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Yu SP, Choi E, Jiang MQ, Wei L. Acute and chronic excitotoxicity in ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1981-1988. [PMID: 39101641 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke and Alzheimer's disease are common neurological disorders and often occur in the same individuals. The comorbidity of the two neurological disorders represents a grave health threat to older populations. This review presents a brief background of the development of novel concepts and their clinical potentials. The activity of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated Ca 2+ influx is critical for neuronal function. An ischemic insult induces prompt and excessive glutamate release and drastic increases of intracellular Ca 2+ mainly via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, particularly of those at the extrasynaptic site. This Ca 2+ -evoked neuronal cell death in the ischemic core is dominated by necrosis within a few hours and days known as acute excitotoxicity. Furthermore, mild but sustained Ca 2+ increases under neurodegenerative conditions such as in the distant penumbra of the ischemic brain and early stages of Alzheimer's disease are not immediately toxic, but gradually set off deteriorating Ca 2+ -dependent signals and neuronal cell loss mostly because of activation of programmed cell death pathways. Based on the Ca 2+ hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and recent advances, this Ca 2+ -activated "silent" degenerative excitotoxicity evolves from years to decades and is recognized as a unique slow and chronic neuropathogenesis. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN3A, primarily at the extrasynaptic site, serves as a gatekeeper for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity and is neuroprotective against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease, therefore, share an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor- and Ca 2+ -mediated mechanism, although with much different time courses. It is thus proposed that early interventions to control Ca 2+ homeostasis at the preclinical stage are pivotal for individuals who are susceptible to sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementia. This early treatment simultaneously serves as a preconditioning therapy against ischemic stroke that often attacks the same individuals during abnormal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Emily Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Huang Z, Jordan JD, Zhang Q. Myelin Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Therapeutic Opportunities. Aging Dis 2024; 15:698-713. [PMID: 37548935 PMCID: PMC10917545 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Despite significant efforts over several decades, our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease is still incomplete. Myelin is a multi-layered membrane structure ensheathing neuronal axons, which is essential for the fast and effective propagation of action potentials along the axons. Recent studies highlight the critical involvement of myelin in memory consolidation and reveal its vulnerability in various pathological conditions. Notably, apart from the classic amyloid hypothesis, myelin degeneration has been proposed as another critical pathophysiological feature of AD, which could occur prior to the development of amyloid pathology. Here, we review recent works supporting the critical role of myelin in cognition and myelin pathology during AD progression, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying myelin degeneration in AD. We also discuss the complex intersections between myelin pathology and typical AD pathophysiology, as well as the therapeutic potential of pro-myelinating approaches for this disease. Overall, these findings implicate myelin degeneration as a critical contributor to AD-related cognitive deficits and support targeting myelin repair as a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Huang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
| | - J. Dedrick Jordan
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
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Motegi H, Kufukihara K, Kitagawa S, Sekiguchi K, Hata J, Fujiwara H, Jinzaki M, Okano H, Nakamura M, Iguchi Y, Nakahara J. Non-lesional white matter changes depicted by q-space diffusional MRI correlate with clinical disabilities in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2024; 456:122851. [PMID: 38181653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.122851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously developed an optimized q-space diffusional MRI technique (normalized leptokurtic diffusion [NLD] map) to delineate the demyelinated lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Herein, we evaluated the utility of NLD maps to discern the white matter abnormalities in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and the abnormalities' possible associations with physical and cognitive disabilities in MS. METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study of MS patients treated at our hospital (Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2022). Clinical and MRI data were collected; Processing Speed Test (PST) data were obtained when possible. For a quantitative analysis of the NLD maps, we calculated the NLD index as GVROI/GVREF, where GV is a mean grayscale value in the regions of interest (ROIs) and the reference area (REF; cerebrospinal fluid). RESULTS One hundred-one individuals with MS were included. The lower corpus callosum and non-lesional WM NLD index were associated with worse Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and PST scores. The NLD indexes in the corpus callosum (p < 0.0001) and non-lesional white matter (p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced in progressive MS compared to relapsing-remitting MS. We categorized MS severity as moderate/severe (EDSS score ≥ 4 points) and mild (EDSS score < 4 points). The NLD indexes in the corpus callosum (p < 0.0001) and non-lesional white matter (p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in the moderate/severe MS group compared to the mild MS group. CONCLUSION The NLD map revealed abnormalities in the non-lesional white matter, providing valuable insights for evaluating manifestations in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Motegi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kufukihara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koji Sekiguchi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichi Hata
