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Cansız D, Özokan G, Bilginer A, Işıkoğlu S, Mızrak Z, Ünal İ, Beler M, Alturfan AA, Emekli-Alturfan E. Effects of benzoic acid synthesized from Cinnamomum cassia by green chemistry on valproic acid-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:833-843. [PMID: 38888055 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2364899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Benzoic acid, the most basic aromatic carboxylic acid, is produced industrially and used in cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical items as a flavoring ingredient and/or preservative. The significance of sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon, used as a food preservative and FDA-approved medication to treat urea cycle abnormalities in humans, has been shown to raise the levels of neurotrophic factors. Valproic acid (VPA), a commonly used anti-epileptic and mood-stabilizing medication, causes behavioral and intellectual problems and is a commonly used agent to induce animal model for autism. Aim of this study is to determine the effects of benzoic acid synthesized from Cinnamomum Cassia by green chemistry method on gene expressions related to autism development in case of VPA toxicity. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to low and high doses of benzoic acid for 72 h post-fertilization. Locomotor activities were determined. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO), sialic acid (SA), glutathione (GSH)-S-transferase, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined spectrophotometrically. eif4b, adsl, and shank3a expressions were determined by RT-PCR as autism-related genes. Although high-dose benzoic acid inhibited locomotor activity, benzoic acid at both doses ameliorated VPA-induced disruption in oxidant-antioxidant balance and inflammation in zebrafish embryos and was effective in improving the impaired expression of autism-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Cansız
- Istanbul Medipol University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gökhan Özokan
- BioArge Laboratories, Yıldız Technical University Technocity, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Abdulkerim Bilginer
- BioArge Laboratories, Yıldız Technical University Technocity, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Semanur Işıkoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zülal Mızrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Merih Beler
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - A Ata Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Qi J, Yu B, Hu Y, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Zhao X, He T, Yan H, Wu A, He J. Protective Effect of Coated Benzoic Acid on Intestinal Epithelium in Weaned Pigs upon Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2405. [PMID: 39199939 PMCID: PMC11350680 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the protective effect of dietary supplementation with coated benzoic acid (CBA) on intestinal barrier function in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty-two pigs were randomized to four treatments and given either a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 3.0 g/kg CBA, followed by oral administration of ETEC or culture medium. The results showed that CBA supplementation increased the average daily weight gain (ADWG) in the ETEC-challenged pigs (p < 0.05). CBA also increased the serum activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), as it decreased the serum concentrations of endotoxin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ETEC-challenged pigs (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the CBA alleviated the ETEC-induced intestinal epithelial injury, as indicated by a reversal of the decrease in D-xylose absorption and a decrease in the serum levels of D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, as well as a decrease in the quantity of apoptotic cells in the jejunal epithelium following ETEC challenge (p < 0.05). Moreover, CBA supplementation significantly elevated the mucosal antioxidant capacity and increased the abundance of tight junction protein ZO-1 and the quantity of sIgA-positive cells in the jejunal epithelium (p < 0.05). Notably, CBA increased the expression levels of porcine beta defensin 2 (PBD2), PBD3, and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2), while downregulating the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). Moreover, CBA decreased the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the ileal mucosa upon ETEC challenge (p < 0.05). These results suggest that CBA may attenuate ETEC-induced damage to the intestinal epithelium, resulting in reduced inflammation, enhanced intestinal immunity and antioxidant capacity, and improved intestinal epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Qi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Youjun Hu
- Nuacid Nutrition Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 511500, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Nuacid Nutrition Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 511500, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Taiqian He
- Nuacid Nutrition Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 511500, China; (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Q.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (X.M.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
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Choi H, Kim SW. Dietary Intervention of Benzoic Acid for Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2394. [PMID: 39199928 PMCID: PMC11350768 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to investigate how benzoic acid can mitigate the negative effects of weaning stress, improve the intestinal microbiota, intestinal health, and growth of nursery pigs, determine the optimal dose level of benzoic acid for the growth rate in nursery pigs, and compare the efficacy of benzoic acid and other acids in pig feeds. After weaning, pigs are exposed to less lactose and solid feed with high acid-binding capacity at infrequent intervals, causing an increase in digesta pH, reducing protein digestion, and increasing ammonia-producing bacteria in the stomach. Benzoic acid supplementation has improved the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs through its antimicrobial properties and pH reduction in the digesta. The positive modulation of luminal microbiota in the small intestine of pigs by benzoic acid improves intestinal morphology and enhances nutrient utilization, especially nitrogen, of nursery pigs. Benzoic acid supplementation of up to 1% in feeds also increases hippuric acid contents in the urine of nursery pigs, decreasing urinary pH, which is related to ammonia emission and barn conditions in intensive pig production. Supported by the beneficial impacts of benzoic acid, the growth performance of nursery pigs was also improved. However, excessive benzoic acid (over 2.5% up to 5%) in feeds reduces the growth performance of nursery pigs. Thus, this review conducted a meta-analysis of the results from 16 papers to determine the optimal dose level of benzoic acid for body weight gain of nursery pigs, which was found to be 0.60%. The efficacy of benzoic acid was similar to that of other organic acids, including citric acid, fumaric acid, formic acid, and formate salts. Collectively, benzoic acid supplementation can positively modulate the luminal and mucosal microbiota in the small intestine, increase nutrient utilization and intestinal health, decrease urinary pH, and improve the growth performance of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
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Liu R, Tang R, Li Y, Zhong Q, Cao Y, Yang Q. A novel function of benzoic acid to enhance intestinal barrier defense against PEDV infection in Piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110152. [PMID: 38896938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier of newborn piglets is vulnerable and underdeveloped, making them susceptible to enteric virus infections. Benzoic acid (BA), employed as a growth promoter, exhibits the potential to enhance the gut health of piglets by modulating intestinal morphometry and tight junction dynamics. However, the extent to which BA regulates the intestinal mucus barrier through its impact on stem cells remains inadequately elucidated. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of BA on the intestinal barrier and the differentiation of intestinal stem cells, employing in vivo piglet and in vitro intestinal organoid models. Our investigation revealed a significant increase in the number of goblet cells within the small intestine, as well as the strengthening of the mucus barrier in vivo following oral treatment with BA, providing partial protection against PEDV infection in piglets. Additionally, in vitro cultivation of enteroids with BA led to a notable increase in the number of MUC2+ GCs, indicating the promotion of GC differentiation by BA. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed an upregulation of the number of GCs and the expression of cell vesicle transport-related genes during BA stimulation, accompanied by the downregulation of the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Mechanistically, MCT1 facilitated the transport of BA, subsequently activating the MAPK pathway to mediate GC differentiation. Overall, this study highlights a novel function for BA as a feed additive in enhancing the intestinal mucus barrier by promoting intestinal GC differentiation, and further prevents viral infection in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongfeng Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunlei Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang W, Sun S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Yang K. Benzoic acid supplementation improves the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of weaned lambs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1351394. [PMID: 38406631 PMCID: PMC10884225 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1351394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the essential components of proteins and nucleic acids and plays a crucial role in the growth and development of ruminants. However, the nitrogen utilization rate of ruminants is lower than that of monogastric animals, which not only reduces protein conversion and utilization, but also increases manure nitrogen discharge as well as causing environmental pollution. The lamb stage is an important period in the life of sheep, which can affect the production performance and meat quality of fattening sheep. The purpose of this experiment was to explore effects of benzoic acid supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and plasma parameters of weaned lambs. A total of 40 weaned male Hu sheep lambs with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups: control with no benzoic acid (0 BA) and the lambs in other 3 groups were fed 0.5, 1, and 1.5% benzoic acid on the basis of experimental diet (0.5, 1, and 1.5 BA, respectively). The experiment lasted for 60 days. Results showed that the average daily gain of 1 BA group was significantly increased (p < 0.05) when compared to 0 and 1.5 BA groups, while an opposite tendency of dry matter intake to average daily gain ratio was observed. The dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility of 1 BA group was significantly increased (p < 0.05) as compared with 0 and 1.5 BA groups as well as plasma albumin content. Also, the urinary hippuric acid and hippurate nitrogen concentrations in 1 and 1.5 BA groups were higher (p < 0.05) than those in 0 and 0.5 BA groups. Additionally, the nitrogen intake in 0.5 and 1 BA groups was significantly increased (p < 0.05) when compared to other groups. At 1 h after morning feeding, the plasma benzoic acid concentration of 1 BA group reached up to maximum value and was higher (p < 0.05) than other groups, and then began to decrease. Similarly, the hippuric acid concentration in plasma of 1 and 1.5 BA groups was higher (p < 0.05) than that of 0 BA group from 1 to 4 h post morning feeding. At 3 h after feeding, the urea nitrogen concentration in plasma of 0 BA group was higher (p < 0.05) than that of 1.5 BA group. Overall, the appropriate supplementation of benzoic acid (1%) in the diet can improve growth performance and nitrogen metabolism of weaned lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Xinjiang Shangpin Meiyang Technology Co., Ltd., Changji, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Xinjiang Shangpin Meiyang Technology Co., Ltd., Changji, China
| | - Kailun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
