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Elmagzoub WA, Idris SM, Elnaiem MHE, Mukhtar ME, Eltayeb E, Bakhiet SM, Okuni JB, Ojok L, El Sanousi SM, El Wahed AA, Gameel AA, Eltom KH. Faecal microbial diversity in a cattle herd infected by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a possible effect of production status. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:276. [PMID: 39037634 PMCID: PMC11263420 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis (PTB) in ruminants, besides having zoonotic potential. It possibly changes the gut microbiome, but no conclusive data are available yet. This study aimed at investigating the influence of MAP on the faecal microbiome of cattle naturally infected with PTB. In a follow up period of 10 months, PTB status was investigated in a herd of dairy cattle with history of clinical cases. Each animal was tested for MAP infection using serum and milk ELISA for MAP anti-bodies and IS900 real-time PCR and recombinase polymerase amplification assays for MAP DNA in the faeces and milk monthly for 4 successive months, then a last one after 6 months. The faecal samples were subjected to 16S rDNA metagenomic analysis using Oxford Nanopore Sequencing Technology. The microbial content was compared between animal groups based on MAP positivity rate and production status. All animals were MAP positive by one or more tests, but two animals were consistently negative for MAP DNA in the faeces. In all animals, the phyla firmicutes and bacteroidetes were highly enriched with a small contribution of proteobacteria, and increased abundance of the families Oscillospiraceae, Planococcaceae, and Streptococcacaceae was noted. Animals with high MAP positivity rate showed comparable faecal microbial content, although MAP faecal positivity had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the microbiome. Generally, richness and evenness indices decreased with increasing positivity rate. A significantly different microbial content was found between dry cows and heifers (p < 0.05). Particularly, Oscillospiraceae and Rikenellaceae were enriched in heifers, while Planococcaceae and Streptococcaceae were overrepresented in dry cows. Furthermore, abundance of 72 genera was significantly different between these two groups (p < 0.05). Changes in faecal microbiome composition were notably associated with increasing MAP shedding in the faeces. The present findings suggest a combined influence of the production status and MAP on the cattle faecal microbiome. This possibly correlates with the fate of the infection, the concern in disease control, again remains for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisal A Elmagzoub
- Department of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Bahri, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Sanaa M Idris
- Department of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Marwa H E Elnaiem
- Department of Botany and Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Mohamed E Mukhtar
- Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - ElSagad Eltayeb
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Neelain University/Ibn Sina Specialised Hospital, Street 17-21, Alamarat, 12217, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sahar M Bakhiet
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Julius B Okuni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lonzy Ojok
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O.Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Sulieman M El Sanousi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ahmed A Gameel
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Kamal H Eltom
- Department of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan.
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Pickrodt C, Donat K, Moog U, Köhler H. Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis in Different Environmental Samples from a Dairy Goat Barn-Implications for Sampling Strategies for Paratuberculosis Diagnostic and Prevention. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101688. [PMID: 37238116 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental samples are often used to classify the paratuberculosis status of cattle herds. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), predominantly through oral ingestion during infancy. In this explorative study, the presence of MAP was determined in the barn environment of a paratuberculosis-infected vaccinated dairy goat herd. A total of 256 bedding, dust, feed, and water samples were collected at eight time points and examined using culture and qPCR. Detection rates of both methods were compared, and factors determining MAP confirmation were identified. MAP was cultured from 28 bedding and one dust sample, while MAP DNA was detected in all materials (117/256). Samples from high animal traffic areas and those collected during the indoor season were more likely to yield positive culture and qPCR results. Cultivation of MAP from kidding pens indicated this area as a possible infection site. Dust proved to be the most suitable material for detecting MAP DNA, as bedding was for MAP culture. Environmental sampling was demonstrated to be an effective way to detect MAP in a dairy goat herd. qPCR results could confirm herd infection, while culture results provided insight into crucial areas for MAP transmission. These findings should be considered when designing farm-specific paratuberculosis control plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pickrodt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Clinic for Obstretics, Gynaecology and Andrology for Large and Small Animal Science with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Karsten Donat
- Clinic for Obstretics, Gynaecology and Andrology for Large and Small Animal Science with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Udo Moog
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Clinical, histopathological, and molecular findings for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in dairy goats under semiarid conditions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102319. [PMID: 36764074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in dairy goats, via description of their clinical presentation, histopathological findings, and molecular identification of the infectious agent. Screening was performed using IS900 real-time PCR (qPCR) in milk samples from 179 properties in the semiarid of Northeast region of Brazil. Pooled milk samples from all lactating goats from processing plants were submitted to molecular diagnosis. One property had a positive result at qPCR. The production unit which had the positive sample for MAP was located, and an on-site visit to this property was performed to collect individual milk samples, seven of which tested MAP positive by IS900 qPCR. With permission from the owner, two goats (Animal 1 was positive and Animal 2 was negative on first qPCR for MAP) were acquired and euthanized. Animals 1 and 2 had milk and portions of the duodenum, ileum, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes positive at qPCR for MAP. Animal 1 also had MAP DNA detected in part of the jejunum and cecum. In animal 2, the ileocecal valve tested positive. MAP was not detected in the blood or feces of either animal; however; it was confirmed for the association of clinical findings, histopathology, and qPCR. The gene IS900 from the positive samples were sequenced and showed a 99% similarity with MAP. The MAP was identified for the first time in the goat milk and tissues in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil.
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Park HE, Park JS, Park HT, Shin JI, Kim KM, Park SR, Choi JG, Jung M, Kang HL, Baik SC, Lee WK, Yoo HS, Shin MK. Fetuin as a potential serum biomarker to detect subclinical shedder of bovine paratuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105675. [PMID: 35820578 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic contagious granulomatous enteritis of wild and domestic ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). PTB causes considerable economic losses to the dairy industry through decreased milk production and premature culling. PTB-affected cattle undergo a subclinical stage without clinical signs and initiate fecal shedding of MAP into the environment. Current diagnostic tools have low sensitivity for the detection of subclinical PTB infection. Therefore, alternative diagnostic tools are required to improve the diagnostic sensitivity of subclinical PTB infection. In this study, we performed ELISA for three previously identified host biomarkers (fetuin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and apolipoprotein) and analyzed their diagnostic performance with conventional PTB diagnostic methods. We observed that serum fetuin levels were significantly lowered in the subclinical shedder and clinical shedder groups than in the healthy control group, indicating its potential utility as a diagnostic biomarker for bovine PTB. Also, fetuin showed an excellent discriminatory power with an AUC = 0.949, a sensitivity of 92.6%, and a specificity of 94.4% for the detection of subclinical MAP infection. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that fetuin could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for enhancing the diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of subclinical MAP infections that are difficult to detect based on current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyu-Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo-Rin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Chul Baik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
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Arteche-Villasol N, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Elguezabal N, Sevilla IA, Vallejo R, Espinosa J, Ferreras MDC, Benavides J, Pérez V. Influence of Heterologous and Homologous Vaccines, and Their Components, on the Host Immune Response and Protection Against Experimental Caprine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:744568. [PMID: 35071374 PMCID: PMC8767014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.744568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against paratuberculosis, a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), has been considered as the most effective control method. However, protection is incomplete, and the mechanisms operating in the response of the animals to vaccination are not fully understood. Therefore, this study analyzed the immune response and the effects on protection against Map infection, elicited by paratuberculosis (Silirum®) and tuberculosis (heat-inactivated M. bovis [HIMB]) vaccines and their components in a caprine experimental model. Fifty goat kids were divided into 10 groups (n = 5) according to their vaccination (Silirum®, HIMB and nonvaccinated), immunization (inactivated bacteria or adjuvant), and/or infection. Oral challenge with Map was performed 45 days postvaccination/immunization (dpv), and animals were euthanized at 190 dpv. Peripheral immune response and proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed monthly by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Local immune response, proportion of tissue lymphocyte subpopulations, Map detection (polymerase chain reaction), and histological examination were conducted in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. All infected groups developed paratuberculosis granulomatous lesions despite vaccination or immunization. The Silirum® and HIMB-vaccinated groups showed a considerable lesion reduction consistent with a significant peripheral cellular and humoral immune response. Besides, a lower number of granulomas were observed in groups immunized with inactivated bacteria and adjuvants in comparison to nonvaccinated and infected group. However, despite not being significant, this reduction was even higher in adjuvant immunized groups, which developed milder granulomatous lesion with no detectable peripheral immune responses associated with immunization. No changes in the peripheral and local proportion of lymphocyte subsets or local immune response were detected in relation to either vaccination/immunization or infection. Despite that paratuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccination showed a partial and cross-protection against Map infection, respectively, only histological examination could assess the progression of infection in these animals. In addition, the pattern observed in the reduction of the lesions in adjuvant immunized groups suggests the possible involvement of a nonspecific immune response that reduces the development of granulomatous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
