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Umapathy S, Pan I, Issac PK, Kumar MSK, Giri J, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Selenium Nanoparticles as Neuroprotective Agents: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms for Parkinson's Disease Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04253-x. [PMID: 38837103 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain are the main causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several nanoparticles have been used as therapeutics for PD. Despite their therapeutic potential, these nanoparticles induce multiple stresses upon entry. Selenium (Se), an essential nutrient in the human body, helps in DNA formation, stress control, and cell protection from damage and infections. It can also regulate thyroid hormone metabolism, reduce brain damage, boost immunity, and promote reproductive health. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs), a bioactive substance, have been employed as treatments in several disciplines, particularly as antioxidants. Se-NP, whether functionalized or not, can protect mitochondria by enhancing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes in the brain. They can also promote dopamine synthesis. By inhibiting the aggregation of tau, α-synuclein, and/or Aβ, they can reduce the cellular toxicities. The ability of the blood-brain barrier to absorb Se-NPs which maintain a healthy microenvironment is essential for brain homeostasis. This review focuses on stress-induced neurodegeneration and its critical control using Se-NP. Due to its ability to inhibit cellular stress and the pathophysiologies of PD, Se-NP is a promising neuroprotector with its anti-inflammatory, non-toxic, and antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganiya Umapathy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Ieshita Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Meenakshi Sundaram Kishore Kumar
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC), Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
| | - Jayant Giri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Liu W, Xia S, Yao F, Huo J, Qian J, Liu X, Bai L, Song Y, Qian J. Deactivation of the Unfolded Protein Response Aggravated Renal AA Amyloidosis in HSF1 Deficiency Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2024; 44:165-177. [PMID: 38758542 PMCID: PMC11123510 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2024.2347937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, which is considered the second most common form of systemic amyloidosis usually takes place several years prior to the occurrence of chronic inflammation, generally involving the kidney. Activated HSF1, which alleviated unfolded protein response (UPR) or enhanced HSR, is the potential therapeutic target of many diseases. However, the effect of HSF1 on AA amyloidosis remains unclear. This study focused on evaluating effect of HSF1 on AA amyloidosis based on HSF1 knockout mice. As a result, aggravated amyloid deposits and renal dysfunction have been found in HSF1 knockout mice. In progressive AA amyloidosis, HSF1 deficiency enhances serum amyloid A production might to lead to severe AA amyloid deposition in mice, which may be related to deactivated unfolded protein response as well as enhanced inflammation. Thus, HSF1 plays a significant role on UPR related pathway impacting AA amyloid deposition, which can mitigate amyloidogenic proteins from aggregation pathologically and is the possible way for intervening with the pathology of systemic amyloid disorder. In conclusion, HSF1 could not only serve as a new target for AA amyloidosis treatment in the future, but HSF1 knockout mice also can be considered as a valuable novel animal model for renal AA amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shunjie Xia
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Pathology, Yixing People’s Hospital, Yixing City, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jia Huo
- Department of Osteopathy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junqiao Qian
- Department of Oral Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Langning Bai
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinze Qian
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Tan S, Hamlin D, Kwon E, Scadeng M, Shim V, Holdsworth S, Guild SJ, Murray H. Histological Characterisation of a Sheep Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:194-202. [PMID: 38463420 PMCID: PMC10924061 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Large animal models of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of mechanical insult to a gyrencephalic brain. Sheep (ovis aries) are an attractive model for mTBI because of their neuroanatomical similarity to humans; however, few histological studies of sheep mTBI models have been conducted. We previously developed a sheep mTBI model to pilot methods for investigating the mechanical properties of brain tissue after injury. Here, we sought to histologically characterize the cortex under the impact site in this model. Three animals received a closed skull mTBI with unconstrained head motion, delivered with an impact stunner, and 3 sham animals were anesthetized but did not receive an impact. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed before and after the impact and revealed variable degrees of damage to the skull and brain. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry revealed regions of hemorrhage in the cortex underlying the impact site in 2 of 3 mTBI sheep, the amount of which correlated with the degree of damage observed on the post-impact MRI scans. Labeling for microtubule-associated protein 2 and neuronal nuclear protein revealed changes in cellular anatomy, but, unexpectedly, glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 labeling were relatively unchanged compared to sham animals. Our findings provide preliminary evidence of vascular and neuronal damage with limited glial reactivity and highlight the need for further in-depth histological assessment of large animal mTBI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Tan
