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Lefevre E, Chasseloup F, Hage M, Chanson P, Buchfelder M, Kamenický P. Clinical and therapeutic implications of cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas. Endocrine 2024; 85:1058-1065. [PMID: 38761347 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Invasion of the cavernous sinus by pituitary adenomas impedes complete surgical resection, compromises biochemical remission, and increases the risk of further tumor recurrence. Accurate preoperative MRI-based diagnosis or intraoperative direct inspection of cavernous sinus invasion are essential for optimal surgical planning and for tailoring postoperative therapeutic strategies, depending on whether a total resection has been achieved, or tumoral tissue has been left in surgically inaccessible locations. The molecular mechanisms underlying the invasive behavior of pituitary adenomas remain poorly understood, hindering the development of targeted therapies. Some studies have identified genes overexpressed in pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus, offering insights into the acquisition of invasive behavior. Their main limitation however lies in comparing purely intrasellar specimens obtained from invasive and non-invasive adenomas. Further, precise anatomical knowledge of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus is crucial for grasping the mechanisms of invasion. Recently, alongside the standard intrasellar surgery, extended endoscopic intracavernous surgical procedures with systematic selective resection of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus have shown promising results for invasive secreting pituitary adenomas. The first- and second-generation somatostatin agonist ligands and cabergoline are used with variable efficacy to control secretory activity and/or growth of intracavernous remnants. Tumor regrowth usually requires surgical reintervention, sometimes combined with radiotherapy or radiosurgery which is applied despite their benign nature. Unraveling the molecular pathways driving invasive behavior of pituitary adenomas and their tropism to the cavernous sinuses is the key for developing efficient innovative treatment modalities that could reduce the need for repeated surgery or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Lefevre
- INSERM U1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- Service de Neurochirurgie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Fanny Chasseloup
- INSERM U1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mirella Hage
- INSERM U1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- INSERM U1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Kamenický
- INSERM U1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Liu X, Wang Z, Lv X, Tao Z, Lin L, Zhao S, Zhang K, Li Y. JDF promotes the apoptosis of M2 macrophages and reduces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of liver cancer cells by inhibiting CSF-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34968. [PMID: 39170340 PMCID: PMC11336322 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment is of critical importance in liver cancer. Jiedu Granule formula (JDF) has been shown to minimize the risk of recurrence and metastasis following liver cancer resection. Investigating the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of JDF can extend its field of application and develop novel treatment approaches. Methods We established a rat liver orthotopic transplantation tumor model, and recorded the prognostic effects of JDF adjuvant therapy on the recurrence and metastasis of liver cancer. Liver and lung tissues were collected for immunofluorescence staining and H&E staining, respectively. In addition, THP-1 cells were incubated with PMA and IL-4 to induce them to differentiate into M2 macrophages. CSF-1 expression was knocked down using lentivirus to determine the function of CSF-1. Liver cancer cells were cultured with a conditioned medium (CM) or co-cultured with macrophages. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. The levels of CSF-1, CSF-1R, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, PI3K, AKT, and cleaved caspase-3 were detected using ELISA, Western blotting and qPCR. The ability of cells to migrate was assessed using cell scratch and transwell assays. Apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. Results The JDF treatment decreased the risk of liver cancer metastasis after surgery and the infiltration of CD206/CD68 cells in liver cancer tissue. In cell experiments, JDF showed effects in suppressing M2 macrophages activity and downregulating the expression of CSF-1 and CSF-1R. The concentration of CSF-1 in the supernatant was also lower in the JDF-treated group. Futhermore, M2-CM was found to promote cancer cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, these effects were weakened after administering JDF. Knocking down endogenous CSF-1 in M2 macrophages resulted in a comparable suppression of cancer cell migration and EMT. Additionally, JDF treatment inhibited activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus promoting the apoptosis of M2 macrophages. Conclusions Treatment with JDF reduced the EMT and migratory capacity of liver cancer cells, which might be attributed to the inhibition of M2 macrophage infiltration and interruption of the CSF-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This mechanism may hold significant implications for mitigating the risk of metastatic spread in the aftermath of hepatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Zongyao Wang
- Sartorius Stedim (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiang Lv
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Zhihui Tao
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Liubing Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Kehui Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Yong Li
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
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Batchu S, Diaz MJ, Patel A, Reddy A, Lucke-Wold B. Transcriptome-Derived Ligand-Receptor Interactome of Major PitNET Subgroups. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2024; 85:340-346. [PMID: 38966297 PMCID: PMC11221903 DOI: 10.1055/a-2088-6594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are rare skull base tumors which can impart significant disability owing to their locally invasive potential. To date, the gamut of PitNET subtypes remains ill-understood at the ligand-receptor (LR) interactome level, potentially limiting therapeutic options. Here, we present findings from in silico analysis of LR complexes formed by PitNETs with clinical presentations of acromegaly, Cushing's disease, high prolactin production, and without symptoms of hormone hypersecretion. Methods Previously published PitNET gene expression data was acquired from ArrayExpress. These data represented all secretion types. LR interactions were analyzed via a crosstalk score approach. Results Cortisol (CORT) ligand was significantly involved in tumor-to-tumor signaling across all PitNET subtypes but prolactinomas, which evidenced active CORT depletion. Likewise, CCL25 ligand was implicated in 20% of the top LR complex interactions along the tumor-to-stroma signaling axis, but silent PitNETs reported unique depletion of the CCL25 ligand. Along the stroma-to-tumor signaling axis, all clinical PitNET subtypes enriched stromal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ligand interactions with tumor secretin receptor. All clinical PitNET subtypes enriched stromal DEFB103B (human β-defensin 103B) ligand interactions with stromal chemokine receptors along the stroma-to-stroma signaling axis. In PitNETs causing Cushing's disease, immune checkpoint ligand CD274 reported high stromal expression, and prolactinomas reported low stromal expression. Moreover, prolactinomas evidenced distinctly high stromal expression of immune-exhausted T cell response marker IL10RA compared with other clinical subtypes. Conclusion Relative crosstalk score analysis revealed a great diversity of LR complex interactions across clinical PitNET subtypes and between solid tumor compartments. More data are needed to validate these findings and exact clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Batchu
- Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, United States
| | - Michael Joseph Diaz
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Aashay Patel
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Akshay Reddy
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Lopes-Pinto M, Lacerda-Nobre E, Silva AL, Tortosa F, Marques P. The Role of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression in Pituitary Tumours: Lessons from the Current Literature. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:709-720. [PMID: 38754394 DOI: 10.1159/000539345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression predict the biological behaviour, aggressiveness, and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in different cancers. We reviewed the published data on PD-L1 expression in pituitary tumours from the perspective of its biological role and prognostic usefulness. SUMMARY A literature review focused on PD-L1 expression in pituitary tumours was performed. Six immunohistochemistry-based studies which assessed PD-L1 positivity in pituitary tumours were included, encompassing 704 patients. The cohort consisted of 384 (54.5%) nonfunctioning tumours and 320 (43.5%) functioning pituitary tumours. PD-L1 expression was positive in 248 cases (35.2%). PD-L1 positivity rate was higher in functioning than in nonfunctioning tumours (46.3% vs. 26.0%; p < 0.001) but also higher in growth hormone-secreting tumours (56.7%) and prolactinomas (53.6%) than in thyrotroph (33.3%) or corticotroph tumours (20.6%). While proliferative pituitary tumours showed higher rate of PD-L1 positivity than non-proliferative tumours (p < 0.001), no association with invasion or recurrence was found. KEY MESSAGES PD-L1 is expressed in a substantial number of pituitary tumours, predominantly in the functioning ones. PD-L1 positivity rates were significantly higher in proliferative pituitary tumours in comparison to non-proliferative tumours, but no differences were found concerning invasive or recurrent pituitary tumours. More studies following homogeneous and standardised methodologies are needed to fully elucidate the role and usefulness of PD-L1 expression in pituitary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lopes-Pinto
- Endocrinology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ema Lacerda-Nobre
- Endocrinology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa (ISAMB-FMUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tortosa
- Pituitary Tumor Unit, Pathology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Marques
- Pituitary Tumor Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Li Y, Ren X, Gao W, Cai R, Wu J, Liu T, Chen X, Jiang D, Chen C, Cheng Q, Wu A, Cheng W. The biological behavior and clinical outcome of pituitary adenoma are affected by the microenvironment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14729. [PMID: 38738958 PMCID: PMC11090080 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma is one of the most common brain tumors. Most pituitary adenomas are benign and can be cured by surgery and/or medication. However, some pituitary adenomas show aggressive growth with a fast growth rate and are resistant to conventional treatments such as surgery, drug therapy, and radiation therapy. These tumors, referred to as refractory pituitary adenomas, often relapse or regrow in the early postoperative period. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has recently been identified as an important factor affecting the biological manifestations of tumors and acts as the main battlefield between the tumor and the host immune system. MAIN BODY In this review, we focus on describing TME in pituitary adenomas and refractory pituitary adenomas. Research on the immune microenvironment of pituitary adenomas is currently focused on immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, and extensive research and experimental verifications are still required regarding other components of the TME. In particular, studies are needed to determine the role of the TME in the specific biological behaviors of refractory pituitary adenomas, such as high invasion, fast recurrence rate, and high tolerance to traditional treatments and to identify the mechanisms involved. CONCLUSION Overall, we summarize the similarities and differences between the TME of pituitary adenomas and refractory pituitary adenomas as well as the changes in the biological behavior of pituitary adenomas that may be caused by the microenvironment. These changes greatly affect the outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xiufang Ren
- Department of PathologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Ruikai Cai
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Jianqi Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Daoming Jiang
- Shenyang ShenDa Endoscopy Co., Ltd.ShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Chong Chen
- Shenyang ShenDa Endoscopy Co., Ltd.ShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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Vela-Patiño S, Salazar MI, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Vadillo E, Gomez-Apo E, Escobar-España A, Perez-Koldenkova V, Bonifaz L, Aguilar-Flores C, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Mercado M. The Immune Microenvironment Landscape of Pituitary NeuroEndocrine Tumors, a Transcriptomic Approach. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:531. [PMID: 38790160 PMCID: PMC11120841 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) are known to be variably infiltrated by different immune cells. Nonetheless, their role in pituitary oncogenesis has only begun to be unveiled. The immune microenvironment could determine the biological and clinical behavior of a neoplasm and may have prognostic implications. To evaluate the expression of immune-related genes and to correlate such expression with the presence of infiltrating immune cells in forty-two PitNETs of different lineages, we performed whole transcriptome analysis and RT-qPCR. Deconvolution analysis was carried out to infer the immune cell types present in each tumor and the presence of immune cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence. We found characteristic expression profiles of immune-related genes including those encoding interleukins and chemokines for each tumor lineage. Genes such as IL4-I1, IL-36A, TIRAP, IL-17REL, and CCL5 were upregulated in all PitNETS, whereas IL34, IL20RA, and IL-2RB characterize the NR5A1-, TBX19-, and POU1F1-derived tumors, respectively. Transcriptome deconvolution analysis showed that M2 macrophages, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and neutrophils can potentially infiltrate PitNET. Furthermore, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells infiltration was validated by immunofluorescence. Expression of CCL18, IL-5RA, and HLA-B as well as macrophage tumor infiltration could identify patients who can potentially benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vela-Patiño
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico (K.T.-P.)