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Umanets A, Dinkla A, Vastenhouw S, Ravesloot L, Koets AP. Classification and prediction of Mycobacterium Avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) shedding severity in cattle based on young stock heifer faecal microbiota composition using random forest algorithms. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:78. [PMID: 34776001 PMCID: PMC8591832 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine paratuberculosis is a devastating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The development of the paratuberculosis in cattle can take up to a few years and vastly differs between individuals in severity of the clinical symptoms and shedding of the pathogen. Timely identification of high shedding animals is essential for paratuberculosis control and minimization of economic losses. Widely used methods for detection and quantification of MAP, such as culturing and PCR based techniques rely on direct presence of the pathogen in a sample and have little to no predictive value concerning the disease development. In the current study, we investigated the possibility of predicting MAP shedding severity in cattle based on the faecal microbiota composition. Twenty calves were experimentally infected with MAP and faecal samples were collected biweekly up to four years of age. All collected samples were subjected to culturing on selective media to obtain data about shedding severity. Faecal microbiota was profiled in a subset of samples (n = 264). Using faecal microbiota composition and shedding intensity data a random forest classifier was built for prediction of the shedding status of the individual animals. RESULTS The results indicate that machine learning approaches applied to microbial composition can be used to classify cows into groups by severity of MAP shedding. The classification accuracy correlates with the age of the animals and use of samples from older individuals resulted in a higher classification precision. The classification model based on samples from the first 12 months of life showed an AUC between 0.78 and 0.79 (95% CI), while the model based on samples from animals older than 24 months showed an AUC between 0.91 and 0.92 (95% CI). Prediction for samples from animals between 12 and 24 month of age showed intermediate accuracy [AUC between 0.86 and 0.87 (95% CI)]. In addition, the results indicate that a limited number of microbial taxa were important for classification and could be considered as biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence for the link between microbiota composition and severity of MAP infection and shedding, as well as lays ground for the development of predictive diagnostic tools based on the faecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Umanets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Chair Group Youth Food and Health, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Dinkla
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Vastenhouw
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Ravesloot
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ad P. Koets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Taylor EN, Beckmann M, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson G, Rooke D, Mur LAJ, Koets AP. Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein-Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110727. [PMID: 34822384 PMCID: PMC8625860 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes weight loss, diarrhoea, and reduced milk yields in clinically infected cattle. Asymptomatic, subclinically infected cattle shed MAP bacteria but are frequently not detected by diagnostic tests. Herein, we compare the metabolite profiles of sera from subclinically infected Holstein–Friesian heifers and antibody binding to selected MAP antigens. The study used biobanked serum samples from 10 naturally MAP-infected and 10 control heifers, sampled monthly from ~1 to 19 months of age. Sera were assessed using flow infusion electrospray–high-resolution mass spectrometry (FIE–HRMS) on a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole–Orbitrap mass spectrometer for high-throughput, sensitive, non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting. Partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the data discriminated between naturally MAP-infected and control heifers. In total, 33 metabolites that differentially accumulated in naturally MAP-infected heifers compared to controls were identified. Five were significantly elevated within MAP-infected heifers throughout the study, i.e., leukotriene B4, bicyclo prostaglandin E2 (bicyclo PGE2), itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid and N6-acetyl-L-lysine. These findings highlight the potential of metabolomics in the identification of novel MAP diagnostic markers and particular biochemical pathways, which may provide insights into the bovine immune response to MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N. Taylor
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hans-Martin Vordermeier
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
| | - David Rooke
- ProTEM Services Ltd., Horsham, West Sussex RH12 4BD, UK;
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.J.M.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Ad P. Koets
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Population Health Systems, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (L.A.J.M.); (A.P.K.)
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8
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Attempted Control of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Calves by Only Changing the Quality of Milk Fed to Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092569. [PMID: 34573535 PMCID: PMC8464944 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important routes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) transmission in dairy calves is milk. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of milk treatments to prevent MAP infection transmission to calves. A one-year longitudinal study was carried out. Newborn calves were assigned to one of four experimental groups: 5 calves received naturally MAP-contaminated milk, 5 calves received copper treated milk, 4 calves were fed calf milk replacer, and 3 were fed UHT pasteurized milk. MAP load in milk was estimated. Infection progression was monitored monthly. After one year, calves were euthanized, and tissue samples were cultured and visually examined. MAP was undetectable in milk replacer and UHT milk. Copper ion treatment significantly reduced the number of viable MAP in naturally contaminated milk. Fecal shedding of MAP was observed in all study groups but began earlier in calves fed naturally contaminated milk. Paratuberculosis control programs must place multiple hurdles between the infection source, MAP-infected adult cows, and the most susceptible animals on the farm, young calves. As our study shows, strict dependence on a single intervention to block infection transmission, no matter how important, fails to control this insidious infection on dairy farms.
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Karuppusamy S, Mutharia L, Kelton D, Plattner B, Mallikarjunappa S, Karrow N, Kirby G. Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Microorganisms Using Antigenic MAP Cell Envelope Proteins. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615029. [PMID: 33614761 PMCID: PMC7887298 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell envelope proteins from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) that are antigenically distinct from closely related mycobacterial species are potentially useful for Johne's Disease (JD) diagnosis. We evaluated the potential of ELISAs, based on six antigenically distinct recombinant MAP cell envelope proteins (SdhA, FadE25_2, FadE3_2, Mkl, DesA2, and hypothetical protein MAP1233) as well as an extract of MAP total cell envelope proteins, to detect antibodies against MAP in the sera of infected cattle. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of an ELISA based on MAP total cell envelope proteins, when analyzing 153 bovine serum samples, was 75 and 96%, respectively. Analysis of the same samples, using a commercial serum ELISA resulted in a Se of 56% and Sp of 99%. Results of ELISA analysis using plates coated with recombinant cell envelope proteins ranged from a highest Se of 94% and a lowest Sp of 79% for Sdh A to a lowest Se of 67% and a highest Sp of 95% for hypothetical protein MAP1233. Using polyclonal antibodies to MAP total cell envelope proteins, immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal and lymph node tissues from JD-positive cattle detected MAP organisms whereas antibodies to recombinant proteins did not. Finally, polyclonal antibodies to MAP total cell envelope protein and to recombinant SdhA, FadE25_2, and DesA2 proteins immunomagnetically separated MAP microorganisms spiked in PBS. These results suggest that antigenically distinct MAP cell envelope proteins and antibodies to these proteins may have potential to detect MAP infection in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Mutharia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brandon Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Niel Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Rasmussen P, Barkema HW, Mason S, Beaulieu E, Hall DC. Economic losses due to Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3123-3143. [PMID: 33455766 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), or paratuberculosis, is an infectious inflammatory disorder of the intestines primarily associated with domestic and wild ruminants including dairy cattle. The disease, caused by an infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) bacteria, burdens both animals and producers through reduced milk production, premature culling, and reduced salvage values among MAP-infected animals. The economic losses associated with these burdens have been measured before, but not across a comprehensive selection of major dairy-producing regions within a single methodological framework. This study uses a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to estimate the annual losses per cow within MAP-infected herds and the total regional losses due to JD by simulating the spread and economic impact of the disease with region-specific economic variables. It was estimated that approximately 1% of gross milk revenue, equivalent to US$33 per cow, is lost annually in MAP-infected dairy herds, with those losses primarily driven by reduced production and being higher in regions characterized by above-average farm-gate milk prices and production per cow. An estimated US$198 million is lost due to JD in dairy cattle in the United States annually, US$75 million in Germany, US$56 million in France, US$54 million in New Zealand, and between US$17 million and US$28 million in Canada, one of the smallest dairy-producing regions modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rasmussen
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Steve Mason
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Eugene Beaulieu
- Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - David C Hall
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4.
