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Fu Q, Han X, Zhu C, Jiao W, Liu R, Feng Z, Huang Y, Chen Z, Wan C, Lai Z, Liang Q, Shi S, Cheng L, Chen H, Jiang N, Su J, Fu G, Huang Y. Development of the first officially licensed live attenuated duck hepatitis A virus type 3 vaccine strain HB80 in China and its protective efficacy against DHAV-3 infection in ducks. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104087. [PMID: 39094497 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3) is an infectious virus that is highly fatal to ducklings and causes significant economic losses in the duck industry worldwide. Biosecurity and vaccination are required to control the pathogen. In the present study, we attenuated a lowly pathogenic DHAV-3 clinical isolate, named as HB, by serial passaging in duck embryos, and followed by several adaptive proliferations in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. The virulence of DHAV-3 at different passages was assessed by infecting 3-day-old ducklings. We found that the HB strain lost pathogenicity to ducklings from the 55th passage onwards. The 80th passage strain (HB80), which achieved good growth capacity in duck embryos with a viral titer of 108.17 50% egg lethal dose per milliliter (ELD50/mL), was selected as a live attenuated vaccine candidate. The HB80 strain did not induce clinical symptoms or pathological lesions in 3-day-old ducklings and showed no virulence reversion after 5 rounds of in vivo back-passage. The minimum effective dose of HB80 was determined to be 104.5 ELD50 by hypodermic inoculation of the neck. Importantly, a single dose of HB80 elicited good immune responses and provided complete protection against challenge with the lethal DHAV-3 strain. Compared with the genomic sequence of the parental HB strain, HB80 had 7 amino acid substitutions, two of them are in the hypervariable region of the VP1 and polymerase-encoding 3D regions, which may play a role in virulence attenuation. Our data suggest that the attenuated HB80 strain is a promising vaccine candidate for the prevention of DHAV-3 infections in China. HB80 has been registered as a New Veterinary Drug Registration Certificate by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), and is the first live attenuated DHAV-3 vaccine strain to be officially licensed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Xiangmin Han
- Shanghai Chuanghong Biotech Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201619, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Sinopharm Animal Health Corporation Ltd., Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Wenlong Jiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Rongchang Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- Sinopharm Animal Health Corporation Ltd., Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Yaping Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Minjiang Teachers College, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Chunhe Wan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Zhi Lai
- Shanghai Chuanghong Biotech Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201619, China
| | - Qizhang Liang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Longfei Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Nansong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Jingliang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guanghua Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Industry Technology Innovation Research Academy of Livestock and Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory for Control and Prevention of Avian Diseases, Fuzhou 350013, China.
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Macauslane KL, Pegg CL, Short KR, Schulz BL. Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathways by respiratory viruses. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37934111 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2274840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are amongst the leading causes of death and disability, and the greatest burden of disease impacts children, pregnant women, and the elderly. Respiratory viruses account for the majority of ARIs. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a host homeostatic defence mechanism primarily activated in response to aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein accumulation in cell stresses including viral infection. The UPR has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases, as the respiratory system is particularly vulnerable to chronic and acute activation of the ER stress response pathway. Many respiratory viruses therefore employ strategies to modulate the UPR during infection, with varying effects on the host and the pathogens. Here, we review the specific means by which respiratory viruses affect the host UPR, particularly in association with the high production of viral glycoproteins, and the impact of UPR activation and subversion on viral replication and disease pathogenesis. We further review the activation of UPR in common co-morbidities of ARIs and discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating the UPR in virally induced respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Macauslane