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunología y Virus Tropicales, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11350, Mexico
| | - Ma. Isabel Salazar
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vacunología y Virus Tropicales, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11350, Mexico
| | - Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico (K.T.-P.)
| | - Eduardo Vadillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Erick Gomez-Apo
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (E.G.-A.)
| | - Aurea Escobar-España
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (E.G.-A.)
| | - Vadim Perez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopia Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Laura Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Cristina Aguilar-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico (K.T.-P.)
| | - Moises Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico (K.T.-P.)
- Centro de Cancer, Hospital American British Cowdray, Sur 136 116, Las Américas, Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México 01120, Mexico
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Lin S, Dai Y, Han C, Han T, Zhao L, Wu R, Liu J, Zhang B, Huang N, Liu Y, Lai S, Shi J, Wang Y, Lou M, Xie J, Cheng Y, Tang H, Yao H, Fang H, Zhang Y, Wu X, Shen L, Ye Y, Xue L, Wu ZB. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal distinct immune-infiltrating phenotypes and macrophage-tumor interaction axes among different lineages of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Genome Med 2024; 16:60. [PMID: 38658971 PMCID: PMC11040908 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are common gland neoplasms demonstrating distinctive transcription factors. Although the role of immune cells in PitNETs has been widely recognized, the precise immunological environment and its control over tumor cells are poorly understood. METHODS The heterogeneity, spatial distribution, and clinical significance of macrophages in PitNETs were analyzed using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), bulk RNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, immunohistochemistry, and multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF). Cell viability, cell apoptosis assays, and in vivo subcutaneous xenograft experiments have confirmed that INHBA-ACVR1B influences the process of tumor cell apoptosis. RESULTS The present study evaluated scRNA-seq data from 23 PitNET samples categorized into 3 primary lineages. The objective was to explore the diversity of tumors and the composition of immune cells across these lineages. Analyzed data from scRNA-seq and 365 bulk RNA sequencing samples conducted in-house revealed the presence of three unique subtypes of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in PitNETs. These subtypes were characterized by varying levels of immune infiltration, ranging from low to intermediate to high. In addition, the NR5A1 lineage is primarily associated with the subtype characterized by limited infiltration of immune cells. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) expressing CX3CR1+, C1Q+, and GPNMB+ showed enhanced contact with tumor cells expressing NR5A1 + , TBX19+, and POU1F1+, respectively. This emphasizes the distinct interaction axes between TAMs and tumor cells based on their lineage. Moreover, the connection between CX3CR1+ macrophages and tumor cells via INHBA-ACVR1B regulates tumor cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the different subtypes of TIME and the interaction between TAM and tumor cells offer valuable insights into the control of TIME that affects the development of PitNET. These findings can be utilized as prospective targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuting Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changxi Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linfeng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renyan Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyue Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujing Lai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jintong Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqing Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhe Bao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Boemi I, Piccini S, Colombo FS, Smiroldo V, Zerbi A, Capretti G, Alloisio M, Trivellin G, Lavezzi E, Mazziotti G, Vitali E, Lania AG. Alteration of the immunophenotype and cytokine profiles in patients affected by neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocrine 2024; 83:810-823. [PMID: 37845576 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are tumors that arise from cells of the endocrine system and are most common in the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the lungs. Their incidence is rapidly increasing and the therapeutic options available are limited. METHODS Since the immune system can interfere with tumor growth and response to therapy, using flow cytometry we investigated the immunophenotype in samples of peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with pancreatic (Pan-NENs) and pulmonary NENs (Lung-NENs). Moreover, we performed a multiplex analysis of 13 key cytokines and growth factors essential for the immune response in the plasma of NEN patients and controls. RESULTS Patients presented with a higher percentage of granulocytes, a lower percentage of lymphocytes, and an increase in the granulocytes to lymphocytes ratio compared to healthy donors. These alterations were more marked in patients with metastasis. Somatostatin analogs (SSAs) restored the immunophenotype of patients to that seen in healthy donors. Finally, Pan-NEN patients showed a higher plasma concentration of IP-10, MCP-1, and IL-8 compared to healthy donors, suggesting a potential role for these cytokines as diagnostic biomarkers. CONCLUSION This study highlighted differences in the immunophenotype of patients with Pan- and Lung-NENs compared to healthy individuals; these alterations were partially restored by therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilena Boemi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Sara Piccini
- Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Federico S Colombo
- Flow Cytometry Core, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Valeria Smiroldo
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zerbi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Pancreas Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Capretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Pancreas Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lavezzi
- Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Gherardo Mazziotti
- Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vitali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
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Kanzawa M, Shichi H, Kanie K, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto N, Tsujimoto Y, Bando H, Iguchi G, Kitano S, Inoshita N, Yamada S, Ogawa W, Itoh T, Fukuoka H. Effects of the Cortisol Milieu on Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Corticotroph Tumors. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae016. [PMID: 38340329 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Corticotrophs are susceptible to lymphocyte cytotoxicity, as seen in hypophysitis, suggesting that an immunological approach may be a potential strategy for corticotroph-derived tumors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to clarify whether corticotroph tumors that induce hypercortisolemia (ACTHomas) could be targets for immunotherapy. METHODS Tumor-infiltrating immune cells were immunohistochemically analyzed. ACTHomas were compared with other pituitary tumors, and further divided into 3 different cortisol-exposed milieus: Naïve (ACTHomas without preoperative treatment), Met (ACTHomas with preoperative metyrapone), and SCA (silent corticotroph adenomas). A 3-dimensional cell culture of resected tumors was used to analyze the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. RESULTS The number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was low in ACTHomas. Among these, the number of CD8+ cells was lower in ACTHomas than in both somatotroph and gonadotroph tumors (both P < .01). Then we compared the differences in TILs among Naïve, Met, and SCA. The number of CD4+ cells, but not CD8+ cells, was higher in both Met and SCA than in Naïve. Next, we investigated tumor-associated macrophages, which could negatively affect T cell infiltration. The numbers of CD163+ and CD204+ cells were positively associated with cortisol levels. Moreover, tumor size was positively correlated with the number of CD204+ cells. CONCLUSION We found the possibility that ACTHomas were immunologically cold in a cortisol-independent manner. In contrast, the tumor infiltration of CD4+ cells and M2-macrophages were associated with the cortisol milieu. Future studies are needed to validate these results and develop effective immunotherapy while considering the cortisol milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kanzawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shichi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kanie
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tsujimoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Medical Center for Student Health, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy Development, Department of Advanced Medical Development, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, 134-0088, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Pituitary Center, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, 134-0088, Japan
- Hypothalamic and Pituitary Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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10
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Sun Z, Ma X, Zhao C, Fan L, Yin S, Hu H. Delta-tocotrienol disrupts PD-L1 glycosylation and reverses PD-L1-mediated immune suppression. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116078. [PMID: 38159375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PD-L1-mediated immune escape plays an important role in cancer development and progression. Targeting PD-L1 is consider to be an attractive approach for cancer treatment. PD-L1 is a heavily N-linked glycosylated protein, and the glycosylation of PD-L1 is essential for its ability to interact with its receptor PD-1 to mediate immune suppression. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that delta-tocotrienol (δ-T3) not any of the other forms of vitamin E was able to disrupt PD-L1 glycosylation mechanistically associated with the suppression of TCF4-STT3a/STT3b axis. The inhibition of PD-L1 glycosylation by δ-T3 resulted in the decrease of PD-L1 expression and its exosomal secretion, leading to the reduction of PD-L1 and PD-1 interaction, and reversing PD-L1-mediated immune suppression, which in turn contributed to the inhibitory effect on tumor growth. The findings of the present study provide a novel mechanistic interpretation for the superior anticancer activity of δ-T3 among 8 isomers of the vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenou Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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11
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Tapoi DA, Popa ML, Tanase C, Derewicz D, Gheorghișan-Gălățeanu AA. Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: New Approaches in Classification, Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5301. [PMID: 37958474 PMCID: PMC10649263 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenohypophysal pituitary tumors account for 10-15% of all intracranial tumors, and 25-55% display signs of invasiveness. Nevertheless, oncology still relies on histopathological examination to establish the diagnosis. Considering that the classification of pituitary tumors has changed significantly in recent years, we discuss the definition of aggressive and invasive tumors and the latest molecular criteria used for classifying these entities. The pituitary tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential for neoplastic development and progression. This review aims to reveal the impact of TME characteristics on stratifying these tumors in view of finding appropriate therapeutic approaches. The role of the pituitary tumor microenvironment and its main components, non-tumoral cells and soluble factors, has been addressed. The variable display of different immune cell types, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and folliculostellate cells is discussed in relation to tumor development and aggressiveness. The molecules secreted by both tumoral and non-tumoral cells, such as VEGF, FGF, EGF, IL6, TNFα, and immune checkpoint molecules, contribute to the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment. They could be considered potential biomarkers for diagnosis and the invasiveness of these tumors, together with emerging non-coding RNA molecules. Therefore, assessing this complex network associated with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors could bring a new era in diagnosing and treating this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Antonia Tapoi
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria-Linda Popa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cell Biology and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Derewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Marie Sklodowska Curie Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041447 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ancuța-Augustina Gheorghișan-Gălățeanu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Serioli S, Agostini L, Pietrantoni A, Valeri F, Costanza F, Chiloiro S, Buffoli B, Piazza A, Poliani PL, Peris-Celda M, Iavarone F, Gaudino S, Gessi M, Schinzari G, Mattogno PP, Giampietro A, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Fontanella MM, Lauretti L, Rindi G, Olivi A, Bianchi A, Doglietto F. Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies: A Systematic Review of Molecular and Genetic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15719. [PMID: 37958702 PMCID: PMC10650665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed a more thorough understanding of tumorigenesis in aggressive PitNETs (pituitary neuroendocrine tumors) through the identification of specific essential genes, crucial molecular pathways, regulators, and effects of the tumoral microenvironment. Target therapies have been developed to cure oncology patients refractory to traditional treatments, introducing the concept of precision medicine. Preliminary data on PitNETs are derived from preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures, animal models, and a few case reports or small case series. This study comprehensively reviews the principal pathways involved in aggressive PitNETs, describing the potential target therapies. A search was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English papers published between 1 January 2004, and 15 June 2023. 254 were selected, and the topics related to aggressive PitNETs were recorded and discussed in detail: epigenetic aspects, membrane proteins and receptors, metalloprotease, molecular pathways, PPRK, and the immune microenvironment. A comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms linked to PitNETs' aggressiveness and invasiveness is crucial. Despite promising preliminary findings, additional research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the indications and effectiveness of target therapies for PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serioli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Agostini