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11
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Facciuolo A, Lee AH, Trimble MJ, Rawlyk N, Townsend HGG, Bains M, Arsic N, Mutharia LM, Potter A, Gerdts V, Napper S, Hancock REW, Griebel PJ. A Bovine Enteric Mycobacterium Infection Model to Analyze Parenteral Vaccine-Induced Mucosal Immunity and Accelerate Vaccine Discovery. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586659. [PMID: 33329565 PMCID: PMC7719698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial diseases of cattle are responsible for considerable production losses worldwide. In addition to their importance in animals, these infections offer a nuanced approach to understanding persistent mycobacterial infection in native host species. Mycobacteriumavium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an enteric pathogen that establishes a persistent, asymptomatic infection in the small intestine. Difficulty in reproducing infection in surrogate animal models and limited understanding of mucosal immune responses that control enteric infection in the natural host have been major barriers to MAP vaccine development. We previously developed a reproducible challenge model to establish a consistent MAP infection using surgically isolated intestinal segments prepared in neonatal calves. In the current study, we evaluated whether intestinal segments could be used to screen parenteral vaccines that alter mucosal immune responses to MAP infection. Using Silirum® – a commercial MAP bacterin – we demonstrate that intestinal segments provide a platform for assessing vaccine efficacy within a relatively rapid period of 28 days post-infection. Significant differences between vaccinates and non-vaccinates could be detected using quantitative metrics including bacterial burden in intestinal tissue, MAP shedding into the intestinal lumen, and vaccine-induced mucosal immune responses. Comparing vaccine-induced responses in mucosal leukocytes isolated from the site of enteric infection versus blood leukocytes revealed substantial inconsistences between these immune compartments. Moreover, parenteral vaccination with Silirum did not induce equal levels of protection throughout the small intestine. Significant control of MAP infection was observed in the continuous but not the discrete Peyer’s patches. Analysis of these regional mucosal immune responses revealed novel correlates of immune protection associated with reduced infection that included an increased frequency of CD335+ innate lymphoid cells, and increased expression of IL21 and IL27. Thus, intestinal segments provide a novel model to accelerate vaccine screening and discovery by testing vaccines directly in the natural host and provides a unique opportunity to interrogate mucosal immune responses to mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amy H Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael J Trimble
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Rawlyk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hugh G G Townsend
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Manjeet Bains
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Natasa Arsic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lucy M Mutharia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philip J Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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12
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A Novel Real-Time PCR-Based Screening Test with Pooled Fecal Samples for Bovine Johne's Disease. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01761-20. [PMID: 32938740 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01761-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is an economically important infectious disease in livestock farming caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis As an alternative to serological tests, which are used mainly for the screening of whole herds, we developed a novel ResoLight-based real-time PCR (RL-PCR) assay with pooled fecal samples for the detection of fecal shedders in cattle herds. The RL-PCR assay included an internal amplification control (IC) which was amplified using the same primer pair as the target molecule M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis IS900 and differentiated based on melting temperatures. Individual fecal suspensions were pooled and concentrated by centrifugation to avoid a loss of sensitivity by the dilution effect. Combined with a DNA extraction kit (Johne-PureSpin; FASMAC), no inhibition of PCR amplification was observed with up to 15 fecal samples in a pool. The detection limit of RL-PCR at a pool size of 10 was 10 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms per gram of feces, which was comparable to that of individual testing. A total of 2,654 animals in 12 infected herds were screened by individual antibody-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the RL-PCR assay using pooled feces. Fifty animals were diagnosed with JD through the screening by RL-PCR, compared with only 5 by ELISA (which were also positive in RL-PCR). In 7 JD-free herds, the results of 4 out of 327 pools (1.2%) were invalid due to the lack of IC amplification, and then animals were confirmed negative individually. Our results suggest that implementation of herd screening by pooled RL-PCR would advance the monitoring and control of JD in cattle herds.
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13
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Jordan AG, Citer LR, McAloon CG, Graham DA, Sergeant ESG, More SJ. Johne's disease in Irish dairy herds: considerations for an effective national control programme. Ir Vet J 2020; 73:18. [PMID: 32818053 PMCID: PMC7427772 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-020-00166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Irish dairy industry has established a reputation for the production of safe and healthy dairy products and is seeking to further expand its export market for high value dairy products. To support its reputation, stakeholders aim to control Johne’s disease. To assist decision-makers determine the most appropriate design for an Irish programme, a narrative review of the scientific literature on the epidemiology of Johne’s disease, and selected control programmes throughout the world was undertaken. Two modelling studies specifically commissioned by Animal Health Ireland to assess testing methods used to demonstrate confidence of freedom in herds and to evaluate a range of possible surveillance strategies provided additional information. The majority of control programmes tend to be voluntary, because of the unique epidemiology of Johne’s disease and limited support for traditional regulatory approaches. While acknowledging that test performance and sub-clinical sero-negative shedders contributes to the spread of infection, a range of socio-political issues also exist that influence programme activities. The paper provides a rationale for the inclusion of a Veterinary Risk Assessment and Management Plan (VRAMP), including voluntary whole herd testing to identify infected herds and to support assurance-based trading through repeated rounds of negative testing, national surveillance for herd-level case-detection, and improved understanding of biosecurity management practices. Identification and promotion of drivers for industry and producer engagement in Ireland is likely to guide the future evolution of the Irish Johne’s Control Programme (IJCP) and further enhance its success. The provision of training, education and extension activities may encourage farmers to adopt relevant farm management practices and help them recognize that they are ultimately responsible for their herd’s health and biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L R Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - C G McAloon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland.,UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | | | - S J More
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland.,UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6 Ireland
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14
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Facciuolo A, Lee AH, Gonzalez Cano P, Townsend HGG, Falsafi R, Gerdts V, Potter A, Napper S, Hancock REW, Mutharia LM, Griebel PJ. Regional Dichotomy in Enteric Mucosal Immune Responses to a Persistent Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1020. [PMID: 32547548 PMCID: PMC7272674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteric Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections are endemic in ruminants globally resulting in significant production losses. The mucosal immune responses occurring at the site of infection, specifically in Peyer's patches (PP), are not well-understood. The ruminant small intestine possesses two functionally distinct PPs. Discrete PPs function as mucosal immune induction sites and a single continuous PP, in the terminal small intestine, functions as a primary lymphoid tissue for B cell repertoire diversification. We investigated whether MAP infection of discrete vs. continuous PPs resulted in the induction of significantly different pathogen-specific immune responses and persistence of MAP infection. Surgically isolated intestinal segments in neonatal calves were used to target MAP infection to individual PPs. At 12 months post-infection, MAP persisted in continuous PP (n = 4), but was significantly reduced (p = 0.046) in discrete PP (n = 5). RNA-seq analysis revealed control of MAP infection in discrete PP was associated with extensive transcriptomic changes (1,707 differentially expressed genes) but MAP persistent in continuous PP elicited few host responses (4 differentially expressed genes). Cytokine gene expression in tissue and MAP-specific recall responses by mucosal immune cells isolated from PP, lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node revealed interleukin (IL)22 and IL27 as unique correlates of protection associated with decreased MAP infection in discrete PP. This study provides the first description of mucosal immune responses occurring in bovine discrete jejunal PPs and reveals that a significant reduction in MAP infection is associated with specific cytokine responses. Conversely, MAP infection persists in the continuous ileal PP with minimal perturbation of host immune responses. These data reveal a marked dichotomy in host-MAP interactions within the two functionally distinct PPs of the small intestine and identifies mucosal immune responses associated with the control of a mycobacterial infection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amy H. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Hugh G. G. Townsend
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Reza Falsafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - R. E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucy M. Mutharia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Philip J. Griebel
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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15
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Taniguchi Y, Sakakibara SI, Fujihara M, Yagi A, Fujiyoshi S. The association between detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA in feces and histopathological classification. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:541-545. [PMID: 32161236 PMCID: PMC7273589 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD), a chronic infectious disease that causes intractable
diarrhea in ruminants. To control the occurrence of JD in cattle, a national surveillance is conducted in Japan. Since 2013, real-time quantitative PCR has been used for definite diagnosis.
In this study, we compared the amount of fecal MAP DNA with histopathological classification of ileocecal lesions. Multinomial logistic regression models enabled us to predict the
probability of finding the histopathological classification from the amount of fecal MAP DNA. These results suggest that shedding level of MAP DNA could act as an indicator of JD
progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Taniguchi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakakibara
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Hokkaido Ishikari Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 3 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujihara
- Hokkiado Livestock Farming Promotion Division, Kita 3 Jo Nishi 6 Chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8588, Japan
| | - Azusa Yagi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Hokkiado Livestock Farming Promotion Division, Kita 3 Jo Nishi 6 Chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8588, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiyoshi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Zen-noh Embryo Transfer Center, 331-11, Nishi 6 Sen, Kamiotofuke, Kamishihoro, Katohgun, Hokkaido 080-1407, Japan
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16
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Influence of Colostrum and Vitamins A, D 3, and E on Early Intestinal Colonization of Neonatal Holstein Calves Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040093. [PMID: 31756892 PMCID: PMC6958420 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of neonates to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) via infected dams is the primary mode of transmission of Johne’s disease. Little is known about the impacts of feeding colostrum and supplemental vitamins on the gut microbiome in calves exposed to MAP. In the present study, calves were assigned at birth to one of six treatment groups: (1) Colostrum deprived (CD), no vitamins; (2) colostrum replacer (CR), no vitamins; (3) CR, vitamin A; (4) CR, vitamin D3; (5) CR, vitamin E; (6) CR, vitamins A, D3, E, with five calves per treatment in a 14-day study. All calves were orally inoculated with MAP on days 1 and 3 of the study. Differences due to vitamin supplementation were not significant but treatment groups CR-A, CR-E, and CR-ADE had higher numbers of MAP-positive tissues overall. Shannon diversity indices demonstrated regional differences in microbial communities, primarily Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, between the ileum, cecum, and spiral colon of all calves. CD calves exhibited increased richness compared with CR calves in the cecum and spiral colon and harbored increased Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes in the mucosa compared with the lumen for all three tissues. Overall, supplementation with vitamins did not appear to influence gut microbiome or impact MAP infection. Feeding of colostrum influenced gut microbiome and resulted in fewer incidences of dysbiosis.
