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Vega-Heredia S, Giffard-Mena I, Reverter M. Bacterial and viral co-infections in aquaculture under climate warming: co-evolutionary implications, diagnosis, and treatment. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 158:1-20. [PMID: 38602294 DOI: 10.3354/dao03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Climate change and the associated environmental temperature fluctuations are contributing to increases in the frequency and severity of disease outbreaks in both wild and farmed aquatic species. This has a significant impact on biodiversity and also puts global food production systems, such as aquaculture, at risk. Most infections are the result of complex interactions between multiple pathogens, and understanding these interactions and their co-evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for developing effective diagnosis and control strategies. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on bacteria-bacteria, virus-virus, and bacterial and viral co-infections in aquaculture as well as their co-evolution in the context of global warming. We also propose a framework and different novel methods (e.g. advanced molecular tools such as digital PCR and next-generation sequencing) to (1) precisely identify overlooked co-infections, (2) gain an understanding of the co-infection dynamics and mechanisms by knowing species interactions, and (3) facilitate the development multi-pathogen preventive measures such as polyvalent vaccines. As aquaculture disease outbreaks are forecasted to increase both due to the intensification of practices to meet the protein demand of the increasing global population and as a result of global warming, understanding and treating co-infections in aquatic species has important implications for global food security and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarahí Vega-Heredia
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada, México, Egresada del Programa de Ecología Molecular y Biotecnología, carretera transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Ivone Giffard-Mena
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada, México
| | - Miriam Reverter
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
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Susceptibility and Permissivity of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae to Cypriniviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030768. [PMID: 36992477 PMCID: PMC10051318 DOI: 10.3390/v15030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an increasingly important model organism in virology. We evaluated its utility in the study of economically important viruses from the genus Cyprinivirus (anguillid herpesvirus 1, cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3)). This revealed that zebrafish larvae were not susceptible to these viruses after immersion in contaminated water, but that infections could be established using artificial infection models in vitro (zebrafish cell lines) and in vivo (microinjection of larvae). However, infections were transient, with rapid viral clearance associated with apoptosis-like death of infected cells. Transcriptomic analysis of CyHV-3-infected larvae revealed upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, in particular those encoding nucleic acid sensors, mediators of programmed cell death and related genes. It was notable that uncharacterized non-coding RNA genes and retrotransposons were also among those most upregulated. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the zebrafish gene encoding protein kinase R (PKR) and a related gene encoding a protein kinase containing Z-DNA binding domains (PKZ) had no impact on CyHV-3 clearance in larvae. Our study strongly supports the importance of innate immunity-virus interactions in the adaptation of cypriniviruses to their natural hosts. It also highlights the potential of the CyHV-3-zebrafish model, versus the CyHV-3-carp model, for study of these interactions.
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Gao Y, Sridhar A, Bernard N, He B, Zhang H, Pirotte S, Desmecht S, Vancsok C, Boutier M, Suárez NM, Davison AJ, Donohoe O, Vanderplasschen AFC. Virus-induced interference as a means for accelerating fitness-based selection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 single-nucleotide variants in vitro and in vivo. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead003. [PMID: 36816049 PMCID: PMC9936792 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the archetype of fish alloherpesviruses and is advantageous to research because, unlike many herpesviruses, it can be studied in the laboratory by infection of the natural host (common and koi carp). Previous studies have reported a negative correlation among CyHV-3 strains between viral growth in vitro (in cell culture) and virulence in vivo (in fish). This suggests the existence of genovariants conferring enhanced fitness in vitro but reduced fitness in vivo and vice versa. Here, we identified the syncytial plaque formation in vitro as a common trait of CyHV-3 strains adapted to cell culture. A comparison of the sequences of virion transmembrane protein genes in CyHV-3 strains, and the use of various recombinant viruses, demonstrated that this trait is linked to a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the open reading frame (ORF) 131 coding sequence (C225791T mutation) that results in codon 183 encoding either an alanine (183A) or a threonine (183T) residue. In experiments involving infections with recombinant viruses differing only by this SNP, the 183A genovariant associated with syncytial plaque formation was the more fit in vitro but the less fit in vivo. In experiments involving coinfection with both viruses, the more fit genovariant contributed to the purifying selection of the less fit genovariant by outcompeting it. In addition, this process appeared to be accelerated by viral stimulation of interference at a cellular level and stimulation of resistance to superinfection at a host level. Collectively, this study illustrates how the fundamental biological properties of some viruses and their hosts may have a profound impact on the degree of diversity that arises within viral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Noah Bernard
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Bo He
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Pirotte
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Salomé Desmecht
- Laboratory of Animal Genomics, GIGA-Medical Genomics, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vancsok
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium.,Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37HD68, Ireland
| | - Alain F C Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
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Diallo MA, Pirotte S, Hu Y, Morvan L, Rakus K, Suárez NM, PoTsang L, Saneyoshi H, Xu Y, Davison A, Tompa P, Sussman J, Vanderplasschen A. A fish herpesvirus highlights functional diversities among Zα domains related to phase separation induction and A-to-Z conversion. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:806-830. [PMID: 36130731 PMCID: PMC9881149 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zalpha (Zα) domains bind to left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA. The Zα domain protein family includes cellular (ADAR1, ZBP1 and PKZ) and viral (vaccinia virus E3 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) ORF112) proteins. We studied CyHV-3 ORF112, which contains an intrinsically disordered region and a Zα domain. Genome editing of CyHV-3 indicated that the expression of only the Zα domain of ORF112 was sufficient for normal viral replication in cell culture and virulence in carp. In contrast, its deletion was lethal for the virus. These observations revealed the potential of the CyHV-3 model as a unique platform to compare the exchangeability of Zα domains expressed alone in living cells. Attempts to rescue the ORF112 deletion by a broad spectrum of cellular, viral, and artificial Zα domains showed that only those expressing Z-binding activity, the capacity to induce liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and A-to-Z conversion, could rescue viral replication. For the first time, this study reports the ability of some Zα domains to induce LLPS and supports the biological relevance of dsRNA A-to-Z conversion mediated by Zα domains. This study expands the functional diversity of Zα domains and stimulates new hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of action of proteins containing Zα domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunlong Hu
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Léa Morvan
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium,Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30387, Poland
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lee PoTsang
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium,Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Hisao Saneyoshi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Chemistry, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Chemistry, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel B-1050, Belgium
| | - Joel L Sussman
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Development of an attenuated vaccine against Koi Herpesvirus Disease (KHVD) suitable for oral administration and immersion. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:106. [PMID: 36068296 PMCID: PMC9448810 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the end of the1990ies, Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (also known as koi herpesvirus, KHV) has caused mass mortality events of koi and common carp all over the globe. This induced a high economic impact, since the KHV disease cannot be cured up to now, but only prevented by vaccination. Unfortunately, there is only one commercial vaccine available which is not approved in most countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new, safe and available vaccines. In this study, a live attenuated vaccine virus was generated by cell culture passages of virulent KHV, and shown to protect carp or koi after immersion or oral application against wild type challenge. An advantage of boost immunization was demonstrated, especially after oral application. Vaccination induced no or mild clinical signs and protecting antibodies have been measured. Additionally, the vaccine virus allowed differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) by PCR. The attenuation of the newly generated vaccine was tracked down to a partial deletion of open reading frame 150. This was confirmed by the generation of engineered ORF150 deletion mutants of wild-type KHV which exhibited a similar attenuation in vivo.
