1
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Yang QQ, Zhang HY, Duan XH, Li MH, Sun J, Tian LX, Dong JC, Kong LW. Astragaloside IV targeting autophagy of T cells improves inflammation of asthma. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:699-713. [PMID: 38213072 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2294069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AST) has been confirmed to have antiasthmatic effects. However, the underline mechanism is unclear. The study aimed to explore the treatment mechanism of AST based on autophagy of memory T cells. AST treatment significantly decreased the number of T effector cells in asthma mice blood and the nude mice that received AST-treated TCMs had relieved inflammation compared with the untreated group; meanwhile, we found that AST significantly decreased the autophagy level and inhibited OX40/OX40L signal pathway of lymphocytes. The results highlighted that AST regulated autophagy to inhibit differentiation of effector T-cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Duan
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Mi-Hui Li
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Li-Xia Tian
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ling-Wen Kong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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2
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Teppert K, Wang X, Anders K, Evaristo C, Lock D, Künkele A. Joining Forces for Cancer Treatment: From "TCR versus CAR" to "TCR and CAR". Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314563. [PMID: 36498890 PMCID: PMC9739809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapy has demonstrated great therapeutic potential in recent decades, on the one hand, by using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and, on the other hand, by engineering T cells to obtain anti-tumor specificities through the introduction of either engineered T cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Given the distinct design of both receptors and the type of antigen that is encountered, the requirements for proper antigen engagement and downstream signal transduction by TCRs and CARs differ. Synapse formation and signal transduction of CAR T cells, despite further refinement of CAR T cell designs, still do not fully recapitulate that of TCR T cells and might limit CAR T cell persistence and functionality. Thus, deep knowledge about the molecular differences in CAR and TCR T cell signaling would greatly advance the further optimization of CAR designs and elucidate under which circumstances a combination of both receptors would improve the functionality of T cells for cancer treatment. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review about similarities and differences by directly comparing the architecture, synapse formation and signaling of TCRs and CARs, highlighting the knowns and unknowns. In the second part of the review, we discuss the current status of combining CAR and TCR technologies, encouraging a change in perspective from "TCR versus CAR" to "TCR and CAR".
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Teppert
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Xueting Wang
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Kathleen Anders
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - César Evaristo
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Dominik Lock
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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3
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Darragh LB, Gadwa J, Pham TT, Van Court B, Neupert B, Olimpo NA, Nguyen K, Nguyen D, Knitz MW, Hoen M, Corbo S, Joshi M, Zhuang Y, Amann M, Wang XJ, Dow S, Kedl RM, Samedi V, Boss MK, Karam SD. Elective nodal irradiation mitigates local and systemic immunity generated by combination radiation and immunotherapy in head and neck tumors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7015. [PMID: 36385142 PMCID: PMC9668826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the setting of conventional radiation therapy, even when combined with immunotherapy, head and neck cancer often recurs locally and regionally. Elective nodal irradiation (ENI) is commonly employed to decrease regional recurrence. Given our developing understanding that immune cells are radio-sensitive, and that T cell priming occurs in the draining lymph nodes (DLNs), we hypothesize that radiation therapy directed at the primary tumor only will increase the effectiveness of immunotherapies. We find that ENI increases local, distant, and metastatic tumor growth. Multi-compartmental analysis of the primary/distant tumor, the DLNs, and the blood shows that ENI decreases the immune response systemically. Additionally, we find that ENI decreases antigen-specific T cells and epitope spreading. Treating the primary tumor with radiation and immunotherapy, however, fails to reduce regional recurrence, but this is reversed by either concurrent sentinel lymph node resection or irradiation. Our data support using lymphatic sparing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob Gadwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tiffany T Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brooke Neupert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas A Olimpo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diemmy Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael W Knitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maureen Hoen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sophia Corbo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yonghua Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maria Amann
