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Guo J, Lou X, Gong W, Bian J, Liao Y, Wu Q, Jiao Q, Zhang X. The effects of different stress on intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal microecology were discussed based on three typical animal models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953474. [PMID: 36250050 PMCID: PMC9557054 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the effect of intestinal microecological disorders on organismal physiology is not limited to the digestive system, which provides new perspectives for microecological studies and new ideas for clinical diagnosis and prevention of microecology-related diseases. Stress triggers impairment of intestinal mucosal barrier function, which could be duplicated by animal models. In this paper, pathological animal models with high prevalence and typical stressors—corresponding to three major stressors of external environmental factors, internal environmental factors, and social psychological factors, respectively exemplified by burns, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI), and depression models—were selected. We summarized the construction and evaluation of these typical animal models and the effects of stress on the organism and intestinal barrier, as well as systematically discussed the effects of different stresses on the intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal microecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Guo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Lou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Gong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Bian
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Liao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qibin Jiao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingwei Zhang, ; Qibin Jiao,
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingwei Zhang, ; Qibin Jiao,
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Jiang W, Sun Y, Wang H, Hu Z, Song J, Meng C, Duan S, Jiang Z, Yu Y, Hu D. HIF-1α Enhances Vascular Endothelial Cell Permeability Through Degradation and Translocation of Vascular Endothelial Cadherin and Claudin-5 in Rats With Burn Injury. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:258-268. [PMID: 32840299 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying burn injury-induced enhanced vascular endothelial permeability and consequent body fluid extravasation is unclear. Here, the rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were treated with the serum derived from rats with burn injury to elucidate the mechanism. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were grouped as follows (10 rats/group): control, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postburn groups. The heart, liver, kidney, lung, jejunum, and ileum of rats injected with 2% Evans blue (EB) through the tail vein were excised to detect the EB level in each organ. The serum levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of serum from 12-hour postburn group on the membrane permeability of RAEC monolayer, as well as on the mRNA and protein levels of ET-1, endothelin receptor A (ETA), ETB, and zonula occludens (ZO-1), was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The membrane permeability of GV230/HIF-1α-transfected or shRNA-HIF-1α-transfected RAECs, as well as the expression levels of HIF-1α, ET-1, ETA, ETB, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, and claudin-5, was analyzed using qRT-PCR and western blotting, whereas the localization of VE-cadherin and claudin-5 was examined using immunofluorescence. The serum HIF-1α and ET-1 levels in the burn groups, which peaked at 12 hours postburn, were significantly upregulated (P < .01) when compared with those in the control group. Additionally, the serum HIF-1α levels were positively correlated with vascular permeability. Compared with the shRNA-negative control-transfected RAECs, the shRNA-II/HIF-1α-transfected RAECs exhibited downregulated expression of HIF-1α, ET-1, ETA, and ETB (P < .01), and upregulated expression of ZO-1, claudin-5, and VE-cadherin (P < .05). Compared with the GV230-transfected RAECs, the GV230/HIF-1α-transfected RAECs exhibited upregulated expression of HIF-1α, ET-1, ETA, and ETB (P < .01), and downregulated expression of ZO-1, claudin-5, and VE-cadherin (P < .05). The GV230/HIF-1α-transfected RAECs exhibited degradation and translocation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5. In addition to degradation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5, HIF-1α mediated enhanced endothelial cell permeability through upregulation of ET-1, ETA, and ETB, and downregulation of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin in rats with burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Youjun Sun
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Zijian Hu
- 2018 Class of Clinical Medicine (No. 1813010207), The First Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junhui Song
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Chengying Meng