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Federico Valeri
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flavia Costanza
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Amedeo Piazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Division, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Peris-Celda
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario IRCCS “A. Gemelli”, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gessi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mattogno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Liverana Lauretti
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guido Rindi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Doglietto
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Ilie MD, De Alcubierre D, Carretti AL, Jouanneau E, Raverot G. Therapeutic targeting of the pituitary tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108506. [PMID: 37562699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), the complex environment in which tumors develop, has been increasingly targeted for cancer treatment in recent years. Aggressive pituitary tumors and pituitary carcinomas have been so far targeted with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (28 cases, including a large cohort), and anti-angiogenic drugs (34 cases), specifically bevacizumab (30 cases), sunitinib (three cases), and apatinib (one case). Here, we reviewed all these cases, reporting tumor response, potential predictors of response, as well as adverse events. Given that the histological type could potentially influence treatment response, we present the existing data separately for each type. Briefly, under ICIs, complete response was noted in one case, partial response in a third of cases, stable disease in 10% of cases, while 54% of tumors progressed. Under BVZ monotherapy, most cases (57%) showed stable disease, while 36% of tumors progressed; partial response was reported in only one case. The three cases treated with sunitinib monotherapy progressed. Regarding predictive factors of response, the tumor type (aggressive pituitary tumor versus pituitary carcinoma) appears as the strongest predictor of response to ICIs. To date, no predictor of response to anti-angiogenic drugs in the treatment of pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary tumors has been identified. The interest of BZV add-on to first- or second-line chemotherapy warrants further investigation. In addition, we discuss perspectives regarding the TME-targeting in aggressive pituitary tumors and pituitary carcinomas, including perspectives on immunotherapy, anti-angiogenic drugs, as well as on other TME components, namely stromal cells, extracellular matrix, and secreted molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela-Diana Ilie
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France; Endocrinology Department, "C.I. Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dario De Alcubierre
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Carretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Emmanuel Jouanneau
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France; Neurosurgery Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France; Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
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14
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Wu J, Guo J, Fang Q, Liu Y, Li C, Xie W, Zhang Y. Identification of biomarkers associated with the invasion of nonfunctional pituitary neuroendocrine tumors based on the immune microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1131693. [PMID: 37522128 PMCID: PMC10376796 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1131693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The invasive behavior of nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PitNEts) affects complete resection and indicates a poor prognosis. Cancer immunotherapy has been experimentally used for the treatment of many tumors, including pituitary tumors. The current study aimed to screen the key immune-related genes in NF-PitNEts with invasion. Methods We used two cohorts to explore novel biomarkers in NF-PitNEts. The immune infiltration-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained based on high/low immune scores, which were calculated through the ESTIMATE algorithm. The abundance of immune cells was predicted using the ImmuCellAI database. WGCNA was used to construct a coexpression network of immune cell-related genes. Random forest analysis was used to select the candidate genes associated with invasion. The expression of key genes was verified in external validation set using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR). Results The immune and invasion related DEGs was obtained based on the first dataset of NF-PitNEts (n=112). The immune cell-associated modules in NF-PitNEts were calculate by WGCNA. Random forest analysis was performed on 81 common genes intersected by immune-related genes, invasion-related genes, and module genes. Then, 20 of these genes with the highest RF score were selected to construct the invasion and immune-associated classification model. We found that this model had high prediction accuracy for tumor invasion, which had the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value in the training dataset from the first dataset (n=78), the self-test dataset from the first dataset (n=34), and the independent test dataset (n=73) (AUC=0.732/0.653/0.619). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that 8 out of the 20 genes were enriched in multiple signaling pathways. Subsequently, the 8-gene (BMP6, CIB2, FABP5, HOMER2, MAML3, NIN, PRKG2 and SIDT2) classification model was constructed and showed good efficiency in the first dataset (AUC=0.671). In addition, the expression levels of these 8 genes were verified by qRT‒PCR. Conclusion We identified eight key genes associated with invasion and immunity in NF-PitNEts that may play a fundamental role in invasive progression and may provide novel potential immunotherapy targets for NF-PitNEts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Wu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Fang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulou Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyan Xie
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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15
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Shi M, Song Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Yu J, Hou A, Han S. PD-L1 and tumor-infiltrating CD8 + lymphocytes are correlated with clinical characteristics in pediatric and adolescent pituitary adenomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1151714. [PMID: 37424874 PMCID: PMC10323746 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1151714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the levels of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes (CD8+ TILs) and the expression of programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of pediatric and adolescent pituitary adenomas (PAPAs) and analyze the correlation between their levels and the clinical characteristics. Methods A series of 43 PAPAs cases were enrolled over a period of 5 years. To compare the TME of PAPAs and adult PAs, 43 PAPAs cases were matched with 60 adult PAs cases (30 cases were between 20 and 40 years old, and 30 cases were older than 40 years) for main clinical characteristics. The expression of immune markers in PAPAs was detected by immunohistochemistry, and their correlation with the clinical outcomes was analyzed using statistical methods. Results In the PAPAs group, CD8+ TILs level was significantly lower (3.4 (5.7) vs. 6.1 (8.5), p = 0.001), and PD-L1 expression (0.040 (0.022) vs. 0.024 (0.024), p < 0.0001) was significantly higher as compared with the older group. The level of CD8+ TILs was negatively correlated with the expression of PD-L1 (r = -0.312, p = 0.042). Moreover, CD8+ TILs and PD-L1 levels were associated with Hardy (CD8, p = 0.014; PD-L1, p = 0.018) and Knosp (CD8, p = 0.02; PD-L1, p = 0.017) classification. CD8+ TILs level was associated with high-risk adenomas (p = 0.015), and it was associated with the recurrence of PAPAs (HR = 0.047, 95% CI 0.003-0.632, p = 0.021). Conclusion Compared with the TME in adult PAs, the TME in PAPAs was found to express a significantly altered level of CD8+ TILs and PD-L1. In PAPAs, CD8+ TILs and PD-L1 levels were associated with clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifu Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaochuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Longjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanhan Yu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ana Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Tumour microenvironment and pituitary tumour behaviour. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:1047-1063. [PMID: 37060402 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary tumour microenvironment encompasses a spectrum of non-tumoural cells, such as immune, stromal or endothelial cells, as well as enzymes and signalling peptides like cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround the tumour cells and may influence pituitary tumour behaviour and tumourigenic mechanisms. Recently, there has been intensive research activity in this field describing various pituitary tumour-infiltrating immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and immune- and microenvironment-related pathways. Key changes in oncological therapeutic avenues resulted in the recognition of pituitary as a target of adverse events for patients treated with immune checkpoint regulators. However, these phenomena can be turned into therapeutic advantage in severe cases of pituitary tumours. Therefore, unravelling the pituitary tumour microenvironment will allow a better understanding of the biology and behaviour of pituitary tumours and may provide further developments in terms of diagnosis and management of patients with aggressively growing or recurrent pituitary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marques
- Pituitary Tumor Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - M Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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17
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Marrero-Rodríguez D, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Kerbel J, Cano-Zaragoza A, Remba-Shapiro I, Silva-Román G, Vela-Patiño S, Andonegui-Elguera S, Valenzuela-Perez A, Mercado M. The hallmarks of cancer… in pituitary tumors? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:177-190. [PMID: 36586070 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over 20 years ago, Hanahan and Weinberg published a seminal review that addressed the biological processes that underly malignant transformation. This classical review, along with two revisions published in 2011 and 2022, has remain a classic of the oncology literature. Since many of the addressed biological processes may apply to non-malignant tumorigenesis, we evaluated to what extent these hallmarks pertain to the development of pituitary adenomas.Some of the biological processes analyzed in this review include genome instability generated by somatic USP8 and GNAS mutations in Cushing's diseases and acromegaly respectively; non-mutational epigenetic reprograming through changes in methylation; induction of angiogenesis through alterations of VEGF gene expression; promotion of proliferative signals mediated by EGFR; evasion of growth suppression by disrupting cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors; avoidance of immune destruction; and the promotion of inflammation mediated by alteration of gene expression of immune check points. We also elaborate further on the existence of oncogene induced senescence in pituitary tumors. We conclude that a better understanding of these processes can help us dilucidated why pituitary tumors are so resistant to malignant transformation and can potentially contribute to the development of novel anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jacobo Kerbel
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amayrani Cano-Zaragoza
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ilan Remba-Shapiro
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Silva-Román
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Vela-Patiño
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Andonegui-Elguera
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Valenzuela-Perez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moisés Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
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18