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Fujiwara
- Center of Preventive Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Basak JM, Falk M, Mitchell DN, Coakley KA, Quillinan N, Orfila JE, Herson PS. Targeting BACE1-mediated production of amyloid beta improves hippocampal synaptic function in an experimental model of ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:66-77. [PMID: 37150606 PMCID: PMC10638992 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231159597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia (PSCID) affects many survivors of large vessel cerebral ischemia. The molecular pathways underlying PSCID are poorly defined but may overlap with neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Specifically, synaptic dysfunction after stroke may be directly mediated by alterations in the levels of amyloid beta (Aβ), the peptide that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. In this study, we use the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model in young adult mice to evaluate if a large vessel stroke increases brain soluble Aβ levels. We show that soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels are increased in the ipsilateral hippocampus in MCAo mice 7 days after the injury. We also analyze the level and activity of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), an enzyme that generates Aβ in the brain, and observe that BACE1 activity is increased in the ipsilateral hippocampus of the MCAo mice. Finally, we highlight that treatment of MCAo mice with a BACE1 inhibitor during the recovery period rescues stroke-induced deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. These findings support a molecular pathway linking ischemia to alterations in BACE1-mediated production of Aβ, and encourage future studies that evaluate whether targeting BACE1 activity improves the cognitive deficits seen with PSCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Basak
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Macy Falk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Danae N Mitchell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelley A Coakley
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James E Orfila
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Yu SP, Jiang MQ, Shim SS, Pourkhodadad S, Wei L. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in acute and chronic excitotoxicity: implications for preventive treatments of ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:43. [PMID: 37400870 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are risk factors for each other; the comorbidity of these brain disorders in aging individuals represents a significant challenge in basic research and clinical practice. The similarities and differences between stroke and AD in terms of pathogenesis and pathophysiology, however, have rarely been comparably reviewed. Here, we discuss the research background and recent progresses that are important and informative for the comorbidity of stroke and late-onset AD and related dementia (ADRD). Glutamatergic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity and NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx are essential for neuronal function and cell survival. An ischemic insult, however, can cause rapid increases in glutamate concentration and excessive activation of NMDARs, leading to swift Ca2+ overload in neuronal cells and acute excitotoxicity within hours and days. On the other hand, mild upregulation of NMDAR activity, commonly seen in AD animal models and patients, is not immediately cytotoxic. Sustained NMDAR hyperactivity and Ca2+ dysregulation lasting from months to years, nevertheless, can be pathogenic for slowly evolving events, i.e. degenerative excitotoxicity, in the development of AD/ADRD. Specifically, Ca2+ influx mediated by extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs) and a downstream pathway mediated by transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member (TRPM) are primarily responsible for excitotoxicity. On the other hand, the NMDAR subunit GluN3A plays a "gatekeeper" role in NMDAR activity and a neuroprotective role against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Thus, ischemic stroke and AD share an NMDAR- and Ca2+-mediated pathogenic mechanism that provides a common receptor target for preventive and possibly disease-modifying therapies. Memantine (MEM) preferentially blocks eNMDARs and was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for symptomatic treatment of moderate-to-severe AD with variable efficacy. According to the pathogenic role of eNMDARs, it is conceivable that MEM and other eNMDAR antagonists should be administered much earlier, preferably during the presymptomatic phases of AD/ADRD. This anti-AD treatment could simultaneously serve as a preconditioning strategy against stroke that attacks ≥ 50% of AD patients. Future research on the regulation of NMDARs, enduring control of eNMDARs, Ca2+ homeostasis, and downstream events will provide a promising opportunity to understand and treat the comorbidity of AD/ADRD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan P Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Seong S Shim
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Soheila Pourkhodadad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Filley CM. White matter dementia then… and now. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1043583. [PMID: 36479053 PMCID: PMC9721363 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1043583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