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Danica Hamlin
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Eryn Kwon
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Holdsworth
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | | | - Helen Murray
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
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Brunert D, Quintela RM, Rothermel M. The anterior olfactory nucleus revisited - an emerging role for neuropathological conditions? Prog Neurobiol 2023:102486. [PMID: 37343762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an important sensory modality for many species and greatly influences animal and human behavior. Still, much about olfactory perception remains unknown. The anterior olfactory nucleus is one of the brain's central early olfactory processing areas. Located directly posterior to the olfactory bulb in the olfactory peduncle with extensive in- and output connections and unique cellular composition, it connects olfactory processing centers of the left and right hemispheres. Almost 20 years have passed since the last comprehensive review on the anterior olfactory nucleus has been published and significant advances regarding its anatomy, function, and pathophysiology have been made in the meantime. Here we briefly summarize previous knowledge on the anterior olfactory nucleus, give detailed insights into the progress that has been made in recent years, and map out its emerging importance in translational research of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Swanson MEV, Mrkela M, Murray HC, Cao MC, Turner C, Curtis MA, Faull RLM, Walker AK, Scotter EL. Microglial CD68 and L-ferritin upregulation in response to phosphorylated-TDP-43 pathology in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:69. [PMID: 37118836 PMCID: PMC10142752 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are activated by damage or disease. In mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), microglia shift from neurotrophic to neurotoxic states with disease progression. It remains unclear how human microglia change relative to the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregation that occurs in 97% of ALS cases. Here we examine spatial relationships between microglial activation and TDP-43 pathology in brain tissue from people with ALS and from a TDP-43-driven ALS mouse model. Post-mortem human brain tissue from the Neurological Foundation Human Brain Bank was obtained from 10 control and 10 ALS cases in parallel with brain tissue from a bigenic NEFH-tTA/tetO-hTDP-43∆NLS (rNLS) mouse model of ALS at disease onset, early disease, and late disease stages. The spatiotemporal relationship between microglial activation and ALS pathology was determined by investigating microglial functional marker expression in brain regions with low and high TDP-43 burden at end-stage human disease: hippocampus and motor cortex, respectively. Sections were immunohistochemically labelled with a two-round multiplexed antibody panel against; microglial functional markers (L-ferritin, HLA-DR, CD74, CD68, and Iba1), a neuronal marker, an astrocyte marker, and pathological phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43). Single-cell levels of microglial functional markers were quantified using custom analysis pipelines and mapped to anatomical regions and ALS pathology. We identified a significant increase in microglial Iba1 and CD68 expression in the human ALS motor cortex, with microglial CD68 being significantly correlated with pTDP-43 pathology load. We also identified two subpopulations of microglia enriched in the ALS motor cortex that were defined by high L-ferritin expression. A similar pattern of microglial changes was observed in the rNLS mouse, with an increase first in CD68 and then in L-ferritin expression, with both occurring only after pTDP-43 inclusions were detectable. Our data strongly suggest that microglia are phagocytic at early-stage ALS but transition to a dysfunctional state at end-stage disease, and that these functional states are driven by pTDP-43 aggregation. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of microglial phenotypes and function in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E V Swanson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miran Mrkela
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maize C Cao
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam K Walker
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma L Scotter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Murray HC, Saar G, Bai L, Bouraoud N, Dodd S, Highet B, Ryan B, Curtis MA, Koretsky A, Belluscio L. Progressive Spread of Beta-amyloid Pathology in an Olfactory-driven Amyloid Precursor Protein Mouse Model. Neuroscience 2023; 516:113-124. [PMID: 36716914 PMCID: PMC10065898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Years before Alzheimer's disease (AD) is diagnosed, patients experience an impaired sense of smell, and β-amyloid plaques accumulate within the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb (OB). The olfactory vector hypothesis proposes that external agents cause β-amyloid to aggregate and spread from the OB to connected downstream brain regions. To reproduce the slow accumulation of β-amyloid that occurs in human AD, we investigated the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid across the brain using a conditional mouse model that overexpresses a humanized mutant form of the amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) in olfactory sensory neurons. Using design-based stereology, we show the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid plaques within the OB and cortical olfactory regions with age. We also observe reduced OB volumes in these mice when hAPP expression begins prior-to but not post-weaning which we tracked using manganese-enhanced MRI. We therefore conclude that the reduced OB volume does not represent progressive degeneration but rather disrupted OB development. Overall, our data demonstrate that hAPP expression in the olfactory epithelium can lead to the accumulation and spread of β-amyloid through the olfactory system into the hippocampus, consistent with an olfactory system role in the early stages of β-amyloid-related AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Galit Saar
