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Challakere Ramaswamy VM, Butler T, Ton B, Wilhelm K, Mitchell PB, Knight L, Greenberg D, Ellis A, Gebski V, Schofield PW. Neuropsychiatric correlates of olfactory identification and traumatic brain injury in a sample of impulsive violent offenders. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1254574. [PMID: 37842698 PMCID: PMC10570745 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1254574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory deficits have a diverse etiology and can be detected with simple olfactory tests. Key olfactory pathways are located within the frontal and temporal lobes where they are vulnerable to damage due to head trauma. Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) integrity is important for olfaction and aspects of behavioral regulation. We measured olfactory identification ability in a sample of impulsive violent offenders to determine its associations with history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and a range of neuropsychiatric indices, including proxies for cognitive ability, impulsivity and social connectedness. Methods Male participants were drawn from the ReINVEST study, a randomized controlled trial of sertraline to reduce recidivism in violent impulsive offenders. Criteria for participation in the study included a minimum age of 18 years, a documented history of two or more violent offenses, and a score of 70 or above on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). The 16-item "Sniffin sticks" (SS) odor identification test (OI) was administered as were standardized questionnaires regarding previous TBI, additional measures to screen cognition [word reading test of the Wechsler Individuals Achievement Test (WIAT), social connectedness (the Duke Social Support Scale), and a range of other neuropsychiatric conditions or symptoms]. The sample SS scores were compared against published age-specific norms. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with SS score (linear regression, within those without hyposmia) or hyposmia (logistic regression) as the outcome. Results The mean OI scores were lower than population norms and 16% of participants were classified as hyposmic. Univariate analyses showed associations of SS score with age, WIAT score, impulsivity, TBI and TBI severity, social connectedness, childhood sexual abuse, suicidality and current use of heroin. In multivariate analyses, age, TBI severity and WIAT remained as significant independent predictors of SS score (within the normosmic range) or hyposmia (logistic regression). Conclusion Olfactory performance was associated with multiple behavioral phenomena in a pattern that would be consistent with this serving as a proxy for orbitofrontal functioning. As such, OI testing may have utility in further studies of offenders. In future, we will examine whether olfactory score predicts recidivism or response to the administration of sertraline, in terms of reducing recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Butler
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bianca Ton
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kay Wilhelm
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Lee Knight
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Greenberg
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Ellis
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Val Gebski
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter William Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry Service, Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Yucel ID, Yararbas G. The association between probationers' addiction levels and socioeconomic-psychological characteristics. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:100. [PMID: 37024978 PMCID: PMC10080873 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate probationers' addiction levels and associated socioeconomic and psychological features in Izmir Probation Directorate. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Izmir Probation Directorate between August 27, 2018 and November 27, 2018. The study's dependent variable was adult probationers' addiction level which was evaluated by the Addiction Profile Index-Clinical Version (API-C). The independent variables were individual factors, social environmental factors, API-C scale subdimensions and perceived social support. For paired comparisons, Student's t test and ANOVA were used. Linear regression analysis was used for multiple comparisons. p < 0.05 was accepted as the limit of statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 200 male probationers participated in the study (82.3%, n = 243). The participants' average age was 29.9 ± 7.7. The participants' average addiction score was 5.65 ± 2.33. According to the results of the regression analysis; education level (B = 1.438, 95% CI 0.936, 1.941, p < 0.001) working status at a job (B = 2.687, 95% CI 1.428, 3.945, p < 0.001) father's education level (B=-1.117, 95% CI -1.473, -0.762, p < 0.001) and anger management problems (B = 0.750, 95%CI 0.517, 0.982, p < 0.001) were explanatory for addiction level. The model was 50.8% explanatory of addiction level (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Probationers who grew up with only their mother, whose father had a low education level, who had higher levels of anger management problems and who were unemployed had higher levels of addiction. These results emphasize the need for social work in the rehabilitation processes of individuals. Treating the risk factors indicated by the study results as screening and follow-up parameters in the probation population can be useful in improving the success of the probation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Derya Yucel
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Yararbas
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey.