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Chiloiro S, De Marinis L. The immune microenviroment in somatotropinomas: from biology to personalized and target therapy. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:283-295. [PMID: 36658300 PMCID: PMC10023617 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are rare neoplasms, with a heterogeneous biological and clinical behavior, due to their clinical course, local invasive growth, resistance to conventional therapies and the risk of disease progression. Recent studies on tumor microenvironment (TME) provided new knowledge on the biology of these neoplasia, that may explain the different phenotypes of these tumors and suggest new biomarkers able to predict the prognosis and the treatment outcome. The identification of molecular markers that act as targets for biological therapies may open new perspectives in the medical treatments of aggressive pituitary tumors.In this paper, we will review data of TME and target therapies in somatotropinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- UOC Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- UOC Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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Matsuzaki H, Komohara Y, Yano H, Fujiwara Y, Kai K, Yamada R, Yoshii D, Uekawa K, Shinojima N, Mikami Y, Mukasa A. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor potentially induces recruitment and maturation of macrophages in recurrent pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:90-98. [PMID: 36461910 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Although pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are usually benign, some are highly invasive and recurrent. Recurrent PitNETs are often treatment-resistant and there is currently no effective evidence-based treatment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor growth in many cancers, but the effect of TAMs on PitNETs remains unclear. This study investigated the role of TAMs in the incidence of recurrent PitNETs. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the densities of CD163- and CD204-positive TAMs tended to increase in recurrent PitNETs. Compared with TAMs in primary lesions, those in recurrent lesions were enlarged. To clarify the cell-cell interactions between TAMs and PitNETs, in vitro experiments were performed using a mouse PitNET cell line AtT20 and the mouse macrophage cell line J774. Several cytokines related to macrophage chemotaxis and differentiation, such as M-CSF, were elevated significantly by stimulation with macrophage conditioned medium. When M-CSF immunohistochemistry analysis was performed using human PitNET samples, M-CSF expression increased significantly in recurrent lesions compared with primary lesions. Although no M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR) expression was observed in tumor cells of primary and recurrent PitNETs, flow cytometric analysis revealed that the mouse PitNET cell line expressed M-CSFR. Cellular proliferation in mouse PitNETs was inhibited by high concentrations of M-CSFR inhibitors, suggesting that cell-to-cell communication between PitNETs and macrophages induces M-CSF expression, which in turn enhances TAM chemotaxis and maturation in the tumor microenvironment. Blocking the M-CSFR signaling pathway might be a novel therapeutic adjuvant in treating recurrent PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsuzaki
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yano
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rin Yamada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daiki Yoshii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ken Uekawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Shinojima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mikami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Targeting the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Could Become a Potential Therapeutic Modality for Aggressive Pituitary Adenoma. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020164. [PMID: 36831707 PMCID: PMC9954754 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECT This study aimed to explore the relationship between the aggressiveness and immune cell infiltration in pituitary adenoma (PA) and to provide the basis for immuno-targeting therapies. METHODS One hundred and three patients with PA who underwent surgery at a single institution were retrospectively identified. The infiltration of macrophages and T-lymphocytes was quantitatively assessed. RESULTS The number of CD68+ macrophages was positively correlated with Knosp (p = 0.003) and MMP-9 expression grades (p = 0.00). The infiltration of CD163+ macrophages differed among Knosp (p = 0.022) and MMP-9 grades (p = 0.04). CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were also positively associated with Knosp (p = 0.002) and MMP-9 grades (p = 0.01). Interestingly, MGMT expression was positively correlated with MMP-9 staining extent (p = 0.000). The quantities of CD8+ TILs (p = 0.016), CD68+ macrophages (p = 0.000), and CD163+ macrophages (p = 0.043) were negatively associated with MGMT expression levels. The number of CD68+ macrophages in the PD-L1 negative group was significantly more than that in the PD-L1 positive group (p = 0.01). The rate of PD-L1 positivity was positively correlated with the Ki-67 index (p = 0.046) and p53 expression (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION Targeted therapy for macrophages and CD8+ TILs could be a helpful treatment in the future for aggressive PA. Anti-PD-L1 therapy may better respond to PAs with higher Ki-67 and p53 expression and more infiltrating CD68+ macrophages. Multiple treatment modalities, especially combined with immunotherapy could become a novel therapeutic strategy for aggressive PA.
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21
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Chen Z, Sun X, Kang Y, Zhang J, Jia F, Liu X, Zhu H. A novel risk model based on the correlation between the expression of basement membrane genes and immune infiltration to predict the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1079777. [PMID: 36686480 PMCID: PMC9846255 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1079777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Invasive pituitary adenomas (IPAs) are common tumors of the nervous system tumors for which invasive growth can lead to difficult total resection and a high recurrence rate. The basement membrane (BM) is a special type of extracellular matrix and plays an important role in the invasion of pituitary adenomas (PAs). The aim of this study was to develop a risk model for predicting the invasiveness of PAs by analyzing the correlation between the expression of BM genes and immune infiltration. Methods Four datasets, featuring samples IPAs and non-invasive pituitary adenomas (NIPAs), were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). R software was then used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and analyze their functional enrichment. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was used to screen BM genes, which were analyzed for immune infiltration; this led to the generation of a risk model based on the correlation between the expression of BM genes and immunity. A calibration curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate and validate the model. Subsequently, the differential expression levels of BM genes between IPA and NIPA samples collected in surgery were verified by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and the prediction model was further evaluated. Finally, based on our analysis, we recommend potential drug targets for the treatment of IPAs. Results The merged dataset identified 248 DEGs that were mainly enriching in signal transduction, the extracellular matrix and channel activity. The PPI network identified 11 BM genes from the DEGs: SPARCL1, GPC3, LAMA1, SDC4, GPC4, ADAMTS8, LAMA2, LAMC3, SMOC1, LUM and THBS2. Based on the complex correlation between these 11 genes and immune infiltration, a risk model was established to predict PAs invasiveness. Calibration curve and ROC curve analysis (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.7886194) confirmed the good predictive ability of the model. The consistency between the qPCR results and the bioinformatics results confirmed the reliability of data mining. Conclusion Using a variety of bioinformatics methods, we developed a novel risk model to predict the probability of PAs invasion based on the correlation between 11 BM genes and immune infiltration. These findings may facilitate closer surveillance and early diagnosis to prevent or treat IPAs in patients and improve the clinical awareness of patients at high risk of IPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yin Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiyao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Gil J, Marques-Pamies M, Valassi E, Serra G, Salinas I, Xifra G, Casano-Sancho P, Carrato C, Biagetti B, Sesmilo G, Marcos-Ruiz J, Rodriguez-Lloveras H, Rueda-Pujol A, Aulinas A, Blanco A, Hostalot C, Simó-Servat A, Muñoz F, Rico M, Ibáñez-Domínguez J, Cordero E, Webb SM, Jordà M, Puig-Domingo M. Molecular characterization of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and medical treatment related-genes in non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1129213. [PMID: 37033229 PMCID: PMC10074986 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different medical therapies have been developed for pituitary adenomas. However, Non-Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (NF-PitNET) have shown little response to them. Furthermore, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to resistance to medical treatment in a significant number of tumors, including pituitary adenomas. METHODS We aimed to evaluate the expression of EMT-related markers in 72 NF-PitNET and 16 non-tumoral pituitaries. To further explore the potential usefulness of medical treatment for NF-PitNET we assessed the expression of somatostatin receptors and dopamine-associated genes. RESULTS We found that SNAI1, SNAI2, Vimentin, KLK10, PEBP1, Ki-67 and SSTR2 were associated with invasive NF-PitNET. Furthermore, we found that the EMT phenomenon was more common in NF-PitNET than in GH-secreting pituitary tumors. Interestingly, PEBP1 was overexpressed in recurrent NF-PitNET, and could predict growth recurrence with 100% sensitivity but only 43% specificity. In parallel with previously reported studies, SSTR3 is highly expressed in our NF-PitNET cohort. However, SSTR3 expression is highly heterogeneous among the different histological variants of NF-PitNET with very low levels in silent corticotroph adenomas. CONCLUSION NF-PitNET showed an enhanced EMT phenomenon. SSTR3 targeting could be a good therapeutic candidate in NF-PitNET except for silent corticotroph adenomas, which express very low levels of this receptor. In addition, PEBP1 could be an informative biomarker of tumor regrowth, useful for predictive medicine in NF-PitNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Marques-Pamies
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Municipal de Badalona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Valassi
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Serra
- Department of Endocrinology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Isabel Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Gemma Xifra
- Department of Endocrinology, Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Paula Casano-Sancho
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Institut de Recerca SJS 39-57, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrato
- Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Betina Biagetti
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Sesmilo
- Department of Endocrinology, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Marcos-Ruiz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Rueda-Pujol
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Aulinas
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Blanco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hostalot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andreu Simó-Servat
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Fernando Muñoz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Cordero
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan M. Webb
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-SPau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Unit 747, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Municipal de Badalona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo,
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Maiseyeu I, Güresir Á, Vatter H, Herrlinger U, Becker A, Wach J, Güresir E. Preoperative Risk Stratification of Increased MIB-1 Labeling Index in Pituitary Adenoma: A Newly Proposed Prognostic Scoring System. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237151. [PMID: 36498723 PMCID: PMC9738462 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The MIB-1 index is an important risk factor for progression-free survival (PFS) in pituitary adenoma (PA). Preoperatively, the MIB-1 index is not available in the decision-making process. A preoperative method regarding MIB-1 index estimation in PA has not been evaluated so far. Between 2011 and 2021, 109 patients with tumor morphology data, MIB-1 index data, and inflammatory and pituitary hormone laboratory values underwent surgery for PA. An MIB-1 index cutoff point (≥4/<4%) determines the probability of PFS in completely resected PA. An elevated MIB-1 index (≥4%) was present in 32 cases (29.4%) and was significantly associated with increased IGF-1, age ≤ 60, increased ACTH, and increased fibrinogen levels in the multivariable analysis. A scoring system (“FATE”) using preoperative IGF-1, age, ACTH, and plasma fibrinogen level enables the estimation of the MIB-1 index (sensitivity 72%, specificity 68%). The FATE score is also significantly associated with the time to PA progression after the complete resection of the PA. We propose the FATE score to preoperatively estimate the risk of an elevated MIB-1 index (≥4%), which might enable tailoring to medical decision-making, and follow-up interval scheduling, as well as inform future studies analyzing proliferative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Maiseyeu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-287-16521
| | - Ági Güresir
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hartmut Vatter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology and Centre of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Wach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erdem Güresir
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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24
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Abstract
After temozolomide failure, no evidence-based treatment option is currently available for aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) and pituitary carcinomas (PCs). Moreover, once temozolomide has failed, the survival of these patients is very poor. The use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been so far reported in a large cohort, a small phase 2 clinical trial, and in another five isolated cases (24 cases in total). Here, we review the available evidence on the efficacy and potential predictors of response to ICIs in PCs and APTs, namely the histological type (corticotroph versus lactotroph), the tumor type (PC versus APT), the presence of uncontrolled endogenous hypercortisolism, the type of protocol (combined ICIs versus monotherapy), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, CD8+ cell infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and mismatch repair (MMR) status. We also discuss key clinical aspects that can already be implemented in the everyday practice and identify future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Raverot
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
| | - Mirela Diana Ilie
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Endocrinology Department, "C.I. Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania.
