tumors. Mutant TERTp (TERTp-mut) was detected in 20 out of 127 cases (15.7%), while wildtype TERTp (wildtype TERTp-wt) was observed in 107 cases (84.3%). Analyses using multivariable models revealed that age at histological grade (p < 0.0001), adjuvant radiotherapy (p < 0.018), IDH1 status (p < 0.043), and TERT-p status (p < 0.014) were independently associated with OS. Our study demonstrates that patients with higher tumor histological grades who had received adjuvant radiotherapy exhibited IDH1-mut or presented with TERTp-wt experienced improved OS. Besides, an interesting finding showed an association between methylation of MGMTp and TERTp status with tumor location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran;
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (R.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Hadi Darzi Ramandi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838623, Iran;
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 7155863511, Iran
- Department of Biostatistics, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran
| | - Hamid Latifi-Navid
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 14965/161, Tehran 1497716316, Iran
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 1953833511, Iran
| | - Payam Peymani
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (P.P.); (S.E.)
| | - Rahil Tarharoudi
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (R.T.); (N.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Nasrin Momeni
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (R.T.); (N.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | | | - Sherif Eltonsy
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (P.P.); (S.E.)
| | - Ahmad Pour-Rashidi
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (R.T.); (N.M.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Balan I, Boero G, Chéry SL, McFarland MH, Lopez AG, Morrow AL. Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:582. [PMID: 38792602 PMCID: PMC11122352 DOI: 10.3390/life14050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnane neuroactive steroids, notably allopregnanolone and pregnenolone, exhibit efficacy in mitigating inflammatory signals triggered by toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, thus attenuating the production of inflammatory factors. Clinical studies highlight their therapeutic potential, particularly in conditions like postpartum depression (PPD), where the FDA-approved compound brexanolone, an intravenous formulation of allopregnanolone, effectively suppresses TLR-mediated inflammatory pathways, predicting symptom improvement. Additionally, pregnane neurosteroids exhibit trophic and anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating the production of vital trophic proteins and anti-inflammatory factors. Androstane neuroactive steroids, including estrogens and androgens, along with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), display diverse effects on TLR expression and activation. Notably, androstenediol (ADIOL), an androstane neurosteroid, emerges as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, promising for therapeutic interventions. The dysregulation of immune responses via TLR signaling alongside reduced levels of endogenous neurosteroids significantly contributes to symptom severity across various neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroactive steroids, such as allopregnanolone, demonstrate efficacy in alleviating symptoms of various neuropsychiatric disorders and modulating neuroimmune responses, offering potential intervention avenues. This review emphasizes the significant therapeutic potential of neuroactive steroids in modulating TLR signaling pathways, particularly in addressing inflammatory processes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. It advances our understanding of the complex interplay between neuroactive steroids and immune responses, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual needs and providing insights for future research aimed at unraveling the intricacies of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Giorgia Boero
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Samantha Lucenell Chéry
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Neuroscience Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Minna H. McFarland
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Neuroscience Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alejandro G. Lopez
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - A. Leslie Morrow
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (I.B.); (S.L.C.); (M.H.M.); (A.G.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Sun B, Sun Y, Wang Z, Zhao C, Yang L. Prevalence and risk factors of early postoperative seizures in patients with glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1356715. [PMID: 38572493 PMCID: PMC10989274 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1356715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of early postoperative seizures in patients with glioma through meta-analysis. Methods Case-control studies and cohort studies on the prevalence and risk factors of early postoperative seizures in glioma patients were retrieved from various databases including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, and the retrieval deadline for the data was 1 April 2023. Stata15.0 was used to analyze the data. Results This review included 11 studies consisting of 488 patients with early postoperative seizures and 2,051 patients without early postoperative seizures. The research findings suggest that the prevalence of glioma is complicated by seizures (ES = 19%, 95% confidence interval [CI] [14%-25%]). The results also indicated a history of seizures (RR = 1.94, 95% CI [1.76, 2.14], P = 0.001), preoperative dyskinesia (RR = 3.13, 95% CI [1.20, 8.15], P = 0.02), frontal lobe tumor (RR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.16, 1.83], P = 0.001), pathological grade ≤2 (RR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.13, 2.67], P = 0.012), tumor≥ 3 cm (RR = 1.70, 95% CI [1.18, 2.45], P = 0.005), tumor resection (RR = 1.60, 95% CI [1.36, 1.88], P = 0.001), tumor edema ≥ 2 cm (RR = 1.77, 95% CI [1.40, 2.25], P = 0.001), and glioma cavity hemorrhage (RR=3.15, 95% CI [1.85, 5.37], P = 0.001). The multivariate analysis results showed that a history of seizures, dyskinesia, tumor ≥3 cm, peritumoral edema ≥2 cm, and glioma cavity hemorrhage were indicated as risk factors for glioma complicated with early postoperative seizures. Significance Based on the existing evidence, seizure history, dyskinesia, frontal lobe tumor, pathological grade ≤2, tumor ≥3 cm, partial tumor resection, edema around tumor ≥2 cm, and glioma cavity hemorrhage are indicated as risk factors for glioma complicated with early postoperative seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Gesaka SR, Okemwa PM, Mwachaka PM. Histological types of brain tumors diagnosed at the Kenyatta National Hospital between 2016 and 2019: a retrospective study. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:39. [PMID: 38368566 PMCID: PMC10874916 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the histological types of brain tumors diagnosed at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. METHODS This retrospective study retrieved patient-archived records at the Kenyatta National Hospital for the period 2016-2019. The histological types of brain tumors were assessed according to age, sex, and the WHO classification for CNS tumors using the GNU PSPP version 1.6.2-g78a33 software. Results were presented in tables and figures. RESULTS During the study period, brain tumors appeared to increase gradually; however, there was a decline in 2018. During the study period, 345 brain tumor records were retrieved. Data on age were missing 33 records; hence, 312 records were included for age analyses. The mean age for the pediatrics and adults was 9 (± 5 SD) and 45 (± 14 SD) years, respectively. 88 (28.2%) and 224 (71.8%) tumors were diagnosed among pediatrics and adults, respectively. Most tumors, 60 (19.2%) were reported in patients aged ≤ 10 years, followed by 55 (17.6%), 48 (15.4%), and 47 (15.1%) in patients aged 31-40, 51-60, and 41-50, years, respectively. In both pediatrics and adults, most tumors were diagnosed in females aged ≤ 10 years and 31-40 years, respectively. Overall, two peaks were observed in patients aged 5-15 years and 40-45 years. Gliomas, 43 (48.9%) and medulloblastomas, 21 (23.9%) were the most common tumors in pediatrics, whereas meningiomas, 107 (47.8%) and gliomas, 70 (31.3%) were the most common tumors in adults. Most pediatric and adult tumors were benign with 50 (56.8%) and 157 (70.1%) cases, respectively. Low-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas were the commonest benign and malignant tumors among pediatrics, with 31 (62%) and 21 (55.3%) cases, respectively. Conversely, meningiomas and high-grade gliomas were the most common benign and malignant tumors in adults, with 106 (67.5%) and 44 (65.7%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION This study highlights the existing burden of brain tumors in Kenya and data from KNH may be representative of the national burden of BTs. This study lays a foundation for subsequent clinical and epidemiological studies and emphasizes the need to adopt existing reporting standards to help realize a complete picture of the burden of brain tumors in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Maseghe Mwachaka
- Department of Human Anatomy and Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Neurosurgery Division, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
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Fariña-Jerónimo H, Martín-Ramírez R, González-Fernández R, Medina L, de Vera A, Martín-Vasallo P, Plata-Bello J. Androgen deficiency is associated with a better prognosis in glioblastoma. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:57. [PMID: 38233838 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) has been demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma; however, the implications of circulating testosterone levels in the biology of glioblastoma remain unknown. AIM This study aimed to analyze the association between circulating testosterone levels and the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma. METHODS Forty patients with primary glioblastoma were included in the study. The main prognostic endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Circulating testosterone levels were used to determine the state of androgen deficiency (AD). AR expression was analyzed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Most of the patients showed AR expression, and it was mainly located in the cytoplasm, as well as in the nucleus of tumor cells. Patients with AD presented a better PFS than those patients with normal levels (252.0 vs. 135.0 days; p = 0.041). Furthermore, normal androgenic status was an independent risk factor for progression in a multivariate regression model (hazard ratio = 6.346; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Circulating testosterone levels are associated with the prognosis of glioblastoma because patients with AD show a better prognosis than those with normal androgenic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Fariña-Jerónimo
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Calle Ofra s/n La Cuesta, CP 38320, La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | - Lilian Medina
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Antonia de Vera
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Julio Plata-Bello
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Calle Ofra s/n La Cuesta, CP 38320, La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain.