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Xiang Z, Tian Z, Wang G, Liu L, Li K, Wang W, Lei X, Ren L, Wang J. CD74 Interacts with Proteins of Enterovirus D68 To Inhibit Virus Replication. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0080123. [PMID: 37409968 PMCID: PMC10434063 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00801-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a member of the species Enterovirus D in the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. As an emerging non-polio enterovirus, EV-D68 is widely spread all over the world and causes severe neurological and respiratory illnesses. Although the intrinsic restriction factors in the cell provide a frontline defense, the molecular nature of virus-host interactions remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that the major histocompatibility complex class II chaperone, CD74, inhibits EV-D68 replication in infected cells by interacting with the second hydrophobic region of 2B protein, while EV-D68 attenuates the antiviral role of CD74 through 3Cpro cleavage. 3Cpro cleaves CD74 at Gln-125. The equilibrium between CD74 and EV-D68 3Cpro determines the outcome of viral infection. IMPORTANCE As an emerging non-polio enterovirus, EV-D68 is widely spread all over the world and causes severe neurological and respiratory illnesses. Here, we report that CD74 inhibits viral replication in infected cells by targeting 2B protein of EV-D68, while EV-D68 attenuates the antiviral role of CD74 through 3Cpro cleavage. The equilibrium between CD74 and EV-D68 3Cpro determines the outcome of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongqin Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanying Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kailin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Asrani P, Seebohm G, Stoll R. Potassium viroporins as model systems for understanding eukaryotic ion channel behaviour. Virus Res 2022; 320:198903. [PMID: 36037849 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are membrane proteins essential for a plethora of cellular functions including maintaining cell shape, ion homeostasis, cardiac rhythm and action potential in neurons. The complexity and often extensive structure of eukaryotic membrane proteins makes it difficult to understand their basic biological regulation. Therefore, this article suggests, viroporins - the miniature versions of eukaryotic protein homologs from viruses - might serve as model systems to provide insights into behaviour of eukaryotic ion channels in general. The structural requirements for correct assembly of the channel along with the basic functional properties of a K+ channel exist in the minimal design of the viral K+ channels from two viruses, Chlorella virus (Kcv) and Ectocarpus siliculosus virus (Kesv). These small viral proteins readily assemble into tetramers and they sort in cells to distinct target membranes. When these viruses-encoded channels are expressed into the mammalian cells, they utilise their protein machinery and hence can serve as excellent tools to study the cells protein sorting machinery. This combination of small size and robust function makes viral K+ channels a valuable model system for detection of basic structure-function correlations. It is believed that molecular and physiochemical analyses of these viroporins may serve as basis for the development of inhibitors or modulators to ion channel activity for targeting ion channel diseases - so called channelopathies. Therefore, it may provide a potential different scope for molecular pharmacology studies aiming at novel and innovative therapeutics associated with channel related diseases. This article reviews the structural and functional properties of Kcv and Kesv upon expression in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. The mechanisms behind differential protein sorting in Kcv and Kesv are also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospec|NMR, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum D-44780, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospec|NMR, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum D-44780, Germany.
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Cheng ML, Wu CH, Chien KY, Lai CH, Li GJ, Liu YY, Lin G, Ho HY. Enteroviral 2B Interacts with VDAC3 to Regulate Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That Is Essential to Viral Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081717. [PMID: 36016340 PMCID: PMC9416218 DOI: 10.3390/v14081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) 71 caused episodes of outbreaks in China and Southeast Asia during the last few decades. We have previously reported that EV71 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Co-immunoprecipitation-proteomic analysis revealed that enteroviral 2B protein interacted with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3). Knockdown (KD) of VDAC3 expression specifically inhibited enteroviral replication. Single-round viral replication was also inhibited in KD cells, suggesting that VDAC3 plays an essential role in replication. Consistent with this, VDAC3 gene KD significantly reduced the EV71-induced mitochondrial ROS generation. Exogenous 2B expression could induce the mitochondrial ROS generation that was significantly reduced in VDAC3-KD cells or in the Mito-TEMPO-treated cells. Moreover, VDAC3 appears to be necessary for regulation of antioxidant metabolism. VDAC3 gene KD led to the enhancement of such pathways as hypotaurine/taurine synthesis in the infected cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that 2B and VDAC3 interact to enhance mitochondrial ROS generation, which promotes viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsueh Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jie Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Gigin Lin
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Imaging Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yao Ho
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 3318)