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Keulen-de Vos M, de Klerk A. Dutch forensic patients with and without intellectual disabilities: A comparison of demographic, offence, and diagnostic characteristics. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 126:104255. [PMID: 35504124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with an intellectual disability (ID) and offending histories constitute a challenging clinical group. The present study examined commonalities and differences in demographic, diagnostic and offence characteristics in patients with and without intellectual disabilities who were either convicted for violent or sexual offences and who resided in mandated care in the Netherlands. METHOD We compared 165 offenders with an ID to 249 offenders without an ID. We compared both groups by type of offence (i.e., sexual versus violent offence) using Mann-Whitney U-test or independent samples t-tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. RESULTS In general, forensic patients with an ID were younger at admission (U=357, z = -12.668, p < .001), had more prior convictions for violent offences (χ2(1)= 6.175, p = .013) and more prevalent diagnoses of substance abuse disorders (χ2(1)= 9.266, p = .002) than those without an ID. Similar results were found for patients with IDs with sexual offence histories. CONCLUSION A clear understanding of distinct characteristics of forensic patients with intellectual disabilities is crucial in understanding (sexual) violent behavior in this population as it mayassistclinicians in prioritizing interventionstrategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Keulen-de Vos
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre de Rooyse Wissel, Venray, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke de Klerk
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre de Rooyse Wissel, Venray, The Netherlands
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Chandran A, Bhondoekhan F, Wilson TE, Milam J, Cohen MH, Adimora AA, Adedimeji A, Cocohoba J, Parish C, Holstad M, Kassaye S, Kempf MC. Intensity of Social Support Matters: A Latent Class Analysis to Identify Levels of Social Support Associated with Optimal Health Outcomes Among Women Living with HIV. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:243-251. [PMID: 34287753 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social support is associated with improved HIV care and quality of life. We utilized latent class analysis to identify three classes of baseline emotional and tangible perceived social support, termed "Strong", "Wavering" and "Weak". "Weak" vs. "Strong" perceived social support was associated over time with an 8% decreased risk of optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence for emotional and 6% decreased risk for tangible perceived social support. Importantly, "Wavering" vs "Strong" social support also showed a decreased risk of ART adherence of 6% for emotional and 3% for tangible support. "Strong" vs. "Weak" perceived support had a similar association with undetectable viral load, but the association for "Strong" vs. "Wavering" support was not statistically significant. Intensity of social support is associated with HIV care outcomes, and strong social support may be needed for some individuals. It is important to quantify the level or intensity of social support that is needed to optimize HIV outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Chandran
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite W6501, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Fiona Bhondoekhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite W6501, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tracey E Wilson
- Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Joel Milam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adebola Adedimeji
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Cocohoba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carrigan Parish
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcia Holstad
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- Schools of Nursing, Public Health and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Boles W, Tatum T, Wall J, Nguyen L, Van Dall A, Mulhollem C, Sacks A, Wennerstrom A, Reilly B, Niyogi A. Us helping us: The evolution of a peer support group for formerly incarcerated people. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:920640. [PMID: 35982939 PMCID: PMC9379313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.920640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical, psychological, and emotional trauma experienced while incarcerated influences subsequent mental health outcomes. Upon release, there is a fragmented landscape of mental health services and many of the existing services do not account for the root causes of challenges faced by formerly incarcerated people (FIP). To address the unmet social, psychological, behavioral, and emotional needs of FIP in Louisiana, the Formerly Incarcerated Peer Support (FIPS) Group developed a twelve-unit curriculum in 2019. METHODS We detail the evolution, development, and evaluation of the FIPS Group program. Additionally, we describe the community-driven process for developing the curriculum. RESULTS The FIPS Group has grown from informal meetings of a handful of FIP in New Orleans, Louisiana, into a multi-state, interdisciplinary network of more than 150 stakeholders. FIPS Group has developed the only peer support curriculum we are aware of that is designed by FIP, for FIP, and uses the shared experience of incarceration and reentry as its organizing principle. Limitations of the model include the lack of pending evaluation data and challenges with technological proficiency among FIP. CONCLUSIONS The FIPS Group model may be generalized in a number of settings. Similar approaches may benefit the mental health of the millions of Americans involved in the criminal-legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Boles
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans School of Medicine, and Harvard Kennedy School of Government, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Thad Tatum
- Formerly Incarcerated Peer Support (FIPS) Group, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jarrod Wall
- City, Culture, and Community Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lauren Nguyen
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Alexandria Van Dall
- Formerly Incarcerated Peer Support (FIPS) Group, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Claire Mulhollem
- Department of Sociology, School of Liberal Arts, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anna Sacks
- Voice of the Experienced (VOTE), New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ashley Wennerstrom
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Bruce Reilly
- Voice of the Experienced (VOTE), New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anjali Niyogi
- Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Rapier R, McKernan S, Stauffer CS. An inverse relationship between perceived social support and substance use frequency in socially stigmatized populations. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 10:100188. [PMID: 31294075 PMCID: PMC6595132 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social isolation and alcohol and substance use disorders (ASUD) have been identified as global health risks. Social support is protective against developing ASUD and is associated with beneficial addiction treatment outcomes. Socially stigmatized populations are at higher risk of both social isolation and ASUD, and the link between social support and substance use in these populations has been less researched than in general substance-using populations. We hypothesized that perceived social support, as measured by the Social Provisions Scale (SPS), would have an inverse relationship with frequency of substance use, from subsections of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) that estimate use over the past 30 days and over an individual's lifetime. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, we conducted secondary correlational analyses with pre-existing data to test our hypothesis in two separate samples made up of socially marginalized populations entering ASUD treatment programs. Sample 1: substance-using male prison inmates (n = 72, average age = 30.79) and Sample 2: primary methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men (n = 86, average age = 43.41). RESULTS Significant negative correlations were found between SPS and lifetime use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis (r s - 0.27, -0.39, -0.26; p-values 0.04, 0.001, 0.04, respectively) in Sample 1 and 30-day use of methamphetamine (r s - 0.28; p-value 0.008) in Sample 2. DISCUSSION Differences in results between the samples (lifetime vs 30-day use) may reflect psychosocial and contextual differences impacting perceived social support. Our findings provide support for an important link between perceived social support and frequency of substance use in socially stigmatized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rapier