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Hirtz A, Rech F, Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Dumond H. Estrogen signaling in healthy and tumor brain. Steroids 2023; 199:109285. [PMID: 37543222 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex-specific differences in brain organization and function are widely explored in multidisciplinary studies, ranging from sociology and biology to digital modelling. In addition, there is growing evidence that natural or disturbed hormonal environments play a crucial role in the onset of brain disorders and pathogenesis. For example, steroid hormones, but also enzymes involved in steroidogenesis and receptors triggering hormone signaling are key players of gliomagenesis. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge about steroid hormone, particularly estrogens synthesis and signaling, in normal brain compared to the tumor brain. We will focus on two key molecular players, aromatase and the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor, GPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hirtz
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Fabien Rech
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurochirurgie, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Hélène Dumond
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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Uram Ł, Wróbel K, Walczak M, Szymaszek Ż, Twardowska M, Wołowiec S. Exploring the Potential of Lapatinib, Fulvestrant, and Paclitaxel Conjugated with Glycidylated PAMAM G4 Dendrimers for Cancer and Parasite Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:6334. [PMID: 37687164 PMCID: PMC10489794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fulvestrant (F), lapatinib (L), and paclitaxel (P) are hydrophobic, anticancer drugs used in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive breast cancer. In this study, glycidylated PAMAM G4 dendrimers, substituted with F, L, and/or P and targeting tumor cells, were synthesized and characterized, and their antitumor activity against glioma U-118 MG and non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells was tested comparatively with human non-tumorogenic keratinocytes (HaCaT). All cell lines were ER+ and EGFR+. In addition, the described drugs were tested in the context of antinematode therapy on C. elegans. The results show that the water-soluble conjugates of G4P, G4F, G4L, and G4PFL actively entered the tested cells via endocytosis due to the positive zeta potential (between 13.57-40.29 mV) and the nanoparticle diameter of 99-138 nm. The conjugates of G4P and G4PFL at nanomolar concentrations were the most active, and the least active conjugate was G4F. The tested conjugates inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT and A549 cells; in glioma cells, cytotoxicity was associated mainly with cell damage (mitochondria and membrane transport). The toxicity of the conjugates was proportional to the number of drug residues attached, with the exception of G4L; its action was two- and eight-fold stronger against glioma and keratinocytes, respectively, than the equivalent of lapatinib alone. Unfortunately, non-cancer HaCaT cells were the most sensitive to the tested constructs, which forced a change in the approach to the use of ER and EGFR receptors as a goal in cancer therapy. In vivo studies on C. elegans have shown that all compounds, most notably G4PFL, may be potentially useful in anthelmintic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Konrad Wróbel
- Medical College, Rzeszów University, 1a Warzywna Street, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Walczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Żaneta Szymaszek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Magdalena Twardowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańcow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.U.); (M.W.); (Ż.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Medical College, Rzeszów University, 1a Warzywna Street, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Cabrera-Muñoz EA, Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Díaz-Yañez L, Reyes-Galindo V, Meneses-San Juan D, Vega-Rivera NM. Melatonin Prevents Depression but Not Anxiety-like Behavior Produced by the Chemotherapeutic Agent Temozolomide: Implication of Doublecortin Cells and Hilar Oligodendrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13376. [PMID: 37686181 PMCID: PMC10487426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone synthesized by the pineal gland with neuroprotective and neurodevelopmental effects. Also, melatonin acts as an antidepressant by modulating the generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The positive effects of melatonin on behavior and neural development may suggest it is used for reverting stress but also for the alterations produced by chemotherapeutic drugs influencing behavior and brain plasticity. In this sense, temozolomide, an alkylating/anti-proliferating agent used in treating brain cancer, is associated with decreased cognitive functions and depression. We hypothesized that melatonin might prevent the effects of temozolomide on depression- and anxiety-like behavior by modulating some aspects of the neurogenic process in adult Balb/C mice. Mice were treated with temozolomide (25 mg/kg) for three days of two weeks, followed by melatonin (8 mg/kg) for fourteen days. Temozolomide produced short- and long-term decrements in cell proliferation (Ki67-positive cells: 54.89% and 53.38%, respectively) and intermediate stages of the neurogenic process (doublecortin-positive cells: 68.23% and 50.08%, respectively). However, melatonin prevented the long-term effects of temozolomide with the increased number of doublecortin-positive cells (47.21%) and the immunoreactivity of 2' 3'-Cyclic-nucleotide-3 phosphodiesterase (CNPase: 82.66%), an enzyme expressed by mature oligodendrocytes, in the hilar portion of the dentate gyrus. The effects of melatonin in the temozolomide group occurred with decreased immobility in the forced swim test (45.55%) but not anxiety-like behavior. Thus, our results suggest that melatonin prevents the harmful effects of temozolomide by modulating doublecortin cells, hilar oligodendrocytes, and depression-like behavior tested in the forced swim test. Our study could point out melatonin's beneficial effects for counteracting temozolomide's side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Araceli Cabrera-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Gerardo Bernabé Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Lizeth Díaz-Yañez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Verónica Reyes-Galindo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - David Meneses-San Juan
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Nelly Maritza Vega-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Neurpsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico;