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Liu H, Li K, Chen W, Yang F, Cao W, Zhang K, Li P, Tang L, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Senecavirus A 2B protein suppresses type I interferon production by inducing the degradation of MAVS. Mol Immunol 2021; 142:11-21. [PMID: 34959069 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an oncolytic virus, which can propagate in human tumor cells and has been used as an oncolytic virotherapy candidate in humans. Besides, SVA circulates in pigs and causes vesicles and coalescing erosions on the snouts and coronary bands in infected pigs and results in neonatal morbidity. SVA has evolved the ability to suppress host innate immune response to benefit viral replication. SVA 3Cpro and 2C protein inhibit the production of host type I interferon (IFN) by degradation of several components of innate immune pathway. In this study, for the first time, we determined that SVA 2B antagonized host innate immune response in both human and porcine cells. SVA 2B protein degraded mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), a key host molecule in the innate immune pathway, and a colocalization and interaction between 2B and MAVS was observed in the context of viral infection. Further study showed that the 1-48 and 100-128 regions of 2B were essential for inhibition of type I IFN expression. In addition, we determined that 2B degraded MAVS depending on caspase-9 and caspase-3. In conclusion, our results revealed a novel strategy for SVA 2B protein to antagonize host innate immune response, which will help for clarification of the pathogenesis of SVA and provide an insight for oncolytic virotherapy of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Lijie Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
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7
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Mi X, Yang C, Lu Y, Wang H, Qin Q, Chen R, Chen Z, Luo Y, Chen Y, Wei Z, Huang W, Ouyang K. Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of the Pathogenicity of a Porcine Enterovirus G Isolated From China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:712679. [PMID: 34368288 PMCID: PMC8339413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.712679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus G (EV-G) infects porcine populations worldwide and the infections are generally asymptomatic, with the insertion of the papain-like cysteine protease gene (PLCP) increasing the potential public health threats. However, the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of EV-G itself are not fully understood as yet. In the present study, one EV-G strain, named CH/17GXQZ/2017, was isolated and purified from piglets with diarrheic symptoms from the Guangxi Province, China. This strain produced stable cytopathic effects on Marc-145 cells with a titer of 5 × 106 PFU/mL. The spherical enterovirus particles with diameters of 25–30 nm were observed by using transmission electron microscopy. The whole genome sequence of the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain consists of 7,364 nucleotides, and the phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences of VP1 indicated this strain was clustered to the G1 genotype. Seven-day-old piglets were inoculated orally with the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain in order to evaluate its pathogenicity. Although none of the infected piglets died during the experiment, clinical neurological symptoms were observed manifesting as mild hyperemia and Nissl bodies vacuolization in the cerebrum. In addition, the infection with the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain decelerated the weight gain of suckling piglets significantly. This study demonstrates that CH/17GXQZ/2017 is pathogenic to neonatal piglets and advance knowledge on the biological characteristics, evolution and pathogenicity of EV-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunjie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hejie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuying Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ronglin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenkong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunyan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Supasorn O, Tongtawe P, Srimanote P, Rattanakomol P, Thanongsaksrikul J. A nonstructural 2B protein of enterovirus A71 increases cytosolic Ca 2+ and induces apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:201-213. [PMID: 31933192 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the causative agents causing the hand-foot-mouth disease which associated with fatal neurological complications. Several sporadic outbreaks of EV-A71 infections have been recently reported from Asia-Pacific regions and potentially established endemicity in the area. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or antiviral drug for EV-A71 available. This may be attributable to the limited information about its pathogenesis. In this study, the recombinant nonstructural 2B protein of EV-A71 was successfully produced in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and evaluated for its effects on induction of the cell apoptosis and the pathway involved. The EV-A71 2B-transfected SH-SY5Y cells showed significantly higher difference in the cell growth inhibition than the mock and the irrelevant protein controls. The transfected SH-SY5Y cells underwent apoptosis and showed the significant upregulation of caspase-9 (CASP9) and caspase-12 (CASP12) genes at 3- and 24-h post-transfection, respectively. Interestingly, the level of cytosolic Ca2+ was significantly elevated in the transfected SH-SY5Y cells at 6- and 12-h post-transfection. The caspase-9 is activated by mitochondrial signaling pathway while the caspase-12 is activated by ER signaling pathway. The results suggested that EV-A71 2B protein triggered transient increase of the cytosolic Ca2+ level and associated with ER-mitochondrial interactions that drive the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. The detailed mechanisms warrant further studies for understanding the implication of EV-A71 infection in neuropathogenesis. The gained knowledge is essential for the development of the effective therapeutics and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oratai Supasorn