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Donohoe O, Zhang H, Delrez N, Gao Y, Suárez NM, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Genomes of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 Strains Reveal Evolutionary Disparities and Low Genetic Diversity in the Genus Cyprinivirus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050998. [PMID: 34063135 PMCID: PMC8148134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) is a pathogen of eels and a member of the genus Cyprinivirus in the family Alloherpesviridae. We have compared the biological and genomic features of different AngHV-1 strains, focusing on their growth kinetics in vitro and genetic content, diversity, and recombination. Comparisons based on three core genes conserved among alloherpesviruses revealed that AngHV-1 exhibits a slower rate of change and less positive selection than other cypriniviruses. We propose that this may be linked to major differences in host species and corresponding epidemiological circumstances. Efforts to derive evolutionary rate estimates for cypriniviruses under various theoretical models were ultimately unrewarding. We highlight the potential value of future collaborative efforts towards generating short-term evolutionary rate estimates based on known sequence sampling dates. Finally, we revealed that there is significantly less genetic diversity in core gene sequences within cyprinivirus species clades compared to species in the family Herpesviridae. This suggests that cyprinivirus species may have undergone much more vigorous purifying selection post species clade divergence. We discuss whether this may be linked to biological and anthropogenic factors or to sampling bias, and we propose that the comparison of short-term evolutionary rates between species may provide further insights into these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co. N37 HD68 Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (N.M.S.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (N.M.S.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.D.); (H.Z.); (N.D.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-42-64; Fax: +32-4-366-42-61
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A Seasonal Study of Koi Herpesvirus and Koi Sleepy Disease Outbreaks in the United Kingdom in 2018 Using a Pond-Side Test. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020459. [PMID: 33572469 PMCID: PMC7916346 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV)-3 and carp edema virus (CEV), the causative agents of koi herpesvirus disease and koi sleepy disease, respectively, are emerging DNA viruses infecting koi and common carp. Similarities in their clinical presentation present difficulties for its on-site identification based on gross pathology. Fluorescence real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for detecting CyHV-3 and CEV DNA were designed to use border inspection posts and local testing by national authorities for outbreak control. The limit of these tests’ detection (102 and 103 viral copies for CyHV-3 and CEV, respectively) allows for the amplification of viral DNA in clinical samples in less than 20 min. The assays’ field performance was tested with 63 common carp mucus swabs taken during disease investigations in 2018, and the results validated with the reference laboratory analysis. Overall, the good performance, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness of these tests make them good candidates for a point of care test. However, further work is required to incorporate reliable internal controls and improve the sensitivity of these tests’ asymptomatic testing. Abstract Fluorescence real-time LAMP assays were designed for the orf43 gene of CyHV-3 European genotype and the p4a gene of the CEV genogroup I. A third LAMP assay to detect the ef1a gene of the host common carp was designed as an internal control. The limit of detection was 102 and 103 viral copies under 25 min for CyHV-3 and CEV, respectively. The specificity of the CyHV-3 LAMP assay was 95.6% of 72 fish herpesviruses tested. Sixty-three non-lethal common carp mucus swabs were collected across 16 sites during disease investigations. DNA extractions were performed in under 10 min using the QuickExtract™ digestion buffer. The LAMP amplification of CyHV-3 DNA in mucus swabs from clinical cases was detected from 4 to 13 min in 13 sites, while a co-infection of CyHV-3 and CEV was confirmed by LAMP in a single site. The LAMP results agreed with the results of the reference laboratory. The common carp ef1a was amplified only in 61% of the mucus swabs collected, preventing its use as a robust internal control to distinguish false negatives from invalid tests. After further optimization, these tests could be implemented for border inspection posts surveillance and decentralizing testing during disease outbreaks.
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Wang ZH, Ke F, Zhang QY, Gui JF. Structural and Functional Diversity among Five RING Finger Proteins from Carassius Auratus Herpesvirus (CaHV). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020254. [PMID: 33562288 PMCID: PMC7914681 DOI: 10.3390/v13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) has been identified as a high-virulence pathogenic virus that infects aquatic animals, but the key factor for virus–host interaction is still unclear. Five Really interesting new genes (RING) finger proteins (39L, 52L, 131R, 136L, and 143R) of CaHV were screened to determine structural diversity. RING finger proteins were also predicted in other known fish herpesviruses, with an arrangement and number similar to CaHV. We performed multifaceted analyses of the proteins, including protein sizes, skeleton structures, subcellular localizations, and ubiquitination activities, to determine their precise roles in virus–host interactions. The five proteins were overexpressed and detected different levels of ubiquitination activities, and 143R showed the highest activity. Then, the prokaryotic expressed and purified full-length proteins (131R and 136L), RING domain isolates (131R12–43 and 136L45–87), and RING domain-deleted mutants (131RΔ12–43 and 136LΔ45–87) were prepared to detect their activities through ubiquitination assays. The results indicate that both full-length proteins and their isolates have activities that catalyze ubiquitination, and the full-length proteins possess higher activity than the isolates, but RING domain-deleted mutants lose their activities. Furthermore, the activities of the five proteins were verified as E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, showing that the RING domains determine the ubiquitination activity. These proteins present different subcellular localization. RING domain-deleted mutants showed similar subcellular localization with their full-length proteins, and all the isolates diffused in whole cells. The current results indicate that the sequence outside the RING domain determines subcellular localization and the level of ubiquitination activity, suggesting that the RING finger proteins of fish herpesviruses might have diverse functions in virus–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (J.-F.G.); Tel.: +86-027-68780792 (Q.-Y.Z.); +86-027-68780707 (J.-F.G.)