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St. (116C-1), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Scott McKernan
- The New School, 72 5th Ave, New York City, NY 10011, USA
| | - Christopher S. Stauffer
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St. (116C-1), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Spohr SA, Livingston MD, Taxman FS, Walters ST. What's the influence of social interactions on substance use and treatment initiation? A prospective analysis among substance-using probationers. Addict Behav 2019; 89:143-150. [PMID: 30316139 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A person's social environment greatly affects the likelihood of substance use, which in turn affects risk for criminal behavior. This study examined how people's social environment early in probation contributed to later substance use and treatment outcome, both of which predict probation success. METHODS Data were analyzed from a randomized controlled trial of substance-using probationers (N = 316). Moderation analyses assessed the relationship between social support near the start of probation and substance use and treatment initiation after 2 and 6 months. RESULTS Abstinence at 2-months was associated with better baseline measures of support quality (more positive support, fewer negative interactions, and reduced conflict). Similar associations were identified for 6-month abstinence including better baseline quality, more positive support, and less family and peer conflict. There were no significant associations between the baseline social support and treatment initiation at 2-months. However, poorer baseline quality support and more negative interactions predicted increased treatment initiation at 6-months. CONCLUSIONS Social support and the quality of an offender's social network have important implications for substance use and treatment compliance. The criminal justice system emphasizes ways to minimize negative social influences among offenders (i.e., probation conditions that limit contact with other offenders). However, this study suggests that behavior change is a function of not only reducing negative influences but also increasing positive or good quality supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Spohr
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Melvin D Livingston
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Faye S Taxman
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Scott T Walters
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Link NW, Hamilton LK. The reciprocal lagged effects of substance use and recidivism in a prisoner reentry context. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2017; 5:8. [PMID: 28593579 PMCID: PMC5462665 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-017-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much work has investigated the association between substance use, crime, and recidivism, yet little scholarship has examined these associations longitudinally among samples of recently released prisoners. We examine the lagged reciprocal effects of hard substance use and crime, among other covariates, in the context of the prisoner reentry process. METHODS We rely on data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) evaluation and employ cross-lagged panel models to examine short-term changes in substance use and crime over time among a large sample of high-risk, former prisoners (N = 1697). RESULTS Substance use marginally predicted increased odds of rearrest at one wave, and rearrest significantly (p < .05) predicted increased odds of substance use at another. As such, the results provide limited evidence for a degree of lagged mutual causation; associations vary over the reentry process and are complicated by other realities of life after prison. A key finding is that both behaviors are more consistently influenced by other factors, such as service needs and instrumental and emotional supports. CONCLUSIONS Although there are relationships between drug use and criminal behavior, these behaviors alone are insufficient explanations for one another in an adult reentry population. Alternatively, the compounding social and personal needs of the reentry population, and the extent to which they received support or services to address these needs, appear to have the strongest influence on both behaviors in the reentry context.
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Li YH, Mgbere O, Abughosh S, Chen H, Cuccaro P, Essien EJ. Modeling ecodevelopmental context of sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk and protective behaviors among African-American adolescents. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2017; 9:119-135. [PMID: 28694710 PMCID: PMC5490434 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s130930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk and protective processes are integrated developmental processes that directly or indirectly affect behavioral outcomes. A better understanding of these processes is needed, in order to gauge their contribution to sexual risk behaviors. This retrospective cross-sectional study modeled the ecodevelopmental chain of relationships to examine the social contexts of African-American (AA) adolescents associated with sexually transmitted disease (STD)- and HIV-risk behaviors. We used data from 1,619 AA adolescents with an average age of 16±1.8 years obtained from the first wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health for this study. Confirmatory factor analysis followed by structural equation modeling was conducted to identify the latent constructs that reflect the social-interactional components of the ecodevelopmental theory. Among contextual factors, findings indicated that a feeling of love from father, school, religion, and parent attitudes toward adolescent sexual behavior were all factors that played significant roles in the sexual behavior of AA adolescents. AA adolescents who reported feeling love from their father, feeling a strong negative attitude from their parents toward having sex at a very young age, and having a strong bond with school personnel were associated with better health statuses. The level of parents' involvement in their children's lives was reflected in the adolescents' feeling of love from parents and moderated by their socioeconomic status. Being male, attaining increased age, and being a sexual minority were associated with higher likelihood of exhibiting risky sexual behavior. In contrast, higher socioeconomic status and fathers' level of involvement were indirectly associated with reduced STD/HIV-related sexual risk behavior. In conclusion, our findings suggest that interventions aimed at maximal protection against STD/HIV-related risk behavior among AA adolescents should adopt both self- and context-based strategies that promote positive functioning in the family, school, and peer microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Osaro Mgbere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Health Department, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Abughosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paula Cuccaro
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ekere James Essien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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