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Cui C, Wei Y, Wang Y, Ma W, Zheng X, Wang J, Ma Z, Wu C, Chu L, Zhang S, Guan W, Chen F. Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oils combination enhances intestinal resilience against LPS stimulation in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:4. [PMID: 38238856 PMCID: PMC10797991 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils (BAO) to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established, while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury, while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance. METHODS In this study, we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure. Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d, followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets' final weight, average daily gain, and feed intake/body gain ratio. Additionally, BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota, increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota, Prevotella and Oscillospira. Furthermore, BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge. This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC, SOD, and GSH, as well as decreased levels of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the plasma. Moreover, piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity, as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts. Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Additionally, the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition, reinforcing the intestinal barrier, and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yulong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Caichi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Licui Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Luo L, Gu Z, Pu J, Chen D, Tian G, He J, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu B. Synbiotics improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, inhibit PEDV infection, and prevent intestinal barrier dysfunction by mediating innate antivirus immune response in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae023. [PMID: 38271094 PMCID: PMC10894507 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of dietary synbiotics (SYB) supplementation on growth performance, immune function, and intestinal barrier function in piglets challenged with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Forty crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) weaned piglets (26 ± 1 d old) with a mean body weight (BW) of 6.62 ± 0.36 kg were randomly allotted to five groups: control (CON) I and CONII group, both fed basal diet; 0.1% SYB group, 0.2% SYB group, and 0.2% yeast culture (YC) group, fed basal diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% SYB, and 0.2% YC, respectively. On day 22, all piglets were orally administrated with 40 mL PEDV (5.6 × 103 TCID50/mL) except piglets in CONI group, which were administrated with the same volume of sterile saline. The trial lasted for 26 d. Before PEDV challenge, dietary 0.1% SYB supplementation increased final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and decreased the ratio of feed to gain during 0 to 21 d (P < 0.05), as well as improved the apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, ether extract (EE), and gross energy (GE). At the same time, 0.2% YC also improved the apparent nutrient digestibility of DM, OM, EE, and GE (P < 0.05). PEDV challenge increased diarrhea rate and diarrhea indexes while decreased ADG (P < 0.05) from days 22 to 26, and induced systemic and intestinal mucosa innate immune and proinflammatory responses, destroyed intestinal barrier integrity. The decrease in average daily feed intake and ADG induced by PEDV challenge was suppressed by dietary SYB and YC supplementation, and 0.1% SYB had the best-alleviating effect. Dietary 0.1% SYB supplementation also increased serum interleukin (IL)-10, immunoglobulin M, complement component 4, and jejunal mucosal IL-4 levels, while decreased serum diamine oxidase activity compared with CONII group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 0.1% SYB improved mRNA expressions of claudin-1, zonula occludens protein-1, mucin 2, interferon-γ, interferon regulatory factor-3, signal transducers and activators of transcription (P < 0.05), and protein expression of occludin, and downregulated mRNA expressions of toll-like receptor 3 and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa. Supplementing 0.2% SYB or 0.2% YC also had a positive effect on piglets, but the effect was not as good as 0.1% SYB. These results indicated that dietary 0.1% SYB supplementation improved growth performance under normal conditions, and alleviated the inflammatory response and the damage of intestinal barrier via improving innate immune function and decreasing PEDV genomic copies, showed optimal protective effects against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhemin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junning Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Cai L, Zhao Y, Chen W, Li Y, Han Y, Zhang B, Pineda L, Li X, Jiang X. Effect of an organic acid blend as an antibiotic alternative on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier function, and fecal microbiota in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae149. [PMID: 38863369 PMCID: PMC11245700 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary organic acid blend on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier function, and fecal microbiota in weaned piglets compared with antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). A total of 90 weaned crossbred barrows (24 ± 1 d of age) with an initial body weight of 7.40 kg were allocated into three experimental treatments. Each treatment consisted of six replicate pens, with five piglets housed in each pen. The dietary treatments included the basal diet (NC), the basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (PC), and the basal diet supplemented with organic acid blend (OA). On day 42, one piglet per pen was randomly selected for plasma and small intestinal sample collection. The results showed that dietary AGP significantly improved growth performance and reduced diarrhea incidence compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Dietary OA tended to increase body weight on day 42 (P = 0.07) and average daily gain from days 0 to 42 (P = 0.06) and reduce diarrhea incidence (P = 0.05). Dietary OA significantly increased plasma catalase (CAT) activity and decreased the plasma concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-6, which were accompanied by upregulated the relative mRNA abundance of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in comparison to that in the NC group (P < 0.05). Moreover, pigs fed the OA diet significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and upregulated the relative expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Claudin1 gene in the jejunum compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Interestingly, dietary AGP or OA did not affect the fecal microbiota structure or volatile fatty acid content (P > 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggested that dietary OA supplementation could improve growth performance and antioxidant capacity and protect the intestinal barrier of weaned piglets, therefore, it has the potential to be considered as an alternative to AGP in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cai
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - Wenning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanpin Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Selko Feed Additives, Amersfoort 3800, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Zhang
- Selko Feed Additives, Amersfoort 3800, The Netherlands
| | - Lane Pineda
- Selko Feed Additives, Amersfoort 3800, The Netherlands
| | - Xilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xianren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Luan J, Feng X, Yang D, Yang M, Jin Y, Zhang M, Geng C. Dietary supplementation of active dry yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to finishing bulls: effects on growth performance, blood hormones, fatty acid concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract and trace mineral elements utilisation. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2164747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Luan
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yinghai Jin
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Chunyin Geng
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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10
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Wei K, Yang X, Zhao H, Chen H, Bei W. Effects of combined application of benzoic acid and 1-monolaurin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microbiome and inflammatory factor levels in weaned piglets. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:46. [PMID: 37858213 PMCID: PMC10588023 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study observed that benzoic acid and 1-monolaurin have a synergistic bactericidal effect. Moreover, their improvement effect of benzoic acid and 1-monolaurin on the growth performance and diarrhea of weaned piglets was better than the two feedings alone. However, it is not clear how the combination of benzoic acid and 1-monolaurin affects the growth performance of weaned piglets. Therefore, 100 weaned piglets (mean weight 7.03 ± 1.04 kg, mean weaning age 26 d) were randomly divided into two groups: (1) basal diet control (CON); (2) basal diet supplemented with 0.6% benzoic acid and 0.1% 1-monolaurin (CA). The experiment lasted 28 days after weaning. The effects of benzoic acid and 1-monolaurin supplementation on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, intestinal flora composition and function, and inflammatory factor levels of weaned piglets were investigated. RESULTS The feed conversion efficiency of piglets in the CA group between 15 and 28 d and 1 and 28 d after weaning was significantly higher than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the diarrhea proportion and frequency of piglets in the CA group 1-14 days post-weaning were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein of piglets in the CA group was significantly higher than the CON group on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). The microbial composition in the cecal digesta of piglets was detected. The results indicated that the CA group piglets were significantly supplemented with g_YRC22 at day 14 and g_Treponema, g_Pseudomonas, and g_Lachnobacterium at day 28 (P < 0.05; log LDA > 2). No significant difference was observed between the CON and CA groups in the content of short-chain fatty acids. In addition, serum IL-1β level significantly decreased at day 28 in the CA group compared with the CON group, while serum endotoxin content was significantly reduced at day 14. CONCLUSION Therefore, dietary supplementation of 0.6% benzoic acid and 0.1% 1-monolaurin enhanced growth performance and nutrient digestibility, affected gut microflora composition, and decreased systemic inflammatory response and intestinal permeability of weaned piglets. These outcomes provide a theoretical basis for applying of benzoic acid and 1-monolaurin over weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xia Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huasheng Zhao
- ABNA Feed (Shanghai) Co.,Ltd. Zhumadian Mill, Zhumadian, Henan, 463000, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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11
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Outlaw A, Gachman A, Kim H, Xu X, Tan Z, Qin Z, Peng X, Rudar M. Evaluation of protected benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health indices in starter pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad111. [PMID: 37841323 PMCID: PMC10576511 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoic acid is a common alternative for antibiotic and zinc oxide use in nursery diets. Free benzoic acid (BZA) is often supplied, but this form is absorbed before it can exert any effect on distal segments of the gut. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of protected benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, and gut health indices in starter pigs. A total of 192 pigs were weaned at 28 ± 1 d age (initial body weight, 8.72 ± 1.13 kg). Pens were assigned to one of four treatment diets (n = 8 pens per treatment): (1) no additive (NC), (2) free benzoic acid (BZA; 0.6%), (3) protected benzoic acid (BC50; 0.2%, supplied at a ratio of one to three equivalents of BZA), and (4) antibiotic growth promoter (AGP; Carbadox, 50 ppm). Diets were fed for three weeks over two periods (period 1, 7 d; period 2, 14 d). Body weight and feed intake were measured for each period. Feces were collected at the end of each period to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), and crude protein (CP). One pig per pen was euthanized per period to determine plasma metabolites; jejunum and ileum morphology; jejunum, ileum, and colon cytokine abundance; and jejunum, ileum, and colon tight junction protein expression. The AGP group had increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to other groups in period 1 and overall (P < 0.05); however, ADG and ADFI of the BC50 group was intermediate between the NC and BZA groups and the AGP group in period 2. The ATTD of OM, GE, and CP were greater in the AGP group compared to the NC and BC50 groups (P < 0.05), whereas the BZA group was intermediate. Jejunum and ileum villus height and crypt depth increased from period 1 to period 2 (P < 0.01) but were similar across groups. Ileum and colon tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) abundances were greater, whereas colon interleukin (IL)-1β and colon and ileum IL-8 abundances were less, in the AGP group compared to the BZA group (P < 0.05); the NC and BC50 groups exhibited intermediate TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 abundance in the ileum and colon. Jejunum cytokine abundance did not vary among groups but declined from period 1 to period 2 (P < 0.05). Tight junction protein expression also did not vary among groups. In summary, protected BZA supported a slight increase in growth performance in starter pigs, suggesting its potential as an alternative feed additive in nursery diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Outlaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Alexandra Gachman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Haejin Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xiangyi Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhigang Tan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhonghua Qin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510664, China