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (J.-F.G.); Tel.: +86-027-68780792 (Q.-Y.Z.); +86-027-68780707 (J.-F.G.)
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Ababneh M, Hananeh W, Alzghoul M. Mass mortality associated with koi herpesvirus in common carp in Iraq. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04827. [PMID: 32923729 PMCID: PMC7476233 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus disease is a serious disease affecting both wild and common carp species in different continents throughout the world. Based on pathological and molecular findings, we document the presence of koi herpesvirus disease in Iraq as a cause of mass mortality among the common carp of the Tigris river. On a macroscopic level, the fish exhibited variably sized skin ulcerations throughout the entire trunk. The gills showed variable degrees of discoloration with an increased amount of slimy mucus. Microscopically, degeneration and necrosis with infiltration of a heterogenous population of inflammatory cells characterized different organs, primarily the skin and gills, with occasional intranuclear inclusion bodies that are consistent with koi herpesvirus disease. A semi-nested PCR assay coupled with sequencing confirmed the pathological diagnosis. Genotyping and sequence analysis of the TK gene, ORF 136 and markers I and II identified the isolated CyHV-3 as variant A1 of the Asian genotype TUSMT1 (J strain) displaying the I++II+ allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Wael Hananeh
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alzghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Ahmadivand S, Soltani M, Shokrpoor S, Rahmati-Holasoo H, El-Matbouli M, Taheri-Mirghaed A. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) transmission and outbreaks in Iran: Detection and characterization in farmed common carp. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104321. [PMID: 32534183 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the presence of Cyprinid Herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Iranian carp farms with cumulative mortality up to 80% during 2015-2016. Pathological signs of disease such as gill necrosis, sunken eyes, and increased slime secretion on the skin and fins were observed in affected fish. The extensive fusion of secondary lamellae with necrotic cells, margination of chromatin, and formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies in gill tissues were also observed by histopathological examination. Most tubular epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cells showed intranuclear inclusion bodies in the kidney. The Iranian CyHV-3 isolates showed identity with Asian strains, and displayed the I++ II+ allele of the Asian lineage, as revealed by sequence analysis of the TK gene, Marker I, and Marker II. The detected isolates were also similar to those detected from koi in the same region of Iran, suggesting the probable transmission of CyHV-3 from ornamental to farmed cyprinids. This represents the first report of CyHV-3 from Iranian farmed common carp to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Ahmadivand
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Sara Shokrpoor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Ali Taheri-Mirghaed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Biocontrol of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: A Review and Future Directions. FISHES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Invasive pest species are recognized as one of the important drivers of reduced global biodiversity. In Australia, the 267 invasive plant, animal and microbial species, established since European colonization in the 1770s, have been unequivocally declared the most important threat to species diversity in this country. One invasive pest, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), has been targeted in an integrated pest management plan that might include cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) as a potential biocontrol agent. The species-specificity of the released virus (and of field variants that will inevitably arise) has been assessed, and the virus judged to be safe. It has also been hypothesised that, because the virulence of the CyHV-3 will likely decline following release, the virus should be used strategically: initially, the aim would be to markedly reduce numbers of carp in naive populations, and then some other, as yet uncertain, complementary broad-scale control measure would knock-down carp numbers even further. Brief results are included from recent studies on the modelling of release and spread of the virus, the ecological and social concerns associated with virus release, and the restoration benefits that might be expected following carp control. We conclude that, while further work is required (on the virus, the target species, environmental issues, and especially the identification of a suitable broad-scale complementary control measure), optimism must prevail in order to ensure an eventual solution to this important environmental problem.