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Bello-Alvarez C, Zamora-Sánchez CJ, Peña-Gutiérrez KM, Camacho-Arroyo I. Progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone promote invasion of human glioblastoma cells through metalloproteinase‑9 and cSrc kinase. Oncol Lett 2023; 25:223. [PMID: 37153033 PMCID: PMC10157356 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are the most aggressive and common primary brain tumors in adults. Glioblastoma cells have a great capacity to migrate and invade the brain parenchyma, often reaching the contralateral hemisphere. Progesterone (P4) and its metabolite, allopregnanolone (3α-THP), promote the migration and invasion of human glioblastoma-derived cells. P4 induces migration in glioblastoma cells by the activation of the proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (cSrc) and focal adhesion kinase (Fak). In breast cancer cells, cSrc and Fak promote invasion by increasing the expression and activation of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, the mechanism of action by which P4 and 3a-THP promote invasion in glioblastoma cells remains unclear. The effects of P4 and 3α-THP on the protein expression levels of MMP-2 and -9 and the participation of cSrc in progestin effects in U251 and U87 human glioblastoma-derived cells were evaluated. It was determined by western blotting that the P4 increased the protein expression level of MMP-9 in U251 and U87 cells, and 3α-THP increased the protein expression level of MMP-9 in U87 cells. None of these progestins modified MMP-2 protein expression levels. The increase in MMP-9 expression was reduced when the intracellular progesterone receptor and cSrc expression were blocked with small interfering RNAs. Cell invasion induced by P4 and 3α-THP was also blocked by inhibiting cSrc activity with PP2 or by cSrc gene silencing. These results suggest that P4 and its metabolite 3α-THP induce the invasion of glioblastoma cells by increasing MMP-9 expression through the cSrc kinase family. The results of this study provide information of interest in the context of targeted therapies against molecular pathways involved in glioblastoma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bello-Alvarez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen J. Zamora-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Karla M. Peña-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence to: Dr Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo, Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenue Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico, E-mail:
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Willman M, Willman J, Figg J, Dioso E, Sriram S, Olowofela B, Chacko K, Hernandez J, Lucke-Wold B. Update for astrocytomas: medical and surgical management considerations. EXPLORATION OF NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:1-26. [PMID: 36935776 PMCID: PMC10019464 DOI: 10.37349/en.2023.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytomas include a wide range of tumors with unique mutations and varying grades of malignancy. These tumors all originate from the astrocyte, a star-shaped glial cell that plays a major role in supporting functions of the central nervous system (CNS), including blood-brain barrier (BBB) development and maintenance, water and ion regulation, influencing neuronal synaptogenesis, and stimulating the immunological response. In terms of epidemiology, glioblastoma (GB), the most common and malignant astrocytoma, generally occur with higher rates in Australia, Western Europe, and Canada, with the lowest rates in Southeast Asia. Additionally, significantly higher rates of GB are observed in males and non-Hispanic whites. It has been suggested that higher levels of testosterone observed in biological males may account for the increased rates of GB. Hereditary syndromes such as Cowden, Lynch, Turcot, Li-Fraumeni, and neurofibromatosis type 1 have been linked to increased rates of astrocytoma development. While there are a number of specific gene mutations that may influence malignancy or be targeted in astrocytoma treatment, O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene function is an important predictor of astrocytoma response to chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ for primary and bevacizumab in the setting of recurrent tumor formation are two of the main chemotherapeutic agents currently approved in the treatment of astrocytomas. While stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has debatable implications for increased survival in comparison to whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), SRS demonstrates increased precision with reduced radiation toxicity. When considering surgical resection of astrocytoma, the extent of resection (EoR) is taken into consideration. Subtotal resection (STR) spares the margins of the T1 enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) region, gross total resection (GTR) includes the margins, and supramaximal resection (SMR) extends beyond the margin of the T1 and into the T2 region. Surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy are integral components of astrocytoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John Figg
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Emma Dioso
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sai Sriram
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bankole Olowofela
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin Chacko
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jairo Hernandez
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Zamora-Sánchez CJ, Camacho-Arroyo I. Allopregnanolone: Metabolism, Mechanisms of Action, and Its Role in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010560. [PMID: 36614002 PMCID: PMC9820109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (3α-THP) has been one of the most studied progesterone metabolites for decades. 3α-THP and its synthetic analogs have been evaluated as therapeutic agents for pathologies such as anxiety and depression. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of 3α-THP are expressed in classical and nonclassical steroidogenic tissues. Additionally, due to its chemical structure, 3α-THP presents high affinity and agonist activity for nuclear and membrane receptors of neuroactive steroids and neurotransmitters, such as the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), membrane progesterone receptors (mPR) and the ionotropic GABAA receptor, among others. 3α-THP has immunomodulator and antiapoptotic properties. It also induces cell proliferation and migration, all of which are critical processes involved in cancer progression. Recently the study of 3α-THP has indicated that low physiological concentrations of this metabolite induce the progression of several types of cancer, such as breast, ovarian, and glioblastoma, while high concentrations inhibit it. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the metabolism and mechanisms of action of 3α-THP in normal and tumor cells.