| | - Marko Rudar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Wang L, Wang C, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Yin Y. Research progress on anti-stress nutrition strategies in swine. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:342-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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13
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Choi H, Chen Y, Longo F, Kim SW. Comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in diets for nursery pigs on growth performance and acidification of digesta and urine. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad116. [PMID: 37115097 PMCID: PMC10184693 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in feeds on digesta pH, urinary pH, and growth performance for nursery pigs. A total of 432 pigs (6.9 ± 0.9 kg BW) were assigned to eight treatments (6 pigs per pen, replication = 9) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight (BW) as a block and fed for 41 d in three phases (7/17/17 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) a basal diet (NC), 2) NC + 0.25% bacitracin methylene disalicylate (antibiotic; bacitracin: 250 g/t feed; PC), 3) NC + 0.25% benzoic acid, 4) NC + 0.35% benzoic acid, 5) NC + 0.50% benzoic acid, 6) NC + 0.30% sodium benzoate, 7) NC + 0.40% sodium benzoate, and 8) NC + 0.60% sodium benzoate. Growth performance and fecal scores were measured for each phase. One gilt representing the median BW of each pen was euthanized to collect digesta from the stomach, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, and cecum, and urine. The PC tended to improve average daily gain (ADG) in phase 1 (P = 0.052) and phase 2 (P = 0.093) as well as average daily feed intake (ADFI) in phase 2 (P = 0.052). Overall, increasing supplemental benzoic acid tended to have a quadratic effect on ADG (P = 0.094), but no difference in ADFI was observed. Increasing supplemental sodium benzoate showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on ADG and linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADFI. Urinary pH linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing supplemental benzoic acid, but was not affected by supplemental sodium benzoate. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate linearly increased (P < 0.05) benzoic acid content in digesta of the stomach. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate also linearly increased (P < 0.05) urinary hippuric acid. However, the PC did not decrease urinary pH or increase urinary benzoic acid and hippuric acid. With slope-ratio assay using ADG and urinary hippuric acid as dependent variables and benzoic acid intake as an independent variable, the relative bioavailability of benzoic acid compared to sodium benzoate was not different. In conclusion, supplementation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate could improve the growth performance of nursery pigs. The relative bioavailability of sodium benzoate to benzoic acid of nursery pigs did not differ based on BW gain and urinary hippuric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Animal Nutrition, EASTMAN Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN 37660, USA
| | - Flavio Longo
- Animal Nutrition, EASTMAN Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN 37660, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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14
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Roldan-Henao M, Dalsgaard A, Cardona-Castro N, Restrepo-Rivera L, Veloza-Angulo LC, Alban L. Pilot study of the productivity and Salmonella seroprevalence in pigs administered organic acids. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1123137. [PMID: 36937024 PMCID: PMC10020582 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella in pig/pork production is important to protect public health because pork is one of the main sources of human infection. Moreover, antimicrobial use in pig farms should be kept low to minimize development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance. This pilot study evaluated the productivity and Salmonella seroprevalence in pigs administered organic acids (OA) compared to pigs given growth promoters in one farm in Antioquia, Colombia. Two groups each consisting of 60 pigs of 6-weeks of age were studied for 4 months. One group was provided feed and water with OA (Selko pH® and Selacid®), whereas the other group (control) received antimicrobial growth promoters according to routine feeding practices (tylosin and zinc bacitracin). Blood samples were taken three times (T1-T3) and pigs were weighted five times to calculate daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Initially when the pigs were 6 weeks old (T1), the Salmonella seroprevalence was 1.7% in both groups. When the pigs were 11 weeks old (T2), the seroprevalence was significantly lower in pigs provided OA compared to the control group (19 vs. 47%, P < 0.001), whereas when the pigs were 23 weeks old (T3), the seroprevalence did not differ between the groups (62 vs. 77%; P = 0.075). The cumulative DWG was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (713 vs. 667 g/day; P < 0.001). The cumulative FCR did not differ between groups (2.80 vs. 2.77; P = 0.144). The pilot study indicates that cleaning the water pipes and administrating OA improve productivity in pigs and delay exposure to Salmonella spp. when compared with growth promoters. Thus, OA could replace antimicrobial growth promoters and reduce antimicrobial use and resistance. However, the study should be repeated before firmer conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Roldan-Henao
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Manuela Roldan-Henao
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | | | - Lis Alban
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Williams MS, Mandell IB, Wood KM, Bohrer BM. The effects of feeding benzoic acid and/or active dry yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on fatty acid composition, sensory attributes, and retail shelf-life of beef longissimus thoracis. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 7:txac161. [PMID: 36628388 PMCID: PMC9825282 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-nine Angus-cross steers (492 ± SD 36 kg) were arranged in a randomized complete block design and assigned to the following dietary treatments for the final 106 days of the finishing phase: no supplementation (CON), 0.5% benzoic acid (ACD), 3 g/steer/d active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YST), or both [0.5% benzoic acid and 3 g/steer/d S. cerevisiae (AY)]. Steers were slaughtered at a commercial facility where longissimus thoracis (IMPS #107 Beef Rib) samples were retrieved and evaluated for fatty acid composition, sensory attributes, and shelf-life during a simulated retail display period. Data (N = 57) were analyzed using dietary treatment as a fixed effect, blocking weight at the beginning of the study as a random effect, and steer as the experimental unit. Muscle pH and proximate composition (moisture and intramuscular lipid) for longissimus samples were not different (P ≥ 0.39) among dietary treatments. Most fatty acid profile values and calculations were not different among dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.10); however, the n-6:n-3 ratio differed (P = 0.01), with ACD samples having lower n-6:n-3 compared with CON and YST samples while AY samples were intermediate and not different from other dietary treatments. The trained sensory panel did not detect differences among dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.23) for juiciness, beef flavor intensity, or off-flavor intensity; however, they did score AY samples as chewier than ACD samples with CON and YST samples intermediate and not different from other dietary treatments. Yet, tenderness was not different when scored by trained panelists (P = 0.10) or measured instrumentally (P = 0.21). Total color change tended to differ (P = 0.09) during the 12-d simulated retail display period with AY samples experiencing less color change compared with YST samples, while CON and ACD samples were intermediate and not different from other dietary treatments. Lipid oxidation (as measured with TBARS) tended to differ (P = 0.08) following the 12-d simulated retail display period with ACD and AY samples experiencing lower levels of oxidation compared with CON, while YST samples were intermediate and not different from other dietary treatments. Overall, these results suggest there were no negative impacts on meat quality when finishing steers were supplemented with either benzoic acid or S. cerevisiae, and there may even be advantages for fatty acid composition and oxidative stability when steers were supplemented with benzoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Williams
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ira B Mandell
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katharine M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Wang L, Bergstrom J, Hahn J, Young M, Zijlstra R. Acid-binding capacity of feed in swine nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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An Encapsulated Organic Acid and Essential Oil Mixture Improves the Intestinal Health of Weaned Piglets by Altering Intestinal Inflammation and Antioxidative Capacity. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182426. [PMID: 36139286 PMCID: PMC9495186 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of an encapsulated organic acid and essential oil mixture (OAEO) on the growth performance, immuno-antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of weaned piglets. In total, 120 weaned piglets (23 days of age; 6.96 ± 0.08 kg) were randomly allotted to four treatments (six replicates/group; five piglets/replicate): the control group (CON) was fed the basal diet (BD), the antibiotic growth promoters group (AGP) received the BD with 20 mg/kg colistin sulphate and 10 mg/kg bacitracin zinc, and OAEO1 and OAEO2 were fed the BD with 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg OAEO, respectively. The trial lasted 21 days and then one piglet per replicate was selected for sample collection. OAEO increased the average daily gain, spleen index, serum interleukin (IL)-10, immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA levels; serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities; and jejunal villus height (VH), VH/crypt depth, goblet cell number, and amylase and trypsin activities (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced the diarrhea rate, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, malondialdehyde (MDA), and D-lactic acid contents and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity (p < 0.05). OAEO also increased the jejunal zonula occludens-1, occludin, claudin-1, mucin-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), GPX and IL-10 mRNA levels, GPX activity and IL-10 content (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced jejunal MDA, IL-1β and TNF-α contents and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and TNF-α mRNA levels (p < 0.05). In addition, AGP increased ADG, serum IgA level and GPX activity, jejunal trypsin activity and IL-10 content and mRNA level (p < 0.05) compared with CON but reduced the serum TNF-α content and DAO activity and jejunal NF-κB mRNA level (p < 0.05). Overall, OAEO as an alternative to AGP improved the growth performance, immuno-antioxidant status and gut health of weaned piglets partly via activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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18
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Yu W, Xiao X, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Yi X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Q, Mao X. Effect of Dietary Lactose Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Epithelium Functions in Weaned Pigs Challenged by Rotavirus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182336. [PMID: 36139196 PMCID: PMC9495109 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary lactose supplementation relieves rotavirus (RV)-induced diarrhea and gut dysfunction. Thirty-six crossbred weaned piglets were randomly allocated into three groups and fed diets containing 0, 4%, and 6% lactose for 20 days. On Day 15, half of the piglets in each group were orally infused with RV. RV infection impaired growth performance; induced severe diarrhea; decreased serum D-xylose concentration and morphology and sIgA level of jejunal mucosa; downregulated MUC1, MUC2, occludin, Bcl-2, IL-4, pBD3, pBD2, and pBD1 mRNA expression of jejunal mucosa and/or mesenteric lymph nodes; upregulated Bax, caspase-3, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IFN-β mRNA expression of jejunal mucosa and/or mesenteric lymph nodes; and damaged microbiota and metabolites of cecal digesta in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Dietary lactose supplementation improved nutrient digestibility and growth performance and relieved the negative influence of RV challenge on intestinal barrier function, mRNA expression of cytokines, and host defense peptides of jejunal mucosa and/or mesenteric lymph nodes in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Dietary administration of 6% lactose tended to relieve diarrhea (p = 0.07). These results suggest that lactose in feed increases growth performance and has a tendency to alleviate RV-induced diarrhea, derived from the improvement of nutrient utilization, gut barrier function, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuechun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewu Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Quyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18783536530; Fax: +86-2886290922