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12
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Shahin K, Soto E, Martínez-López B, Barnum S. Genetic Diversity of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 from Different Geographical Locations during 1999-2019 in the United States of America. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2020; 32:50-56. [PMID: 32069378 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an important pathogen in common and koi carp Cyprinus carpio, varieties. Two main genotypes of KHV have been reported worldwide that are associated with Asian and European origins. In the USA, outbreaks of KHV diseases have been reported in different states since the early 1990s; however, the diversity of KHV is unknown. In the current study, 67 DNA samples that were extracted from clinical cases of koi tissues that were submitted for diagnosis during KHV outbreaks from 10 different states in the USA from 1999 to 2019 were used to investigate their genetic diversity. The thymidine kinase gene was amplified, sequenced, and used for phylogenetic analysis. Our results showed that the KHV isolates that were collected from the different states were clustered in the two known KHV genogroups, where 31 isolates belonged to the Asian genotype branch and 36 to the European genotype branch. The spatiotemporal analysis demonstrated fluctuation of KHV genotypes in the USA, as the main KHV genotype that was detected in koi in the USA from 1999 to 2013 was the European genotype, whereas the Asian KHV genotype appeared to emerge in the USA in 2008, increasing in incidence until 2019. The current study provides evidence on the genetic diversity of KHV in the USA. Future studies that evaluate the virulence of these genetically diverse isolates is warranted to obtain a better understanding of the epidemiology of this re-emerging pathogen. This may provide an improved awareness of the current status of KHV and help to control the disease in the koi population in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Real-Time PCR Research and Diagnostic Core Facility, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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13
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Toffan A, Marsella A, Abbadi M, Abass S, Al-Adhadh B, Wood G, Stone DM. First detection of koi herpesvirus and carp oedema virus in Iraq associated with a mass mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:523-528. [PMID: 31750625 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
At the end of October 2018, a mass fish mortality occurred in Iraq, involving thousands of tons of cultured and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio) along Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Fish were found dead or moribund along rivers coasts, showing lethargy, dyspnoea and flared gills. At necropsy, discoloration patches were noticed on the gills. Wet preparations showed rare metacercariae and Dactylogyrus spp. Samples were subjected to bacteriological tests and virological investigation through real-time PCR and nested PCR. Both were positive for koi herpesvirus (KHV) and carp oedema virus. Results obtained were confirmed by the OIE reference laboratory of KHV disease (KHVD) at Cefas (UK) and by sequence analysis. This is the first report on the detection of both viruses in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Marsella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Gareth Wood
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, UK
| | - David Michael Stone
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, UK
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14
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Padhi SK, Tolo I, McEachran M, Primus A, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Koi herpesvirus and carp oedema virus: Infections and coinfections during mortality events of wild common carp in the United States. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1609-1621. [PMID: 31637761 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV; cyprinid herpesvirus-3) and carp oedema virus (CEV) are important viruses of common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio); however, the distribution of these viruses in wild common carp in North America is largely unknown. During the summers of 2017 and 2018, 27 mass mortalities of common carp were reported from four states in the USA (Minnesota, Iowa, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin), the majority of which were distributed across eight major watersheds in southern Minnesota. Samples from 22 of these mortality events and from five clinically healthy nearby carp populations were screened for KHV, CEV and SVCV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). KHV was confirmed in 13 mortality events, CEV in two mortality events and coinfections of KHV/CEV in four mortality events. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the KHV and CEV detected here are closely related to European lineages of these viruses. While molecular detection alone cannot conclusively link either virus with disease, the cases described here expand the known range of two important viruses. This is also the first reported detection of KHV and CEV coinfections in wild carp populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumesh K Padhi
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Isaiah Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Margaret McEachran
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Primus
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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15
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Fish herpesvirus protein (CaHV-138L) can target to mitochondrial protein FoF1 ATPase. Virus Res 2019; 275:197754. [PMID: 31622636 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herpesvirus infection usually relies on the interaction between viral protein and host protein to enhance replication of the enveloped virus. Fish Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) is highly pathogenic pathogen causing gill acute hemorrhages of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and high moritality rates among those infected fish. The protein of CaHV (CaHV-138 L) containing two transmembrane (TM) domains and an immunoglobulin C-2 Type (IGc2) domain was predicted as a viral membrane protein. In this investigation, fluorescence observation showed that full-length CaHV-138 L mainly localized on the plasma membrane or around nuclear membrane of fish fathead minnow (FHM) cells in a punctate pattern. The TM domain deletion mutants of CaHV-138 L (ΔTM1, ΔTM2, and ΔTM1&ΔTM2) diffusely distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, mainly presented patchy fashion in the cytoplasm, and mainly presented both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, respectively. Obviously, the TM domain deletion mutants significantly affected CaHV-138 L subcellular localization. Meanwhile, colocalization assay showed that the full-length viral protein colocalized with mitochondria. Furthermore, the interaction between CaHV-138 L and host protein was identified by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. The host mitochondrial protein FoF1 ATP synthase (FoF1-ATPase) that interacts with this viral protein was screened. The data indicated that CaHV-138 L can target to mitochondrial protein FoF1-ATPase, which might provide energy for virus replication through mediating mitochondrial ATP synthesis. This study has provided valuable information for better understanding of the links of herpesvirus proteins with aquaculture animal proteins.