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17
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Rani S, Beaver A, Schukken YH, Pradhan AK. Modeling the effects of infection status and hygiene practices on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis contamination in bulk tank milk. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Corbett CS, de Jong MCM, Orsel K, De Buck J, Barkema HW. Quantifying transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis among group-housed dairy calves. Vet Res 2019; 50:60. [PMID: 31429807 PMCID: PMC6701154 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), with control primarily aimed at preventing new infections among calves. The aim of the current study was to quantify calf-to-calf transmission of MAP among penmates in an experimental trial. Newborn Holstein bull calves (n = 32) were allocated into pens of 4, with 2 inoculated (IN) calves and 2 calves that were contact exposed (CE). Calves were group-housed for 3 months, with frequent collection of fecal and blood samples and tissue collection after euthanasia. The basic reproduction ratio (R0) was estimated using a final size (FS) model with a susceptible-infected model, based on INF-γ ELISA and tissue culture followed by qPCR. In addition, the transmission rate parameter (β) for new shedding events was estimated using a general linearized method (GLM) model with a susceptible-infected-susceptible model based on culture, followed by qPCR, of fecal samples collected during group housing. The R0 was derived for IN and CE calves separately, due to a difference in susceptibility, as well as differences in duration of shedding events. Based on the FS model, interferon-γ results from blood samples resulted in a R0IG of 0.90 (0.24, 2.59) and tissue culture resulted in a R0T of 1.36 (0.45, 3.94). Based on the GLM model, the R0 for CE calves to begin shedding (R0CE) was 3.24 (1.14, 7.41). We concluded that transmission of MAP infection between penmates occurred and that transmission among calves may be an important cause of persistent MAP infection on dairy farms that is currently uncontrolled for in current JD control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6702 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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19
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Is the transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection through milk intended to feed calves an overlooked item in paratuberculosis control programs? Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:89-94. [PMID: 31325018 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As in many parts of the world, Chile shows a high Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection rate. Evidently, the control recommendations have been inefficient. In the author's opinion, the potential risk of MAP transmission to susceptible calves through milk consumption is largely overlooked. Two observational studies were performed, one to confirm MAP shedding in young stock in a high MAP-infected dairy herd and MAP load in milk intended to feed these calves was estimated. In parallel, in a second study, we estimated the relationship between MAP herd seroprevalence and the cow MAP shedding level as well as the presence of this pathogen in milk used to feed dairy calves. In the first study, 53.7% of cows and 22.5% of calves showed positive culture results. Among all cows tested, 9 (2.19%) animals had a positive serum ELISA, and MAP load in milk reached 106 bacteria/mL. In the second study, three seroprevalence categories were established as follows: high (≥ 9%), medium (> 5% and ≤ 9%), and low (≤ 5%). Statistical significant differences among these categories were observed. Animals from the high seroprevalence category shed significantly more MAP than the others. However, in the low category, heavy shedder animals were also observed. Finally, in all study herds, MAP presence in milk intended to feed calves was reported, even from herds without ELISA-positive animals.
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20
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Stinson KJ, Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Resilience to infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis following direct intestinal inoculation in calves. Vet Res 2018; 49:58. [PMID: 30001739 PMCID: PMC6044094 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne’s disease, a chronic enteritis of cattle. A significant knowledge gap is how persistence of Map within the intestinal tract after infection contributes to progression of disease. To address this, we exposed calves to Map by direct ileocecal Peyer’s patch injection. Our objective was to characterize the persistence of Map in tissues, associated intestinal lesions, fecal Map shedding, and serum antibody responses, through the first 28-weeks post-inoculation (wpi). Previous work using this model showed 100% rate of Map infection in intestine and lymph node by 12 wpi. We hypothesized that direct inoculation of Map into the distal small intestine would induce intestinal Map infection with local persistence and progression towards clinical disease. However, our data show decreased persistence of Map in the distal small intestine and draining lymph nodes. We identified Map in multiple sections of distal ileum and draining lymph node of all calves at 4 and 12 wpi, but then we observed reduced Map in distal ileum at 20 wpi, and by 28 wpi we found that 50% of animals had no detectable Map in intestine or the lymph node. This provides evidence of resilience to Map infection following direct intestinal Map inoculation. Further work examining the immune responses and host–pathogen interactions associated with this infection model are needed to help elicit the mechanisms underlying resilience to Map infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Stinson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Camanes G, Joly A, Fourichon C, Ben Romdhane R, Ezanno P. Control measures to prevent the increase of paratuberculosis prevalence in dairy cattle herds: an individual-based modelling approach. Vet Res 2018; 49:60. [PMID: 30005698 PMCID: PMC6044053 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a gastrointestinal disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), can lead to severe economic losses in dairy cattle farms. Current measures are aimed at controlling prevalence in infected herds, but are not fully effective. Our objective was to determine the most effective control measures to prevent an increase in adult prevalence in infected herds. We developed a new individual-based model coupling population and infection dynamics. Animals are characterized by their age (6 groups) and health state (6 states). The model accounted for all transmission routes and two control measures used in the field, namely reduced calf exposure to adult faeces and test-and-cull. We defined three herd statuses (low, moderate, and high) based on realistic prevalence ranges observed in French dairy cattle herds. We showed that the most relevant control measures depend on prevalence. Calf management and test-and-cull both were required to maximize the probability of stabilizing herd status. A reduced calf exposure was confirmed to be the most influential measure, followed by test frequency and the proportion of infected animals that were detected and culled. Culling of detected high shedders could be delayed for up to 3 months without impacting prevalence. Management of low prevalence herds is a priority since the probability of status stabilization is high after implementing prioritized measures. On the contrary, an increase in prevalence was particularly difficult to prevent in moderate prevalence herds, and was only feasible in high prevalence herds if the level of control was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Camanes
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de Bretagne, 56019 Vannes, France
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Alain Joly
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de Bretagne, 56019 Vannes, France
| | | | | | - Pauline Ezanno
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307 Nantes, France
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Corbett CS, Naqvi SA, De Buck J, Kanevets U, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Environmental sample characteristics and herd size associated with decreased herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8092-8099. [PMID: 30126598 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental sampling is an effective method for estimating regional dairy herd-level prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). However, factors affecting prevalence estimates based on environmental samples are not known. The objective was to determine whether odds of environmental samples collected on farm changed culture status over 2 sampling times and if changes were specific for location and type of housing (freestall, tiestall, or loose housing), the sample collected (i.e., manure of lactating, dry, or sick cows; namely, cow group), and effects of herd size. In 2012-2013 [sampling 1 (S1)] and 2015-2017 [sampling 2 (S2)], 6 environmental samples were collected and cultured for MAP from all 167 (99%) and 160 (95%) farms, respectively, in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Only the 148 dairy farms sampled at both sampling periods were included in the analysis. A mixed effects logistic regression was used to determine whether differences between sampling periods were associated with herd size and sample characteristics (cow group contributing to environmental sample, type of housing, and location). In S1 and S2, 55 and 34%, respectively, of farms had at least 1 MAP-positive environmental sample. Correcting for sensitivity of environmental sampling, estimated true prevalence in S1 and S2 was 79 and 48%, respectively. Herds with >200 cows were more often MAP-positive than herds with <51 cows in both S1 and S2. The percentage of positive samples was lower in S2 compared with S1 for all sampled areas, cow groups contributing to samples, types of housing where samples were collected, and herd size categories. However, samples collected from dry cow areas had the largest decrease in MAP-positive samples in S2 compared with all other cow group samples. Herds that were MAP-negative in S1 with a herd size 51 to 100 or 101 to 150 were more likely to stay MAP-negative, whereas MAP-positive herds with >200 cows more frequently stayed MAP-positive. No difference was observed in the odds of a sample being MAP-positive among housing types or location of sample collection in both sample periods. Of all farms sampled, 104 (70%) did not change status from S1 to S2. In conclusion, when herd-level MAP prevalence decreased over the 3-yr interval, the change in prevalence differed among herd size categories and was larger in samples from dry cow areas. It was, however, not specific to other characteristics of environmental samples collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - S Ali Naqvi
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Uliana Kanevets
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1.