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Shengliang Duan
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Youxin Yu
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Delin Hu
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
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Chan HW, Yang B, Wong W, Blakeley P, Seah I, Tan QSW, Wang H, Bhargava M, Lin HA, Chai CHC, Mangunkusumo EA, Thet N, Yuen YS, Sethi R, Wang S, Hunziker W, Lingam G, Su X. A Pilot Study on MicroRNA Profile in Tear Fluid to Predict Response to Anti-VEGF Treatments for Diabetic Macular Edema. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2920. [PMID: 32927780 PMCID: PMC7564365 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) is an established treatment for center-involving diabetic macular edema (ci-DME). However, the clinical response is heterogeneous. This study investigated miRNAs as a biomarker to predict treatment response to anti-VEGF in DME. (2) Methods: Tear fluid, aqueous, and blood were collected from patients with treatment-naïve DME for miRNA expression profiling with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Differentially expressed miRNAs between good and poor responders were identified from tear fluid. Bioinformatics analysis with the miEAA tool, miRTarBase Annotations, Gene Ontology categories, KEGG, and miRWalk pathways identified interactions between enriched miRNAs and biological pathways. (3) Results: Of 24 participants, 28 eyes received bevacizumab (15 eyes) or aflibercept (13 eyes). Tear fluid had the most detectable miRNA species (N = 315), followed by serum (N = 309), then aqueous humor (N = 134). MiRNAs that correlated with change in macular thickness were miR-214-3p, miR-320d, and hsa-miR-874-3p in good responders; and miR-98-5p, miR-196b-5p, and miR-454-3p in poor responders. VEGF-related pathways and the angiogenin-PRI complex were enriched in good responders, while transforming growth factor-β and insulin-like growth factor pathways were enriched in poor responders. (4) Conclusions: We reported a panel of novel miRNAs that provide insight into biological pathways in DME. Validation in larger independent cohorts is needed to determine the predictive performance of these miRNA candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei Wuen Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Binxia Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (B.Y.); (Q.S.W.T.); (H.W.); (R.S.); (W.H.)
| | - Wendy Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Paul Blakeley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Ivan Seah
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Queenie Shu Woon Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (B.Y.); (Q.S.W.T.); (H.W.); (R.S.); (W.H.)
| | - Haofei Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (B.Y.); (Q.S.W.T.); (H.W.); (R.S.); (W.H.)
| | - Mayuri Bhargava
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Hazel Anne Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Charmaine HC Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Erlangga Ariadarma Mangunkusumo
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Naing Thet
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Yew Sen Yuen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Raman Sethi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (B.Y.); (Q.S.W.T.); (H.W.); (R.S.); (W.H.)
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (B.Y.); (Q.S.W.T.); (H.W.); (R.S.); (W.H.)
| | - Gopal Lingam
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore S118177, Singapore; (H.W.C.); (W.W.); (I.S.); (M.B.); (H.A.L.); (C.H.C.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.); (Y.S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (P.B.); (S.W.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (B.Y.); (Q.S.W.T.); (H.W.); (R.S.); (W.H.)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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MicroRNAs in central nervous system diseases: A prospective role in regulating blood-brain barrier integrity. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113094. [PMID: 31676317 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Given the essential role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the central nervous system (CNS), cumulative investigations have been performed to elucidate how modulation of BBB structural and functional integrity affects the pathogenesis of CNS diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injuries, dementia, and cerebral infection. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the maintenance of the BBB and thereby mediate CNS homeostasis. This review summarizes emerging studies that demonstrate cerebral miRNAs regulate BBB function in CNS disorders, emphasizing the direct role of miRNAs in BBB molecular composition. Evidence presented in this review will encourage a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate BBB function, and facilitate the development of new miRNAs-based therapies in patients with CNS diseases.