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED) Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Von Samedi
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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4
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Durkee-Shock J, Lazarski CA, Jensen-Wachspress MA, Zhang A, Son A, Kankate VV, Field NE, Webber K, Lang H, Conway SR, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM, Keller MD, Schwartz DM. Transcriptomic analysis reveals optimal cytokine combinations for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell therapy products. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:439-447. [PMID: 35506060 PMCID: PMC9050197 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell immunotherapy has been used to restore immunity against multiple viral targets in immunocompromised patients after bone-marrow transplantation and has been proposed as a strategy for preventing coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in this population. Ideally, expanded severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-virus-specific T cells (CSTs) should demonstrate marked cell expansion, T cell specificity, and CD8+ T cell skewing prior to adoptive transfer. However, current methodologies using IL-4 + IL-7 result in suboptimal specificity, especially in CD8+ cells. Using a microexpansion platform, we screened various cytokine cocktails (IL-4 + IL-7, IL-15, IL-15 + IL-4, IL-15 + IL-6, and IL-15 + IL-7) for the most favorable culture conditions. IL-15 + IL-7 optimally balanced T cell expansion, polyfunctionality, and CD8+ T cell skewing of a final therapeutic T cell product. Additionally, the transcriptomes of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells cultured with IL-15 + IL-7 displayed the strongest induction of antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response genes. Subsequently, microexpansion results were successfully translated to a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-applicable format where IL-15 + IL-7 outperformed IL-4 + IL-7 in specificity and expansion, especially in the desirable CD8+ T cell compartment. These results demonstrate the functional implications of IL-15-, IL-4-, and IL-7-containing cocktails for therapeutic T cell expansion, which could have broad implication for cellular therapy, and pioneer the use of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to guide viral-specific T cell (VST) product manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Durkee-Shock
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Lazarski
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Anqing Zhang
- GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aran Son
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vaishnavi V Kankate
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Naomi E Field
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathleen Webber
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haili Lang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan R Conway
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael D Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Pietrobon V, Todd LA, Goswami A, Stefanson O, Yang Z, Marincola F. Improving CAR T-Cell Persistence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910828. [PMID: 34639168 PMCID: PMC8509430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade remarkable progress has been made in enhancing the efficacy of CAR T therapies. However, the clinical benefits are still limited, especially in solid tumors. Even in hematological settings, patients that respond to CAR T therapies remain at risk of relapsing due to several factors including poor T-cell expansion and lack of long-term persistence after adoptive transfer. This issue is even more evident in solid tumors, as the tumor microenvironment negatively influences the survival, infiltration, and activity of T-cells. Limited persistence remains a significant hindrance to the development of effective CAR T therapies due to several determinants, which are encountered from the cell manufacturing step and onwards. CAR design and ex vivo manipulation, including culture conditions, may play a pivotal role. Moreover, previous chemotherapy and lymphodepleting treatments may play a relevant role. In this review, the main causes for decreased persistence of CAR T-cells in patients will be discussed, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell exhaustion. The approaches taken so far to overcome these limitations and to create exhaustion-resistant T-cells will be described. We will also examine the knowledge gained from several key clinical trials and highlight the molecular mechanisms determining T-cell stemness, as promoting stemness may represent an attractive approach to improve T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violena Pietrobon
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Lauren Anne Todd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Anghsumala Goswami
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ofir Stefanson
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhifen Yang
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Francesco Marincola
- Kite Pharma, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
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6