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Begg DJ, Plain KM, de Silva K, Gurung R, Gunn A, Purdie AC, Whittington RJ. Immunopathological changes and apparent recovery from infection revealed in cattle in an experimental model of Johne's disease using a lyophilised culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:53-62. [PMID: 29778205 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) or paratuberculosis is an economically significant, chronic enteropathy of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Experimental models of JD in cattle are logistically challenging due to the need for long term monitoring, because the clinical disease can take years to manifest. Three trials were undertaken, the largest involving 20 cattle exposed orally to a low dose of C strain MAP and 10 controls studied for 4.75 years. Frequent blood and faecal sampling was used to monitor immunological and infection parameters, and intestinal biopsies were performed at two time points during the subclinical disease phase. Although clinical disease was not seen, there was evidence of infection in 35% of the animals and at necropsy 10% had histopathological lesions consistent with JD, similar to the proportions expected in naturally infected herds. Faecal shedding occurred in two distinct phases: firstly there was intermittent shedding <∼9 months post-exposure that did not correlate with disease outcomes; secondly, in a smaller cohort of animals, this was followed by more consistent shedding of increasing quantities of MAP, associated with intestinal pathology. There was evidence of regression of histopathological lesions in the ileum of one animal, which therefore had apparently recovered from the disease. Both cattle with histopathological lesions of paratuberculosis at necropsy had low MAP-specific interferon-gamma responses at 4 months post-exposure and later had consistently shed viable MAP; they also had the highest loads of MAP DNA in faeces 4.75 year s post-exposure. In a trial using a higher dose of MAP, a higher proportion of cattle developed paratuberculosis. The information derived from these trials provides greater understanding of the changes that occur during the course of paratuberculosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Begg
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Ratna Gurung
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Alison Gunn
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia.
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Corbett CS, Barkema HW, De Buck J. Quantifying fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis from calves after experimental infection and exposure. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1478-1487. [PMID: 29224863 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes large economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. Fecal shedding of MAP contaminates the environment, feed, and water and contributes to new infections on farm, yet there is limited knowledge regarding mechanisms of shedding, extent of intermittent shedding, and numbers of MAP bacteria shed. The objectives were to (1) compare (in an experimental setting) the frequency at which intermittent shedding occurred and the quantity of MAP shed among pen mates that were inoculated or contact-exposed (CE); and (2) determine whether an association existed between inoculation dose and quantity of MAP shed. In the first experiment, 32 newborn Holstein-Friesian bull calves were allocated to pens in groups of 4, whereby 2 calves were inoculated with a moderate dose (MD; 5 × 108 cfu) of MAP and 2 calves acted as CE. Calves were group-housed for 3 mo, fecal samples were collected and cultured, and culture-positive samples were quantified. In the second experiment, 6 calves were inoculated with either a low (LD) or high (HD) dose of MAP (1 × 108 or 1 × 1010 cfu, respectively), and fecal samples were collected for 3 mo and cultured for detection of MAP. The amount of MAP was quantified using direct extraction (DE) of DNA from fecal samples and F57-specific quantitative PCR. In experiment 1, the average amount of MAP in all culture-positive samples did not differ between MD and CE calves. In experiment 2, when comparing inoculation doses, LD calves had the lowest proportion of MAP-positive culture samples and HD had the highest, but no difference was detected in the average quantity of MAP shed. This study provided new information in regards to Johne's disease research and control regarding shedding from various inoculation doses and from CE animals; these data should inform future trials and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1.
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Evaluation of fecal shedding and antibody response in dairy cattle infected with paratuberculosis using national surveillance data in Japan. Prev Vet Med 2017; 149:38-46. [PMID: 29290299 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD), is a chronic infectious disease causing intractable diarrhea in cattle, which leads to less productivity, such as decreased milk yield, and lower daily weight gain. As a control measure against JD in cattle, national serological surveillance has been conducted in Japan since 1998. To conduct modeling studies that are useful to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures against JD, reliable parameter values, such as length of time from infection to the start of fecal shedding or antibody expression, are especially important. These parameters in the Japanese cattle population are assumed to be different from those in other countries with a higher prevalence of JD or in experimental infection settings; therefore, they must be estimated for the cattle population in Japan. Data from national surveillance conducted in Tokachi District, Hokkaido Prefecture, were used for this study. Using data from JD diagnostic tests for all cattle in Tokachi District between 1998 and 2014, all testing histories for infected animals were estimated as the number of tested cattle and positive cattle at each age of month for both fecal and antibody tests. A deterministic mathematical model for JD development, from infection to fecal shedding and antibody expression in infected cattle, was constructed to obtain the probability of testing positive when applied to both fecal and antibody tests at a given age. Likelihood was obtained from these estimated test results and best values for parameters were obtained using the Markov Chain Monte-Carlo method. Fifty-five percent of infected cattle were projected to have a transient shedding period, which was estimated to start 12 months after infection and last for 4 months. Persistent shedding was projected to occur in all infected cattle, and estimated to begin 7-84 months from infection. Following persistent shedding, antibody expression was estimated to start 7 months later. These values are useful for developing models to evaluate the status of JD infection and the effectiveness of control measures in the Japanese cattle population.
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26
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Whittington RJ, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Purdie AC, Dhand NK, Plain KM. Case definition terminology for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:328. [PMID: 29121939 PMCID: PMC5680782 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is an economically significant condition caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. However, difficulties in diagnosis and classification of individual animals with the condition have hampered research and impeded efforts to halt its progressive spread in the global livestock industry. Descriptive terms applied to individual animals and herds such as exposed, infected, diseased, clinical, sub-clinical, infectious and resistant need to be defined so that they can be incorporated consistently into well-understood and reproducible case definitions. These allow for consistent classification of individuals in a population for the purposes of analysis based on accurate counts. The outputs might include the incidence of cases, frequency distributions of the number of cases by age class or more sophisticated analyses involving statistical comparisons of immune responses in vaccine development studies, or gene frequencies or expression data from cases and controls in genomic investigations. It is necessary to have agreed definitions in order to be able to make valid comparisons and meta-analyses of experiments conducted over time by a given researcher, in different laboratories, by different researchers, and in different countries. In this paper, terms are applied systematically in an hierarchical flow chart to enable classification of individual animals. We propose descriptive terms for different stages in the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis to enable their use in different types of studies and to enable an independent assessment of the extent to which accepted definitions for stages of disease have been applied consistently in any given study. This will assist in the general interpretation of data between studies, and will facilitate future meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - D. J. Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - K. de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - A. C. Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - N. K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - K. M. Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
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27
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Which phenotypic traits of resistance should be improved in cattle to control paratuberculosis dynamics in a dairy herd: a modelling approach. Vet Res 2017; 48:62. [PMID: 29017553 PMCID: PMC5634854 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a worldwide disease causing production losses in dairy cattle herds. Variability of cattle response to exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) has been highlighted. Such individual variability could influence Map spread at larger scale. Cattle resistance to paratuberculosis has been shown to be heritable, suggesting genetic selection could enhance disease control. Our objective was to identify which phenotypic traits characterising the individual course of infection influence Map spread in a dairy cattle herd. We used a stochastic mechanistic model. Resistance consisted in the ability to prevent infection and the ability to cope with infection. We assessed the effect of varying (alone and combined) fourteen phenotypic traits characterising the infection course. We calculated four model outputs 25 years after Map introduction in a naïve herd: cumulative incidence, infection persistence, and prevalence of infected and affected animals. A cluster analysis identified influential phenotypes of cattle resistance. An ANOVA quantified the contribution of traits to model output variance. Four phenotypic traits strongly influenced Map spread: the decay in susceptibility with age (the most effective), the quantity of Map shed in faeces by high shedders, the incubation period duration, and the required infectious dose. Interactions contributed up to 12% of output variance, highlighting the expected added-value of improving several traits simultaneously. Combinations of the four most influential traits decreased incidence to less than one newly infected animal per year in most scenarios. Future genetic selection should aim at improving simultaneously the most influential traits to reduce Map spread in cattle populations.
