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Nishimura T, Motoi M, Toyoshima H, Kishida F, Shin S, Katsumura T, Nakayama K, Oota H, Higuchi S, Watanuki S, Maeda T. Endocrine, inflammatory and immune responses and individual differences in acute hypobaric hypoxia in lowlanders. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12659. [PMID: 37542110 PMCID: PMC10403528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When lowlanders are exposed to environments inducing hypobaric hypoxia (HH) such as high mountains, hemodynamic changes occur to maintain oxygen levels in the body. However, changes to other physiological functions under such conditions have yet to be clarified. This study investigated changes in endocrine, inflammatory and immune parameters and individual differences during acute HH exposure using a climatic chamber (75 min of exposure to conditions mimicking 3500 m) in healthy lowlanders. Aldosterone and cortisol were significantly decreased and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and white blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly increased after HH. Lower peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was associated with higher IL-6 and WBC counts, and higher IL-8 was associated with higher cortisol. These findings suggest that endocrine, inflammatory and immune responses are evoked even with a short 75-min exposure to HH and individuals with lower SpO2 seemed to show more pronounced responses. Our results provide basic data for understanding the physiological responses and interactions of homeostatic systems during acute HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nishimura
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan.
| | - Midori Motoi
- Department of Living Business, Seika Women's Junior College, 2-12-1 Minamihachiman, Hakata-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-0886, Japan
| | - Hideo Toyoshima
- Fukuoka Urasoe Clinic, BCC Building 9F, 2-12-19 Ropponmatsu, Cyuou-Ku, Fukuoka, 810-0044, Japan
| | - Fumi Kishida
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University, 1-1-1 Chikushigaoka, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8510, Japan
| | - Sora Shin
- Advanced Testing and Evaluation Center, FITI Testing & Research Institute, 79 Magokjungang 8-ro 3-Gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07791, South Korea
| | - Takafumi Katsumura
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwano-ha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oota
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeki Watanuki
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeda
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
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Yasukochi Y, Shin S, Wakabayashi H, Maeda T. Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults. J Physiol Anthropol 2021; 40:16. [PMID: 34686211 PMCID: PMC8533667 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-021-00267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological thermoregulatory systems in humans have been a key factor for adaptation to local environments after their exodus from Africa, particularly, to cold environments outside Africa. Recent studies using high-throughput sequencing have identified various genes responsible for cold adaptation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying initial thermoregulation in response to acute cold exposure remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated transcriptional profiles of six young Japanese male adults exposed to acute cold stress. METHODS In a climatic chamber, the air temperature was maintained at 28°C for 65 min and was then gradually decreased to 19°C for 70 min. Saliva samples were obtained from the subjects at 28°C before and after 19°C cold exposure and were used for RNA sequencing. RESULTS In the cold exposure experiment, expression levels of 14 genes were significantly changed [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05] although the degree of transcriptional changes was not high due to experimental conditions or blunted transcriptional reaction in saliva to cold stress. As a result, differential gene expression analyses detected the cathepsin L (CTSL) gene to be significantly upregulated, with FDR < 0.05 and log2 fold change value > 1; thus, this gene was identified as a differentially expressed gene. Given that the cathepsin L protein is related to invasion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), mild cold stress might alter the susceptibility to coronavirus disease-19 in humans. The gene ontology enrichment analysis for 14 genes with FDR < 0.05 suggested that immune-related molecules could be activated by mild cold stress. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this study indicate that CTSL expression levels can be altered by acute mild cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yasukochi
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Organization for the Promotion of Regional Innovation, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
- Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Sora Shin
- Department of Human Science, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Wakabayashi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeda
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
- Physiological Anthropology Research Center, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
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