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Olivo A, Lécuroux C, Bitu M, Avettand-Fenoel V, Boufassa F, Essat A, Meyer L, Doisne JM, Favier B, Vaslin B, Schlecht-Louf G, Noël N, Goujard C, Lambotte O, Bourgeois C. CXCR3 and CXCR5 are highly expressed in HIV-1-specific CD8 central memory T cells from infected patients. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2040-2050. [PMID: 33963550 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New ways of characterizing CD8+ memory T cell responses in chronic infections are based on the measurement of chemokine receptor expression (CXCR3, CXCR5, and CX3CR1). We applied these novel phenotyping strategies to chronic HIV infection by comparing healthy donors (HDs), HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and spontaneous HIV controllers (HICs). In all groups, the memory cells exhibited high proportion of CXCR3+ cells. Proportions of CXCR5+ and CX3CR1+ cells were preferentially observed among central memory cells (Tcm) and effector memory cells (Tem) respectively. Chronic controlled HIV infection impacted the chemokine receptor profile of both HIV-specific and nonspecific CD8+ T cells. In total CD8+ T cells, the proportions of CXCR3- CXCR5- CX3CR1- Tcm and Tem were lower in HIV-infected patients than in HDs with subtle differences between ART and HICs. Such phenotyping strategy also revealed differences in exhaustion and senescence phenotypes, the CXCR3+ CXCR5+ CX3CR1- being more exhausted and senescent than the CXCR3+ CXCR5- CX3CR1- Tcm fraction. Among HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, the vast majority of Tcm cells were CXCR3+ and CXCR5+ cells in contrast with their nonspecific counterparts. In conclusion, the addition of migration markers contributes to better characterize Tcm/Tem compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Olivo
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lécuroux
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Marie Bitu
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoel
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM CESP U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Asma Essat
- INSERM CESP U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM CESP U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Doisne
- INSERM U1223, Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Nicolas Noël
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- INSERM CESP U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases, (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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7
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Brayshaw LL, Martinez-Fleites C, Athanasopoulos T, Southgate T, Jespers L, Herring C. The role of small molecules in cell and gene therapy. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:330-352. [PMID: 34046619 PMCID: PMC8130622 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies have achieved impressive results in the treatment of rare genetic diseases using gene corrected stem cells and haematological cancers using chimeric antigen receptor T cells. However, these two fields face significant challenges such as demonstrating long-term efficacy and safety, and achieving cost-effective, scalable manufacturing processes. The use of small molecules is a key approach to overcome these barriers and can benefit cell and gene therapies at multiple stages of their lifecycle. For example, small molecules can be used to optimise viral vector production during manufacturing or used in the clinic to enhance the resistance of T cell therapies to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Here, we review current uses of small molecules in cell and gene therapy and highlight opportunities for medicinal chemists to further consolidate the success of cell and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis L Brayshaw
- Cell & Gene Therapy Discovery Research, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Carlos Martinez-Fleites
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Takis Athanasopoulos
- Cell & Gene Therapy Discovery Research, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Thomas Southgate
- Cell & Gene Therapy Discovery Research, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Laurent Jespers
- Cell & Gene Therapy Discovery Research, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Christopher Herring
- Cell & Gene Therapy Discovery Research, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
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8
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Cheng J, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Guan Y, Zhang T, Liu C, Zhou J. Understanding the Mechanisms of Resistance to CAR T-Cell Therapy in Malignancies. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1237. [PMID: 31824840 PMCID: PMC6882288 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the immune system to exert an antitumor effect is currently a novel approach in cancer therapy. Adoptive transfer of T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting a desired antigen has shown extraordinary antitumor activity, especially in refractory and relapsed B-cell malignancies. The most representative in this respect, as well as the most successful example, is CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, with the widespread use of CAR T-cell therapy, problems of resistance and relapse are starting to be considered. This review provides a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms of resistance to CAR T-cell therapy from three aspects, namely, CAR T-cell factors, tumor factors, and tumor microenvironment factors, offering insights for improving CAR T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqi Guan