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28
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Corbett CS, De Buck J, Orsel K, Barkema HW. Fecal shedding and tissue infections demonstrate transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in group-housed dairy calves. Vet Res 2017; 48:27. [PMID: 28454560 PMCID: PMC5410103 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current Johne’s disease control programs primarily focus on decreasing transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from infectious adult cows to susceptible calves. However, potential transmission between calves is largely overlooked. The objective was to determine the extent of MAP infection in calves contact-exposed to infectious penmates. Thirty-two newborn Holstein–Friesian calves were grouped into 7 experimental groups of 4, consisting of 2 inoculated (IN) calves, and 2 contact-exposed (CE) calves, and 1 control pen with 4 non-exposed calves. Calves were group housed for 3 months, with fecal samples were collected 3 times per week, blood and environmental samples weekly, and tissue samples at the end of the trial. The IN calves exited the trial after 3 months of group housing, whereas CE calves were individually housed for an additional 3 months before euthanasia. Control calves were group-housed for the entire trial. All CE and IN calves had MAP-positive fecal samples during the period of group housing; however, fecal shedding had ceased at time of individual housing. All IN calves had MAP-positive tissue samples at necropsy, and 7 (50%) of the CE had positive tissue samples. None of the calves had a humoral immune response, whereas INF-γ responses were detected in all IN calves and 5 (36%) CE calves. In conclusion, new MAP infections occurred due to exposure of infectious penmates to contact calves. Therefore, calf-to-calf transmission is a potential route of uncontrolled transmission on cattle farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Verhegghe M, Rasschaert G, Herman L, Goossens K, Vandaele L, De Bleecker K, Vlaemynck G, Heyndrickx M, De Block J. Reduction of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in colostrum: Development and validation of 2 methods, one based on curdling and one based on centrifugation. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3497-3512. [PMID: 28318591 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate 2 protocols (for use on-farm and at a central location) for the reduction of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in colostrum while preserving beneficial immunoglobulins (IgG). The on-farm protocol was based on curdling of the colostrum, where the IgG remain in the whey and the MAP bacteria are trapped in the curd. First, the colostrum was diluted with water (2 volumes colostrum to 1 volume water) and 2% rennet was added. After incubation (1 h at 32°C), the curd was cut and incubated again, after which whey and curd were separated using a cheesecloth. The curd was removed and milk powder was added to the whey. Approximately 1 log reduction in MAP counts was achieved. A reduction in total proteins and IgG was observed due to initial dilution of the colostrum. After curd formation, more than 95% of the immunoglobulins remained in the whey fraction. The semi-industrial protocol was based on centrifugation, which causes MAP to precipitate, while the IgG remain in the supernatant. This protocol was first developed in the laboratory. The colostrum was diluted with skimmed colostrum (2 volumes colostrum to 1 volume skimmed colostrum), then skimmed and centrifuged (at 15,600 × g for 30 min at room temperature). We observed on average 1.5 log reduction in the MAP counts and a limited reduction in proteins and IgG in the supernatant. To obtain a semi-industrial protocol, dairy pilot appliances were evaluated and the following changes were applied to the protocol: after 2:1 dilution as above, the colostrum was skimmed and subsequently clarified, after which the cream was heat treated and added to the supernatant. To investigate the effect of the colostrum treatment on the nutritional value and palatability of the colostrum and the IgG transfer, an animal experiment was conducted with 24 calves. Six received the dam's colostrum, 6 were given untreated purchased colostrum (control), and 2 groups of 6 calves received colostrum treated according to both of the above-mentioned methods. No significant differences were found between the test groups and the dam's colostrum group in terms of animal health, IgG uptake in the blood serum, milk, or forage uptake. Two protocols to reduce MAP in colostrum (for use on-farm or at a central location) were developed. Both methods preserve the vital IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verhegghe
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - G Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L Herman
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K Goossens
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L Vandaele
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K De Bleecker
- Diergezondheidszorg Vlaanderen (DGZ), Deinze Horsweg 1, 9040 Drongen, Belgium
| | - G Vlaemynck
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - M Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J De Block
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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31
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Roy GL, De Buck J, Wolf R, Mortier RA, Orsel K, Barkema HW. Experimental infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis resulting in decreased body weight in Holstein-Friesian calves. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2017; 58:296-298. [PMID: 28246421 PMCID: PMC5302209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fifty calves inoculated at either 2 weeks or at 3, 6, 9, or 12 months of age with either a low or high dose of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) were on average 32 and 39 kg lower in body weight, respectively, compared to negative controls at 17 months of age.
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Beaver A, Ruegg PL, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Comparative risk assessment for new cow-level Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infections between 3 dairy production types: Organic, conventional, and conventional-grazing systems. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9885-9899. [PMID: 27692718 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease, a granulomatous enteritis of ruminant animals, is a hidden threat on dairy farms, adversely affecting animal welfare as well as herd productivity. Control programs in the United States advocate for specific management practices to temper the spread of the causal organism (Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, MAP), such as improving calving area hygiene and limiting introduction of replacement stock with unknown infection status. A need remains for direct exploration of Johne's disease prevention strategies in the United States with respect to production type. Alongside the growing demand for organic products, the safety of organic dairy practices with respect to MAP control is warranted. Further, conventional herds for which organic practices such as pasture grazing are used should be situated within the risk spectrum. We developed a risk assessment model using the US Voluntary Bovine Johne's Disease Control Program as a framework, with the goal of evaluating the risk of new cow-level MAP infections. A total of 292 organic and conventional farms in 3 states were surveyed on management practices, and an overall analysis was conducted in which each farm was first scored on individual practices using a range of "no risk" to "high risk," according to the literature. The sum of all risk factors was then analyzed to quantify and compare the risk burden for each production type. Organic herds received higher overall risk scores compared with both conventional grazing and nongrazing subtypes. To identify which factors contributed to the overall increased risk for organic herds, the management practices were categorized and evaluated by logistic regression. We determined that the increased risk incurred by organic herds was predominantly due to decisions made in the calving area and preweaned calf group. However, although certain individual risk factors related to calf management are commonly involved in prevention strategies (e.g., cow/calf separation) and were thus included in the overall risk assessment, empirical evidence linking them to the spread of MAP is lacking. Instead, these factors are problematic when executed with other management decisions, leading to a hypothesized synergism of transmission risk. To this end, we developed a set of compound risk factors, which were also evaluated as outcomes in logistic regression models, with production type serving as the predictor of interest. Organic farms in our study were more susceptible to risks associated with the synergism of study variables. Notably, organic producers were most likely to allow calves to spend extended time with the dam, while also lacking a dedicated calving area. Additionally, calves in organic herds were more often permitted to nurse even with poor udder hygiene on farm. A heightened vigilance toward calving area hygiene is therefore indicated for these herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beaver
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; GD Animal Health Service, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
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Khare S, Drake KL, Lawhon SD, Nunes JES, Figueiredo JF, Rossetti CA, Gull T, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Adams LG. Systems Analysis of Early Host Gene Expression Provides Clues for Transient Mycobacterium avium ssp avium vs. Persistent Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Intestinal Infections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161946. [PMID: 27653506 PMCID: PMC5031438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been a quest in ruminants to understand how two very similar mycobacterial species, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium (MAA) lead to either a chronic persistent infection or a rapid-transient infection, respectively. Here, we hypothesized that when the host immune response is activated by MAP or MAA, the outcome of the infection depends on the early activation of signaling molecules and host temporal gene expression. To test our hypothesis, ligated jejuno-ileal loops including Peyer’s patches in neonatal calves were inoculated with PBS, MAP, or MAA. A temporal analysis of the host transcriptome profile was conducted at several times post-infection (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours). When comparing the transcriptional responses of calves infected with the MAA versus MAP, discordant patterns of mucosal expression were clearly evident, and the numbers of unique transcripts altered were moderately less for MAA-infected tissue than were mucosal tissues infected with the MAP. To interpret these complex data, changes in the gene expression were further analyzed by dynamic Bayesian analysis. Bayesian network modeling identified mechanistic genes, gene-to-gene relationships, pathways and Gene Ontologies (GO) biological processes that are involved in specific cell activation during infection. MAP and MAA had significant different pathway perturbation at 0.5 and 12 hours post inoculation. Inverse processes were observed between MAP and MAA response for epithelial cell proliferation, negative regulation of chemotaxis, cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin and regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling. MAP inoculated tissue had significantly lower expression of phagocytosis receptors such as mannose receptor and complement receptors. This study reveals that perturbation of genes and cellular pathways during MAP infection resulted in host evasion by mucosal membrane barrier weakening to access entry in the ileum, inhibition of Ca signaling associated with decreased phagosome-lysosome fusion as well as phagocytosis inhibition, bias toward Th2 cell immune response accompanied by cell recruitment, cell proliferation and cell differentiation; leading to persistent infection. Contrarily, MAA infection was related to cellular responses associated with activation of molecular pathways that release chemicals and cytokines involved with containment of infection and a strong bias toward Th1 immune response, resulting in a transient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States of America
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (LGA)
| | | | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States of America
| | - Jairo E. S. Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States of America
| | - Josely F. Figueiredo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Rossetti
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States of America
| | - Tamara Gull
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America
| | - Harris. A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America
| | - Leslie Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (LGA)
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Derakhshani H, De Buck J, Mortier R, Barkema HW, Krause DO, Khafipour E. The Features of Fecal and Ileal Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Dairy Calves during Early Infection with Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:426. [PMID: 27065983 PMCID: PMC4814471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic tests for Johne's disease (JD), a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), lack the sensitivity to identify infected animals at early (asymptomatic) stages of the disease. The objective was to determine the pattern of MAP-associated dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota as a potential biomarker for early detection of infected cattle. To that end, genomic DNA was extracted from ileal mucosa and fecal samples collected from 28 MAP-positive and five control calves. High-throughput Illumina sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was used for community profiling of ileal mucosa-associated (MAM) or fecal microbiota. The PERMANOVA analysis of unweighted UniFrac distances revealed distinct clustering of ileal MAM (P = 0.049) and fecal microbiota (P = 0.068) in MAP-infected vs. control cattle. Microbiota profile of MAP-infected animals was further investigated by linear discriminant analysis effective size (LEfSe); several bacterial taxa within the phylum Proteobacteria were overrepresented in ileal MAM of control calves. Moreover, based on reconstructed metagenomes (PICRUSt) of ileal MAM, functional pathways associated with MAP infection were inferred. Enrichment of lysine and histidine metabolism pathways, and underrepresentation of glutathione metabolism and leucine and isoleucine degradation pathways in MAP-infected calves suggested potential contributions of ileal MAM in development of intestinal inflammation. Finally, simultaneous overrepresentation of families Planococcaceae and Paraprevotellaceae, as well as underrepresentation of genera Faecalibacterium and Akkermansia in the fecal microbiota of infected cattle, served as potential biomarker for identifying infected cattle during subclinical stages of JD. Collectively, based on compositional and functional shifts in intestinal microbiota of infected cattle, we inferred that this dynamic network of microorganisms had an active role in intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Derakhshani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rienske Mortier
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Denis O Krause
- Department of Animal Science, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
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Wolf R, Barkema HW, De Buck J, Orsel K. Dairy farms testing positive for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis have poorer hygiene practices and are less cautious when purchasing cattle than test-negative herds. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4526-4536. [PMID: 26995127 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease, is present on most dairy farms in Alberta, causing economic losses and presenting a potential public health concern. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify risk factors for Alberta dairy herds being MAP-positive based on environmental samples (ES). Risk assessments were conducted and ES were collected on 354 Alberta dairy farms (62% of eligible producers) voluntarily participating in the Alberta Johne's Disease Initiative. In univariate logistic regression, risk factors addressing animal and pen hygiene, as well as the use of feeding equipment to remove manure and manure application on pastures, were all associated with the number of positive ES. Furthermore, based on factor analysis, risk factors were clustered and could be summarized as 4 independent factors: (1) animal, pen, and feeder contamination; (2) shared equipment and pasture contamination; (3) calf diet; and (4) cattle purchase. Using these factor scores as independent variables in multivariate logistic regression models, a 1-unit increase in animal, pen, and feeder contamination resulted in 1.31 times higher odds of having at least 1 positive ES. Furthermore, a 1-unit increase in cattle purchase also resulted in 1.31 times the odds of having at least 1 positive ES. Finally, a 100-cow increase in herd size resulted in an odds ratio of 2.1 for having at least 1 positive ES. In conclusion, cleanliness of animals, pens, and feeders, as well as cattle purchase practices, affected risk of herd infection with MAP. Therefore, improvements in those management practices should be the focus of effective tools to control MAP on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Ritter C, Wolf R, Adams C, Kelton D, Pickel C, Mason S, Orsel K, De Buck J, Barkema H. Short communication: Herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis is not associated with participation in a voluntary Alberta Johne’s disease control program. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2157-2160. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wolf R, Orsel K, De Buck J, Kanevets U, Barkema HW. Short communication: Evaluation of sampling socks for detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2950-2955. [PMID: 26851860 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease, a production-limiting disease in cattle. Detection of infected herds is often done using environmental samples (ES) of manure, which are collected in cattle pens and manure storage areas. Disadvantages of the method are that sample accuracy is affected by cattle housing and type of manure storage area. Furthermore, some sampling locations (e.g., manure lagoons) are frequently not readily accessible. However, sampling socks (SO), as used for Salmonella spp. testing in chicken flocks, might be an easy to use and accurate alternative to ES. The objective of the study was to assess accuracy of SO for detection of MAP in dairy herds. At each of 102 participating herds, 6 ES and 2 SO were collected. In total, 45 herds had only negative samples in both methods and 29 herds had ≥1 positive ES and ≥1 positive SO. Furthermore, 27 herds with ≥1 positive ES had no positive SO, and 1 herd with no positive ES had 1 positive SO. Bayesian simulation with informative priors on sensitivity of ES and MAP herd prevalence provided a posterior sensitivity for SO of 43.5% (95% probability interval=33-58), and 78.5% (95% probability interval=62-93) for ES. Although SO were easy to use, accuracy was lower than for ES. Therefore, with improvements in the sampling protocol (e.g., more SO per farm and more frequent herd visits), as well as improvements in the laboratory protocol, perhaps SO would be a useful alternative for ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada.
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - U Kanevets
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
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Beaver A, Cazer CL, Ruegg PL, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Implications of PCR and ELISA results on the routes of bulk-tank contamination with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1391-1405. [PMID: 26686723 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in dairy cattle, may enter the bulk tank via environmental contamination or direct excretion into milk. Traditionally, diagnostics to identify MAP in milk target either MAP antibodies (by ELISA) or the organism itself (by culture or PCR). High ELISA titers may be directly associated with excretion of MAP into milk but only indirectly linked to environmental contamination of the bulk tank. Patterns of bulk-milk ELISA and bulk-milk PCR results could therefore provide insight into the routes of contamination and level of infection or environmental burden. Coupled with questionnaire responses pertaining to management, the results of these diagnostic tests could reveal correlations with herd characteristics or on-farm practices that distinguish herds with high and low environmental bulk-tank MAP contamination. A questionnaire on hygiene, management, and Johne's specific parameters was administered to 292 dairy farms in New York, Oregon, and Wisconsin. Bulk-tank samples were collected from each farm for evaluation by real-time PCR and ELISA. Before DNA extraction and testing of the unknown samples, bulk-milk template preparation was optimized with respect to parameters such as MAP fractionation patterns and lysis. Two regression models were developed to explore the relationships among bulk-tank PCR, ELISA, environmental predictors, and herd characteristics. First, ELISA optical density (OD) was designated as the outcome in a linear regression model. Second, the log odds of being PCR positive in the bulk tank were modeled using binary logistic regression with penalized maximum likelihood. The proportion of PCR-positive bulk tanks was highest for New York and for organic farms, providing a clue as to the geographical patterns of MAP-positive bulk-tank samples and relationship to production type. Bulk-milk PCR positivity was also higher for large relative to small herds. The models revealed that bulk-milk PCR result could predict ELISA OD, with PCR-positive results corresponding to high bulk-milk ELISA titers. Similarly, ELISA was a predictor of PCR result, although the association was stronger for organic farms. Despite agreement between high bulk-milk ELISA titers and positive PCR results, a large proportion of high ELISA farms had PCR-negative bulk tanks, suggesting that farms are able to maintain satisfactory hygiene and management despite a presence of MAP in these herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beaver
- Department of Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
| | - C L Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; GD Animal Health Service, Deventer 7400 AA, the Netherlands
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Mortier RA, Barkema HW, Orsel K, Muench GP, Bystrom JM, Illanes O, De Buck J. Longitudinal evaluation of diagnostics in experimentally infected young calves during subclinical and clinical paratuberculosis. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2015; 56:1266-1270. [PMID: 26663923 PMCID: PMC4668818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Five calves were inoculated orally at 2 weeks of age with a dose of 5 × 10(9) colony-forming units of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) on 2 consecutive days. Two calves developed clinical Johne's disease at 12 and 16 months of age after being consistently positive for MAP on fecal culture and antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), starting 2 to 3 weeks and 4 to 5 months after inoculation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeroen De Buck
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Jeroen De Buck; e-mail:
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Wolf R, Barkema H, De Buck J, Orsel K. Factors affecting management changes on farms participating in a Johne’s disease control program. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7784-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mortier RAR, Barkema HW, De Buck J. Susceptibility to and diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy calves: A review. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:189-98. [PMID: 26321657 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary objectives of paratuberculosis control programs are reducing exposure of calves to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), reducing herd infection pressure and regular testing of cattle >36 months of age. Although control programs based on these principles have reduced prevalence of MAP infection in dairy herds, they have generally not eliminated the infection. Recent infection trial(s) have yielded new knowledge regarding diagnostic testing and age- and dose-dependent susceptibility to MAP infection. Calves up to 1 year of age are still susceptible to MAP infection; therefore, control programs should refrain from referring to specific ages with respect to susceptibility and prevention of new infections. Notwithstanding, lesions were more severe when calves were inoculated at 2 weeks versus 1 year of age. Furthermore, a high inoculation dose resulted in more pronounced lesions than a low inoculation dose, especially in young calves. Consequently, keeping infection pressure low should decrease the incidence of new MAP infections and severity of JD in cattle that do acquire the infection. It was also evident that early diagnosis of MAP infection was possible and could improve efficacy of control programs. Although its use will still need to be validated in the field, a combination of antibody ELISA and fecal culture in young stock, in addition to testing cattle >36 months of age when screening a herd for paratuberculosis, was expected to improve detection of dairy cattle infected with MAP. Although calves were inoculated using a standardized method in a controlled environment, there were substantial differences among calves with regards to immune response, shedding and pathology. Therefore, we inferred there were genetic differences in susceptibility. Important insights were derived from experimental infection trials. Therefore, it was expected that these could improve paratuberculosis control programs by reducing severity and incidence of JD by lowering infection pressure on-farm, and reducing exposure of young calves and older cattle. Furthermore, an earlier diagnosis could be achieved by combining ELISA and fecal shedding in young stock, in addition to testing cattle >36 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienske A R Mortier