White matter dementia (WMD) is a concept introduced in 1988 to highlight the importance of white matter pathology in producing cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Whereas gray matter, particularly the cerebral cortex, has been primarily investigated in the dementias, subcortical pathology has long been correlated with cognitive loss, and a corticocentric perspective cannot account for the full range of neurobehavioral disorders. Within the subcortical regions, white matter is prominent, accounting for about half the volume of the adult brain, and many white matter diseases, injuries, and intoxications can produce cognitive dysfunction so severe as to justify the term dementia. Recognition of this novel syndrome relied heavily on the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that permitted in vivo visualization of white matter lesions. Neuropsychological studies clarified the clinical presentation of WMD by identifying a profile dominated by cognitive slowing and executive dysfunction, and a precursor syndrome of mild cognitive dysfunction was proposed to identify early cognitive impairment that may later evolve to WMD. As knowledge advanced, the role of white matter in structural connectivity within distributed neural networks was elucidated. In addition, highlighting the frequent commingling of gray and white matter involvement, white matter pathology was associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, with potentially transformative clinical implications. In particular, preventive measures and treatments exploiting white matter restoration and plasticity are gaining much attention. Today, WMD has matured into a concept that not only integrates knowledge from across the spectrum of clinical neuroscience, but also informs new investigations into many perplexing disorders and enables a more complete understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Filley
- Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Marcus Institute for Brain Health, Aurora, CO, United States
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Hirschfeld LR, Risacher SL, Nho K, Saykin AJ. Myelin repair in Alzheimer's disease: a review of biological pathways and potential therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:47. [PMID: 36284351 PMCID: PMC9598036 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review investigates the significant overlap between myelin-repair signaling pathways and pathways known to contribute to hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We discuss previously investigated therapeutic targets of amyloid, tau, and ApoE, as well as other potential therapeutic targets that have been empirically shown to contribute to both remyelination and progression of AD. Current evidence shows that there are multiple AD-relevant pathways which overlap significantly with remyelination and myelin repair through the encouragement of oligodendrocyte proliferation, maturation, and myelin production. There is a present need for a single, cohesive model of myelin homeostasis in AD. While determining a causative pathway is beyond the scope of this review, it may be possible to investigate the pathological overlap of myelin repair and AD through therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Rose Hirschfeld
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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8
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Benitez A, Jensen JH, Thorn K, Dhiman S, Fountain-Zaragoza S, Rieter WJ, Spampinato MV, Hamlett ED, Nietert PJ, Falangola MDF, Helpern JA. Greater diffusion restriction in white matter in Preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:864-877. [PMID: 35285067 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Alzheimer's Continuum is biologically defined by beta-amyloid deposition which, at the earliest stages, is superimposed upon white matter degeneration in aging. However, the extent to which these co-occurring changes are characterized is relatively under-explored. The goal of this study was to use Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) and biophysical modeling to detect and describe amyloid-related white matter changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Cognitively unimpaired participants ages 45-85 completed brain MRI, amyloid PET (florbetapir), neuropsychological testing, and other clinical measures at baseline in a cohort study. We tested whether beta amyloid-negative (AB-) and -positive (AB+) participants differed on DKI-based conventional (i.e. Fractional Anisotropy [FA], Mean Diffusivity [MD], Mean Kurtosis [MK]) and modeling (i.e. Axonal Water Fraction [AWF], extra-axonal radial diffusivity [De,⊥ ]) metrics, and whether these metrics were associated with other biomarkers. RESULTS We found significantly greater diffusion restriction (higher FA/AWF, lower MD/ De,⊥ ) in white matter in AB+ than AB- (partial η2 = 0.08-0.19), more notably in the extra-axonal space within primarily late-myelinating tracts. Diffusion metrics predicted amyloid status incrementally over age (AUC=0.84) with modest yet selective associations, where AWF (a marker of axonal density) correlated with speed/executive functions and neurodegeneration, whereas De,⊥ (a marker of gliosis/myelin repair) correlated with amyloid deposition and white matter hyperintensity volume. INTERPRETATION These results support prior evidence of a non-monotonic change in diffusion behavior, where an early increase in diffusion restriction is hypothesized to reflect inflammation and myelin repair prior to an ensuing decrease in diffusion restriction, indicating glial and neuronal degeneration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana Benitez
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kathryn Thorn
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Siddhartha Dhiman
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie Fountain-Zaragoza
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - William J Rieter
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Maria Vittoria Spampinato
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Paul J Nietert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Maria de Fatima Falangola
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joseph A Helpern