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Mohammed S, Dinesan M, Ajayakumar T. Survival and quality of life analysis in glioblastoma multiforme with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a retrospective study. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2022; 27:1026-1036. [PMID: 36632307 PMCID: PMC9826661 DOI: 10.5603/rpor.a2022.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary intracranial tumor. Despite modern therapies, it is still fatal with tremendously poor prognosis with a median survival of 14 months. Even though mean survival and progression-free survival (PFS) are considered as primary response measure, it is important to assess the effects of therapies on disease burden and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Changes in quality of life (QoL) indicates the impact of cytotoxic therapy and may aid in defining response in the absence of quantifiable endpoints like tumor regression. The objective was to assess 2-year survival and quality of life in GBM patients who underwent primary surgery followed by chemo-radiotherapy and 6-month adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Materials and methods Single-institution retrospective study of 60 patients of GBM from 2015 to 2017. Data regarding patient factors, disease factors, and treatment factors were collected and survival was calculated. Results 60 patients with GBM were analyzed, male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Patients most commonly presented with headache. Most common tumour site is the frontal lobe. The median overall survival (OS) was 10 months. The 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 30% and 6.7%, respectively. Compared to before surgery patients have showed improved emotional, social and role functioning in Post radiotherapy period. There was a decrease in symptoms like pain, headache and seizures. Conclusions OS and QoL in GBM patients remains poor despite constant research and studies. Maximum safe resection followed by adjuvant temozolomide has shown improvement in OS. Post-surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy patients have shown a decrease in symptoms and better QoL.
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Shao C, Tang H, Wang X, He J, Wang P, Wu N. Oral Contraceptive and Glioma Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:878233. [PMID: 35910887 PMCID: PMC9330220 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.878233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological evidence that glioma has a slight male predominance implies that factors associated with sex hormones may play a role in the development of glioma. The association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and glioma risk remains controversial. Method In the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial of 70,516 women in the USA, Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were adopted to calculate the crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additionally, a meta-analysis combining the PLCO findings with those of other prospective cohorts was performed. Results During a mean follow-up of ~11.7 years, 110 of 70,516 women aged 50–78 years at baseline were diagnosed with glioma in PLCO studies. Compared with never users, an inverse association of borderline significance was found for OC users (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.44–1.04, P = 0.074). Analyses assessing glioma risk according to the duration of OC use yielded no significant association. When PLCO was combined with four other prospective studies, there was an inverse association between OC use and glioma risk (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75–0.97, I2 = 0.0%). Further dose-response analysis showed a nonlinear, inverse relationship between OC use and glioma risk (P < 0.001). Conclusions This study provided some evidence of a nonlinear, inverse association between OC use and glioma risk. Future larger studies are warranted to validate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Graduate Institute, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiaquan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Pan Wang
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Nan Wu
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Allopregnanolone Promotes Migration and Invasion of Human Glioblastoma Cells through the Protein Tyrosine Kinase c-Src Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094996. [PMID: 35563388 PMCID: PMC9105169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBs) are the most aggressive and common primary malignant brain tumors. Steroid hormone progesterone (P4) and its neuroactive metabolites, such as allopregnanolone (3α-THP) are synthesized by neural, glial, and malignant GB cells. P4 promotes cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion of human GB cells at physiological concentrations. It has been reported that 3α-THP promotes GB cell proliferation. Here we investigated the effects of 3α-THP on GB cell migration and invasion, the participation of the enzymes involved in its metabolism (AKR1C1-4), and the role of the c-Src kinase in 3α-THP effects in GBs. 3α-THP 100 nM promoted migration and invasion of U251, U87, and LN229 human-derived GB cell lines. We observed that U251, LN229, and T98G cell lines exhibited a higher protein content of AKR1C1-4 than normal human astrocytes. AKR1C1-4 silencing did not modify 3α-THP effects on migration and invasion. 3α-THP activated c-Src protein at 10 min (U251 cells) and 15 min (U87 and LN229 cells). Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of c-Src decreases the promoting effects of 3α-THP on cell migration and invasion. Together, these data indicate that 3α-THP promotes GB migration and invasion through c-Src activation.