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16
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Boutier M, Gao Y, Donohoe O, Vanderplasschen A. Current knowledge and future prospects of vaccines against cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:531-541. [PMID: 31369858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the world's most important and fastest growing food production sectors, with an average annual growth of 5.8% during the period 2001-2016. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the main aquatic species produced for human consumption and is the world's third most produced finfish. Koi carp, on the other hand, are grown as a popular ornamental fish. In the late 1990s, both of these sectors were threatened by the emergence of a deadly disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3; initially called koi herpesvirus or KHV). Since then, several research groups have focused their work on developing methods to fight this disease. Despite increasing knowledge about the pathobiology of this virus, there are currently no efficient and cost-effective therapeutic methods available to fight this disease. Facing the lack of efficient treatments, safe and efficacious prophylactic methods such as the use of vaccines represent the most promising approach to the control of this virus. The common carp production sector is not a heavily industrialized production sector and the fish produced have low individual value. Therefore, development of vaccine methods adapted to mass vaccination are more suitable. Multiple vaccine candidates against CyHV-3 have been developed and studied, including DNA, bacterial vector, inactivated, conventional attenuated and recombinant attenuated vaccines. However, there is currently only one vaccine commercially available in limited regions. The present review aims to summarize and evaluate the knowledge acquired from the study of these vaccines against CyHV-3 and provide discussion on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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17
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Klafack S, Fiston-Lavier AS, Bergmann SM, Hammoumi S, Schröder L, Fuchs W, Lusiastuti A, Lee PY, Heredia SV, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Avarre JC. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 Evolves In Vitro through an Assemblage of Haplotypes that Alternatively Become Dominant or Under-Represented. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080754. [PMID: 31443175 PMCID: PMC6723609 DOI: 10.3390/v11080754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are able to evolve in vitro by mutations after serial passages in cell cultures, which can lead to either a loss, or an increase, of virulence. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), a 295-kb double-stranded DNA virus, is the etiological agent of the koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). To assess the influence of serial passages, an isolate of CyHV-3 (KHV-T) was passaged 99 times onto common carp brain (CCB) cells, and virus virulence was evaluated during passages through the experimental infections of common carp. After 78 CCB passages, the isolate was much less virulent than the original form. A comparative genomic analysis of these three forms of KHV-T (P0, P78 and P99) revealed a limited number of variations. The largest one was a deletion of 1363 bp in the predicted ORF150, which was detected in P78, but not in P99. This unexpected finding was confirmed by conventional PCR and digital PCR. The results presented here primarily suggest that, CyHV-3 evolves, at least in vitro, through an assemblage of haplotypes that alternatively become dominant or under-represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Klafack
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffer-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffer-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Saliha Hammoumi
- ISEM, IRD, CNRS, EPHE, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffer Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffer Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Lusiastuti
- Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Bogor 16129, Indonesia
| | - Pei-Yu Lee
- GenReach Biotechnology, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
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18
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Boutier M, Donohoe O, Kopf RK, Humphries P, Becker JA, Marshall J, Vanderplasschen A. Biocontrol of Carp: The Australian Plan Does Not Stand Up to a Rational Analysis of Safety and Efficacy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:882. [PMID: 31114554 PMCID: PMC6503052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - R Keller Kopf
- School of Environmental Sciences, Institute for Land Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Humphries
- School of Environmental Sciences, Institute for Land Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Joy A Becker
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Water Planning Ecology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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19