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Huang YY, Chen SD, Leng XY, Kuo K, Wang ZT, Cui M, Tan L, Wang K, Dong Q, Yu JT. Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Management. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:983-999. [PMID: 35147548 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke, characterized as a neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause, is very common in older adults. Increasing evidence suggests stroke contributes to the risk and severity of cognitive impairment. People with cognitive impairment following stroke often face with quality-of-life issues and require ongoing support, which have a profound effect on caregivers and society. The high morbidity of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) demands effective management strategies, in which preventive strategies are more appealing, especially those targeting towards modifiable risk factors. In this review article, we attempt to summarize existing evidence and knowledge gaps on PSCI: elaborating on the heterogeneity in current definitions, reporting the inconsistent findings in PSCI prevalence in the literature, exploring established or less established predictors, outlining prevention and treatment strategies potentially effective or currently being tested, and proposing promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yuan Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Xin-Yi Leng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Kuo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
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10
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Nguyen TVV, Crumpacker RH, Calderon KE, Garcia FG, Zbesko JC, Frye JB, Gonzalez S, Becktel DA, Yang T, Tavera-Garcia MA, Morrison HW, Schnellmann RG, Longo FM, Doyle KP. Post-Stroke Administration of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Modulator, LM11A-31, Attenuates Chronic Changes in Brain Metabolism, Increases Neurotransmitter Levels, and Improves Recovery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 380:126-141. [PMID: 34893553 PMCID: PMC11048261 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test whether poststroke oral administration of a small molecule p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) modulator (LM11A-31) can augment neuronal survival and improve recovery in a mouse model of stroke. Mice were administered LM11A-31 for up to 12 weeks, beginning 1 week after stroke. Metabolomic analysis revealed that after 2 weeks of daily treatment, mice that received LM11A-31 were distinct from vehicle-treated mice by principal component analysis and had higher levels of serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine in their ipsilateral hemisphere. LM11A-31 treatment also improved redox homeostasis by restoring reduced glutathione. It also offset a stroke-induced reduction in glycolysis by increasing acetyl-CoA. There was no effect on cytokine levels in the infarct. At 13 weeks after stroke, adaptive immune cell infiltration in the infarct was unchanged in LM11A-31-treated mice, indicating that LM11A-31 does not alter the chronic inflammatory response to stroke at the site of the infarct. However, LM11A-31-treated mice had less brain atrophy, neurodegeneration, tau pathology, and microglial activation in other regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere. These findings correlated with improved recovery of motor function on a ladder test, improved sensorimotor and cognitive abilities on a nest construction test, and less impulsivity in an open field test. These data support small molecule modulation of the p75NTR for preserving neuronal health and function during stroke recovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The findings from this study introduce the p75 neurotrophin receptor as a novel small molecule target for promotion of stroke recovery. Given that LM11A-31 is in clinical trials as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease, it could be considered as a candidate for assessment in stroke or vascular dementia studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Rachel H Crumpacker
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Kylie E Calderon
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Frankie G Garcia
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Jennifer B Frye
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Selena Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Danielle A Becktel
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Marco A Tavera-Garcia
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Helena W Morrison
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., R.H.C., K.E.C., F.G.G., J.C.Z., J.B.F., D.A.B., M.A.T.-G.), Department of Neurology (T.-V.V.N., K.P.D., S.G.), College of Nursing (H.W.M.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.G.S.), and Arizona Center on Aging (K.P.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology and Neurologic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California (T.Y., F.M.L.); and Southern Arizona Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
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11
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Becktel DA, Zbesko JC, Frye JB, Chung AG, Hayes M, Calderon K, Grover JW, Li A, Garcia FG, Tavera-Garcia MA, Schnellmann RG, Wu HJJ, Nguyen TVV, Doyle KP. Repeated Administration of 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin (HPβCD) Attenuates the Chronic Inflammatory Response to Experimental Stroke. J Neurosci 2022; 42:325-348. [PMID: 34819339 PMCID: PMC8802936 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0933-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, more than 67 million people are living with the effects of ischemic stroke. Importantly, many stroke survivors develop a chronic inflammatory response that may contribute to cognitive impairment, a common and debilitating sequela of stroke that is insufficiently studied and currently untreatable. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is an FDA-approved cyclic oligosaccharide that can solubilize and entrap lipophilic substances. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the repeated administration of HPβCD curtails the chronic inflammatory response to stroke by reducing lipid accumulation within stroke infarcts in a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model of stroke. To achieve this goal, we subcutaneously injected young adult and aged male mice with vehicle or HPβCD 3 times per week, with treatment beginning 1 week after stroke. We evaluated mice at 7 weeks following stroke using immunostaining, RNA sequencing, lipidomic, and behavioral analyses. Chronic stroke infarct and peri-infarct regions of HPβCD-treated mice were characterized by an upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and a downregulation of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity, reactive astrogliosis, and chemotaxis. Correspondingly, HPβCD reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells in stroke infarcts. Repeated administration of HPβCD also preserved NeuN immunoreactivity in the striatum and thalamus and c-Fos immunoreactivity in hippocampal regions. Additionally, HPβCD improved recovery through the protection of hippocampal-dependent spatial working memory and reduction of impulsivity. These results indicate that systemic HPβCD treatment following stroke attenuates chronic inflammation and secondary neurodegeneration and prevents poststroke cognitive decline.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dementia is a common and debilitating sequela of stroke. Currently, there are no available treatments for poststroke dementia. Our study shows that lipid metabolism is disrupted in chronic stroke infarcts, which causes an accumulation of uncleared lipid debris and correlates with a chronic inflammatory response. To our knowledge, these substantial changes in lipid homeostasis have not been previously recognized or investigated in the context of ischemic stroke. We also provide a proof of principle that solubilizing and entrapping lipophilic substances using HPβCD could be an effective strategy for treating chronic inflammation after stroke and other CNS injuries. We propose that using HPβCD for the prevention of poststroke dementia could improve recovery and increase long-term quality of life in stroke sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Becktel
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Jennifer B Frye
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Amanda G Chung
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Megan Hayes
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Kylie Calderon
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Jeffrey W Grover
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Anna Li
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Arizona Arthritis Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Frankie G Garcia
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | | | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Arizona Arthritis Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719
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12
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Tan Y, Zhang J, Yang K, Xu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Peng T, Wang X, Liu Z, Wei P, Li N, Zhang Z, Liu T, Hua Q. Anti-Stroke Chinese Herbal Medicines Inhibit Abnormal Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Processing in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:261-272. [PMID: 34776438 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), as an important and integral part of a larger system of medicine practiced in China, called Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), have been used in stroke therapy for centuries. A large body of studies suggest that some Chinese herbs can help reverse cognitive impairment in stroke patients, while whether these herbs also exert therapeutic benefits for Alzheimer's disease remains to be seen. OBJECTIVE To address this issue, we selected four types of CHMs that are commonly prescribed for stroke treatment in clinical practice, namely DengZhanXiXin (D1), TongLuoJiuNao (T2), QingKaiLing (Q3), and HuangQinGan (H4), and tested their effects on amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing in vitro. METHODS AβPP, β-secretase (BACE1), and 99-amino acid C-terminal fragment of AβPP (C99) stably transfected cells were used for the tests of AβPP processing. The production of Aβ, activity of BACE1, neprilysin (NEP), and γ-secretase were assessed by ELISA, RT-PCR, and western blot. RESULTS By upregulating BACE1 activity, D1 increased Aβ production whereas decreased the ratio of Aβ 42/Aβ 40; by downregulating BACE1 activity and modulating the expression of γ-secretase, T2 decreased Aβ production and the ratio of Aβ 42/Aβ 40; by downregulating BACE1 activity, Q3 decreased Aβ production; H4 did not change Aβ production due to the simultaneously downregulation of BACE1 and NEP activity. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that these four anti-stroke CHMs regulate AβPP processing through different mechanisms. Particularly, T2 with relatively simple components and prominent effect on AβPP processing may be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weihang Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Peng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoheng Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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13
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Is Cerebral Amyloid-β Deposition Related to Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment? Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:946-957. [PMID: 34195928 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Approximately two-thirds of ischemic stroke patients suffer from different levels of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), but the underlying mechanisms of PSCI remain unclear. Cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, has been discovered in the brains of stroke patients in some autopsy studies. However, less is known about the role of Aβ pathology in the development of PSCI. It is hypothesized that cerebral ischemic injury may lead to neurotoxic Aβ accumulation in the brain, which further induces secondary neurodegeneration and progressive cognitive decline after stroke onset. In this review, we summarized available evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies relevant to the aforementioned hypothesis. We found inconsistency in the results obtained from studies in rodents, nonhuman primates, and stroke patients. Moreover, the causal relationship between post-stroke cerebral Aβ deposition and PSCI has been uncertain and controversial. Taken together, evidence supporting the hypothesis that brain ischemia induces cerebral Aβ deposition has been insufficient so far. And, there is still no consensus regarding the contribution of cerebral amyloid pathology to PSCI. Other non-amyloid neurodegenerative mechanisms might be involved and remain to be fully elucidated.