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Chen ZH, Jin CD, Chen S, Chen XS, Wang ZE, Liu W, Lin JC. The application of early goal directed therapy in patients during burn shock stage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BURNS AND TRAUMA 2017; 7:27-33. [PMID: 28695055 PMCID: PMC5498846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Early goal directed therapy (EGDT) provided at the earliest stages of burn shock, has significant benefits for ordinary burn patients, however, its effect on patients with more than 80% of total surface area burned (TBSA) still remains unclear. In this study, 34 extensively burned patients with (87.3±5.6)% of total surface area burned were collected from January 2008 to January 2014. All burn patients here had similar monitoring or treatment modalities. Of these 34 burn patients, 13 patients were treated with EGDT under pulse indicator continuous cardiac output (PICCO) monitoring, and 21 patients were treated with conventional fluid management. Information obtained in the course of treatment included mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), blood lactic acid and urine volume, infusion volume (mL·1% TBSA-1·Kg-1), complications of over-resuscitation (hydrothorax or pulmonary edema), case rate of burn sepsis and fatality. Our results demonstrated that there existed significant difference between the two groups in parameters below: 1. Higher ScvO2 (%) after EGDT (EGDT: 78.1±8.6, CG: 65.5±11.2; t=-3.446, P<0.05), 2. Higher PaO2/FiO2 after EGDT (EGDT: 381.4±56.6, CG: 328.9±48.6; t=2-875, P<0.05), 3. Lower mean infusion volume after EGDT (mL·1% TBSA-1·Kg-1) (EGDT: 3.29±0.26, CG: 3.71±0.31; t=5.292, P<0.05), 4. Lower complications of over-resuscitation after EGDT (EGDT: 2/13, CG: 15/21; P<0.05); However, no statistical significance existed in parameters below: 1. MAP (EGDT: 76.2±13.1, CG: 74.3±15.6; t=-0.36, P>0.05), 2. Urine volume (EGDT: 0.83±0.12, CG: 0.85±0.17; t=0.370, P>0.05), 3. Case of burn sepsis (EGDT: 13/13, CG: 20/21; P=1), 4. Case fatality (EGDT: 1/13, CG: 3/21; P=1). The finding results showed that patients with more than 80% of total surface area burned during burn shock phase could get better outcome from EGDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hong Chen
- Department of Burns, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Chang-Dan Jin
- Department of Burns, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Department of Burns, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Song Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Zi-En Wang
- Department of Burns, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Burns, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jian-Chang Lin
- Department of Burns, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
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Liu K, Wang XJ, Li YN, Li B, Qi JS, Zhang J, Wang Y. Tongxinluo Reverses the Hypoxia-suppressed Claudin-9 in Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:442-7. [PMID: 26879018 PMCID: PMC4800845 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.176076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Claudin-5, claudin-9, and claudin-11 are expressed in endothelial cells to constitute tight junctions, and their deficiency may lead to hyperpermeability, which is the initiating process and pathological basis of cardiovascular disease. Although tongxinluo (TXL) has satisfactory antianginal effects, whether and how it modulates claudin-5, claudin-9, and claudin-11 in hypoxia-stimulated human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) have not been reported. Methods: In this study, HCMECs were stimulated with CoCl2 to mimic hypoxia and treated with TXL. First, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of claudin-5, claudin-9, and claudin-11 was confirmed. Then, the protein content and distribution of claudin-9, as well as cell morphological changes were evaluated after TXL treatment. Furthermore, the distribution and content histone H3K9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in the claudin-9 gene promoter, which guarantees transcriptional activation, were examined to explore the underlying mechanism, by which TXL up-regulates claudin-9 in hypoxia-stimulated HCMECs. Results: We found that hypoxia-suppressed claudin-9 gene expression in HCMECs (F = 7.244; P = 0.011) and the hypoxia-suppressed claudin-9 could be reversed by TXL (F = 61.911; P = 0.000), which was verified by its protein content changes (F = 29.142; P = 0.000). Moreover, high-dose TXL promoted the cytomembrane localization of claudin-9 in hypoxia-stimulated HCMECs, with attenuation of cell injury. Furthermore, high-dose TXL elevated the hypoxia-inhibited H3K9ac in the claudin-9 gene promoter (F = 37.766; P = 0.000), activating claudin-9 transcription. Conclusions: The results manifested that TXL reversed the hypoxia-suppressed claudin-9 by elevating H3K9ac in its gene promoter, playing protective roles in HCMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jin-Sheng Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