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Li Bai
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nadia Bouraoud
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Stephen Dodd
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Alan Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wang M, Zhang H, Liang J, Huang J, Chen N. Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 36935511 PMCID: PMC10026496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with the characteristics of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) formation. Although great progresses have been made in clinical trials based on relevant hypotheses, these studies are also accompanied by the emergence of toxic and side effects, and it is an urgent task to explore the underlying mechanisms for the benefits to prevent and treat AD. Herein, based on animal experiments and a few clinical trials, neuroinflammation in AD is characterized by long-term activation of pro-inflammatory microglia and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Damaged signals from the periphery and within the brain continuously activate microglia, thus resulting in a constant source of inflammatory responses. The long-term chronic inflammatory response also exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in microglia, which triggers microglia-dependent immune responses, ultimately leading to the occurrence and deterioration of AD. In this review, we systematically summarized and sorted out that exercise ameliorates AD by directly and indirectly regulating immune response of the central nervous system and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis to provide a new direction for exploring the neuroinflammation activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Highet B, Wiseman JA, Mein H, Parker R, Ryan B, Turner CP, Jing Y, Singh-Bains MK, Liu P, Dragunow M, Faull RLM, Murray HC, Curtis MA. PSA-NCAM Regulatory Gene Expression Changes in the Alzheimer's Disease Entorhinal Cortex Revealed with Multiplexed in situ Hybridization. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:371-390. [PMID: 36744342 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by a substantial reduction of neuroplasticity. Our previous work demonstrated that neurons involved in memory function may lose plasticity because of decreased protein levels of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the entorhinal cortex (EC) of the human AD brain, but the cause of this decrease is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate genes involved in PSA-NCAM regulation which may underlie its decrease in the AD EC. METHODS We subjected neurologically normal and AD human EC sections to multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate genes involved in PSA-NCAM regulation. Gene expression changes were sought to be validated in both human tissue and a mouse model of AD. RESULTS In the AD EC, a cell population expressing a high level of CALB2 mRNA and a cell population expressing a high level of PST mRNA were both decreased. CALB2 mRNA and protein were not decreased globally, indicating that the decrease in CALB2 was specific to a sub-population of cells. A significant decrease in PST mRNA expression was observed with single-plex in situ hybridization in middle temporal gyrus tissue microarray cores from AD patients, which negatively correlated with tau pathology, hinting at global loss in PST expression across the AD brain. No significant differences in PSA-NCAM or PST protein expression were observed in the MAPT P301S mouse brain at 9 months of age. CONCLUSION We conclude that PSA-NCAM dysregulation may cause subsequent loss of structural plasticity in AD, and this may result from a loss of PST mRNA expression. Due PSTs involvement in structural plasticity, intervention for AD may be possible by targeting this disrupted plasticity pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James A Wiseman
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Mein
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Remai Parker
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton P Turner
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malvindar K Singh-Bains
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
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Murray HC, Osterman C, Bell P, Vinnell L, Curtis MA. Neuropathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a systematic review of comparative post-mortem histology literature. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:108. [PMID: 35933388 PMCID: PMC9356428 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive head trauma and is characterised by the perivascular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the depths of cortical sulci. CTE can only be diagnosed postmortem and the cellular mechanisms of disease causation remain to be elucidated. Understanding the full scope of the pathological changes currently identified in CTE is necessary to identify areas requiring further research. This systematic review summarises the current literature on CTE pathology from postmortem human tissue histology studies published until 31 December 2021. Publications were included if they quantitively or qualitatively compared postmortem human tissue pathology in CTE to neuropathologically normal cases or other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological entities investigated included p-tau, beta-amyloid, TDP-43, Lewy bodies, astrogliosis, microgliosis, axonopathy, vascular dysfunction, and cell stress. Of these pathologies, p-tau was the most frequently investigated, with limited reports on other pathological features such as vascular dysfunction, astrogliosis, and microgliosis. Consistent increases in p-tau, TDP-43, microgliosis, axonopathy, and cell stress were reported in CTE cases compared to neuropathologically normal cases. However, there was no clear consensus on how these pathologies compared to AD. The CTE cases used for these studies were predominantly from the VA-BU-CLF brain bank, with American football and boxing as the most frequent sources of repetitive head injury exposure. Overall, this systematic review highlights gaps in the literature and proposes three priorities for future research including: 1. The need for studies of CTE cases with more diverse head injury exposure profiles to understand the consistency of pathology changes between different populations. 