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Schwemmer P, Mercker M, Haecker K, Kruckenberg H, Kämpfer S, Bocher P, Fort J, Jiguet F, Franks S, Elts J, Marja R, Piha M, Rousseau P, Pederson R, Düttmann H, Fartmann T, Garthe S. Behavioral responses to offshore windfarms during migration of a declining shorebird species revealed by GPS-telemetry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118131. [PMID: 37210816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
EU member countries and the UK are currently installing numerous offshore windfarms (OWFs) in the Baltic and North Seas to achieve decarbonization of their energy systems. OWFs may have adverse effects on birds; however, estimates of collision risks and barrier effects for migratory species are notably lacking, but are essential to inform marine spatial planning. We therefore compiled an international dataset consisting of 259 migration tracks for 143 Global Positioning System-tagged Eurasian curlews (Numenius arquata arquata) from seven European countries recorded over 6 years, to assess individual response behaviors when approaching OWFs in the North and Baltic Seas at two different spatial scales (i.e. up to 3.5 km and up to 30 km distance). Generalized additive mixed models revealed a significant small-scale increase in flight altitudes, which was strongest at 0-500 m from the OWF and which was more pronounced during autumn than during spring, due to higher proportions of time spent migrating at rotor level. Furthermore, four different small-scale integrated step selection models consistently detected horizontal avoidance responses in about 70% of approaching curlews, which was strongest at approximately 450 m from the OWFs. No distinct, large-scale avoidance effects were observed on the horizontal plane, although they could possibly have been confounded by changes in flight altitudes close to land. Overall, 28.8% of the flight tracks crossed OWFs at least once during migration. Flight altitudes within the OWFs overlapped with the rotor level to a high degree in autumn (50%) but to a significantly lesser extent in spring (18.5%). Approximately 15.8% and 5.8% of the entire curlew population were estimated to be at increased risk during autumn and spring migration, respectively. Our data clearly show strong small-scale avoidance responses, which are likely to reduce collision risk, but simultaneously highlight the substantial barrier effect of OWFs for migrating species. Although alterations in flight paths of curlews due to OWFs seem to be moderate with respect to the overall migration route, there is an urgent need to quantify the respective energetic costs, given the massive ongoing construction of OWFs in both sea areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schwemmer
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany.
| | - Moritz Mercker
- Bionum GmbH - Consultants in Biological Statistics, 21129, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karena Haecker
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Helmut Kruckenberg
- Institute for Wetlands and Waterbird Research e.V., Am Steigbügel 3, 27283, Verden, Germany
| | - Steffen Kämpfer
- Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology, Osnabrück University, Barberstraße 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pierrick Bocher
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 La Rochelle University - CNRS, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 La Rochelle University - CNRS, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Frédéric Jiguet
- UMR7204 CESCO, Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 43 Rue Buffon, CP135, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Samantha Franks
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, IP24 2PU, United Kingdom; Wash Wader Research Group, The Old School House, Terrington St Clement, PE34 4H, UK
| | - Jaanus Elts
- BirdLife Estonia, Veski 4, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riho Marja
- BirdLife Estonia, Veski 4, 51005, Tartu, Estonia; 'Lendület' Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Markus Piha
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, 00101, Finland
| | - Pierre Rousseau
- National Nature Reserve of Moëze-Oléron, LPO Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, Plaisance, 17780, Saint-Froult, France
| | - Rebecca Pederson
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Heinz Düttmann
- Heinz Düttmann, Am Bleißmer 25, 31683, Obernkirchen, Germany
| | - Thomas Fartmann
- Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology, Osnabrück University, Barberstraße 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology (IBL), An der Kleimannbrücke 98, 48157, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Garthe
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
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Schmaljohann H, Eikenaar C, Sapir N. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary function of stopover in migrating birds. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1231-1252. [PMID: 35137518 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Global movement patterns of migratory birds illustrate their fascinating physical and physiological abilities to cross continents and oceans. During their voyages, most birds land multiple times to make so-called 'stopovers'. Our current knowledge on the functions of stopover is mainly based on the proximate study of departure decisions. However, such studies are insufficient to gauge fully the ecological and evolutionary functions of stopover. If we study how a focal trait, e.g. changes in energy stores, affects the decision to depart from a stopover without considering the trait(s) that actually caused the bird to land, e.g. unfavourable environmental conditions for flight, we misinterpret the function of the stopover. It is thus important to realise and acknowledge that stopovers have many different functions, and that not every migrant has the same (set of) reasons to stop-over. Additionally, we may obtain contradictory results because the significance of different traits to a migrant is context dependent. For instance, late spring migrants may be more prone to risk-taking and depart from a stopover with lower energy stores than early spring migrants. Thus, we neglect that departure decisions are subject to selection to minimise immediate (mortality risk) and/or delayed (low future reproductive output) fitness costs. To alleviate these issues, we first define stopover as an interruption of migratory endurance flight to minimise immediate and/or delayed fitness costs. Second, we review all probable functions of stopover, which include accumulating energy, various forms of physiological recovery and avoiding adverse environmental conditions for flight, and list potential other functions that are less well studied, such as minimising predation, recovery from physical exhaustion and spatiotemporal adjustments to migration. Third, derived from these aspects, we argue for a paradigm shift in stopover ecology research. This includes focusing on why an individual interrupts its migratory flight, which is more likely to identify the individual-specific function(s) of the stopover correctly than departure-decision studies. Moreover, we highlight that the selective forces acting on stopover decisions are context dependent and are expected to differ between, e.g. K-/r-selected species, the sexes and migration strategies. For example, all else being equal, r-selected species (low survival rate, high reproductive rate) should have a stronger urge to continue the migratory endurance flight or resume migration from a stopover because the potential increase in immediate fitness costs suffered from a flight is offset by the expected higher reproductive success in the subsequent breeding season. Finally, we propose to focus less on proximate mechanisms controlling landing and departure decisions, and more on ultimate mechanisms to identify the selective forces shaping stopover decisions. Our ideas are not limited to birds but can be applied to any migratory species. Our revised definition of stopover and the proposed paradigm shift has the potential to stimulate a fruitful discussion towards a better evolutionary ecological understanding of the functions of stopover. Furthermore, identifying the functions of stopover will support targeted measures to conserve and restore the functionality of stopover sites threatened by anthropogenic environmental changes. This is especially important for long-distance migrants, which currently are in alarming decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schmaljohann