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Amini L, Vollmer T, Wendering DJ, Jurisch A, Landwehr-Kenzel S, Otto NM, Jürchott K, Volk HD, Reinke P, Schmueck-Henneresse M. Comprehensive Characterization of a Next-Generation Antiviral T-Cell Product and Feasibility for Application in Immunosuppressed Transplant Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1148. [PMID: 31191530 PMCID: PMC6546853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have a major impact on morbidity and mortality of immunosuppressed solid organ transplant (SOT) patients because of missing or failure of adequate pharmacologic antiviral treatment. Adoptive antiviral T-cell therapy (AVTT), regenerating disturbed endogenous T-cell immunity, emerged as an attractive alternative approach to combat severe viral complications in immunocompromised patients. AVTT is successful in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation where T-cell products (TCPs) are manufactured from healthy donors. In contrast, in the SOT setting TCPs are derived from/applied back to immunosuppressed patients. We and others demonstrated feasibility of TCP generation from SOT patients and first clinical proof-of-concept trials revealing promising data. However, the initial efficacy is frequently lost long-term, because of limited survival of transferred short-lived T-cells indicating a need for next-generation TCPs. Our recent data suggest that Rapamycin treatment during TCP manufacture, conferring partial inhibition of mTOR, might improve its composition. The aim of this study was to confirm these promising observations in a setting closer to clinical challenges and to deeply characterize the next-generation TCPs. Using cytomegalovirus (CMV) as model, our next-generation Rapamycin-treated (Rapa-)TCP showed consistently increased proportions of CD4+ T-cells as well as CD4+ and CD8+ central-memory T-cells (TCM). In addition, Rapamycin sustained T-cell function despite withdrawal of Rapamycin, showed superior T-cell viability and resistance to apoptosis, stable metabolism upon activation, preferential expansion of TCM, partial conversion of other memory T-cell subsets to TCM and increased clonal diversity. On transcriptome level, we observed a gene expression profile denoting long-lived early memory T-cells with potent effector functions. Furthermore, we successfully applied the novel protocol for the generation of Rapa-TCPs to 19/19 SOT patients in a comparative study, irrespective of their history of CMV reactivation. Moreover, comparison of paired TCPs generated before/after transplantation did not reveal inferiority of the latter despite exposition to maintenance immunosuppression post-SOT. Our data imply that the Rapa-TCPs, exhibiting longevity and sustained T-cell memory, are a reasonable treatment option for SOT patients. Based on our success to manufacture Rapa-TCPs from SOT patients under maintenance immunosuppression, now, we seek ultimate clinical proof of efficacy in a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Amini
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Renal and Transplant Research Unit, Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Vollmer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Desiree J Wendering
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Jurisch
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sybille Landwehr-Kenzel
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Maureen Otto
- Renal and Transplant Research Unit, Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Renal and Transplant Research Unit, Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Hassani M, Hajari Taheri F, Sharifzadeh Z, Arashkia A, Hadjati J, van Weerden WM, Modarressi MH, Abolhassani M. Construction of a chimeric antigen receptor bearing a nanobody against prostate a specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10787-10795. [PMID: 30672018 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is considered to be a novel anticancer therapy. To date, in most cases, single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) of murine origin have been used in CARs. However, this structure has limitations relating to the potential immunogenicity of mouse antigens in humans and the relatively large size of scFvs. For the first time, we used camelid nanobody (VHH) to construct CAR T cells against prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The nanobody against PSMA (NBP) was used to show the feasibility of CAR T cells against prostate cancer cells. T cells were transfected, and then the surface expression of the CAR T cells was confirmed. Then, the functions of VHH-CAR T cell were evaluated upon coculture with prostate cancer cells. At the end, the cytotoxicity potential of NBPII-CAR in T cells was approximated by determining the cell surface expression of CD107a after encountering PSMA. Our data show the specificity of VHH-CAR T cells against PSMA+ cells (LNCaP), not only by increasing the interleukin 2 (IL-2) cytokine (about 400 pg/mL), but also the expression of CD69 by almost 38%. In addition, VHH-CAR T cells were proliferated by nearly 60% when cocultured with LNCaP, as compared with PSMA negative prostate cancer cell (DU-145), which led to the upregulation of CD107a in T cells upto 31%. These results clearly show the possibility of using VHH-based CAR T cells for targeted immunotherapy, which may be developed to target virtually any tumor-associated antigen for adoptive T-cell immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hassani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Sharifzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Hybridoma Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abolhassani