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Fan T, Li C, He J. Prognostic value of immune-related genes and comparative analysis of immune cell infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma: sex differences. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:64. [PMID: 34863300 PMCID: PMC8642994 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most important subtypes of lung cancer. Compared with male LUAD patients, female patients have a higher incidence, but better long-term survival rate, with unknown reasons. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of sex differences on immune cell infiltration in lung tumor microenvironment (TME), and tried to clarify the reasons for the different clinical characteristics of male and female LUAD patients, by conducting a comparative analysis of the TME. Methods Using ESTIMATE algorithm, we calculated immune and stromal scores of tumor samples downloaded from TCGA database according to immune or stromal components in TME. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were conducted to reveal biological processes of these intersecting genes of high- and low-score groups. Cox regression analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed to screen immune-related prognostic genes in female (CCR2, LCP2, and PTPRC) and male (BTK and CCR2) patients. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate prognostic value of these identified genes. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare various indicators of male patients and female patients. The main results were subsequently validated in 420 cases from GSE72094. Results 304 and 368 intersecting genes were identified in female and male patients, respectively. The immune score ranged from −943.17 to 3229.35 among female patients and from −541.75 to 3441.78 among male patients. The stromal score ranged from −1790.23 to 2097.27 among female patients and from −1786.94 to 1722.70 among male patients. The immune and stromal scores of women were higher than those of men (p < 0.05). CCR2, LCP2 and PTPRC were identified as the most important immune-related prognostic genes in female LUAD patients. BTK and CCR2 were identified as the most important immune-related prognostic genes in male LUAD patients. Female patients had a higher proportion of memory B cells than that of male patients, while the percentage of T cells CD4 naïve and resting NK cells was lower in female patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study comprehensively compared the differences in tumor immune microenvironment between male and female LUAD patients, and identified prognosis-related genes for patients of different sexes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13293-021-00406-y. We presented a detailed and comprehensive analysis of immune cell infiltration in tumor microenvironment (TME) of female and male patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We compared the differences in the tumor immune microenvironment between female and male LUAD patients. The density of memory B cells in TME of female patients with LUAD was significantly higher than that of male patients, which may explain that female patients with LUAD have a better prognosis than that of male patients. We identified immune-related genes that predicted the prognosis of female and male LUAD patients, respectively, and their predictive value were verified by another independent cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238th Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238th Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China. .,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Lin HY, Liao KH, Ko CY, Chen GY, Hsu SP, Hung CY, Hsu TI. 17β-estradiol induces temozolomide resistance through NRF2-mediated redox homeostasis in glioblastoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:430-440. [PMID: 34186205 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most fatal cancer among brain tumors, and the standard treatment of GBM patients is surgical tumor resection followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. However, tumors always recur due to the developing drug resistance. It has been shown that neurosteroids, including dehydroepiandrosterone and 17β-estradiol, are synthesized in TMZ-resistant GBM tumors. Therefore, we sought to explore the possible role of 17β-estradiol in the development of drug resistance in GBM. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that aromatase/cytochrome P450 19A1 expression was gradually increased in the development from normal, astrocytoma to GBM. The level of 17β-estradiol was significantly increased in TMZ-resistant cells characterized by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol attenuated TMZ-induced cell death and reduced reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria. In addition, 17β-estradiol attenuated oxidative stress by increasing the expression of superoxide dismutase 1/2, catalase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF) 2. We found that NRF2 expression was essential for the induction of drug resistance by 17β-estradiol through the reduction of oxidative stress in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Lin
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Division of Critical Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Neurotraumatology and Intensive Care, Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yuan Ko
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Hung
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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