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Kopf RK, Boutier M, Finlayson CM, Hodges K, Humphries P, King A, Kingsford RT, Marshall J, McGinness HM, Thresher R, Vanderplasschen A. Biocontrol in Australia: Can a carp herpesvirus (CyHV-3) deliver safe and effective ecological restoration? Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Schröder L, Klafack S, Bergmann SM, Lee PYA, Franzke K, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Characterization of gene deletion mutants of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (koi herpesvirus) lacking the immunogenic envelope glycoproteins pORF25, pORF65, pORF148 and pORF149. Virus Res 2018; 261:21-30. [PMID: 30543872 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) or koi herpesvirus is a global pathogen causing mass mortality in koi and common carp, against which improved vaccines are urgently needed. In this study we investigated the role of four nonessential, but immunogenic envelope glycoproteins encoded by members of the ORF25 gene family (ORF25, ORF65, ORF148 and ORF149) during CyHV-3 replication. Single deletion of ORF65 did not affect in vitro replication, and deletion of ORF148 even slightly enhanced virus growth on common carp brain (CCB) cells. Deletions of ORF25 or ORF149 led to reduced plaque sizes and virus titers, which was due to delayed entry into host cells. An ORF148/ORF149 double deletion mutant exhibited wild-type like growth indicating opposing functions of the two proteins. Electron microscopy of CCB cells infected with either mutant did not indicate any effects on virion formation and maturation in nucleus or cytoplasm, nor on release of enveloped particles. The ORF148, ORF149 and double deletion mutants were also tested in animal experiments using juvenile carp, and proved to be insufficiently attenuated for use as live virus vaccines. However, surviving fish were protected against challenge with wild-type CyHV-3, demonstrating that these antibody inducing proteins are dispensable for an efficient immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandro Klafack
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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21
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McColl KA, Sunarto A, Neave MJ. Biocontrol of Carp: More Than Just a Herpesvirus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2288. [PMID: 30319586 PMCID: PMC6168658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A McColl
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Agus Sunarto
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J Neave
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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22
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Schröder L, Klafack S, Bergmann SM, Fichtner D, Jin Y, Lee PY, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Generation of a potential koi herpesvirus live vaccine by simultaneous deletion of the viral thymidine kinase and dUTPase genes. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:642-655. [PMID: 30230443 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV, Cyprinidherpesvirus 3) causes a fatal disease of koi and common carp. To obtain safe and efficacious live vaccines, we generated deletion mutants of KHV lacking the nonessential genes encoding two enzymes of nucleotide metabolism, thymidine kinase (TK, ORF55) and deoxyuridine-triphosphatase (DUT, ORF123). Since single-deletion mutants based on a KHV isolate from Israel (KHV-I) only exhibited partial attenuation (Fuchs W, Fichtner D, Bergmann SM, Mettenleiter TC. Arch Virol 2011;156 : 1059-1063), a corresponding double mutant was generated and tested in vivo, and shown to be almost avirulent but still protective. To overcome the low in vitro virus titres of KHV-I (≤105 p.f.u. ml-1), single and double TK and DUT deletions were also introduced into a cell culture-adapted KHV strain from Taiwan (KHV-T). The deletions did not affect in vitro virus replication, and all KHV-T mutants exhibited wild-type-like plaque sizes and titres exceeding 107 p.f.u. ml-1, as a prerequisite for economic vaccine production. Compared to wild-type and revertant viruses, the single-deletion mutants of KHV-T were significantly attenuated in vivo, and immersion of juvenile carp in water containing high doses of the double mutant caused almost no fatalities. Nevertheless, the deletion mutants induced similar levels of KHV-specific serum antibodies to the parental wild-type virus, and conferred solid protection against disease after challenge with wild-type KHV. For the convenient differentiation of DNA samples prepared from gill swabs of carp infected with wild-type and TK-deleted KHV we developed a triplex real-time PCR. Thus, KHV-TΔDUT/TK might be suitable as a genetic DIVA vaccine in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schröder
- 1Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandro Klafack
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dieter Fichtner
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yeonhwa Jin
- 2Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pei-Yu Lee
- 3GeneReach Biotechnology Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dirk Höper
- 4Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- 1Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- 1Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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