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences (IBU), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, Oldenburg, 26129, Germany.,Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, Wilhelmshaven, 26386, Germany
| | - Cas Eikenaar
- Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, Wilhelmshaven, 26386, Germany
| | - Nir Sapir
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
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Amélineau F, Delbart N, Schwemmer P, Marja R, Fort J, Garthe S, Elts J, Delaporte P, Rousseau P, Duraffour F, Bocher P. Timing of spring departure of long distance migrants correlates with previous year's conditions at their breeding site. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210331. [PMID: 34547216 PMCID: PMC8455173 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise timing of migration is crucial for animals targeting seasonal resources at locations encountered across their annual cycle. Upon departure, long-distance migrants need to anticipate unknown environmental conditions at their arrival site, and they do so with their internal annual clock. Here, we tested the hypothesis that long-distance migrants synchronize their circannual clock according to the phenology of their environment during the breeding season and therefore adjust their spring departure date according to the conditions encountered at their breeding site the year before. To this end, we used tracking data of Eurasian curlews from different locations and combined movement data with satellite-extracted green-up dates at their breeding site. The spring departure date was better explained by green-up date of the previous year, while arrival date at the breeding site was better explained by latitude and longitude of the breeding site, suggesting that other factors impacted migration timing en route. On a broader temporal scale, our results suggest that long-distance migrants may be able to adjust their migration timing to advancing spring dates in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Amélineau
- Laboratoire Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266 CNRS – La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle 17000, France
| | - Nicolas Delbart
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, UMR 8236 CNRS – Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Philipp Schwemmer
- Research and Technology Centre, University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, Büsum 25761, Germany
| | - Riho Marja
- ‘Lendület’ Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, Vácrátót 2163, Hungary
- BirdLife Estonia, Veski 4, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Laboratoire Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266 CNRS – La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle 17000, France
| | - Stefan Garthe
- Research and Technology Centre, University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, Büsum 25761, Germany
| | - Jaanus Elts
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise St., Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Philippe Delaporte
- Réserve Naturelle de Moёze-Oléron, Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, Plaisance, Saint-Froult 17180, France
| | - Pierre Rousseau
- Réserve Naturelle de Moёze-Oléron, Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, Plaisance, Saint-Froult 17180, France
| | - Françoise Duraffour
- Laboratoire de géographie PRODIG, UMR 8586 CNRS, Campus Condorcet, Bâtiment Recherche Sud, 5 cours des Humanités, Aubervilliers 93300, France
| | - Pierrick Bocher
- Laboratoire Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266 CNRS – La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle 17000, France
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Galtbalt B, Lilleyman A, Coleman JT, Cheng C, Ma Z, Rogers DI, Woodworth BK, Fuller RA, Garnett ST, Klaassen M. Far eastern curlew and whimbrel prefer flying low - wind support and good visibility appear only secondary factors in determining migratory flight altitude. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 34120657 PMCID: PMC8201695 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-flight conditions are hypothesized to influence the timing and success of long-distance migration. Wind assistance and thermal uplift are thought to reduce the energetic costs of flight, humidity, air pressure and temperature may affect the migrants' water balance, and clouds may impede navigation. Recent advances in animal-borne long-distance tracking enable evaluating the importance of these factors in determining animals' flight altitude. METHODS Here we determine the effects of wind, humidity, temperature, cloud cover, and altitude (as proxy for climbing costs and air pressure) on flight altitude selection of two long-distance migratory shorebirds, far eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) and whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus). To reveal the predominant drivers of flight altitude selection during migration we compared the atmospheric conditions at the altitude the birds were found flying with conditions elsewhere in the air column using conditional logistic mixed effect models. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that despite occasional high-altitude migrations (up to 5550 m above ground level), our study species typically forego flying at high altitudes, limiting climbing costs and potentially alleviating water loss and facilitating navigation. While mainly preferring migrating at low altitude, notably in combination with low air temperature, the birds also preferred flying with wind support to likely reduce flight costs. They avoided clouds, perhaps to help navigation or to reduce the risks from adverse weather. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the primary determinant of avian migrant's flight altitude selection is a preference for low altitude, with wind support as an important secondary factor. Our approach and findings can assist in predicting climate change effects on migration and in mitigating bird strikes with air traffic, wind farms, power lines, and other human-made structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batbayar Galtbalt
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Amanda Lilleyman
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environment Science Program, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - Jonathan T Coleman
- Queensland Wader Study Group, 22 Parker Street, Shailer Park, 4128, Australia
| | - Chuyu Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Danny I Rogers
- Department of Environment, Water, Land and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute, PO Box 137, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Australasian Wader Studies Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bradley K Woodworth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen T Garnett
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environment Science Program, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Wader Study Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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