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25
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Botelho MS, Franzini ÍA, Nunes-Nogueira VDS, Boguszewski CL. Treatment of non-functioning pituitary adenoma with cabergoline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary 2022; 25:810-818. [PMID: 35902444 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To make a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the effect of cabergoline (CBG) in the treatment of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). METHODS The primary outcome was tumor shrinkage, using as cut-off a reduction of at least 20% of the NFPA size from baseline. The secondary outcomes were prevention of tumor progression, clinically required additional interventions and adverse events (AE). Search strategies were applied to MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and CENTRAL. Independent reviewers assessed the study eligibility, extracted data, and evaluated risk of bias. Random meta-analysis for the proportion of tumor shrinkage, prevention of tumor progression, clinically required additional interventions and frequency of AE were conducted. RESULTS Five studies were included. The meta-analysis of proportion was 19% for tumor shrinkage (95% CI 8-38%, 4 studies, 108 participants), 50% for prevention of tumor progression (95% CI 35-64%, 5 studies, 187 participants), 14% for clinically required additional interventions (95% CI 6-30%, 4 studies, 128 participants) and 2% for adverse events (95% CI 1-6%, 3 studies, 157 participants). CONCLUSIONS Effect of CBG to promote tumor shrinkage in NFPAs was low, while prevention of tumor progression after surgery was seen in half of the cases, with a low frequency of adverse events. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020206778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Souza Botelho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Avenida Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro s/n, Bairro UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Antunes Franzini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vania Dos Santos Nunes-Nogueira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Avenida Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro s/n, Bairro UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Cesar Luiz Boguszewski
- SEMPR, Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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26
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Inflammatory Cytokines Associated with Diagnosis, Tumor Grade and Prognosis in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206191. [PMID: 36294509 PMCID: PMC9604855 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Inflammatory cytokines represent diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in manifold cancers. Recent data suggest a pivotal role of these cytokines in different biological processes involved in the development of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). However, their role as biomarkers in NETs is only poorly understood. Methods: We analyzed serum concentrations of 13 inflammation-related cytokines at different time points in 43 patients with well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic NETs (G1/G2) treated at Charité Berlin and compared them to 40 healthy controls. The results were correlated with clinical records. Results: Serum concentrations (Median (Interquartile Range (IQR)) in pg/mL) of IL-1β (124 (82) vs. 68 (61) pg/mL; p = 0.0003), IL-6 (111(122) vs. 88 (32) pg/mL; p = 0.0086), IL-8 (1058 (768) vs. 210 (90) pg/mL; p < 0.0001), IL-18 (2936 (1723) vs. 1590 (704) pg/mL; p < 0.0001), and TNF (271 (260) vs. 42 (25) pg/mL; p < 0.0001) were significantly elevated in NET patients, whereas IL-10 (43 (44) vs. 105 (48) pg/mL; p < 0.0001) showed lower concentrations in NETs when compared to controls. Cytokine levels significantly correlated with tumor grade (IL-6; p = 0.0070), prevalence of distant metastasis (IL-18; p = 0.0313), and disease progression over time (IL-10; p = 0.0033) but not tumor location. Chromogranin A (CgA) and the NETest are currently used to monitor treatment response. A more accurate prediction could possibly be achieved by employing a subset of cytokines. Our data clearly warrants further functional investigation into the role of the immune response and cytokine release in NETs. Conclusion: A biologically plausible panel of cytokines might be added to the diagnostic and prognostic tools currently employed in patients with NETs. Combining different markers into a score would elevate diagnostic accuracy compared to single markers.
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Mesenchymal stromal cells alleviate acute respiratory distress syndrome through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:307. [PMID: 36064538 PMCID: PMC9441842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been considered a promising alternative for treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, there is significant heterogeneity in their therapeutic efficacy, largely owing to the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activities of MSCs. Here, we hypothesize that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), which is recognized as a neuroimmunological pathway, may be involved in the therapeutic mechanisms by which MSCs mitigate ARDS. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial lung inflammation models, we found that inflammatory cell infiltration and Evans blue leakage were reduced and that the expression levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in lung tissue were significantly increased 6 hours after MSC infusion. When the vagus nerve was blocked or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (α7nAChR)-knockout mice were used, the therapeutic effects of MSCs were significantly reduced, suggesting that the CAP may play an important role in the effects of MSCs in ARDS treatment. Our results further showed that MSC-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) likely promoted ACh synthesis and release. Additionally, based on the efficacy of nAChR and α7nAChR agonists, we found that lobeline, the nicotinic cholinergic receptor excitation stimulant, may attenuate pulmonary inflammation and alleviate respiratory symptoms of ARDS patients in a clinical study (ChiCTR2100047403). In summary, we reveal a previously unrecognized MSC-mediated mechanism of CAP activation as the means by which MSCs alleviate ARDS-like syndrome, providing insight into the clinical translation of MSCs or CAP-related strategies for the treatment of patients with ARDS.
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28
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Zawati I, Adouni O, Manai M, Nagara M, Tacam M, Reduzzi C, Gamoudi A, Manai M. FOXP3+/CD68+ ratio within the tumor microenvironment may serve as a potential prognostic factor in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:843-856. [PMID: 36068099 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is characterized by extensive inflammatory immune cells, which predict the disease prognosis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the significance of different tumor-infiltrated immune cells and subpopulation ratios observed in the tumor microenvironment of CHL, particularly relating to the disease's prognosis-focusing on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). Utilizing immunohistochemistry, the quantification and exploration of selected immune cells' subsets, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, FOXP3+, CD20+, and CD68+ were conducted on 102 histological samples with primary CHL. Eosinophils were pathologically assessed. Besides, we determined the ratios between different tumor-infiltrated immune cells for each patient. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression modeling were used for survival analysis. We demonstrated that among all ratios and immune cells individually, only a higher FOXP3+/CD68+ ratio (≥1.36 cutoff) displayed a tendency towards a favorable OS (p = 0.057, HR = 0.43 [0.18-1.02]) and EFS (p = 0.067, HR = 0.44 [0.18-1.06]) using Cox regression modeling. Moreover, the Kaplan-Meier method showed an association of a higher FOXP3+/CD68+ ratio with a longer 5-years OS (p = 0.037) and a tendency to a better EFS (p = 0.051); however, neither the combined FOXP3+ and CD68+ nor FOXP3+ or CD68+ separately was correlated to the CHL survival. Together, these results demonstrated that the FOXP3+/CD68+ ratio could predict the outcomes of CHL, providing more informative significance than FOXP3+ and CD68+ combined or FOXP3+ and CD68+ individually and might be a potential indicator of risk stratification, which has an important value for guiding the clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Zawati
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Biology, Mycology, Pathologies, and Biomarkers Laboratory (LR16ES05), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Olfa Adouni
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Biology, Mycology, Pathologies, and Biomarkers Laboratory (LR16ES05), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Maroua Manai
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Human Genetics (LR99ES10), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, 10021 NY, NY, USA
| | - Majdi Nagara
- Inserm, UMR-S 1251, MMG, Faculty of Medicine Timone, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Moisis Tacam
- Department of OB/Gyn, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carolina Reduzzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, 10021 NY, NY, USA
| | - Amor Gamoudi
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Manai
- Department of Biology, Mycology, Pathologies, and Biomarkers Laboratory (LR16ES05), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Ariana, Tunisia
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Zheng AC, Wang EJ, Aghi MK. Recent advancements in the molecular biology of pituitary adenomas. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:293-304. [PMID: 35702013 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2082942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary adenomas are a common and diverse group of intracranial tumors arising from the anterior pituitary that are usually slow-growing and benign, but still pose a significant healthcare burden to patients. Additionally, they are increasing in both incidence and prevalence, leading to a need for better understanding of molecular changes in the development of these tumors. AREAS COVERED A PubMed literature search was conducted using the terms 'pituitary adenoma' in combination with keywords related to secretory subtype: lactotroph, somatotroph, corticotroph, gonadotroph and null cell, in addition to their transcription factor expression: PIT1, TPIT, and SF-1. Articles resulting from this search were analyzed, as well as relevant articles cited as their references. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the genetic and epigenetic characterization of individual pituitary adenoma subtypes and the effect it may have on guiding future clinical treatment of these tumors. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the molecular biology of pituitary adenomas is a fundamental step toward advancing the treatment of these tumors. Yet crucial knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of the underlying molecular biology of pituitary adenomas which can potentially be addressed by turning to differentially activated molecular pathways in tumor relative to normal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elaina J Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Zhou Q, Liu Y, Feng R, Zhang W. NUCB2: roles in physiology and pathology. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:603-617. [PMID: 35678998 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleobindin2 (NUCB2) is a member of nucleobindin family which was first found in the nucleus of the hypothalamus, and had a relationship in diet and energy homeostasis. Its location in normal tissues such as stomach and islet further confirms that it plays a vital role in the regulation of physiological functions of the body. Besides, NUCB2 participates in tumorigenesis through activating various signal-pathways, more and more studies indicate that NUCB2 might impact tumor progression by promoting or inhibiting proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, and invasion of tumor cells. In this review, we comprehensively stated NUCB2's expression and functions, and introduced the role of NUCB2 in physiology and pathology and its mechanism. What is more, pointed out the potential direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Marques P, Silva AL, López-Presa D, Faria C, Bugalho MJ. The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas: biological, clinical and therapeutical implications. Pituitary 2022; 25:363-382. [PMID: 35194709 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas (PAs) includes a range of non-tumoral cells, such as immune and stromal cells, as well as cell signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround pituitary tumor cells and may modulate tumor initiation, progression, invasion, angiogenesis and other tumorigenic processes. The microenvironment of PAs has been actively investigated over the last years, with several immune and stromal cell populations, as well as different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors being recently characterized in PAs. Moreover, key microenvironment-related genes as well as immune-related molecules and pathways have been investigated, with immune check point regulators emerging as promising targets for immunotherapy. Understanding the microenvironment of PAs will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the complex biology of PAs, as well as will provide developments in terms of diagnosis, clinical management and ultimately treatment of patients with aggressive and/or refractory PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dolores López-Presa