2. The need for more studies that compare CTE with normal ageing and AD to further clarify the pathological signature of CTE for diagnostic purposes and to understand the disease process. 3. Further research on non-aggregate pathologies in CTE, such as vascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation. These are some of the least investigated features of CTE pathology despite being implicated in the acute phase response following traumatic head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Chelsie Osterman
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Paige Bell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Luca Vinnell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
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Huang H, Yue X, Huang X, Long W, Kang S, Rao Y, Zeng J, Zuo J, Wang L, Li H, Wang Y, Qiu S, Zhao W. Brain Activities Responding to Acupuncture at ST36 ( zusanli) in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Task-Based fMRI Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:930753. [PMID: 35968313 PMCID: PMC9373901 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.930753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Stomach 36 (ST36, zusanli) is one of the important acupoints in acupuncture. Despite clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of ST36 acupuncture, the brain activities and the neural mechanism following acupuncture at ST36 remain unclear. Methods Literature searches were conducted on online databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, WeiPu database, and China Biology Medicine, for task-based fMRI studies of acupuncture at ST36 in healthy subjects. Brain regions activated by ST36 acupuncture were systematically evaluated and subjected to seed-based d mapping meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted on control procedures, manual acupuncture, electrical acupuncture (EA), and acupuncture-specific activations. Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the effects of needle retention time on brain activities following ST36 acupuncture stimulation. The activated brain regions were further decoded and mapped on large-scale functional networks to further decipher the clinical relevance of acupuncturing at ST36. Results A total of sixteen studies, involving a total of 401 right-handed healthy participants, that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the present meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that acupuncturing on ST36 positively activates the opercular part of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG.R), left superior temporal gyrus (STG.L), and right median cingulate/paracingulate gyri (MCG.R) regions. Needle retention time in an acupuncture session positively correlates with the activation of the left olfactory cortex, as shown in meta-regression analysis. Subgroup analysis revealed that EA stimulation may be a source of heterogeneity in the pooled results. Functional network mappings showed that the activated areas were mapped to the auditory network and salience network. Further functional decoding analysis showed that acupuncture on ST36 was associated with pain, secondary somatosensory, sound and language processing, and mood regulation. Conclusion Acupuncture at ST36 in healthy individuals positively activates the opercular part of IFG.R, STG.L, and MCG.R. The left olfactory cortex may exhibit positive needle retention time-dependent activities. Our findings may have clinical implications for acupuncture in analgesia, language processing, and mood disorders. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-12-0035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Yue
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Long
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangyu Kang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yawen Rao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchun Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junling Zuo
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- The First Comprehensive Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixuan Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Non-Invasive Nasal Discharge Fluid and Other Body Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081532. [PMID: 35893788 PMCID: PMC9330777 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The key to current Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapy is the early diagnosis for prompt intervention, since available treatments only slow the disease progression. Therefore, this lack of promising therapies has called for diagnostic screening tests to identify those likely to develop full-blown AD. Recent AD diagnosis guidelines incorporated core biomarker analyses into criteria, including amyloid-β (Aβ), total-tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (P-tau). Though effective, the accessibility of screening tests involving conventional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- and blood-based analyses is often hindered by the invasiveness and high cost. In an attempt to overcome these shortcomings, biomarker profiling research using non-invasive body fluid has shown the potential to capture the pathological changes in the patients’ bodies. These novel non-invasive body fluid biomarkers for AD have emerged as diagnostic and pathological targets. Here, we review the potential peripheral biomarkers, including non-invasive peripheral body fluids of nasal discharge, tear, saliva, and urine for AD.
