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Thumwong A, Poltabtim W, Kerdsang P, Saenboonruang K. Roles of Chitosan as Bio-Fillers in Radiation-Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex and Hybrid Radiation and Peroxide-Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex: Physical/Mechanical Properties under Thermal Aging and Biodegradability. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223940. [PMID: 34833239 PMCID: PMC8618650 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although natural rubber was regarded as biodegradable, the degradation is a time-consuming process that could take weeks or months for any degradation or substantial weight loss to be observable, resulting in the need for novel processes/methods to accelerate the rubber degradation. As a result, this work investigated the potential utilization of chitosan (CS) as a biodegradation enhancer for radiation-vulcanized natural rubber latex (R-VNRL) and hybrid radiation and peroxide-vulcanized natural rubber latex (RP-VNRL) composites, with varying CS contents (0, 2, 4, or 6 phr). The R-VNRL samples were prepared using 15 kGy gamma irradiation, while the RP-VNRL samples were prepared using a combination of 0.1 phr tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHPO) and 10 kGy gamma irradiation. The properties investigated were biodegradability in the soil and the morphological, chemical, mechanical, and physical properties, both before and after undergoing thermal aging. The results indicated that the biodegradability of both the R-VNRL and RP-VNRL composites was enhanced with the addition of CS, as evidenced by increases in the percentage weight loss (% weight loss) after being buried in soil for 8 weeks from 6.5 ± 0.1% and 6.4 ± 0.1% in a pristine R-VNRL and RP-VNRL samples, respectively, to 10.5 ± 0.1% and 10.2 ± 0.1% in 6-pph CS/R-VNRL and 6-pph CS/RP-VNRL composites, respectively, indicating the biodegradation enhancement of approximately 60%. In addition, the results revealed that the addition of CS could increase the value of tensile modulus by 119%, while decrease the values of tensile strength and elongation at break by 50% and 43%, respectively, in the specimens containing 6-phr CS. In terms of the color appearances, the samples were lighter and yellower after the addition of CS, as evidenced by the noticeably increased L* and b* values, based on the CIE L*a*b* color space system. Furthermore, the investigation into the effects of thermal aging showed that the overall tensile properties for both curing systems were reduced, while varying degrees of color change were observed, with the pristine R-VNRL and RP-VNRL samples having more pronounced degradation/changes for both properties. In conclusion, the overall results suggested that CS had great potential to be applied as a bio-filler in R-VNRL and RP-VNRL composites to effectively promote the biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and resistance to thermal degradation of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkarapol Thumwong
- Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.T.); (W.P.); (P.K.)
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Worawat Poltabtim
- Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.T.); (W.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Patcharaporn Kerdsang
- Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.T.); (W.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Kiadtisak Saenboonruang
- Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.T.); (W.P.); (P.K.)
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit of Radiation Technology for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-562-5555 (ext. 646219)
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Material Characterization of Magnetorheological Elastomers with Corroded Carbonyl Iron Particles: Morphological Images and Field-dependent Viscoelastic Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133311. [PMID: 31284462 PMCID: PMC6651396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperatures and humidity could alter the field-dependent rheological properties of MR materials. These environmental phenomena may accelerate the deterioration processes that will affect the long-term rheological reliability of MR materials such as MR elastomer (MRE). This study therefore attempts to investigate the field-dependent rheological characteristics of MRE with corroded carbonyl iron particles (CIPs). The corroded CIPs were treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a way of providing realistic environments in gauging the CIPs reaction towards the ambient conditions. The corroded CIPs along with silicone rubber as a matrix material were used in the fabrication of the MRE samples. To observe the effect of HCl treatment on the CIPs, the morphological observations of MREs with non-corroded and corroded CIPs were investigated via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). In addition, the magnetic properties were examined through the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), while the field-dependent rheological characteristics such as the storage modulus of MRE with the corroded CIPs were also tested and compared with the non-corroded CIPs. The results showed that the corroded CIPs possessed hydrangea-like structures. In the meantime, it was identified that a sudden reduction of up to 114% of the field-dependent MR effect of MRE with the corroded CIPs was observed as a result of the weakened interfacial bonding between the CIPs and the silicon in the outer layers of the CIPs structure.