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Faria
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
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32
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Wang H, Luo K, Guan Z, Li Z, Xiang J, Ou S, Tao Y, Ran S, Ye J, Ma T, Qiao T, Zhang Z, Jin Y, Song Y, Huang R. Identification of the Crucial Role of CCL22 in F. nucleatum-Related Colorectal Tumorigenesis that Correlates With Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Checkpoint Therapy. Front Genet 2022; 13:811900. [PMID: 35295948 PMCID: PMC8918684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.811900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant cancer worldwide with the second highest mortality. Gut microbiota can educate the tumor microenvironment (TME), consequently influencing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Fusobacterium nucleatum is one of the most crucial bacteria contributing to colorectal tumorigenesis, but the molecular mechanisms between F. nucleatum and TME or ICIs are poorly investigated. In the present study, we firstly analyzed differentially expressed genes and the biological functions between F. nucleatum-infected and uninfected CRC cell lines, with the findings that CCL22 mRNA expression was markedly upregulated after F. nucleatum infection. Moreover, the survival analysis showed that CCL22 was significantly associated with the overall survival of CRC patients. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested that CCL22 was related to immune-related terms. Furthermore, the ESTIMATE analysis indicated that the high-CCL22-expression subgroup had a higher immune/stromal/estimate score and lower tumor purity. The CIBERSORT analysis indicated that the high-CCL22-expression group had more immune-suppressive cells and less antitumor immune cells. In addition, immune checkpoint genes and cytotoxic genes were positively correlated with CCL22 expression. The immunophenoscore analysis suggested that CCL22 was associated with the IPS-CTLA4 and PD1/PD-L1/PD-L2 score. Interestingly, CCL22 expression in the KRAS and APC mutation groups was markedly reduced compared to that of the wild groups. In summary, our study provided evidence that CCL22 might play a crucial role in F. nucleatum-related colorectal tumorigenesis and correlate with TME and ICIs, which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hufei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kangjia Luo
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zilong Guan
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Suwen Ou
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yangbao Tao
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songlin Ran
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhua Ye
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyu Qiao
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinghu Jin
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Huang, ; Yanni Song, ; Yinghu Jin,
| | - Yanni Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Huang, ; Yanni Song, ; Yinghu Jin,
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Huang, ; Yanni Song, ; Yinghu Jin,
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Identification of Dysregulated Expression of G Protein Coupled Receptors in Endocrine Tumors by Bioinformatics Analysis: Potential Drug Targets? Cells 2022; 11:cells11040703. [PMID: 35203352 PMCID: PMC8870215 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies link G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cancer. Some endocrine tumors are unresponsive to standard treatment and/or require long-term and poorly tolerated treatment. This study explored, by bioinformatics analysis, the tumoral profiling of the GPCR transcriptome to identify potential targets in these tumors aiming at drug repurposing. Methods: We explored the GPCR differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from public datasets (Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)). The GEO datasets were available for two medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs), eighty-seven pheochromocytomas (PHEOs), sixty-one paragangliomas (PGLs), forty-seven pituitary adenomas and one-hundred-fifty adrenocortical cancers (ACCs). The TCGA dataset covered 92 ACCs. We identified GPCRs targeted by approved drugs from pharmacological databases (ChEMBL and DrugBank). Results: The profiling of dysregulated GPCRs was tumor specific. In MTC, we found 14 GPCR DEGs, including an upregulation of the dopamine receptor (DRD2) and adenosine receptor (ADORA2B), which were the target of many drugs. In PGL, seven GPCR genes were downregulated, including vasopressin receptor (AVPR1A) and PTH receptor (PTH1R), which were targeted by approved drugs. In ACC, PTH1R was also downregulated in both the GEO and TCGA datasets and was the target of osteoporosis drugs. Conclusions: We highlight specific GPCR signatures across the major endocrine tumors. These data could help to identify new opportunities for drug repurposing.
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Current and Emerging Medical Therapies in Pituitary Tumors. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11040955. [PMID: 35207228 PMCID: PMC8877616 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors (PT) represent in, the majority of cases, benign tumors for which surgical treatment still remains, except for prolactin-secreting PT, the first-line therapeutic option. Nonetheless, the role played by medical therapies for the management of such tumors, before or after surgery, has evolved considerably, due in part to the recent development of well-tolerated and highly efficient molecules. In this review, our aim was to present a state-of-the-art of the current medical therapies used in the field of PT and the benefits and caveats for each of them, and further specify their positioning in the therapeutic algorithm of each phenotype. Finally, we discuss the future of PT medical therapies, based on the most recent studies published in this field.
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Di Nunno V, Franceschi E, Tosoni A, Gatto L, Maggio I, Lodi R, Bartolini S, Brandes AA. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors in pituitary malignancies. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:e28-e35. [PMID: 34348358 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, there are no standardized systemic treatment options for patients with metastatic pituitary carcinoma progressed to chemo and radiation therapy. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been successfully assessed in other solid malignancies and could be a concrete hope for these patients. We performed a critical review of the literature aimed to evaluate studies assessing ICIs in pituitary malignancies. We also conducted research about published translational data assessing immune-contexture in these malignancies. Some preliminary reports reported a successful administration of pembrolizumab or the combination between nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with metastatic ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinomas. Translational data suggest that adenomas secreting growth hormone and ACTH have a suppressed immune-microenvironment, which could be more likely to benefit from ICIs. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors can be an effective treatment in patients with pituitary carcinoma and maybe also recurrent adenoma. Tumors secreting growth hormone and ACTH are more likely to benefit from ICIs due to a different immune-microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Raffaele Lodi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Marques P, Barry S, Carlsen E, Collier D, Ronaldson A, Grieve J, Dorward N, Mendoza N, Nair R, Muquit S, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The expression of neural cell adhesion molecule and the microenvironment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13052. [PMID: 34708902 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) has previously been studied in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs), but its role in tumour biology and aggressiveness remains controversial, and its relationship with the tumour microenvironment remains unknown. We aimed to characterise NCAM expression in PitNETs, to correlate this with clinico-pathological features, and to assess the role of various microenvironment components on NCAM expression. NCAM and immune cells were investigated by immunohistochemistry in 16 human non-functioning-PitNETs (NF-PitNETs) and eight somatotrophinomas, including macrophages (CD68, CD163, HLA-DR), cytotoxic (CD8) and T helper (CD4) lymphocytes, regulatory T cells (FOXP3), B cells (CD20), and neutrophils (neutrophil elastase). Five normal pituitaries were included for comparison. The cytokine secretome from these PitNETs and from PitNET-derived tumour-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) were assessed on culture supernatants using a multiplex immunoassay panel. There were no significant NCAM expression differences between PitNETs and normal pituitary, and no difference between types of pituitary tumours (NF-PitNETs vs. somatotrophinomas). There was no association between NCAM expression and different clinico-pathological features, including cavernous sinus invasion and Ki-67, nor with serum hormone levels. NCAM immunoreactivity correlated negatively with PitNET-derived CXCL10 (rho = -0.417; p = .042) and CX3CL1 (rho = -0.423; p = .040) levels. NCAM immunoreactivity was negatively correlated with TAF-derived fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 (rho = -0.632; p = .009), but not with other TAF-derived cytokines. Within the PitNET cohort, there were no correlations between NCAM immunoreactivity and immune infiltrates or ratios, although, within NF-PitNETs, NCAM expression was higher in tumours with more FOXP3+ cells. NCAM expression does not differ between PitNETs and normal pituitary, and does not appear to relate to tumour invasiveness or proliferation. However, our data suggest a possible role for cytokines in the modulation of NCAM expression in PitNETs, particularly CXCL10, CX3CL1 and FGF-2, but not for immune cell infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sayka Barry
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - David Collier
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Amy Ronaldson
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joan Grieve
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Dorward
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nigel Mendoza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ramesh Nair
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Samiul Muquit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Raverot G, Ilie MD, Lasolle H, Amodru V, Trouillas J, Castinetti F, Brue T. Aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:671-684. [PMID: 34493834 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although usually benign, anterior pituitary tumours occasionally exhibit aggressive behaviour, with invasion of surrounding tissues, rapid growth, resistance to conventional treatments and multiple recurrences. In very rare cases, they metastasize and are termed pituitary carcinomas. The time between a 'classical' pituitary tumour and a pituitary carcinoma can be years, which means that monitoring should be performed regularly in patients with clinical (invasion and/or tumour growth) or pathological (Ki67 index, mitotic count and/or p53 detection) markers suggesting aggressiveness. However, although both invasion and proliferation have prognostic value, such parameters cannot predict outcome or malignancy without metastasis. Future research should focus on the biology of both tumour cells and their microenvironment, hopefully with improved therapeutic outcomes. Currently, the initial therapeutic approach for aggressive pituitary tumours is generally to repeat surgery or radiotherapy in expert centres. Standard medical treatments usually have no effect on tumour progression but they can be maintained on a long-term basis to, at least partly, control hypersecretion. In cases where standard treatments prove ineffective, temozolomide, the sole formally recommended treatment, is effective in only one-third of patients. Personalized use of emerging therapies, including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, angiogenesis-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, will hopefully improve the outcomes of patients with this severe condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Raverot
- Endocrinology Department, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRLC), Lyon, France
| | - Mirela Diana Ilie
- Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRLC), Lyon, France
- Endocrinology Department, "C.I.Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hélène Lasolle
- Endocrinology Department, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRLC), Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Amodru
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Endocrinology Department, Hôpital de la Conception, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | | | - Frédéric Castinetti
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Endocrinology Department, Hôpital de la Conception, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Endocrinology Department, Hôpital de la Conception, Reference Centre for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France.