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14
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Xie RR, Su CL, Li W, Zou XY, Chen YS, Tang H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 8- substituted sampangine derivatives as potent inhibitor of Zn 2+-Aβ complex mediated toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104710. [PMID: 33611137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 8-substituted sampangine derivatives have been designed, synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit cholinesterase and penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Their chelating ability toward Zn2+ and other biologically relevant metal ions was also demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The new derivatives exhibited high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, high blood-brain barrier penetration ability and high chelating selectivity for Zn2+. Moreover, compound 10 with the strongest binding affinity to Zn2+ was selected for further research. Western blotting analysis, transmission electron microscopy, DCFH-DA assay and paralysis experiment indicated that compound 10 suppressed the formation of Zn2+-Aβ complexes, alleviated the Zn2+ induced neurotoxicity and inhibited the production of ROS catalyzed by Zn2+ in Aβ42 transgenic C. elegans. Furthermore, compound 10 also inhibited the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, induced by Zn2+ + Aβ1-42 in BV2 microglial cells. In general, this work provided new insights into the design and development of potent metal-chelating agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Ren Xie
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Chun-Ling Su
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu-Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Huang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review new evidence on links between poststroke dementia and inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Although there are still no treatments for poststroke dementia, recent evidence has improved our understanding that stroke increases the risk of incident dementia and worsens cognitive trajectory for at least a decade afterwards. Within approximately the first year dementia onset is associated with stroke severity and location, whereas later absolute risk is associated with more traditional dementia risk factors, such as age and imaging findings. The molecular mechanisms that underlie increased risk of incident dementia in stroke survivors remain unproven; however new data in both human and animal studies suggests links between cognitive decline and inflammation. These point to a model where chronic brain inflammation, provoked by inefficient clearance of myelin debris and a prolonged innate and adaptive immune response, causes poststroke dementia. These localized immune events in the brain may themselves be influenced by the peripheral immune state at key times after stroke. SUMMARY This review recaps clinical evidence on poststroke dementia, new mechanistic links between the chronic inflammatory response to stroke and poststroke dementia, and proposes a model of immune-mediated neurodegeneration after stroke.
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16
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Zou XY, Xie RR, Li W, Su CL, Chen YS, Tang H. Novel sampangine derivatives as potent inhibitors of Cu 2+-mediated amyloid-β protein aggregation, oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:1-10. [PMID: 33476619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 11-substituted sampangine derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and tested for their ability to inhibit cholinesterase. Their chelating ability and selectivity for Cu2+ over other biologically relevant metal ions were demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Their blood-brain barrier permeability was also tested by parallel artificial membrane permeation assay. Among the synthesized derivatives, compound 11 with the strong anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, high blood-brain barrier penetration ability and high binding affinity to Cu2+ was selected for further research. Western blotting analysis, transmission electron microscopy, DCFH-DA assay and paralysis experiment indicated that compound 11 suppressed the formation of Cu2+-Aβ complexes, alleviated the Cu2+ induced neurotoxicity and inhibited the production of ROS catalyzed by Cu2+ in Aβ42 transgenic C. elegans. Moreover, compound 11 also inhibited the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, such as NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, induced by Cu2+ + Aβ1-42 in BV2 microglial cells. In general, this work provided new insights into the design and development of potent metal-chelating agents for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Ren-Ren Xie
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Chun-Ling Su
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu-Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China
| | - Huang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin City, Guangxi, China.