- Department of Immunology, Hybridoma Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Kueberuwa G, Zheng W, Kalaitsidou M, Gilham DE, Hawkins RE. A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394400 PMCID: PMC6235544 DOI: 10.3791/58492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The astonishing clinical success of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has led to the approval of two second generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) andnon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The focus of the field is now on emulating these successes in other hematological malignancies where less impressive complete response rates are observed. Further engineering of CAR T cells or co-administration of other treatment modalities may successfully overcome obstacles to successful therapy in other cancer settings. We therefore present a model in which others can conduct pre-clinical testing of CD19 CAR T cells. Results in this well tested B-cell lymphoma model are likely to be informative CAR T-cell therapy in general. This protocol allows the reproducible production of mouse CAR T cells through calcium phosphate transfection of Plat-E producer cells with MP71 retroviral constructs and pCL-Eco packaging plasmid followed by collection of secreted retroviral particles and transduction using recombinant human fibronectin fragment and centrifugation. Validation of retroviral transduction, and confirmation of the ability of CAR T cells to kill target lymphoma cells ex vivo, through the use of flow cytometry, luminometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is also described. Protocols for testing CAR T cells in vivo in lymphoreplete and lymphodepleted syngeneic mice, bearing established, systemic lymphoma are described. Anti-cancer activity is monitored by in vivo bioluminescence and disease progression. We show typical results of eradication of established B-cell lymphoma when utilizing 1st or 2nd generation CARs in combination with lymphodepleting pre-conditioning and a minority of mice achieving long term remissions when utilizing CAR T cells expressing IL-12 in lymphoreplete mice. These protocols can be used to evaluate CD19 CAR T cells with different additional modification, combinations of CAR T cells and other therapeutic agents or adapted for the use of CAR T cells against different target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gray Kueberuwa
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, Department Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester;
| | - Weiming Zheng
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, Department Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - Milena Kalaitsidou
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, Department Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - David E Gilham
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, Department Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester; Celyad
| | - Robert E Hawkins
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, Department Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester
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12
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Manufacturing development and clinical production of NKG2D chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells for autologous adoptive cell therapy. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:952-963. [PMID: 30180944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Adoptive cell therapy employing natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells has demonstrated preclinical efficacy in several model systems, including hematological and solid tumors. We present comprehensive data on manufacturing development and clinical production of autologous NKG2D CAR T cells for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02203825). An NKG2D CAR was generated by fusing native full-length human NKG2D to the human CD3ζ cytoplasmic signaling domain. NKG2D naturally associates with native costimulatory molecule DAP10, effectively generating a second-generation CAR against multiple ligands upregulated during malignant transformation including MIC-A, MIC-B and the UL-16 binding proteins. METHODS CAR T cells were infused fresh after a 9-day process wherein OKT3-activated T cells were genetically modified with replication-defective gamma-retroviral vector and expanded ex vivo for 5 days with recombinant human interleukin-2. RESULTS Despite sizable interpatient variation in originally collected cells, release criteria, including T-cell expansion and purity (median 98%), T-cell transduction (median 66% CD8+ T cells), and functional activity against NKG2D ligand-positive cells, were met for 100% of healthy donors and patients enrolled and collected. There was minimal carryover of non-T cells, particularly malignant cells; both effector memory and central memory cells were generated, and inflammatory cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, RANTES, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were selectively up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS The process resulted in production of required cell doses for the first-in-human phase I NKG2D CAR T clinical trial and provides a robust, flexible base for further optimization of NKG2D CAR T-cell manufacturing.