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Wang H, Long W, Chadwick D, Zhang X, Zhang S, Piao X, Hou Y. Dietary acidifiers as an alternative to antibiotics for promoting pig growth performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Wang B, Ye X, Guo Z, Kuang L, Yang R, Li C, Guo Z, Zheng J, Li YY, Lei M, Lu J, Xie X. Medium chain triglycerides improve the growth performance, immune and antioxidant functions, and intestinal health of weaned rabbits. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13794. [PMID: 36544431 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose is to study the effects of different doses of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) on growth performance, immune and oxidative functions, and intestinal health of weaned rabbits. A total of 600 weaned rabbits weighing about 993.26 g and at 35 d of age were randomly divided into five groups. The control group was fed a basal diet containing 2400 mg/kg soybean oil, and the experimental group was substituted with 600, 1200, 1800, and 2400 mg/kg MCT. The whole trial period lasted for 48 d. The results showed that treatment with 2400 mg/kg MCT significantly increased the weaning survival rate and crude fat digestibility (p < 0.05) and dramatically raised the levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgG, IgM, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capability (p < 0.05). The villus height and crypt depth in 1800 mg/kg MCT group were observably enhanced (p < 0.05). The abundance of Bacteroidetes was significantly increased in 1800 and 2400 mg/kg MCT groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 1800 and 2400 mg/kg MCT substituting soybean oil in the diet of weaned rabbits can improve the growth performance and intestinal barrier function of weaned rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangde Kuang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Congyan Li
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihan Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Ying Li
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Lei
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingzhi Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
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21
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Diao H, Yan J, Li S, Kuang S, Wei X, Zhou M, Zhang J, Huang C, He P, Tang W. Effects of Dietary Zinc Sources on Growth Performance and Gut Health of Weaned Piglets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:771617. [PMID: 34858378 PMCID: PMC8631109 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.771617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary zinc sources on the growth performance and gut health of weaned piglets. In total, 96 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) weaned piglets with an initial average body weight of 8.81±0.42kg were divided into four groups, with six replicates per treatment and four pigs per replicate. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: (1) control group, basal diet; (2) zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) group, basal diet +100mg/kg ZnSO4; (3) glycine zinc (Gly-Zn) group, basal diet +100mg/kg Gly-Zn and (4) zinc lactate group, and basal diet +100mg/kg zinc lactate. The whole trial lasted for 28days. Decreased F/G was noted in the Gly-Zn and zinc lactate groups (p<0.05). The zinc lactate group had a lower diarrhea rate than the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the ZnSO4, Gly-Zn, and zinc lactate groups had significantly higher apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude ash, and zinc than the control group (p<0.05). The Gly-Zn and zinc lactate groups had higher jejunal villus height and a higher villus height:crypt depth ratio than the control group (p<0.05). In addition, the ZnSO4, Gly-Zn and zinc lactate groups had a significantly lower mRNA expression level of jejunal ZRT/IRT-like protein 4 (ZIP4) and higher mRNA expression level of jejunal interleukin-1β (IL-1β) than the control group (p<0.05). The mRNA expression level of jejunal zinc transporter 2 (ZNT2) was higher and that of jejunal Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) was lower in the Gly-Zn and zinc lactate groups than in the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the zinc lactate group had a higher count of Lactobacillus spp. in the cecal digesta and higher mRNA expression levels of jejunal occludin and mucin 2 (MUC2) than the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 100mg/kg ZnSO4, Gly-Zn, or zinc lactate could improve the growth performance and gut barrier function of weaned piglets. Dietary supplementation with organic zinc, particularly zinc lactate, had the best effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Diao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayou Yan
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Animtech Biology Development Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyao Kuang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Wei
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengjia Zhou
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Zhang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongbo Huang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng He
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
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22
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Ma J, Piao X, Shang Q, Long S, Liu S, Mahfuz S. Mixed organic acids as an alternative to antibiotics improve serum biochemical parameters and intestinal health of weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:737-749. [PMID: 34466678 PMCID: PMC8379140 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this experiment was to critically explore the relationship between the different levels of mixed organic acids (MOA) and growth performance, serum antioxidant status and intestinal health of weaned piglets, as well as to investigate the potential possibility of MOA alternative to antibiotics growth promoters (AGP). A total of 180 healthy piglets (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire]; weighing 7.81 ± 1.51 kg each, weaned at d 28) were randomly divided into 5 treatments: 1) basal diet (CON); 2) CON + chlorinomycin (75 mg/kg) + virginiamycin (15 mg/kg) + guitaromycin (50 mg/kg) (AGP); 3) CON + MOA (3,000 mg/kg) (OA1); 4) CON + MOA (5,000 mg/kg) (OA2); 5) CON + MOA (7,000 mg/kg) (OA3). This study design included 6 replicates per treatment with 6 piglets per pen (barrow:gilt = 1:1) and the experiment was separated into phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and phase 2 (d 15 to 28). In phases 1, 2 and overall, compared with the CON, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reduced (P < 0.01) and the average daily gain (ADG) was increased (P < 0.05) in piglets supplemented with AGP, OA1 and OA2. The concentration of serum immunoglobulins G (IgG) was improved (P < 0.05) in piglets supplemented with OA2 in phase 2. In the jejunum and ileum, the villus height:crypt depth ratio was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in piglets fed AGP and OA1. The mRNA expression level of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) (P < 0.01) was up-regulated in piglets supplemented with OA1 and OA2. The piglets fed AGP, OA1 and OA2 showed an increase (P < 0.05) in the content of acetate acid and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in the cecum, and butyric acid and TVFA in the colon compared with CON. Also, OA1 lowered (P < 0.05) the content of Lachnospiraceae in piglets. These results demonstrated that MOA at 3,000 or 5,000 mg/kg could be an alternative to antibiotics due to the positive effects on performance, immune parameters, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. However, from the results of the quadratic fitting curve, it is inferred that MOA at a dose of 4,000 mg/kg may produce a better effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qinghui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shenfei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shad Mahfuz
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang F, Yin Y, Yang M, Chen J, Fu C, Huang K. Effects of Combined Supplementation of Macleaya cordata Extract and Benzoic Acid on the Growth Performance, Immune Responses, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Morphology, and Microbial Composition in Weaned Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:708597. [PMID: 34490398 PMCID: PMC8416536 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.708597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the use of antibiotics is forbidden, piglets experience a considerable weanling stress, resulting in increased incidence of diarrhea and death. Macleaya cordata extract or benzoic acid have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities that makes them potential antibiotic alternatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of feed supplemented with Macleaya cordata extract and benzoic acid on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology, and microflora in weaned piglets. Twenty-four weaned piglets [Duroc × (Large White × Landrace)] 28 days of age and weighing 8.41 ± 0.13 kg were randomly divided in equal numbers (n = 8) into three groups fed a basal diet (CON), CON + 20 mg/kg flavomycin + 50 mg/kg quinocetone (AGP), or CON + 50 mg/kg Macleaya cordata extract + 1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid (MB). Compared with the CON diet, dietary MB or AGP increased the final weight and average daily gain, and reduced feed efficiency and the diarrhea rate (P < 0.05). Compared with the CON diet, MB supplementation increased serum superoxide dismutase (SOD activity) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P < 0.05). Serum interleukin (IL)-10 IgA and IgM were higher (P < 0.05) in MB-fed piglets than in CON-fed piglets. Piglets fed the MB diet had greater villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VC) in the duodenum, villus height in the ileum, and lower crypt depth in the jejunum than did piglets given the CON diet (P < 0.5). Piglets in the MB group had increased concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids in the ileum or cecum compared with the CON and AGP groups (P < 0.05). Streptococcus proportion was lower in the MB than in the AGP group. Dietary MB increased the Lactobacillus and decreased Escherichia-Shigella populations compared with the CON group (P < 0.05). The study results indicate that MB can be used to replace AGP as a feed supplement for weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yexin Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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24
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Zhai H, Ji C, Walsh MC, Bergstrom J, Potot S, Wang H. The Addition of Nature Identical Flavorings Accelerated the Virucidal Effect of Pure Benzoic Acid against African Swine Fever Viral Contamination of Complete Feed. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1124. [PMID: 33919982 PMCID: PMC8071002 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus is one of the most highly contagious and lethal viruses for the global swine industry. Strengthening biosecurity is the only effective measure for preventing the spread of this viral disease. The virus can be transmitted through contaminated feedstuffs and, therefore, research has been conducted to explore corresponding mitigating measures. The purpose of the current study was to test a combination of pure benzoic acid and a blend of nature identical flavorings for their ability to reduce African swine fever viral survival in feed. This virus was inoculated to feed with or without the supplementation of the test compounds, and the viral presence and load were measured by a hemadsorption test and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The main finding was that the combination of pure benzoic acid and nature identical flavorings could expedite the reduction in both viral load and survival in a swine feed. Therefore, this solution could be adopted as a preventive measure for mitigating the risk of contaminated feed by African swine fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiao Zhai
- DSM (China) Animal Nutrition Research Center, Bazhou 065799, China
| | - Chihai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Maria Carol Walsh
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland; (M.C.W.); (S.P.)