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17
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Kent SA, Spires-Jones TL, Durrant CS. The physiological roles of tau and Aβ: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathology and therapeutics. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:417-447. [PMID: 32728795 PMCID: PMC7498448 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tau and amyloid beta (Aβ) are the prime suspects for driving pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, as such, have become the focus of therapeutic development. Recent research, however, shows that these proteins have been highly conserved throughout evolution and may have crucial, physiological roles. Such functions may be lost during AD progression or be unintentionally disrupted by tau- or Aβ-targeting therapies. Tau has been revealed to be more than a simple stabiliser of microtubules, reported to play a role in a range of biological processes including myelination, glucose metabolism, axonal transport, microtubule dynamics, iron homeostasis, neurogenesis, motor function, learning and memory, neuronal excitability, and DNA protection. Aβ is similarly multifunctional, and is proposed to regulate learning and memory, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, repair leaks in the blood-brain barrier, promote recovery from injury, and act as an antimicrobial peptide and tumour suppressor. This review will discuss potential physiological roles of tau and Aβ, highlighting how changes to these functions may contribute to pathology, as well as the implications for therapeutic development. We propose that a balanced consideration of both the physiological and pathological roles of tau and Aβ will be essential for the design of safe and effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Kent
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
| | - Claire S. Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Scotland, UK
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18
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Simões-Pires EN, Ferreira ST, Linden R. Roles of glutamate receptors in a novel in vitro model of early, comorbid cerebrovascular, and Alzheimer's diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 156:539-552. [PMID: 32683713 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic multimorbidity is highly prevalent in the elderly and, remarkably, coexisting neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's (AD) and cerebrovascular (CVD) diseases are found at autopsy in most brains of patients clinically diagnosed as AD. Little is known on neurodegeneration peculiar to comorbidities, especially at early stages when pathogenesis may propagate at subclinical levels. We developed a novel in vitro model of comorbid CVD/AD in organotypic hippocampal cultures, by combining oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and exposure to amyloid-Aβ oligomers (AβOs), both applied at levels subtoxic to neurons when used in isolation. We focused on synaptic proteins and the roles of glutamate receptors, which have been implicated in many basic and clinical approaches to either CVD or AD. Subtoxic insults by OGD and AβOs synergized to reduce levels of synaptophysin (SYP) and PSD-95 without cell death, while effects of antagonists of either metabotropic or ionotropic glutamate receptors were distinct from reports in models of isolated CVD or AD. In particular, modulation of glutamate receptors differentially impacted SYP and PSD-95, and antagonists of a single receptor subtype had distinct effects when either isolated or combined. Our findings highlight the complexity of CVD/AD comorbidity, help understand variable responses to glutamate receptor antagonists in patients diagnosed with AD and may contribute to future development of therapeutics based on investigation of the pattern of progressive comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Sun M, McDonald SJ, Brady RD, Collins-Praino L, Yamakawa GR, Monif M, O'Brien TJ, Cloud GC, Sobey CG, Mychasiuk R, Loane DJ, Shultz SR. The need to incorporate aged animals into the preclinical modeling of neurological conditions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 109:114-128. [PMID: 31877345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease are serious clinical problems that affect millions of people worldwide. The majority of clinical trials for these common conditions have failed, and there is a critical need to understand why treatments in preclinical animal models do not translate to patients. Many patients with these conditions are middle-aged or older, however, the majority of preclinical studies have used only young-adult animals. Considering that aging involves biological changes that are relevant to the pathobiology of neurological diseases, the lack of aged subjects in preclinical research could contribute to translational failures. This paper details how aging affects biological processes involved in neurological conditions, and reviews aging research in the context of traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that aging is an important, but often overlooked, factor that influences biology and outcomes in neurological conditions, and provide suggestions to improve our understanding and treatment of these diseases in aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lyndsey Collins-Praino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Cloud
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Stroke Services, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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20