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12
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HAN S. Aging and gender-related effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid treatment on liver functions, plasma lipid profile, and oxidative stress. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1023909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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13
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Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Hill M, van Leeuwen E, Highet B, Magon NJ, Osanlouy M, Mathiesen SN, Mockett B, Singh-Bains MK, Morris VK, Clarkson AN, Curtis MA, Abraham WC, Hughes SM, Faull RLM, Kettle AJ, Dragunow M, Hampton MB. Neutrophil-vascular interactions drive myeloperoxidase accumulation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:38. [PMID: 35331340 PMCID: PMC8944147 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophil accumulation is a well-established feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been linked to cognitive impairment by modulating disease-relevant neuroinflammatory and vascular pathways. Neutrophils express high levels of the oxidant-generating enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), however there has been controversy regarding the cellular source and localisation of MPO in the AD brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used immunostaining and immunoassays to quantify the accumulation of neutrophils in human AD tissue microarrays and in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. We also used multiplexed immunolabelling to define the presence of NETs in AD. RESULTS There was an increase in neutrophils in AD brains as well as in the murine APP/PS1 model of AD. Indeed, MPO expression was almost exclusively confined to S100A8-positive neutrophils in both human AD and murine APP/PS1 brains. The vascular localisation of neutrophils in both human AD and mouse models of AD was striking and driven by enhanced neutrophil adhesion to small vessels. We also observed rare infiltrating neutrophils and deposits of MPO around plaques. Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), was also detected in human AD cases at these sites, indicating the presence of extracellular MPO in the vasculature. Finally, there was a reduction in the endothelial glycocalyx in AD that may be responsible for non-productive neutrophil adhesion to the vasculature. CONCLUSION Our report indicates that vascular changes may drive neutrophil adhesion and NETosis, and that neutrophil-derived MPO may lead to vascular oxidative stress and be a relevant therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C. D. Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Madison Hill
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Eve van Leeuwen
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Blake Highet
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J. Magon
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Mahyar Osanlouy
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophie N. Mathiesen
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce Mockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malvindar K. Singh-Bains
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa K. Morris
- School of Biological Science, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
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De Felice FG, Gonçalves RA, Ferreira ST. Impaired insulin signalling and allostatic load in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:215-230. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Sidhom E, O’Brien JT, Butcher AJ, Smith HL, Mallucci GR, Underwood BR. Targeting the Unfolded Protein Response as a Disease-Modifying Pathway in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2021. [PMID: 35216136 PMCID: PMC8877151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a global medical and societal challenge; it has devastating personal, social and economic costs, which will increase rapidly as the world's population ages. Despite this, there are no disease-modifying treatments for dementia; current therapy modestly improves symptoms but does not change the outcome. Therefore, new treatments are urgently needed-particularly any that can slow down the disease's progression. Many of the neurodegenerative diseases that lead to dementia are characterised by common pathological responses to abnormal protein production and misfolding in brain cells, raising the possibility of the broad application of therapeutics that target these common processes. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is one such mechanism. The UPR is a highly conserved cellular stress response to abnormal protein folding and is widely dysregulated in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we describe the basic machinery of the UPR, as well as the evidence for its overactivation and pathogenicity in dementia, and for the marked neuroprotective effects of its therapeutic manipulation in murine models of these disorders. We discuss drugs identified as potential UPR-modifying therapeutic agents-in particular the licensed antidepressant trazodone-and we review epidemiological and trial data from their use in human populations. Finally, we explore future directions for investigating the potential benefit of using trazodone or similar UPR-modulating compounds for disease modification in patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Sidhom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; (E.S.); (A.J.B.); (H.L.S.); (G.R.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Windsor Research Unit, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK
- Gnodde Goldman Sachs Translational Neuroscience Unit, Windsor Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - John T. O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK;
| | - Adrian J. Butcher
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; (E.S.); (A.J.B.); (H.L.S.); (G.R.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Heather L. Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; (E.S.); (A.J.B.); (H.L.S.); (G.R.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Giovanna R. Mallucci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; (E.S.); (A.J.B.); (H.L.S.); (G.R.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Benjamin R. Underwood
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Windsor Research Unit, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK
- Gnodde Goldman Sachs Translational Neuroscience Unit, Windsor Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK;
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16
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Murray HC, Johnson K, Sedlock A, Highet B, Dieriks BV, Anekal PV, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Koretsky A, Maric D. Lamina-specific immunohistochemical signatures in the olfactory bulb of healthy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease patients. Commun Biol 2022; 5:88. [PMID: 35075270 PMCID: PMC8786934 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional neuroanatomy immunohistology studies involve low-content analyses of a few antibodies of interest, typically applied and compared across sequential tissue sections. The efficiency, consistency, and ultimate insights of these studies can be substantially improved using high-plex immunofluorescence labelling on a single tissue section to allow direct comparison of many markers. Here we present an expanded and efficient multiplexed fluorescence-based immunohistochemistry (MP-IHC) approach that improves throughput with sequential labelling of up to 10 antibodies per cycle, with no limitation on the number of cycles, and maintains versatility and accessibility by using readily available commercial reagents and standard epifluorescence microscopy imaging. We demonstrate this approach by cumulatively screening up to 100 markers on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human olfactory bulb sourced from neurologically normal (no significant pathology), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This brain region is involved early in the symptomology and pathophysiology of AD and PD. We also developed a spatial pixel bin analysis approach for unsupervised analysis of the high-content anatomical information from large tissue sections. Here, we present a comprehensive immunohistological characterisation of human olfactory bulb anatomy and a summary of differentially expressed biomarkers in AD and PD using the MP-IHC labelling and spatial protein analysis pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand.