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Marques P, de Vries F, Dekkers OM, Korbonits M, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM. Serum Inflammation-based Scores in Endocrine Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3796-e3819. [PMID: 33837783 PMCID: PMC8475227 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum inflammation-based scores reflect systemic inflammatory response and/or patients' nutritional status, and may predict clinical outcomes in cancer. While these are well-described and increasingly used in different cancers, their clinical usefulness in the management of patients with endocrine tumors is less known. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive PubMed search was performed using the terms "endocrine tumor," "inflammation," "serum inflammation-based score," "inflammatory-based score," "inflammatory response-related scoring," "systemic inflammatory response markers," "neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio," "neutrophil-to-platelet ratio," "lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio," "Glasgow prognostic score," "neutrophil-platelet score," "Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index," and "Prognostic Nutrition Index" in clinical studies. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio are the ones most extensively investigated in patients with endocrine tumors. Other scores have also been considered in some studies. Several studies focused in finding whether serum inflammatory biomarkers may stratify the endocrine tumor patients' risk and detect those at risk for developing more aggressive and/or refractory disease, particularly after endocrine surgery. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the different serum inflammation-based scores and their usefulness in predicting the phenotype, clinical aggressiveness, and disease outcomes and prognosis in patients with endocrine tumors. The value of such serum inflammation-based scores in the management of patients with endocrine tumors has been emerging over the last decade. However, further research is necessary to establish useful markers and their cut-offs for routine clinical practice for individual diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Correspondence: Pedro Marques, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center. Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - Friso de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nie D, Fang Q, Li B, Cheng J, Li C, Gui S, Zhang Y, Zhao P. Research advances on the immune research and prospect of immunotherapy in pituitary adenomas. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:162. [PMID: 34090476 PMCID: PMC8180072 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenomas are one type of intracranial tumor, which can be divided into microadenoma (≤ 1 cm), macroadenoma (> 1 cm), and giant adenoma (≥ 4 cm) according to their diametral sizes. They are benign, typically slow-progressing, whereas the biological behavior of some of them is invasive, which presents a major clinical challenge. Treatment of some pituitary adenomas is still difficult due to drug resistance or multiple relapses, usually after surgery, medication, and radiation. At present, no clear prediction and treatment biomarkers have been found in pituitary adenomas and some of them do not cause clinical symptoms, so patients are often found to be ill through physical examination, and some are even found through autopsy. With the development of research on pituitary adenomas, the immune response has become a hot spot and may serve as a novel disease marker and therapeutic target. The distribution and function of immune cells and their secreted molecules in pituitary adenomas are extremely complex. Researchers found that infiltration of immune cells may have a positive effect on the treatment and prognosis of pituitary adenomas. In this review, we summarized the advance of tumor immunity in pituitary adenomas, revealing the immunity molecules as potential biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents for pituitary adenomas. Conclusion The immune studies related to pituitary adenomas may help us find relevant immune markers. At the same time, the exploration of immunotherapy also provides new options for the treatment of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Fang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Songbai Gui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Fujiwara T, Yakoub MA, Chandler A, Christ AB, Yang G, Ouerfelli O, Rajasekhar VK, Yoshida A, Kondo H, Hata T, Tazawa H, Dogan Y, Moore MAS, Fujiwara T, Ozaki T, Purdue E, Healey JH. CSF1/CSF1R Signaling Inhibitor Pexidartinib (PLX3397) Reprograms Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Stimulates T-cell Infiltration in the Sarcoma Microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1388-1399. [PMID: 34088832 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) is a primary regulator of the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of monocyte/macrophage that sustains the protumorigenic functions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Considering current advances in understanding the role of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, targeting the components of the sarcoma microenvironment, such as TAMs, is a viable strategy. Here, we investigated the effect of PLX3397 (pexidartinib) as a potent inhibitor of the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). PLX3397 was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat tenosynovial giant cell tumor and reprogram TAMs whose infiltration correlates with unfavorable prognosis of sarcomas. First, we confirmed by cytokine arrays of tumor-conditioned media (TCM) that cytokines including CSF1 are secreted from LM8 osteosarcoma cells and NFSa fibrosarcoma cells. The TCM, like CSF1, stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), polarized BMDMs toward an M2 (TAM-like) phenotype, and strikingly promoted BMDM chemotaxis. In vitro administration of PLX3397 suppressed pERK1/2 stimulation by CSF1 or TCM, and reduced M2 polarization, survival, and chemotaxis in BMDMs. Systemic administration of PLX3397 to the osteosarcoma orthotopic xenograft model significantly suppressed the primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, and thus improved metastasis-free survival. PLX3397 treatment concurrently depleted TAMs and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and, surprisingly, enhanced infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the microenvironments of both primary and metastatic osteosarcoma sites. Our preclinical results show that PLX3397 has strong macrophage- and T-cell-modulating effects that may translate into cancer immunotherapy for bone and soft-tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mohamed A Yakoub
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Chandler
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Alexander B Christ
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Guangli Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vinagolu K Rajasekhar
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aki Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kondo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yildirim Dogan
- Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,AVROBIO Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Malcolm A S Moore
- Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ed Purdue
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - John H Healey
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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Mei Y, Bi WL, Agolia J, Hu C, Giantini Larsen AM, Meredith DM, Al Abdulmohsen S, Bale T, Dunn GP, Abedalthagafi M, Dunn IF. Immune profiling of pituitary tumors reveals variations in immune infiltration and checkpoint molecule expression. Pituitary 2021; 24:359-373. [PMID: 33492612 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pituitary tumors are the second most common primary brain tumors. Functional tumors demonstrate increased PD-L1 expression, but expression of other checkpoint regulators has not been characterized. We sought to characterize the immune microenvironment of human pituitary tumors to identify new treatment opportunities. METHODS 72 pituitary tumors were evaluated for expression of the immune regulatory markers programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (OX40) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Lymphocyte infiltration, macrophage infiltration, and angiogenesis were analyzed using IHC. Expression of pituitary tumor initiating cell marker CD15 and mismatch repair proteins MutS protein homolog 2 (MSH2) and MutS protein homolog 6 (MSH6) was also assessed. RESULTS Pituitary tumors were infiltrated by macrophages and T cells, and they expressed varying levels of PD-L1, PD-L2, VISTA, LAG3, and OX40. Functional tumors and tumors with high expression of tumor stem cell markers had higher immune cell infiltration and greater expression of immunosuppressive checkpoint regulators. Increased PD-L1 and LAG3 and reduced VISTA were observed in primary tumors compared to recurrent tumors. CONCLUSION Immune cell infiltration and checkpoint regulator expression vary depending on functional status and presence of pituitary tumor initiating cells. Functional tumors may have a particularly immunosuppressive microenvironment. Further studies of immune checkpoint blockade of pituitary tumors, particularly functional tumors, are warranted, though combination therapy may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - James Agolia
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Changchen Hu
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - David M Meredith
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Al Abdulmohsen
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tejus Bale
- Department of Neuropathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Malak Abedalthagafi
- King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ian F Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, HHDC Suite 4000, 1000 N. Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Wei Z, Zhou C, Li M, Huang R, Deng H, Shen S, Wang R. Integrated multi-omics profiling of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 2021; 24:312-325. [PMID: 33205234 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved in pituitary adenoma pathogenesis, however the molecular basis of proliferative nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) remains unclear. Here, we analyzed integrated multi-omics profiling including copy number variation (CNV), DNA methylation and gene expression of 8 NFPAs. METHODS We collected 4 highly proliferative (hpNFPA, Ki-67 ≥ 3) and 4 lowly proliferative (Ki-67 ≤ 1) NFPAs, and comprehensively assessed CNV, DNA methylation, and gene expression by Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip and Affymetrix GeneChip PrimeView Human Gene Expression Array. We performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for differentially expressed genes to illustrate aberrant pathways and delineated protein-protein networks of selected key genes in dysregulated pathways. RESULTS Aberrant arm level CNV, dysregulated DNA methylation, and associated impacts on gene expressions were observed in 2 early occurring hpNFPAs. Chromosomal losses were associated with attenuated expression of DNA methyltransferases, further altering global methylation in these 2 samples. Correlation analysis between DNA methylation and gene expression in 8 NFPAs indicates methylation in promoter and gene body regions are both involved in gene regulation. IPA showed PPARα/RXRα, dopamine receptor signaling, cAMP-mediated signaling, and calcium signaling were all activated, while p38 MAPK and ERK5 signaling were inhibited in hpNFPAs. Moreover, selected key gene networks in hpNFPAs exhibited concurrent methylation status and expression levels of adenylate cyclase genes, G protein subunits, HLA genes, CXCL12, and CCL2. CONCLUSION This study presents comprehensive multi-omics views of CNV, DNA methylation, and gene expression in 8 NFPAs. Pathway analysis and network maps of key genes provide clues to elucidate the molecular basis of hpNFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Cuiqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Minghui Li
- Sinotech Genomics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Stephen Shen
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Marques P, de Vries F, Dekkers OM, van Furth WR, Korbonits M, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM. Pre-operative serum inflammation-based scores in patients with pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 2021; 24:334-350. [PMID: 33230695 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Full blood count (FBC) and serum inflammation-based scores reflect systemic inflammation and predict outcomes in cancer, but little is known in pituitary adenomas (PAs). We aimed to characterise FBC and inflammation-based scores in PA patients and investigate their usefulness in predicting challenging disease course. METHODS We studied 424 PA patients first operated at our centre with available pre-operative biochemical data. Patients with infection, malignancies, autoimmune or haematological conditions were excluded. Inflammation-based scores studied: Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR), Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), Neutrophil-Platelet Score (NPS), Prognostic Nutrition Index (PNI), and Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS). RESULTS Cushing's disease patients had more platelets, leucocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, and higher NLR, NPS and SII. Serum inflammation-based scores didn't differ among non-Cushing PA subtypes. The glucocorticoid excess severity influenced leucocyte, eosinophil, basophil and platelet counts, and GPS in Cushing's disease. Patients with functioning non-Cushing PAs with suprasellar extension, cavernous sinus invasion and hypopituitarism had GPS ≥ 1, while NPS ≥ 1 was associated with suprasellar extension. More invasive and difficult to treat corticotrophinomas were associated with fewer platelets pre-operatively (< 299.5 × 109/L predicting multimodal treatment). Non-functioning PA patients who suffered apoplexy had more leucocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, higher GPS ≥ 1 and fewer platelets; re-operated cases had fewer lymphocytes, higher NLR and PLR. CONCLUSIONS Serum inflammation-based scores may predict invasive/refractory PAs: GPS and PNI in non-functioning and functioning non-Cushing PAs; NPS in functioning non-Cushing PAs; NLR and PLR in non-functioning PAs. Platelets < 299.5 × 109/L predict multimodal treatment in Cushing's disease. Further studies are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Friso de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter R van Furth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Guo J, Fang Q, Liu Y, Xie W, Li C, Zhang Y. Screening and Identification of Key Microenvironment-Related Genes in Non-functioning Pituitary Adenoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:627117. [PMID: 33986766 PMCID: PMC8110910 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.627117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is a very common type of intracranial tumor, which can be locally invasive and can have a high recurrence rate. The tumor microenvironment (TME) shows a high correlation with tumor pathogenesis and prognosis. The current study aimed to identify microenvironment-related genes in NFPAs and assess their prognostic value. Methods 73 NFPA tumor samples were collected from Beijing Tiantan Hospital and transcriptional expression profiles were obtained through microarray analysis. The immune and stromal scores of each sample were calculated through the ESTIMATE algorithm, and the patients were divided into high and low immune/stromal score groups. Intersection differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then obtained to construct a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. Potential functions and pathways of intersection DEGs were then analyzed through Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The prognostic value of these genes was evaluated. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in another set of NFPA samples was used to confirm the credibility of the bioinformatics analysis. Results The immune/stromal scores were significantly correlated with cavernous sinus (CS) invasion. The Kaplan–Meier curve indicated that the high immune score group was significantly related to poor recurrence-free survival. We identified 497 intersection DEGs based on the high vs. low immune/stromal score groups. Function enrichment analyses of 497 DEGs and hub genes from the PPI network showed that these genes are mainly involved in the immune/inflammatory response, T cell activation, and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway. Among the intersection DEGs, 88 genes were further verified as significantly expressed between the CS invasive group and the non-invasive group, and five genes were highly associated with NFPA prognosis. Conclusion We screened out a series of critical genes associated with the TME in NFPAs. These genes may play a fundamental role in the development and prognosis of NFPA and may yield new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Fang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulou Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyan Xie