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Li B, Li Y, Liu K, Wang X, Qi J, Wang B, Wang Y. High glucose decreases claudins-5 and -11 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells: Antagonistic effects of tongxinluo. Endocr Res 2017; 42:15-21. [PMID: 27111519 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2016.1163723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/aim of the study: Claudins-5, -9, and -11 are tight-junction proteins that are mainly expressed in endothelial cells. Their deficiency may lead to cell barrier dysfunction, which is considered as the initiating process and pathological basis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. We investigated whether high glucose (HG) affects claudins-5, -9, and -11 in human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs), and examined the effects of the traditional Chinese medication tongxinluo (TXL) on these tight junction proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS HCMECs were exposed to HG with and without TXL treatment, and then mRNA and protein levels of claudins-5, -9, and -11 were examined. The distribution of claudins-5 and -11 was also investigated. Histone H3K9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in claudin-5 and claudin-11 gene promoters, which functions in transactivation, was measured. RESULTS We found that HG suppressed claudins-5 and -11 gene expression in HCMECs, and TXL reversed the HG-mediated inhibition of claudins-5 and -11 mRNA and protein expressions. Treatment with high-dose of TXL promoted cell membrane localization of claudins-5 and -11 in HG-stimulated HCMECs. Furthermore, high-dose of TXL blocked the inhibition of H3K9ac in claudin-5 and claudin-11 gene promoters caused by exposure to HG, thus activating gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that HG suppressed claudins-5 and -11 in HCMECs, and TXL could reverse the HG-induced suppression of claudins-5 and -11 by increasing H3K9ac in their respective gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- a Department of Biochemistry , Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Yanning Li
- b Department of Molecular Biology , Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry , Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Jinsheng Qi
- a Department of Biochemistry , Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Boya Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry , Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology , Shijiazhuang , PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- b Department of Molecular Biology , Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , PR China
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MicroRNA Regulation of Endothelial Junction Proteins and Clinical Consequence. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5078627. [PMID: 27999452 PMCID: PMC5143735 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5078627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular junctions play a critical role in structural connection and signal communication between cells in various tissues. Although there are structural and functional varieties, cellular junctions include tight junctions, adherens junctions, focal adhesion junctions, and tissue specific junctions such as PECAM-1 junctions in endothelial cells (EC), desmosomes in epithelial cells, and hemidesmosomes in EC. Cellular junction dysfunction and deterioration are indicative of clinical diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ~20 nucleotide, noncoding RNAs that play an important role in posttranscriptional regulation for almost all genes. Unsurprisingly, miRNAs regulate junction protein gene expression and control junction structure integrity. In contrast, abnormal miRNA regulation of junction protein gene expression results in abnormal junction structure, causing related diseases. The major components of tight junctions include zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, claudin-5, and occludin. The miRNA regulation of ZO-1 has been intensively investigated. ZO-1 and other tight junction proteins such as claudin-5 and occludin were positively regulated by miR-126, miR-107, and miR21 in different models. In contrast, ZO-1, claudin-5, and occludin were negatively regulated by miR-181a, miR-98, and miR150. Abnormal tight junction miRNA regulation accompanies cerebral middle artery ischemia, brain trauma, glioma metastasis, and so forth. The major components of adherens junctions include VE-cadherin, β-catenin, plakoglobin, P120, and vinculin. VE-cadherin and β-catenin were regulated by miR-9, miR-99b, miR-181a, and so forth. These regulations directly affect VE-cadherin-β-catenin complex stability and further affect embryo and tumor angiogenesis, vascular development, and so forth. miR-155 and miR-126 have been shown to regulate PECAM-1 and affect neutrophil rolling and EC junction integrity. In focal adhesion junctions, the major components are integrin β4, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Integrin β4 has been regulated by miR-184, miR-205, and miR-9. Paxillin has been regulated by miR-137, miR-145, and miR-218 in different models. FAK has been regulated by miR-7, miR-138, and miR-135. Deregulation of miRNAs is caused by viral infections, tumorigenesis, and so forth. By regulation of posttranscription, miRNAs manipulate junction protein expression in all cellular processes and further determine cellular fate and development. Elucidation of these regulatory mechanisms will become a new alternative therapy for many diseases, such as cancers and inflammatory diseases.
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