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Kory Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Birger Victor Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Praju Vikas Anekal
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Alan Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Yang H, Luo Y, Hu Q, Tian X, Wen H. Benefits in Alzheimer's Disease of Sensory and Multisensory Stimulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:463-484. [PMID: 34057081 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease, which seriously affects the behavior, cognition, and memory of patients. Studies have shown that sensory stimulation can effectively improve the cognition and memory of AD patients, and its role in brain plasticity and neural regulation is initially revealed. This paper aims to review the effect of various sensory stimulation and multisensory stimulation for AD, and to explain the possible mechanism, so as to provide some new ideas for further research in this field. We searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases (from 2000 to October 27, 2020) for literature on the treatment of AD with sensory and multisensory stimulation, including music therapy, aromatherapy, rhythmic (e.g., visual or acoustic) stimulation, light therapy, multisensory stimulation, and virtual reality assisted therapy, then conducted a systematic analysis. Results show these sensory and multisensory stimulations can effectively ameliorate the pathology of AD, arouse memory, and improve cognition and behaviors. What's more, it can cause brain nerve oscillation, enhance brain plasticity, and regulate regional cerebral blood flow. Sensory and multisensory stimulation are very promising therapeutic methods, and they play an important role in the improvement and treatment of AD, but their potential mechanism and stimulation parameters need to be explored and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinpei Luo
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingrong Hu
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuelong Tian
- Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Laboratory of Neural Regulation and Rehabilitation Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huizhong Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Shandilya S, Kesari KK, Ruokolainen J. Vitamin K2 Modulates Organelle Damage and Tauopathy Induced by Streptozotocin and Menadione in SH-SY5Y Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:983. [PMID: 34202933 PMCID: PMC8234639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K2, known for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, can act as a potent neuroprotective molecule. Despite its action against mitochondrial dysfunction, the mechanism underlying the links between the protective effects of vitamin K2 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress along with basal levels of total tau protein and amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) has not been elucidated yet. To understand the neuroprotective effect of vitamin K2 during metabolic complications, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with streptozotocin for 24 h and menadione for 2 h in a dose-dependent manner, followed by post-treatment of vitamin K2 for 5 h. The modulating effects of vitamin K2 on cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, ER stress marker (CHOP), an indicator of unfolded protein response (UPR), inositol requiring enzyme 1 (p-IRE1α), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3α/β), total tau and Aβ42 were studied. Results showed that vitamin K2 significantly reduces neuronal cell death by inhibiting cytotoxicity and ROS levels and helps in the retainment of mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, vitamin K2 significantly decreased the expression of CHOP protein along with the levels and the nuclear localization of p-IRE1α, thus showing its significant role in inhibiting chronic ER stress-mediated UPR and eventually cell death. In addition, vitamin K2 significantly down-regulated the expression of GSK3α/β together with the levels of total tau protein, with a petite effect on secreted Aβ42 levels. These results suggested that vitamin K2 alleviated mitochondrial damage, ER stress and tauopathy-mediated neuronal cell death, which highlights its role as new antioxidative therapeutics targeting related cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland;
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19