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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45
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Guo Q, Xiao X, Zhang J. MYD88 Is a Potential Prognostic Gene and Immune Signature of Tumor Microenvironment for Gliomas. Front Oncol 2021; 11:654388. [PMID: 33898320 PMCID: PMC8059377 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.654388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the profiles of immune and stromal components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their related key genes in gliomas. Methods We applied bioinformatic techniques to identify the core gene that participated in the regulation of the TME of the gliomas. And immunohistochemistry staining was used to calculate the gene expressions in clinical cases. Results The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE were used to figure out the composition of TME in 698 glioma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differential expression analysis identified 2103 genes between the high and the low-score group. Then the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, univariate Cox regression analysis, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction were conducted based on these genes. MYD88 was identified as the key gene by the combination univariate Cox and PPI analysis. Furthermore, MYD88 expression was significantly associated with the overall survival and WHO grade of glioma patients. The genes in the high-expression MYD88 group were mainly in immune-related pathways in the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). We found that macrophage M2 accounted for the largest portion with an average of 27.6% in the glioma TIICs and was associated with high expression of MYD88. The results were verified in CGGA database and clinical cases in our hospital. Furthermore, we also found the MYD88 expression was higher in IDH1 wild types. The methylation rate was lower in high grade gliomas. Conclusion MYD88 had predictive prognostic value in glioma patients by influencing TIICs dysregulation especially the M2-type macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Neurosurgery Department of Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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46
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Large Scale Molecular Studies of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Novel Markers, Mechanisms and Translational Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061395. [PMID: 33808624 PMCID: PMC8003417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors are non-cancerous tumors of the pituitary gland, that may overproduce hormones leading to serious health conditions or due to tumor size cause chronic headache, vertigo or visual impairment. In recent years pituitary neuroendocrine tumors are studied with the latest molecular biology methods that simultaneously investigate a large number of factors to understand the mechanisms of how these tumors develop and how they could be diagnosed or treated. In this review article, we have studied literature reports, compiled information and described molecular factors that could affect the development and clinical characteristics of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, discovered factors that overlap between several studies using large scale molecular analysis and interpreted the potential involvement of these factors in pituitary tumor development. Overall, this study provides a valuable resource for understanding the biology of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Abstract Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are non-metastatic neoplasms of the pituitary, which overproduce hormones leading to systemic disorders, or tumor mass effects causing headaches, vertigo or visual impairment. Recently, PitNETs have been investigated in large scale (exome and genome) molecular analyses (transcriptome microarrays and sequencing), to uncover novel markers. We performed a literature analysis on these studies to summarize the research data and extrapolate overlapping gene candidates, biomarkers, and molecular mechanisms. We observed a tendency in samples with driver mutations (GNAS, USP8) to have a smaller overall mutational rate, suggesting driver-promoted tumorigenesis, potentially changing transcriptome profiles in tumors. However, direct links from drivers to signaling pathways altered in PitNETs (Notch, Wnt, TGF-β, and cell cycle regulators) require further investigation. Modern technologies have also identified circulating nucleic acids, and pinpointed these as novel PitNET markers, i.e., miR-143-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-145-5p, and let-7g-5p, therefore these molecules must be investigated in the future translational studies. Overall, large-scale molecular studies have provided key insight into the molecular mechanisms behind PitNET pathogenesis, highlighting previously reported molecular markers, bringing new candidates into the research field, and reapplying traditional perspectives to newly discovered molecular mechanisms.
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Guo J, Fang Q, Liu Y, Xie W, Zhang Y, Li C. Identifying critical protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs in non-functioning pituitary adenoma recurrence. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:264. [PMID: 33664827 PMCID: PMC7882882 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is a very common type of intracranial tumor. Monitoring and predicting the postoperative recurrence of NFPAs is difficult, as these adenomas do not present with serum hormone hypersecretion. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and protein-coding genes (PCGs) play critical roles in the development and progression of numerous tumors. However, the complex network of RNA interactions related to the mechanisms underlying the postoperative recurrence of NFPA is still unclear. In the present study, 73 patients with NFPA were investigated using high-throughput sequencing and follow-up investigations. In total, 6 of these patients with recurrence within 1 year after surgery were selected as the fast recurrence group, and 6 patients with recurrence 5 years after surgery were selected as the slow recurrence group. By performing differential expression analysis of the fast recurrence and slow recurrence groups, a set of differentially expressed PCGs and lncRNAs were obtained (t-test, P<0.05). Next, protein-protein interaction coregulatory networks and lncRNA-mRNA coexpression networks were identified. In addition, the hub lncRNA-mRNA modules related to NFPA recurrence were further screened and transcriptome expression markers for NFPA regression were identified (log-rank test, P<0.05). Finally, the ability of the hub and module genes to predict recurrence and progression-free survival in patients with NFPA was evaluated. To confirm the credibility of the bioinformatic analyses, nucleolar protein 6 and LL21NC02-21A1.1 were randomly selected from among the genes with prognostic significance for validation by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in another set of NFPA samples (n=9). These results may be helpful for evaluating the slow and rapid recurrence of NFPA after surgery and exploring the mechanisms underlying NFPA recurrence. Future effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets may also be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyue Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China
| | - Yulou Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China
| | - Weiyan Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China.,Cell laboratory, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, Beijing 100070, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, P.R. China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, P.R. China.,Cell laboratory, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, Beijing 100070, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, P.R. China
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Gil J, Jordà M, Soldevila B, Puig-Domingo M. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Resistance to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:646210. [PMID: 33790868 PMCID: PMC8006574 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.646210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process by which epithelial cells loss their phenotype and acquire mesenchymal traits, including increased migratory and invasive capacities. EMT is involved in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis and wound healing, and in pathological processes such as cancer, playing a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. Pituitary tumors, although typically benign, can be locally invasive. Different studies have shown the association of EMT with increased tumor size and invasion in pituitary tumors, and in particular with a poor response to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands (SRLs) treatment in GH-producing pituitary tumors, the main cause of acromegaly. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding EMT and SRLs resistance in acromegaly and, based on this relation, will suggest new biomarkers and possible therapies to SRLs resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
| | - Berta Soldevila
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
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Han C, Lin S, Lu X, Xue L, Wu ZB. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: New Horizons for Pituitary Adenoma Researches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:785050. [PMID: 34925244 PMCID: PMC8675584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.785050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most common infiltrating immune cells and an essential component of tumor microenvironment. Macrophages and the soluble cytokines and chemokines produced play an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, invasion and metastasis in solid tumors. Despite the multiple studies in other solid tumors, there is little known about macrophages in pituitary adenomas. Recently, studies about pituitary adenoma-infiltrated macrophages have been emerging, including the immunohistochemical and immunophenotypic analysis of the pituitary adenomas and further studies into the mechanism of the crosstalk between macrophages and tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. These studies have offered us new insights into the polarization of macrophages and its role in tumorigenesis, progression and invasion of pituitary adenomas. This review describes the advances in the field of pituitary adenoma-infiltrated macrophages and the prospect of targeting macrophages as cancer therapy in pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhe Bao Wu
- *Correspondence: Shaojian Lin, ; Zhe Bao Wu,
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50
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Giannetta E, La Salvia A, Rizza L, Muscogiuri G, Campione S, Pozza C, Colao AALI, Faggiano A. Are Markers of Systemic Inflammatory Response Useful in the Management of Patients With Neuroendocrine Neoplasms? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:672499. [PMID: 34367064 PMCID: PMC8339959 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing incidence of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) over the past few decades, a more comprehensive knowledge of their pathophysiological bases and the identification of innovative NEN biomarkers represents an urgent unmet need. There is still little advance in the early diagnosis and management of these tumors, due to the lack of sensible and specific markers with prognostic value and ability to early detect the response to treatment. Chronic systemic inflammation is a predisposing factor for multiple cancer hallmarks, as cancer proliferation, progression and immune-evading. Therefore, the relevance of inflammatory biomarkers has been identified as critical in several types of tumours, including NENs. A bidirectional relationship between chronic inflammation and development of NENs has been reported. Neuroendocrine cells can be over-stimulated by chronic inflammation, leading to hyperplasia and neoplastic transformation. As the modulation of inflammatory response represents a therapeutic target, inflammatory markers could represent a promising new key tool to be applied in the diagnosis, the prediction of response to treatment and also as prognostic biomarkers in NENs field. The present review provides an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical data relating the potentially usefulness of circulating inflammatory markers: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), cytokines and tissue inflammatory markers (PD-1/PD-L1), in the management of NENs. (1) NLR and PLR have both demonstrated to be promising and simple to acquire biomarkers in patients with advanced cancer, including NEN. To date, in the context of NENs, the prognostic role of NLR and PLR has been confirmed in 15 and 4 studies, respectively. However, the threshold value, both for NLR and PLR, still remains not defined. (2) Cytokines seem to play a central role in NENs tumorigenesis. In particular, IL-8 levels seems to be a good predictive marker of response to anti-angiogenic treatments. (3) PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on tumour cells and on TILs, have demonstrated to be promising predictive and prognostic biomarkers in NENs. Unfortunately, these two markers have not been validated so far and further studies are needed to establish their indications and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giannetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elisa Giannetta,
| | - Anna La Salvia
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rizza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Oncology and Medical Specialities, AO San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Endocrinology Unit Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Severo Campione
- A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples Department of Advanced Diagnostic-Therapeutic Technologies and Health Services Section of Anatomic Pathology, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Unit, Sant’Andrea University Hospital “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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