| | - Jon Bergstrom
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA;
| | - Sebastien Potot
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland; (M.C.W.); (S.P.)
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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25
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Hu P, Zhao F, Wang J, Zhu W. Metabolomic profiling reveals the effects of early-life lactoferrin intervention on protein synthesis, energy production and antioxidative capacity in the liver of suckling piglets. Food Funct 2021; 12:3405-3419. [PMID: 33900307 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01747g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of an early-life lactoferrin (LF) intervention on liver metabolism in suckling piglets. Sixty newborn piglets with an average initial body weight (BW) of 1.51 ± 0.05 kg were assigned to a control (CON) group and an LF group. At age 1 to 7 days, the piglets in the LF group were orally administered LF solution (0.5 g per kg BW daily), whereas the piglets in the CON group were orally administered the same dose of physiological saline. Plasma, jejunum and liver samples were collected on days 8 and 21. The LF piglets showed a decreased plasma urea nitrogen level on day 8 and an increased plasma albumin level on day 21. Pathway analysis of the metabolomic profiles showed that the LF treatment affected amino acid metabolism in the liver. In addition, the LF treatment upregulated the gene expression levels of proteolytic enzymes and amino acid transporters (APA, APN, EAAC1, Pept1, CAT1, B0AT1 and ASCT2) in the jejunum, and it enhanced the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and p70S6K in the liver. The LF treatment also upregulated the expression of a β-oxidation-related gene (CPT1) and affected the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the liver on day 21. Furthermore, the LF piglets showed a decreased level of malondialdehyde and increased levels of GSH, GSH-Px and GCLC in the liver mitochondria. Overall, the early-life LF intervention affected the protein synthesis, energy production and antioxidative capacity in the liver of the neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province 210095, P. R. China.
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Fan X, Hu H, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Luo J, Eckhardt E, Luo Y, Wang J, Yan H, Mao X. Lentinan administration alleviates diarrhea of rotavirus-infected weaned pigs via regulating intestinal immunity. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:43. [PMID: 33750472 PMCID: PMC7945689 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lentinan (LNT) may regulate many important physiological functions of human and animals. This study aimed to verify whether LNT administration could relieve diarrhea via improving gut immunity in rotavirus (RV)-challenged weaned pigs. METHODS Twenty-eight weaned pigs were randomly fed 2 diets containing 0 or 84 mg/kg LNT product for 19 d (n = 14). RV infection was executed on d 15. After extracting polysaccharides from LNT product, its major monosaccharides were analyzed. Then, LNT polysaccharide was used to administrate RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. RESULTS Dietary LNT supplementation supported normal function of piglets even when infected with RV, as reflected by reduced growth performance loss and diarrhea prevalence, and maintained gut immunity (P < 0.05). The polysaccharide was isolated from LNT product, which molecular weight was 5303 Da, and major monosaccharides included glucose, arabinose and galactose. In RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells, this polysaccharide significantly increased cell viability (P < 0.05), and significantly increased anti-virus immunity via regulating pattern recognition receptors and host defense peptides (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Those results suggest that LNT administration increases the piglets' resistance to RV-induced stress, likely by supporting intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Fan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Erik Eckhardt
- Adisseo SAS, Center of Excellence and Research in Nutrition, 03600 Malicorne, France
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
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Dietary Organic Acids Modulate Gut Microbiota and Improve Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010110. [PMID: 33466376 PMCID: PMC7824888 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed additives have been suggested to improve animal growth performance through modulating the gut microbiota. The hypothesis of this study was that the combination of two organic acids would exert synergistic effects on the growth performance and gut microbiota of weaning pigs. To test this hypothesis, we followed 398 weaning pigs from two university experiment stations (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and University of Arkansas (UA)) to determine the effects of increasing levels (0%, 0.035%, 0.070%, and 0.105%) of sodium butyrate combined with 0.5% benzoic acid on the growth performance of nursery pigs. At the UA, an additional negative control diet was included and the gut microbiota analysis was carried out. At both universities, increasing levels of sodium butyrate in a diet containing 0.5% benzoic acid improved growth performance, which reached a plateau in the pigs fed 0.035% (SBA0.035) or 0.070% (SBA0.070) butyrate. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that pigs fed the SBA0.035 diet had more diverse microbiota and contained more potentially beneficial bacteria such as Oscillospira, Blautia, and Turicibacter and reduced levels of Veillonella and Sarcina. Results of the present study indicated that the inclusion of sodium butyrate at moderate levels in a diet containing 0.5% benzoic acid improved growth performance of weaning pigs and established potential health benefits on gut microbiota.
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Resende M, Chaves RF, Garcia RM, Barbosa JA, Marques AS, Rezende LR, Peconick AP, Garbossa CAP, Mesa D, Silva CC, Fascina VB, Dias FTF, Cantarelli VDS. Benzoic acid and essential oils modify the cecum microbiota composition in weaned piglets and improve growth performance in finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Benzoic Acid Combined with Essential Oils Can Be an Alternative to the Use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters for Piglets Challenged with E. coli F4. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111978. [PMID: 33126524 PMCID: PMC7692506 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of antibiotics as growth promoters for swine must be minimized as it can promote resistance in microorganisms. Therefore, it is essential to search for alternative additives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of benzoic acid and a blend of essential oils (thymol, 2-methoxyphenol, eugenol, piperine, and curcumin) on the performance and intestinal health of weanling piglets challenged with Escherichia coli F4. The combination of benzoic acid and essential oils at 3 g/kg improved the piglets’ average daily gain and consequently their final body weight and it is an economically viable alternative to replace colistin. These results could have a great impact on society, contributing to the one heath concept and demonstrating the ability to replace antibiotics as growth promoters and thus minimize the chance of causing bacteria resistance. Abstract Benzoic acid (BA) and essential oils (EOs) (thymol, 2-methoxyphenol, eugenol, piperine, and curcumin) are being studied to minimize the impairment of gastrointestinal functions in weanling piglets. This study evaluates the effects of combining BA and EO on the performance and intestinal health of piglets challenged with E. coli F4 (1 mL, 106 CFU/mL). In total, 270 weaned piglets were used in a randomized block design with six treatments: positive control, with 40 mg/kg colistin (PC); negative control, without the growth promoter (NC); negative control +5 g/kg benzoic acid (BA); negative control +2 g/kg combination of BA+EO (BA+EO2); negative control +3 g/kg combination of BA+EO (BA+EO3); negative control +4 g/kg combination of BA+EO (BA+EO4). BA+EO3 presented a greater average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.0013) and better feed-to-gain ratio (p = 0.0138), compared to NC, from 21 to 35 days age. For the total period, BA, BA+EO3, and BA+EO4 were similar to PC and superior to NC for ADG (p = 0.0002) and final body weight (BW) (p = 0.0002). No difference (p > 0.05) was verified for diarrhea, microbial population, production of volatile fatty acids, pH, weight of organs, cellular proliferation, and cholecystokinin count. NC and BA+EO4 resulted in a higher villus height in the jejunum (p = 0.0120) compared to BA+EO3. The use of BA or the combination of BA and EO at 3 g/kg provides improved performance, aside from being an economically viable alternative to replace colistin.