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13
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Fraietta JA, Lacey SF, Orlando EJ, Pruteanu-Malinici I, Gohil M, Lundh S, Boesteanu AC, Wang Y, O'Connor RS, Hwang WT, Pequignot E, Ambrose DE, Zhang C, Wilcox N, Bedoya F, Dorfmeier C, Chen F, Tian L, Parakandi H, Gupta M, Young RM, Johnson FB, Kulikovskaya I, Liu L, Xu J, Kassim SH, Davis MM, Levine BL, Frey NV, Siegel DL, Huang AC, Wherry EJ, Bitter H, Brogdon JL, Porter DL, June CH, Melenhorst JJ. Determinants of response and resistance to CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Med 2018; 24:563-571. [PMID: 29713085 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1052] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance to self-antigens prevents the elimination of cancer by the immune system1,2. We used synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to overcome immunological tolerance and mediate tumor rejection in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Remission was induced in a subset of subjects, but most did not respond. Comprehensive assessment of patient-derived CAR T cells to identify mechanisms of therapeutic success and failure has not been explored. We performed genomic, phenotypic and functional evaluations to identify determinants of response. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that CAR T cells from complete-responding patients with CLL were enriched in memory-related genes, including IL-6/STAT3 signatures, whereas T cells from nonresponders upregulated programs involved in effector differentiation, glycolysis, exhaustion and apoptosis. Sustained remission was associated with an elevated frequency of CD27+CD45RO-CD8+ T cells before CAR T cell generation, and these lymphocytes possessed memory-like characteristics. Highly functional CAR T cells from patients produced STAT3-related cytokines, and serum IL-6 correlated with CAR T cell expansion. IL-6/STAT3 blockade diminished CAR T cell proliferation. Furthermore, a mechanistically relevant population of CD27+PD-1-CD8+ CAR T cells expressing high levels of the IL-6 receptor predicts therapeutic response and is responsible for tumor control. These findings uncover new features of CAR T cell biology and underscore the potential of using pretreatment biomarkers of response to advance immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fraietta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena J Orlando
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Mercy Gohil
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan Lundh
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roddy S O'Connor
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Pequignot
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David E Ambrose
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Changfeng Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Wilcox
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felipe Bedoya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corin Dorfmeier
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lifeng Tian
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harit Parakandi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Minnal Gupta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irina Kulikovskaya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sadik H Kassim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Megan M Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donald L Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Transfusion Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hans Bitter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - David L Porter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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Zhu F, Shah N, Xu H, Schneider D, Orentas R, Dropulic B, Hari P, Keever-Taylor CA. Closed-system manufacturing of CD19 and dual-targeted CD20/19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells using the CliniMACS Prodigy device at an academic medical center. Cytotherapy 2017; 20:394-406. [PMID: 29287970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Multiple steps are required to produce chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, involving subset enrichment or depletion, activation, gene transduction and expansion. Open processing steps that increase risk of contamination and production failure are required. This complex process requires skilled personnel and costly clean-room facilities and infrastructure. Simplified, reproducible CAR-T-cell manufacturing with reduced labor intensity within a closed-system is highly desirable for increased availability for patients. METHODS The CliniMACS Prodigy with TCT process software and the TS520 tubing set that allows closed-system processing for cell enrichment, transduction, washing and expansion was used. We used MACS-CD4 and CD8-MicroBeads for enrichment, TransAct CD3/CD28 reagent for activation, lentiviral CD8 TM-41BB-CD3 ζ-cfrag vectors expressing scFv for CD19 or CD20/CD19 antigens for transduction, TexMACS medium-3%-HS-IL2 for culture and phosphate-buffered saline/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffer for washing. Processing time was 13 days. RESULTS Enrichment (N = 7) resulted in CD4/CD8 purity of 98 ± 4.0%, 55 ± 6% recovery and CD3+ T-cell purity of 89 ± 10%. Vectors at multiplicity of infection 5-10 resulted in transduction averaging 37%. An average 30-fold expansion of 108 CD4/CD8-enriched cells resulted in sufficient transduced T cells for clinical use. CAR-T cells were 82-100% CD3+ with a mix of CD4+ and CD8+ cells that primarily expressed an effector-memory or central-memory phenotype. Functional testing demonstrated recognition of B-cells and for the CAR-20/19 T cells, CD19 and CD20 single transfectants were recognized in cytotoxic T lymphocyte and interferon-γ production assays. DISCUSSION The CliniMACS Prodigy device, tubing set TS520 and TCT software allow CAR-T cells to be manufactured in a closed system at the treatment site without need for clean-room facilities and related infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenlu Zhu
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology Division, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nirav Shah
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology Division, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Huiqing Xu
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology Division, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dina Schneider
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Rimas Orentas
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Boro Dropulic
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Parameswaran Hari
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology Division, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carolyn A Keever-Taylor
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology Division, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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