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Rangsit, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsri Tongtawe
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Rangsit, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Rangsit, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Patthaya Rattanakomol
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Rangsit, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Rangsit, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Grozdanov P, Joffret ML, Stoyanova A, Polston P, Achouri E, Nikolova I, Delpeyroux F, Galabov AS. Genome analysis of coxsackievirus B1 isolates during the consecutive alternating administration course of triple antiviral combination in newborn mice. Antivir Chem Chemother 2020; 28:2040206620906061. [PMID: 32041425 PMCID: PMC7013111 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620906061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We developed a new approach for the treatment of enterovirus infections, the consecutive alternating administration (CAA) of a combination of enterovirus inhibitors. On the model of coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) in mice, two phenomena were observed: absence of drug resistance and increased susceptibility to the antivirals. This study aims to clarify the genetic basis of these phenomena. Methods Brain samples from CVB1-infected mice subjected to a CAA course with the combination pleconaril/MDL-860/oxoglaucine were used for viral RNA extraction and next generation sequencing. In parallel, samples from monotherapeutic courses of the three substances included in the combination were studied. Whole genome sequence analysis was carried out on all samples. Results Samples of pleconaril monotherapy showed mutations in 5′untranslated region, VP3, 2C, 3C and 2A regions of viral RNA, translated in amino acid substitution of the 2A protein. The MDL-860 course induced changes in CVB1 RNA in the VP3 and 2C regions. The oxoglaucine monotherapy samples showed RNA mutation and amino acid substitution in the VP1 region and nucleotide substitution in the 3D region. In the specimens taken from mice subjected to the CAA course with pleconaril/MDL-860/oxoglaucine, the following RNA mutations were established: 5′ untranslated region, 2A, and 2B, and amino acids substitutions in VP3 and 2A, which differ from those mentioned above. These changes could be the reason for the prevention of drug resistance development and also to be considered as the basis for the phenomenon of increased drug susceptibility. Conclusions The results reveal that the high anti-enteroviral efficacy of the CAA course is substantiated by the appearance of specific changes in the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Grozdanov
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of
Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Adelina Stoyanova
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of
Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Patsy Polston
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emna Achouri
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris,
France
| | - Ivanka Nikolova
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of
Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Angel S Galabov
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of
Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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10
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Zhi X, Zhang Y, Sun S, Zhang Z, Dong H, Luo X, Wei Y, Lu Z, Dou Y, Wu R, Jiang Z, Weng C, Seong Seo H, Guo H. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection mainly induced by viral RNA and non-structural protein 2B. RNA Biol 2019; 17:335-349. [PMID: 31840571 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a positive-strand RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae. Early studies show that some viruses of Picornaviridae, such as EMCV and EV71, induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our current study demonstrates that FMDV induces the secretion of caspase-1 and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), as well as activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, NLRP3 inflammasome can suppress FMDV replication during virus infection. Both FMDV RNA and viroporin 2B stimulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. FMDV RNA triggers NLRP3 inflammasome through p-NF-κB/p65 pathway not dependent on RIG-I inflammasome. FMDV 2B activates NLRP3 inflammasome through elevation of intracellular ion, but not dependent on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysosomal cathepsin B. It further demonstrates that 2B viroporin activates NLRP3 inflammasome and induces IL-1β in mice, which enhances the specific immune response against FMDV as an ideal self-adjuvant for FMD VLPs vaccine in guinea pigs. The results reveal a series of regulations between NLRP3 inflammasome complex and FMDV. Amino acids 140-145 of 2B is essential for forming an ion channel. By mutating the amino acid and changing the hydrophobic properties, the helical transmembrane region of the viroporin 2B is altered, so that the 2B is insufficient to trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. This study demonstrates the functions of FMDV RNA and 2B viroporin activate NLRP3 inflammasome and provides some useful information for the development of FMD vaccine self-adjuvant, which is also helpful for the establishment of effective prevention strategies by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxi Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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11