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Diao H, Jiao A, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo Y, Luo J, Mao X, Chen D. Beet Pulp: An Alternative to Improve the Gut Health of Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101860. [PMID: 33065992 PMCID: PMC7600662 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fiber on the gut health of growing pigs. In total, 30 growing pigs with an initial average body weight of 45.8 ± 2.78 kg were divided into three groups with 10 replicates per treatment, and one pig per replicate. The treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based diet (control group, 1.5% crude fiber (CF)), corn-soybean meal + beet pulp-based diet (beet pulp group, 5.74% CF) and corn-soybean meal-based diet (feed intake-pairing group (pairing group); the feed intake was equal to the beet pulp group, 1.5% CF). The whole trial lasted 28 days. The beet pulp group had a longer length of the large intestine, higher weight of the small intestine and whole intestine, greater density of the large intestine and whole intestine, and higher villus height in the jejunum and ileum than the control group (p < 0.05). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), and glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor (GLP-2R) in the duodenum, EGF and GLP-2 in the jejunum, EGF in the ileum, and GLP-2 in the colon were higher in the beet pulp group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the apparent total tract digestibility of crude ash, energy, dry matter (DM), and crude protein (CP) was lower in the beet pulp group than in the control group (p < 0.05), while the apparent total tract digestibility of CF, the activity of jejunal lactase, and the mRNA abundance of duodenal GLP-2 were higher in the beet pulp group than in the control and pairing groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the beet pulp group had more goblet cells in the colon, more Bifidobacterium spp. in the cecal digesta, higher concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid in the cecal digesta, and higher mRNA abundance of duodenal regeneration protein Ⅲγ (REG-Ⅲγ), jejunal mucin 2 (MUC-2), and ileal G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR-43) than the control group (p < 0.05). However, these parameters did not differ between the control and pairing groups (p > 0.05). These findings indicate feeding a high-fiber diet (5.74% CF, obtained from beet pulp) to pigs could modulate the gut microbiota composition, increase the short-chain fatty-acid (SCFA) content in the hindgut, and improve gut health, which is independent of the feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Diao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, No.7 Niusha Road, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Anran Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (D.C.); Tel.: +86-0835-2885106 (D.C.)
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.D.); (A.J.); (B.Y.); (J.H.); (P.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (D.C.); Tel.: +86-0835-2885106 (D.C.)
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Dietary Supplementation of Inorganic, Organic, and Fatty Acids in Pig: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101740. [PMID: 32992813 PMCID: PMC7600838 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of acids in pig feed strategies has changed from feed acidifier and preservative to growth promoter and antibiotics substitute. Since the 2006 European banning of growth promoters in the livestock sector, several feed additives have been tested with the goal of identifying molecules with the greatest beneficial antimicrobial, growth-enhancing, or disease-preventing abilities. These properties have been identified among various acids, ranging from inexpensive inorganic acids to organic and fatty acids, and these have been widely used in pig production. Acids are mainly used during the weaning period, which is considered one of the most critical phases in pig farming, as well as during gestation, lactation, and fattening. Such supplementation generally yields improved growth performance and increased feed efficiency; these effects are the consequences of different modes of action acting on the microbiome composition, gut mucosa morphology, enzyme activity, and animal energy metabolism. Abstract Reduction of antibiotic use has been a hot topic of research over the past decades. The European ban on growth-promoter use has increased the use of feed additivities that can enhance animal growth performance and health status, particularly during critical and stressful phases of life. Pig farming is characterized by several stressful periods, such as the weaning phase, and studies have suggested that the proper use of feed additives during stress could prevent disease and enhance performance through modulation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and microbiome. The types of feed additive include acids, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, yeast, nucleotides, and phytoproducts. This review focuses on commonly used acids, classified as inorganic, organic, and fatty acids, and their beneficial and potential effects, which are widely reported in the bibliography. Acids have long been used as feed acidifiers and preservatives, and were more recently introduced into feed formulated for young pigs with the goal of stabilizing the stomach pH to offset their reduced digestive capacity. In addition, some organic acids represent intermediary products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and thus could be considered an energy source. Moreover, antimicrobial properties have been exploited to modulate microbiota populations and reduce pathogenic bacteria. Given these potential benefits, organic acids are no longer seen as simple acidifiers, but rather as growth promoters and potential antibiotic substitutes owing to their beneficial action on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
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O’ Meara F, Gardiner G, O’ Doherty J, Lawlor P. Effect of dietary inclusion of benzoic acid (VevoVitall®) on the microbial quality of liquid feed and the growth and carcass quality of grow-finisher pigs. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Silva Júnior CD, Martins CCS, Dias FTF, Sitanaka NY, Ferracioli LB, Moraes JE, Pizzolante CC, Budiño FEL, Pereira R, Tizioto P, Paula VRC, Coutinho LL, Ruiz US. The use of an alternative feed additive, containing benzoic acid, thymol, eugenol, and piperine, improved growth performance, nutrient and energy digestibility, and gut health in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa119. [PMID: 32280983 PMCID: PMC7229883 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This research evaluated a feed additive (benzoic acid, eugenol, thymol, and piperine), associated or not with colistin, in weaned piglets feeding. The parameters evaluated were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, diarrhea incidence, intestinal morphology, relative weights of digestive organs, microbial diversity, and the percentages of operational taxonomic units of microorganisms in the cecum content of pigs. One-hundred and eight crossbred piglets (5.3 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a three-phase feeding program (21 to 35, 36 to 50, 51 to 65 d of age) and fed a control diet with no inclusion of growth promoter feed additive, a diet with 40 ppm of colistin, a diet with 0.3% of alternative additive, and a diet with 0.3% of alternative additive and 40 ppm of colistin. The diets were based on corn, soybean meal, dairy products, and spray-dried blood plasma and formulated to provide 3.40, 3.38, and 3.20 Mcal of ME/kg and 14.5, 13.3, and 10.9 g/kg of digestible lysine, in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The piglets were housed three per pen, with nine replicates per diet, in a complete randomized block design based on initial BW. The data were submitted to ANOVA and means were separated by Tukey test (5%), using SAS. Pigs fed diets with the alternative feed additive had greater (P < 0.05) ADG (114.3 vs. 91.8 g) and ADFI (190.1 vs. 163.3 g) in phase 1 than pigs fed diets without the product. The alternative additive improved (P < 0.05) ATTD of crude protein (CP) in phase 1 (71.0% vs. 68.6%), gross energy in phases 1 (77.4% vs. 75.2%) and 3 (79.0% vs. 77.1%), and dry matter in phase 3 (79.1% vs. 77.1%). The antibiotic inclusion in the diets increased (P < 0.05) ATTD of CP in phase 1 (71.5% vs. 68.2%). The alternative feed additive tended (P = 0.06) to increase (46%) normal feces frequency, decreased (P < 0.05) goblet cells count (104.3 vs. 118.1) in the jejunum, and decreased (P < 0.05) small intestine (4.60% vs. 4.93%) and colon (1.41% vs. 1.65%) relative weights, compared with pigs not fed with the alternative additive. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a lower concentration of Escherichia-Shigella (1.46% vs. 3.5%) and lower (P < 0.05) percentage of Campylobacter (0.52% vs. 10.21%) in the cecum content of piglets fed diets containing essential oils and benzoic acid compared with pigs fed diets without the alternative feed additive. The alternative feed additive was effective in improving growth performance, diets digestibility, and gut health in piglets soon after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio D Silva Júnior
- Faculty of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - José E Moraes
- Institute of Animal Science and Pastures, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio E L Budiño
- Institute of Animal Science and Pastures, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Polyana Tizioto
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- NGS Soluções Genômicas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius R C Paula
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz L Coutinho
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Urbano S Ruiz
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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The effects of benzoic acid and essential oils on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and colonic microbiota in nursery pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Pham VH, Kan L, Huang J, Geng Y, Zhen W, Guo Y, Abbas W, Wang Z. Dietary encapsulated essential oils and organic acids mixture improves gut health in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32110391 PMCID: PMC7033934 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The poultry industry is in need of effective antibiotic alternatives to control outbreaks of necrotic enteritis (NE) due to Clostridium perfringens. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with a blend of encapsulated essential oils and organic acids (BLJ) on growth performance and gut health using a coinfection model of NE in broiler chickens. Methods Two hundred and eighty-eight one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned using a 2 × 2 factorial design into two groups fed either 0 or 500 mg/kg dietary BLJ and co-challenged (or not challenged for the control) with Eimeria spp./C. perfringens. Results Infected birds fed the BLJ-supplemented diet exhibited an improved feed conversion ratio throughout the trial (P < 0.01), a higher villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio, and reduced intestinal C. perfringens counts, liver C. perfringens carriage, gut lesion scores and serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-D) concentrations at 7 d post-infection compared with those of birds without BLJ supplementation (P < 0.05). NE-infected birds fed BLJ exhibited significantly upregulated claudin-1 and IGF-2 mRNA levels (P < 0.05), increased A20 mRNA expression and significantly downregulated TRAF-6, TNFSF15 and TOLLIP mRNA levels in the jejunum at 7 d post-infection compared with those in birds without BLJ supplementation (P < 0.05). Compared with the uninfected and untreated birds, the uninfected birds fed BLJ displayed increased relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Coprococcus but reduced Rikenellaceae levels. Compared with the unsupplemented NE-challenged birds, infected birds fed BLJ showed an increased relative abundance of Unclassified_Lachnospiraceae and a significantly decreased relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae. Conclusion BLJ supplementation improved growth performance and gut health in NE-infected broiler chickens by strengthening the intestinal barrier function, positively modulating the gut microbiota community and differentially regulating intestinal immune responses. Our results also suggested that adding BLJ effectively controlled NE infections after experimental Eimeria and Clostridium perfringens coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hieu Pham
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Thai Nguyen University Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Liugang Kan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiang Geng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenrui Zhen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuming Guo
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhong Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Yan H, Gao W, Li Q, Li H, Hao R. Effect of grapeseed procyanidins on small intestinal mucosa morphology and small intestinal development in weaned piglets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Context
Grapeseed procyanidins (GSP) are widely recognised to have potential biological properties, and dietary supplementation with GSP could reduce diarrhoea incidence in weaned piglets.