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Howe MD, Furr JW, Munshi Y, Roy-O’Reilly MA, Maniskas ME, Koellhoffer EC, d’Aigle J, Sansing LH, McCullough LD, Urayama A. Transforming growth factor-β promotes basement membrane fibrosis, alters perivascular cerebrospinal fluid distribution, and worsens neurological recovery in the aged brain after stroke. GeroScience 2019; 41:543-559. [PMID: 31721012 PMCID: PMC6885082 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and stroke alter the composition of the basement membrane and reduce the perivascular distribution of cerebrospinal fluid and solutes, which may contribute to poor functional recovery in elderly patients. Following stroke, TGF-β induces astrocyte activation and subsequent glial scar development. This is dysregulated with aging and could lead to chronic, detrimental changes within the basement membrane. We hypothesized that TGF-β induces basement membrane fibrosis after stroke, leading to impaired perivascular CSF distribution and poor functional recovery in aged animals. We found that CSF entered the aged brain along perivascular tracts; this process was reduced by experimental stroke and was rescued by TGF-β receptor inhibition. Brain fibronectin levels increased with experimental stroke, which was reversed with inhibitor treatment. Exogenous TGF-β stimulation increased fibronectin expression, both in vivo and in primary cultured astrocytes. Oxygen-glucose deprivation of cultured astrocytes induced multiple changes in genes related to astrocyte activation and extracellular matrix production. Finally, in stroke patients, we found that serum TGF-β levels correlated with poorer functional outcomes, suggesting that serum levels may act as a biomarker for functional recovery. These results support a potential new treatment strategy to enhance recovery in elderly stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Howe
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - J. Weldon Furr
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yashasvee Munshi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Meaghan A. Roy-O’Reilly
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Michael E. Maniskas
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Edward C. Koellhoffer
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - John d’Aigle
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Lauren H. Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 1450 Chapel Street, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030 USA
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21
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Mullane K, Williams M. Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance and Translational Validity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 84:e57. [PMID: 30802363 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA antagonist memantine. Apart from these drugs, which have minimal to no clinical benefit, the 40-year search for effective therapeutics to treat AD has resulted in a clinical failure rate of 100% not only for compounds that prevent brain amyloid deposition or remove existing amyloid plaques but also those acting by a variety of other putative disease-associated mechanisms. This indicates that the preclinical data generated from current AD targets to support the selection, optimization, and translation of new chemical entities (NCEs) and biologics to clinical trials is seriously compromised. While many of these failures reflect flawed hypotheses or a lack of adequate characterization of the preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) properties of lead NCEs-including their bioavailability and toxicity-the conceptualization, validation, and interrogation of the current animal models of AD represent key limitations. The overwhelming majority of these AD models are transgenic, based on aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and the genetics of the familial form of the disease. As a result, these generally lack construct and predictive validity for the sporadic form of the human disease. The 170 or so transgenic models, perhaps the largest number ever focused on a single disease, use rodents, mainly mice, and in addition to amyloid also address aspects of tau causality with more complex multigene models including other presumed causative factors together with amyloid. This overview discusses the current animal models of AD in the context of both the controversies surrounding the causative role of amyloid in the disease and the need to develop validated models of cognitive function/dysfunction that more appropriately reflect the phenotype(s) of human aged-related dementias. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Chen N, Zhou Z, Li J, Li B, Feng J, He D, Luo Y, Zheng X, Luo J, Zhang J. 3- n-butylphthalide exerts neuroprotective effects by enhancing anti-oxidation and attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction in an in vitro model of ischemic stroke. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:4261-4271. [PMID: 30587922 PMCID: PMC6298396 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s189472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined whether the neuroprotective drug, 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), which is used to treat ischemic stroke, prevents mitochondrial dysfunction. Materials and methods PC12 neuronal cells were pretreated for 24 hours with NBP (10 μmol/L), then exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 8 hours as an in vitro model of ischemic stroke. Indices of anti-oxidative response, mitochondrial function and mitochondrial dynamics were evaluated. Results OGD suppressed cell viability, induced apoptosis and increased caspase-3 activity. NBP significantly reversed these effects. NBP prevented oxidative damage by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and lowering levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the same time, it increased expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and AMPK. NBP attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I–IV and ATPase. NBP altered the balance of proteins regulating mitochondrial fusion and division. Conclusion NBP exerts neuroprotective actions by enhancing anti-oxidation and attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings provide insight into how NBP may exert neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke and raise the possibility that it may function similarly against other neurodegenerative diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyuan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Bocheng Li
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jihua Feng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Dan He
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yifeng Luo
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jiefeng Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, People's Republic of China,
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