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Klinkenberg D, Koets A. The long subclinical phase of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infections explained without adaptive immunity. Vet Res 2015; 46:63. [PMID: 26092036 PMCID: PMC4473850 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an infection of the ruminant intestine. In cows, a long subclinical phase with no or low intermittent shedding precedes the clinical phase with high shedding. It is generally considered that an adaptive cell-mediated immune response controls the infection during the subclinical phase, followed by unprotective antibodies later in life. Based on recent observations, we challenge the importance of adaptive immunity and instead suggest a role of the structural organization of infected macrophages in localized granulomatous lesions. We investigated this hypothesis by mathematical modelling. Our first model describes infection in a villus, assuming a constant lesion volume. This model shows the existence of two threshold parameters, the MAP reproduction ratio RMAP determining if a lesion can develop, and the macrophage replacement ratio RMF determining if recruitment of macrophages is sufficient for unlimited growth. We show that changes in RMF during a cow’s life – i.e. changes in the innate immune response – can cause intermittent shedding. Our second model describes infection in a granuloma, assuming a growing lesion volume. This model confirms the results of the villus model, and can explain early slow granuloma development: small granulomas grow slower because bacteria leave the granuloma quickly through the relatively large surface area. In conclusion, our models show that the long subclinical period of MAP infection can result from the structural organization of the infection in granulomatous lesions with an important role for innate rather than adaptive immunity. It thus provides a reasonable hypothesis that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Klinkenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Present address: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720, AB Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Wolf R, Orsel K, De Buck J, Barkema HW. Calves shedding Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are common on infected dairy farms. Vet Res 2015; 46:71. [PMID: 26091858 PMCID: PMC4474329 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne’s disease, a chronic progressive enteritis. It is generally assumed that calves rarely shed MAP bacteria and that calf-to-calf transmission is of minor importance. The objectives were 1) to estimate the prevalence of MAP-shedding young stock in MAP-infected dairy herds, and identify predictors for test-positive young stock; and 2) to estimate proportions of MAP-contaminated young stock group housing pens and air spaces, and furthermore, identify predictors for test-positive pens. Fecal samples were collected from 2606 young stock on 18 MAP-infected dairy farms. Environmental fecal samples were collected from all group-housing pens and dust samples were collected from all barns. All individual samples were analysed using IS900 and F57 qPCR; fecal samples positive by either PCR and all environmental and dust samples were cultured. Overall, 8.1, 1.2 and 2.0% of cattle were positive on IS900 qPCR, F57 qPCR and bacterial culture, respectively. Young stock housed on farms with culture-positive environmental samples collected from adult cow housing and manure storage had higher odds of testing IS900 qPCR-positive than young stock housed on farms with only negative environmental samples. Furthermore, 14% of collected environmental samples, but no dust samples, were test-positive. Age of cattle in the pen was a significant predictor for environmental sample results. Young stock excreted MAP bacteria in their feces which provided strong evidence for calves as sources of within-herd transmission of MAP on dairy farms known to be infected with this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wolf
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Herman Wildrik Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Ahlstrom C, Barkema HW, Stevenson K, Zadoks RN, Biek R, Kao R, Trewby H, Haupstein D, Kelton DF, Fecteau G, Labrecque O, Keefe GP, McKenna SLB, De Buck J. Limitations of variable number of tandem repeat typing identified through whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a national and herd level. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:161. [PMID: 25765045 PMCID: PMC4356054 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative bacterium of Johne’s disease in dairy cattle, is widespread in the Canadian dairy industry and has significant economic and animal welfare implications. An understanding of the population dynamics of MAP can be used to identify introduction events, improve control efforts and target transmission pathways, although this requires an adequate understanding of MAP diversity and distribution between herds and across the country. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) offers a detailed assessment of the SNP-level diversity and genetic relationship of isolates, whereas several molecular typing techniques used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of MAP, such as variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) typing, target relatively unstable repetitive elements in the genome that may be too unpredictable to draw accurate conclusions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of bovine MAP isolates in Canadian dairy herds using WGS and then determine if VNTR typing can distinguish truly related and unrelated isolates. Results Phylogenetic analysis based on 3,039 SNPs identified through WGS of 124 MAP isolates identified eight genetically distinct subtypes in dairy herds from seven Canadian provinces, with the dominant type including over 80% of MAP isolates. VNTR typing of 527 MAP isolates identified 12 types, including “bison type” isolates, from seven different herds. At a national level, MAP isolates differed from each other by 1–2 to 239–240 SNPs, regardless of whether they belonged to the same or different VNTR types. A herd-level analysis of MAP isolates demonstrated that VNTR typing may both over-estimate and under-estimate the relatedness of MAP isolates found within a single herd. Conclusions The presence of multiple MAP subtypes in Canada suggests multiple introductions into the country including what has now become one dominant type, an important finding for Johne’s disease control. VNTR typing often failed to identify closely and distantly related isolates, limiting the applicability of using this typing scheme to study the molecular epidemiology of MAP at a national and herd-level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Scotland. .,University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Roman Biek
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivia Labrecque
- Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale du Québec, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| | - Greg P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
| | - Shawn L B McKenna
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
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De Buck J, Shaykhutdinov R, Barkema HW, Vogel HJ. Metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111872. [PMID: 25372282 PMCID: PMC4221196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of current diagnostics for Johne's disease, a slow, progressing enteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is too low to reliably detect all infected animals in the subclinical stage. The objective was to identify individual metabolites or metabolite profiles that could be used as biomarkers of early MAP infection in ruminants. In a monthly follow-up for 17 months, calves infected at 2 weeks of age were compared with aged-matched controls. Sera from all animals were analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Spectra were acquired, processed, and quantified for analysis. The concentration of many metabolites changed over time in all calves, but some metabolites only changed over time in either infected or non-infected groups and the change in others was impacted by the infection. Hierarchical multivariate statistical analysis achieved best separation between groups between 300 and 400 days after infection. Therefore, a cross-sectional comparison between 1-year-old calves experimentally infected at various ages with either a high- or a low-dose and age-matched non-infected controls was performed. Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS DA) yielded distinct separation of non-infected from infected cattle, regardless of dose and time (3, 6, 9 or 12 months) after infection. Receiver Operating Curves demonstrated that constructed models were high quality. Increased isobutyrate in the infected cattle was the most important agreement between the longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. In general, high- and low-dose cattle responded similarly to infection. Differences in acetone, citrate, glycerol and iso-butyrate concentrations indicated energy shortages and increased fat metabolism in infected cattle, whereas changes in urea and several amino acids (AA), including the branched chain AA, indicated increased protein turnover. In conclusion, metabolomics was a sensitive method for detecting MAP infection much sooner than with current diagnostic methods, with individual metabolites significantly distinguishing infected from non-infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Rustem Shaykhutdinov
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Gene-expression profiling of calves 6 and 9 months after inoculation with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:96. [PMID: 25294045 PMCID: PMC4198621 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of Johne’s disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is essential to reduce transmission; consequently, new diagnostic techniques and approaches to detect MAP or markers of early MAP infection are being explored. The objective was to identify biomarkers associated with MAP infection at 6 and 9 months after oral inoculation. Therefore, gene expression analysis was done using whole blood cells obtained from MAP-infected calves. All MAP-inoculated calves had a cell-mediated immune response (IFN-γ) to Johnin PPD specific antigens, and 60% had an antibody response to MAP antigens. Gene expression analysis at 6 months after inoculation revealed downregulation of chemoattractants, namely neutrophil beta-defensin-9 like peptide (BNBD9-Like), S100 calcium binding protein A9 (s100A9) and G protein coupled receptor 77 (GPR77) or C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (C5a2). Furthermore, BOLA/MHC-1 intracellular antigen presentation gene was downregulated 9 months after inoculation. In parallel, qPCR experiments to evaluate the robustness of some differentially expressed genes revealed consistent downregulation of BOLA/MHC-I, BNBD9-Like and upregulation of CD46 at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months after inoculation. In conclusion, measuring the expression of these genes has potential for implementation in a diagnostic tool for the early detection of MAP infection.
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