Aims
This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of GSP on small intestinal mucosa morphology and small intestinal development in weaned piglets.
Methods
Seventy-two weaned piglets were randomly allocated into four dietary groups with three replicate pens per group and six piglets per pen. Each group received one of the following diets: a basal maize–soybean meal diet; or basal diet supplemented with 50, 100 or 150 mg GSP/kg. Small intestinal mucosa morphology and the expression of genes involved in improving small intestinal development were determined.
Key results
Morphological observations obtained by optical microscopy showed that the villus height of the duodenum and ileum increased in all groups receiving GSP, significantly (P < 0.05) so in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg compared with the control group. Crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum in the groups receiving 100 and 150 mg GSP/kg decreased compared with the control group. Similarly, the crypt depth of the jejunum in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered. Moreover, the villus height/crypt depth ratio of each small intestinal segment in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg increased significantly (P < 0.01). Morphological observations obtained by scanning electron microscopy indicated that dietary supplementation with GSP was favourable for growth of small intestinal villi. Specifically, the villi of the small intestine in the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg were most closely aligned, most uniform in size and clearest in structure. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with GSP increased the expression of genes encoding epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor in the duodenum, the group receiving 100 mg GSP/kg showing a significant (P < 0.05) increase.
Conclusions
Dietary supplementation with GSP could improve small intestinal mucosa morphology and promote small intestinal development. Dietary supplementation of 100 mg GSP/kg could be recommended for weaned piglets.
Implications
Dietary supplementation with GSP generated a beneficial role in small intestinal health in weaned piglets.
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Hu P, Zhao F, Zhu W, Wang J. Effects of early-life lactoferrin intervention on growth performance, small intestinal function and gut microbiota in suckling piglets. Food Funct 2019; 10:5361-5373. [PMID: 31393487 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The early postnatal stage is a critical period for suckling animals in developing intestinal function and stabilizing gut microbiota. Lactoferrin (LF) plays a critical role in promoting gut development and regulating gut microbiota. This study investigates the impact of early-life lactoferrin (LF) intervention on the growth performance, small intestinal function and gut microbiota in suckling piglets. Sixty suckling piglets (1.51 ± 0.05 kg) obtained from six sows (10 piglets per litter) were assigned to a control (CON) group and an LF group in each litter, which were sow-fed. Piglets in the LF group were orally administered 8-12 mL LF solution (0.5 g per kg body weight per day) for a week, and piglets in the CON group were orally administered the same dose of physiological saline. Six piglets (n = 6) from each group were euthanized on days 8 and 21. The early-life LF intervention increased growth performance, with higher villi height of the jejunum and greater disaccharidase activity of the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). Diarrhoea incidence decreased in the LF group from day 1 to day 7 (P < 0.05). Urinary lactulose-mannitol ratios decreased in the LF group, whereas the gene and protein expressions of jejunal occludin increased in the LF group on day 8 and day 21, and higher gene and protein levels of ileal occludin were observed on day 8 (P < 0.05). Additionally, the LF piglets had lower concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α, and higher concentration of IL-10 in the jejunum (P < 0.05). For the ileum, higher concentration of IL-10 and lower concentration of TNF-α were observed in the LF group (P < 0.05). LF piglets had a greater abundance of Lactobacillus and lower abundance of Veillonella and Escherichia-Shigella in the jejunum on day 8 (P < 0.05). In the ileum, the abundance of Actinobacillus was decreased in the LF piglets on day 8 and day 21 (P < 0.05). The early-life LF intervention enhanced the growth performance and decreased diarrhoea incidence in the suckling piglets by promoting the development of intestinal function and changing the microbiota in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province 210095, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Xiaolingwei Street, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province 210095, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Xiaolingwei Street, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province 210095, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Xiaolingwei Street, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province 210095, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Xiaolingwei Street, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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Benzoic Acid Used as Food and Feed Additives Can Regulate Gut Functions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5721585. [PMID: 30931328 PMCID: PMC6413358 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5721585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of antibacterial and antifungal preservative, benzoic acid is widely used in foods and feeds. Recently, many studies showed that it could improve the growth and health, which should, at least partially, be derived from the promotion of gut functions, including digestion, absorption, and barrier. Based on the similarity of gut physiology between human and pigs, many relative studies in which piglets and porcine intestinal epithelial cells were used as the models have been done. And the results showed that using appropriate benzoic acid levels might improve gut functions via regulating enzyme activity, redox status, immunity, and microbiota, but excess administration would lead to the damage of gut health through redox status. However, the further mechanisms that some intestinal physiological functions might be regulated are not well understood. The present review will, in detail, summarize the effect of benzoic acid on gut functions.
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Kim KO, Lee D, Hiep NT, Song JH, Lee HJ, Lee D, Kang KS. Protective Effect of Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Mugwort ( Artemisia argyi) against Contrast-Induced Apoptosis in Kidney Epithelium Cell Line LLC-PK1. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010195. [PMID: 30621054 PMCID: PMC6337708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether 14 phenolic compounds isolated from Artemisia argyi could prevent the apoptotic damage caused by iodixanol, an iodinated contrast agent, on LLC-PK1 cells. Iodixanol was used to induce cytotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells. Apoptotic cell death was observed as the fluorescence intensity emitted by annexin V and Hoechst 33342 stains. Western blotting was used to detect specific proteins. Seven phenolic compounds protected against iodixanol-induced LLC-PK1 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Among them, methyl caffeate exerted the strongest protective effect, and co-treatment with 50 and 100 μM methyl caffeate decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species elevated by 25 mg/mL iodixanol. In addition, the treatment of LLC-PK1 cells with iodixanol resulted in an increase in apoptotic cell death, which decreased by co-treatment with methyl caffeate. Iodixanol caused a cytotoxicity-related increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and P38; and a similar increase in the expression levels of kidney injury molecule-1 and cleaved caspase-3. However, the up-regulation of these proteins was reversed by co-treatment with methyl caffeate. These findings suggest that phenolic compounds isolated from A. argyi play an important role in protecting kidney epithelium cells against apoptotic damage caused by iodixanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kem Ok Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Nguyen Tuan Hiep
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bio-Nano technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Kiarie E, Voth C, Wey D, Zhu C, Vingerhoeds P, Borucki S, Squires E. Comparative efficacy of antibiotic growth promoter and benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and indices of gut health in nursery pigs fed corn–soybean meal diet. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzoic acid (BA) supplement was evaluated as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP). Ninety-six piglets (21-d-old at weaning) were placed in pens (four piglets pen−1) based on body weight (BW) and allocated (n = 8) to either control corn–soybean meal diet or control + in-feed antibiotic (AGP, 220 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride and 31.2 mg tiamulin kg−1) or control + 0.5% BA. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly. Fecal scores for incidence of diarrhea and fecal samples for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of components were taken in week 2. One pig per pen was euthanized on day 14 for jejunal histomorphology and digesta for pH and short-chain fatty acids concentration. In weeks 1–6, pigs fed AGP and BA had better (P < 0.01) gain to feed ratio compared with control fed pigs. On day 12, pigs fed AGP and BA showed lower (P = 0.01) fecal score than control fed pigs. Pigs fed BA had (P < 0.05) higher ATTD of crude protein and taller villi compared with the control or AGP fed pigs. Pigs fed AGP showed higher (P = 0.05) lactic acid concentrations than pigs fed BA, however, none differed (P > 0.05) with control pigs. In conclusion, BA supported piglet growth performance to the same extent as AGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- BSC Animal Nutrition Inc., St. Mary’s City, ON N4X 1C7, Canada
| | - C. Voth
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D. Wey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C. Zhu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P. Vingerhoeds
- BSC Animal Nutrition Inc., St. Mary’s City, ON N4X 1C7, Canada
| | - S. Borucki
- BSC Animal Nutrition Inc., St. Mary’s City, ON N4X 1C7, Canada
| | - E.J. Squires