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Li Z, Zou Z, Jiang Z, Huang X, Liu Q. Biological Function and Application of Picornaviral 2B Protein: A New Target for Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060510. [PMID: 31167361 PMCID: PMC6630369 DOI: 10.3390/v11060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are associated with acute and chronic diseases. The clinical manifestations of infections are often mild, but infections may also lead to respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, myocarditis, meningitis, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis, with serious impacts on human health and economic losses in animal husbandry. Thus far, research on picornaviruses has mainly focused on structural proteins such as VP1, whereas the non-structural protein 2B, which plays vital roles in the life cycle of the viruses and exhibits a viroporin or viroporin-like activity, has been overlooked. Viroporins are viral proteins containing at least one amphipathic α-helical structure, which oligomerizes to form transmembrane hydrophilic pores. In this review, we mainly summarize recent research data on the viroporin or viroporin-like activity of 2B proteins, which affects the biological function of the membrane, regulates cell death, and affects the host immune response. Considering these mechanisms, the potential application of the 2B protein as a candidate target for antiviral drug development is discussed, along with research challenges and prospects toward realizing a novel treatment strategy for picornavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Li
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Zixiao Zou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Zeju Jiang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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12
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Castaño-Rodriguez C, Honrubia JM, Gutiérrez-Álvarez J, DeDiego ML, Nieto-Torres JL, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA, Fernandez-Delgado R, Verdia-Báguena C, Queralt-Martín M, Kochan G, Perlman S, Aguilella VM, Sola I, Enjuanes L. Role of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporins E, 3a, and 8a in Replication and Pathogenesis. mBio 2018; 9:e02325-17. [PMID: 29789363 PMCID: PMC5964350 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02325-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are viral proteins with ion channel (IC) activity that play an important role in several processes, including virus replication and pathogenesis. While many coronaviruses (CoVs) encode two viroporins, severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) encodes three: proteins 3a, E, and 8a. Additionally, proteins 3a and E have a PDZ-binding motif (PBM), which can potentially bind over 400 cellular proteins which contain a PDZ domain, making them potentially important for the control of cell function. In the present work, a comparative study of the functional motifs included within the SARS-CoV viroporins was performed, mostly focusing on the roles of the IC and PBM of E and 3a proteins. Our results showed that the full-length E and 3a proteins were required for maximal SARS-CoV replication and virulence, whereas viroporin 8a had only a minor impact on these activities. A virus missing both the E and 3a proteins was not viable, whereas the presence of either protein with a functional PBM restored virus viability. E protein IC activity and the presence of its PBM were necessary for virulence in mice. In contrast, the presence or absence of the homologous motifs in protein 3a did not influence virus pathogenicity. Therefore, dominance of the IC and PBM of protein E over those of protein 3a was demonstrated in the induction of pathogenesis in mice.IMPORTANCE Collectively, these results demonstrate key roles for the ion channel and PBM domains in optimal virus replication and pathogenesis and suggest that the viral viroporins and PBMs are suitable targets for antiviral therapy and for mutation in attenuated SARS-CoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Honrubia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gutiérrez-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Nieto-Torres
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Regla-Nava
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Verdia-Báguena
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Maria Queralt-Martín
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Immunomodulation Group, Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdISNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vicente M Aguilella
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Zhu Z, Wang G, Yang F, Cao W, Mao R, Du X, Zhang X, Li C, Li D, Zhang K, Shu H, Liu X, Zheng H. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Viroporin 2B Antagonizes RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Effects by Inhibition of Its Protein Expression. J Virol 2016; 90:11106-11121. [PMID: 27707918 PMCID: PMC5126369 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01310-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cells remains unknown. Here, we showed that RIG-I inhibits FMDV replication in host cells. FMDV infection increased the transcription of RIG-I, while it decreased RIG-I protein expression. A detailed analysis revealed that FMDV leader proteinase (Lpro), as well as 3C proteinase (3Cpro) and 2B protein, decreased RIG-I protein expression. Lpro and 3Cpro are viral proteinases that can cleave various host proteins and are responsible for several of the viral polyprotein cleavages. However, for the first time, we observed 2B-induced reduction of host protein. Further studies showed that 2B-mediated reduction of RIG-I is specific to FMDV, but not other picornaviruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus, enterovirus 71, and coxsackievirus A16. Moreover, we found the decreased protein level of RIG-I is independent of the cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, the induction of cellular apoptosis, or the association of proteasome, lysosome, and caspase pathways. A direct interaction was observed between RIG-I and 2B. The carboxyl-terminal amino acids 105 to 114 and amino acids 135 to 144 of 2B were essential for the reduction of RIG-I, while residues 105 to 114 were required for the interaction. These data suggest the antiviral role of RIG-I against FMDV and a novel antagonistic mechanism of FMDV that is mediated by 2B protein. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that RIG-I could suppress FMDV replication during virus infection. FMDV infection increased the transcriptional expression of RIG-I, while it decreased RIG-I protein expression. FMDV 2B protein interacted with RIG-I and induced reduction of RIG-I. 2B-induced reduction of RIG-I was independent of the induction of the cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma or cellular apoptosis. In addition, proteasome, lysosome, and caspase pathways were not involved in this process. This study provides new insight into the immune evasion mediated by FMDV and identifies 2B as an antagonistic factor for FMDV to evade the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuntian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongbing Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Gao Y, Sun SQ, Guo HC. Biological function of Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural proteins and non-coding elements. Virol J 2016; 13:107. [PMID: 27334704 PMCID: PMC4917953 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) represses host translation machinery, blocks protein secretion, and cleaves cellular proteins associated with signal transduction and the innate immune response to infection. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) and non-coding elements (NCEs) of FMDV play a critical role in these biological processes. The FMDV virion consists of capsid and nucleic acid. The virus genome is a positive single stranded RNA and encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a long structured 5ʹ-untranslated region (5ʹ-UTR) and a short 3ʹ-UTR. The ORF is translated into a polypeptide chain and processed into four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4), 10 NSPs (Lpro, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B1–3, 3Cpro, and 3Dpol), and some cleavage intermediates. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on the molecular pathogenesis of FMDV NSPs and NCEs. This review collected recent research progress on the biological functions of these NSPs and NCEs on the replication and host cellular regulation of FMDV to understand the molecular mechanism of host–FMDV interactions and provide perspectives for antiviral strategy and development of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Abstract
Since the discovery that certain small viral membrane proteins, collectively termed as viroporins, can permeabilize host cellular membranes and also behave as ion channels, attempts have been made to link this feature to specific biological roles. In parallel, most viroporins identified so far are virulence factors, and interest has focused toward the discovery of channel inhibitors that would have a therapeutic effect, or be used as research tools to understand the biological roles of viroporin ion channel activity. However, this paradigm is being shifted by the difficulties inherent to small viral membrane proteins, and by the realization that protein-protein interactions and other diverse roles in the virus life cycle may represent an equal, if not, more important target. Therefore, although targeting the channel activity of viroporins can probably be therapeutically useful in some cases, the focus may shift to their other functions in following years. Small-molecule inhibitors have been mostly developed against the influenza A M2 (IAV M2 or AM2). This is not surprising since AM2 is the best characterized viroporin to date, with a well-established biological role in viral pathogenesis combined the most extensive structural investigations conducted, and has emerged as a validated drug target. For other viroporins, these studies are still mostly in their infancy, and together with those for AM2, are the subject of the present review.
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16
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Viral Membrane Channels: Role and Function in the Virus Life Cycle. Viruses 2015; 7:3261-84. [PMID: 26110585 PMCID: PMC4488738 DOI: 10.3390/v7062771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are small, hydrophobic trans-membrane viral proteins that oligomerize to form hydrophilic pores in the host cell membranes. These proteins are crucial for the pathogenicity and replication of viruses as they aid in various stages of the viral life cycle, from genome uncoating to viral release. In addition, the ion channel activity of viroporin causes disruption in the cellular ion homeostasis, in particular the calcium ion. Fluctuation in the calcium level triggers the activation of the host defensive programmed cell death pathways as well as the inflammasome, which in turn are being subverted for the viruses’ replication benefits. This review article summarizes recent developments in the functional investigation of viroporins from various viruses and their contributions to viral replication and virulence.
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