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Palma-Ramírez D, Domínguez-Crespo M, Torres-Huerta A, Escobar-Barrios V, Dorantes-Rosales H, Willcock H. Dispersion of upconverting nanostructures of CePO4 using rod and semi-spherical morphologies into transparent PMMA/PU IPNs by the sequential route. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sagar M, Nibedita K, Manohar N, Kumar KR, Suchismita S, Pradnyesh A, Reddy AB, Sadiku ER, Gupta UN, Lachit P, Jayaramudu J. A potential utilization of end-of-life tyres as recycled carbon black in EPDM rubber. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 74:110-122. [PMID: 29331488 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
End-of-life (EOL) tyres and their decomposition present severe environmental concern due to their resistance to moisture, oxygen, natural degradation, etc. Pyrolysis is considered to be the most effective and sustainable process for recycling, due to its eco-friendly process. The current work studied the effect of recycled carbon black (rCB), obtained from the pyrolysis of EOL tyres, on the properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM). The rCB was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and chemical methods. rCB was incorporated solely, into a conventional EPDM formulation and also in combination with N550 carbon black. The physico-mechanical properties of the EPDM vulcanizates, before and after aging, were succinctly studied by SEM, TGA, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests and cross-link density. The average particle size of rCB was observed to be 8 µm and the ash content was observed to be higher when compared to the conventional N550 carbon black, which was evident, by the TGA and SEM-EDX analyses. The reinforcing effect and the cross-link density of the rCB-filled vulcanizates were found to be marginally inferior in comparison to the conventional carbon black (N550). The morphology of the tensile- and tear-fractured surfaces were studied by SEM and it was observed that the breaking mechanism follows the rubber chain detachment from the surface mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sagar
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400032, India
| | - K Nibedita
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA), Plot No. 254/1B, Road No. 16V, Wagle Industrial Estate, Thane (West) 400604, India
| | - N Manohar
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA), Plot No. 254/1B, Road No. 16V, Wagle Industrial Estate, Thane (West) 400604, India
| | - K Raj Kumar
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA), Plot No. 254/1B, Road No. 16V, Wagle Industrial Estate, Thane (West) 400604, India
| | - S Suchismita
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA), Plot No. 254/1B, Road No. 16V, Wagle Industrial Estate, Thane (West) 400604, India
| | - A Pradnyesh
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400032, India
| | - A Babul Reddy
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER) and Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Polymer Division, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER) and Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Polymer Division, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - U N Gupta
- Polymer, Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat - 785 006, Assam, India
| | - P Lachit
- Polymer, Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat - 785 006, Assam, India
| | - J Jayaramudu
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA), Plot No. 254/1B, Road No. 16V, Wagle Industrial Estate, Thane (West) 400604, India; Polymer, Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat - 785 006, Assam, India.
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Toyen D, Rittirong A, Poltabtim W, Saenboonruang K. Flexible, lead-free, gamma-shielding materials based on natural rubber/metal oxide composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-017-0584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang J, Si D, Tian T, Ren R. Design and Experimental Study of a Current Transformer with a Stacked PCB Based on B-Dot. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17040820. [PMID: 28394298 PMCID: PMC5422181 DOI: 10.3390/s17040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An electronic current transformer with a B-dot sensor is proposed in this study. The B-dot sensor can realize the current measurement of the transmission line in a non-contact way in accordance with the principle of magnetic field coupling. The multiple electrodes series-opposing structure is applied together with differential input structures and active integrating circuits, which can allow the sensor to operate in differential mode. Maxwell software is adopted to model and simulate the sensor. Optimization of the sensor structural parameters is conducted through finite-element simulation. A test platform is built to conduct the steady-state characteristic, on-off operation, and linearity tests for the designed current transformer under the power-frequency current. As shown by the test results, in contrast with traditional electromagnetic CT, the designed current transformer can achieve high accuracy and good phase-frequency; its linearity is also very good at different distances from the wire. The proposed current transformer provides a new method for electricity larceny prevention and on-line monitoring of the power grid in an electric system, thereby satisfying the development demands of the smart power grid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Diancheng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Chongying Electric Power Design Institute, Chongying 401121, China.
| | - Ran Ren
- Chongying Electric Power Design Institute, Chongying 401121, China.
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