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Liu Y, Espinosa CD, Abelilla JJ, Casas GA, Lagos LV, Lee SA, Kwon WB, Mathai JK, Navarro DM, Jaworski NW, Stein HH. Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:113-125. [PMID: 30140751 PMCID: PMC6103469 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges. The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs. It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast, and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Gloria A. Casas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - L. Vanessa Lagos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Su A. Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Woong B. Kwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John K. Mathai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Hans H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Wang Y, Chiba L, Huang C, Torres I, Wang L, Welles E. Effect of diet complexity, multi-enzyme complexes, essential oils, and benzoic acid on weanling pigs. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Diao H, Yan HL, Xiao Y, Yu B, Zheng P, He J, Yu J, Mao XB, Chen DW. Modulation of intestine development by fecal microbiota transplantation in suckling pigs. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8709-8720. [PMID: 35539874 PMCID: PMC9078615 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of early fecal microbiota transplantation on gut development in sucking piglets. A total of 24 3 day-old DLY sucking piglets (2.11 ± 0.15) kg were randomly divided into four groups (TMP, YMP, RMP and control group (CON)), which were transplanted with intact fecal microbiota of Tibetan pig (TP), Yorkshire pig (YP), Rongchang pig (RP), and without transplantation, respectively. The whole trial lasted for 56 d. The results are as follows: when compared with the YMP and RMP treatments, TMP and CON had a lower diarrhea index (P < 0.05), TMP and CON had higher GLP-2 and ANG4 mRNA abundances in the ileum (P < 0.05), and the TMP had a higher jejunal villus height: crypt depth and a higher colonic GLP-2 mRNA abundance (P < 0.05). Moreover, when compared with the YMP and RMP treatments, TMP had an enhanced DMT1 mRNA abundance in the duodenum (P < 0.05), TMP and CON had a greater lactase activity and a higher DMT1 mRNA abundance in the jejunum (P < 0.05), and CON had a higher γ-GT activity in the jejunum (P < 0.05). The jejunal Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase activity in TMP was higher than that in CON, and the jejunal Na+, K+-ATPase activity in TMP was higher than that in the other three treatments (P < 0.05). Besides, when compared with the YMP and RMP treatments, TMP had a lower MDA content and a higher MUC1 mRNA abundance in the jejunum (P < 0.05); CON had a higher SOD activity in the jejunum (P < 0.05), whereas TMP and CON had a higher butyric acid concentration in the colon and a lower LPS content in the serum (P < 0.05). Finally, when compared with the TMP treatment, the other three treatments had an enhanced IL-10 mRNA abundance in the colon (P < 0.05), YMP and CON had higher counts of Escherichia coli in the colonic digesta (P < 0.05), and the CON had lower counts of Lactobacillus spp in the cecal and colonic digesta (P < 0.05). These data indicated that early transplantation of the fecal microbiota from the Yorkshire pigs and Rongchang pigs to DLY suckling piglets would destroy the gut microbiota balance and thus damage intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science No. 7 Niusha Road Chengdu Sichuan 610066 People's Republic of China
| | - H L Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
| | - Y Xiao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
| | - B Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
| | - P Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
| | - J He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
| | - J Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
| | - X B Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
| | - D W Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education Xinkang Road 46# Ya'an Sichuan Province 625014 People's Republic of China +86-835-288-5106 +86-835-288-5106
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Mao X, Xiao X, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Chen H, Xiao X, Luo J, Luo Y, Tian G, Wang J. Dietary apple pectic oligosaccharide improves gut barrier function of rotavirus-challenged weaned pigs by increasing antioxidant capacity of enterocytes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92420-92430. [PMID: 29190927 PMCID: PMC5696193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus can lead to decreasing gut barrier function and diarrhea of children and young animals. Apple pectic oligosaccharide treatment reduced diarrhea in rotavirus-infected piglets. This study was conducted to explore whether apple pectic oligosaccharide administration could protect gut barrier function of piglets against rotavirus infection. A total of 28 crossbred weaned barrows were allotted into 2 treatments fed the diets supplementing 0 and 200 mg/kg apple pectic oligosaccharide. Half of pigs in each diet treatment were challenged by rotavirus on d 15. The whole duration of this experiment is 18 days. Rotavirus challenge increased average diarrhea index, and impaired microbiota in cecal digesta, and histology, expressions of tight-junction proteins, mucins and glucagon like peptide-2 concentrations, antioxidant capacity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and apoptosis in jejunal mucosa of piglets. However, dietary apple pectic oligosaccharide supplementation relieved effects of rotavirus challenge on diarrhea, gut health, and antioxidant capacity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and apoptosis of jejunal mucosa in piglets. These results suggest that apple pectic oligosaccharide administration can prevent diarrhea and damage of gut barrier function via improving antioxidant capacity that might reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in rotavirus-infected piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Xiao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Xiao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
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Cheng C, Zhang X, Xia M, Liu Z, Wei H, Deng Z, Wang C, Jiang S, Peng J. Effect of oregano essential oil and benzoic acid supplementation to a low-protein diet on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and lipid stability of longissimus thoracis muscle in pigs. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:164. [PMID: 28859691 PMCID: PMC5577677 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumers are becoming increasingly interested in food containing appropriately high concentration of intramuscular fat (IMF) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The supplementation of feed with antioxidants decreases degradation of lipids in muscles thereby enhances nutritional and sensory properties of meat. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding oregano essential oil (OEO) and benzoic acid (BA) to low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on meat quality, sensory profile, fatty acid composition, and lipid oxidation of longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle in pigs. METHODS In Exp. 1, 21 barrows were housed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. The three diets were normal protein diet (NPD), medium protein diet (MPD) and low protein diet (LPD) with 1% and 2% less than NPD, respectively. In Exp. 2, 36 barrows were randomly divided into three experimental groups, namely, NPD, LPD, and identical LPD supplemented with blends of OEO (250 mg/kg feed) and BA (1000 mg/kg feed) (LPOB) groups. RESULTS No significant effects of diets on meat quality were observed in Exp. 1. The b*45min, tenderness, and IMF content in LPD muscle were higher than those in NPD and LPOB muscle. The LT muscle in LPD group contained a higher percentage of oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and a lower percentage of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) than those in NPD group. Dietary LPOB improved oxidative stability, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase but decreased drip loss in LT muscle. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that growing-finishing pigs fed with a low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet show a high content of intramuscular fat in the longissimus thoracis muscle. Dietary LPOB enhances the anti-oxidative status by improving antioxidative capacity but deteriorates the sensory attributes by decreasing IMF content of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaming Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuhong Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Deng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Zhai H, Ren W, Wang S, Wu J, Guggenbuhl P, Kluenter AM. Growth performance of nursery and grower-finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with benzoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:232-235. [PMID: 29767144 PMCID: PMC5941191 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of benzoic acid on the growth performance of nursery and grower-finisher pigs. A randomized complete block design was used in both experiments with the initial body weight as the blocking factor. There were 3 treatments corresponding to 3 dietary levels of benzoic acid: 0, 0.3%, and 0.5%. In experiment 1, a total of 144 PIC L1050 barrows (initial body weight 7.1 ± 0.6 kg) were used with each treatment replicated 8 times. In experiment 2, a total of 288 PIC L1050 barrows (initial body weight 36.1 ± 3.6 kg) were used with each treatment replicated 16 times. There were 6 barrows in each replicate pen for both experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 lasted 28 and 70 days, respectively. In experiment 1, average daily gain (ADG) of all growth phases increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing supplementation of benzoic acid, which led to a linear improvement in average body weight on d 28 (P < 0.05). There was also an improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) of d 0 to 14 (linear effect: P < 0.05) and in average daily feed intake (ADFI) of d 14 to 28 and d 0 to 28 (linear effect: P < 0.01). In experiment 2, ADG during d 0 to 35 and d 35 to 70 and average body weight on d 35 improved linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing supplementation of benzoic acid. Average daily gain of d 0 to 70 and average body weight on d 70 increased significantly in a both linear and quadratic manner. There was a linear improvement in FCR in all growth phases (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of benzoic acid at the supplementation levels of 0.3% and 0.5% significantly improved the growth performance of nursery and grower-finisher pigs in the current study; the nursery pigs responded to the dietary supplementation of benzoic acid up to 0.5% linearly while the grower-finisher pigs achieved the optimal ADG at the calculated supplementation level of 0.36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiao Zhai
- DSM (China) Animal Nutrition Research Center Co. Ltd., Bazhou 065799, China
| | - Wen Ren
- DSM (China) Animal Nutrition Research Center Co. Ltd., Bazhou 065799, China
| | - Shikui Wang
- DSM (China) Animal Nutrition Research Center Co. Ltd., Bazhou 065799, China
| | - Jinlong Wu
- DSM (China) Animal Nutrition Research Center Co. Ltd., Bazhou 065799, China
| | - Patrick Guggenbuhl
- DSM Nutritional Products France, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Animale, BP 170, 68305 Saint-Louis Cedex, France
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47
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Diao H, Jiao AR, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Huang ZQ, Luo YH, Luo JQ, Mao XB, Chen D. Stimulation of intestinal growth with distal ileal infusion of short-chain fatty acid: a reevaluation in a pig model. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
18 barrows with average initial body weight of 30.72 (±1.48) kg fitted with a T-cannula in the terminal ileum were randomly allotted to 3 treatments to determine the underlying mechanisms of the regulation of SCFAs on intestinal development in a pig model.
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48
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Giannenas I, Doukas D, Karamoutsios A, Tzora A, Bonos E, Skoufos I, Tsinas A, Christaki E, Tontis D, Florou-Paneri P. Effects of Enterococcus faecium, mannan oligosaccharide, benzoic acid and their mixture on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology and blood lymphocyte subpopulations of fattening pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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