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Martínez-García I, Hernández-Soto R, Villasana-Salazar B, Ordaz B, Peña-Ortega F. Alterations in Piriform and Bulbar Activity/Excitability/Coupling Upon Amyloid-β Administration in vivo Related to Olfactory Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S19-S35. [PMID: 33459655 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in odor detection and discrimination are premature symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlate with pathological signs in the olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PCx). Similar olfactory dysfunction has been characterized in AD transgenic mice that overproduce amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which can be prevented by reducing Aβ levels by immunological and pharmacological means, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction depends on Aβ accumulation and Aβ-driven alterations in the OB and/or PCx, as well as on their activation. However, this possibility needs further exploration. OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of Aβ on OB and PCx excitability/coupling and on olfaction. METHODS Aβ oligomerized solution (containing oligomers, monomers, and protofibrils) or its vehicle were intracerebroventricularlly injected two weeks before OB and PCx excitability and synchrony were evaluated through field recordings in vivo and in brain slices. Synaptic transmission from the OB to the PCx was also evaluated in slices. Olfaction was assessed through the habituation/dishabituation test. RESULTS Aβ did not affect lateral olfactory tract transmission into the PCx but reduced odor habituation and cross-habituation. This olfactory dysfunction was related to a reduction of PCx and OB network activity power in vivo. Moreover, the coherence between PCx-OB activities was also reduced by Aβ. Finally, Aβ treatment exacerbated the 4-aminopyridine-induced excitation in the PCx in slices. CONCLUSION Our results show that Aβ-induced olfactory dysfunction involves a complex set of pathological changes at different levels of the olfactory pathway including alterations in PCx excitability and its coupling with the OB. These pathological changes might contribute to hyposmia in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-García
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Rebeca Hernández-Soto
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Benjamín Villasana-Salazar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Benito Ordaz
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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20
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Swanson MEV, Scotter EL, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Ryan B, Turner C, Faull RLM, Dragunow M, Curtis MA. Identification of a dysfunctional microglial population in human Alzheimer's disease cortex using novel single-cell histology image analysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:170. [PMID: 33081847 PMCID: PMC7576851 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are affected by disease processes, but may also drive pathogenesis. AD pathology-associated microglial populations have been identified with single-cell RNA-Seq, but have not been validated in human brain tissue with anatomical context. Here, we quantified myeloid cell markers to identify changes in AD pathology-associated microglial populations. We performed fluorescent immunohistochemistry on normal (n = 8) and AD (n = 8) middle temporal gyri, co-labelling the pan-myeloid cell marker, Iba1, with one of 11 markers of interest (MOIs): CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD206, CD32, CD163, P2RY12, TMEM119, L-Ferritin. Novel image analyses quantified the single-cell abundance of Iba1 and each MOI. Each cell was gated into one Iba1-MOI population (Iba1low MOIhigh, Iba1high MOIhigh, or Iba1high MOIlow) and the abundance of each population was compared between AD and control. Triple-labelling of L-Ferritin and Iba1 with a subset of MOIs was performed to investigate L-Ferritin-MOI co-expression on Iba1low cells. Iba1low MOIhigh myeloid cell populations delineated by MOIs CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD32, and L-Ferritin were increased in AD. Further investigation of the Iba1low MOIhigh populations revealed that their abundances correlated with tau, but not amyloid beta, load in AD. The Iba1low microglial population highly expressed L-Ferritin, reflecting microglial dysfunction. The L-Ferritinhigh CD74high HLA-DRhigh phenotype of the Iba1low population mirrors that of a human AD pathology-associated microglial subpopulation previously identified using single-cell RNA-Seq. Our high-throughput immunohistochemical data with anatomical context support the microglial dysfunction hypothesis of AD.
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Highet B, Dieriks BV, Murray HC, Faull RLM, Curtis MA. Huntingtin Aggregates in the Olfactory Bulb in Huntington's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:261. [PMID: 33013352 PMCID: PMC7461834 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits are an early and prevalent non-motor symptom of Huntington's disease (HD). In other neurodegenerative diseases where olfactory deficits occur, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, pathological protein aggregates (tau, β-amyloid, α-synuclein) accumulate in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) of the olfactory bulb (OFB). Therefore, in this study we determined whether aggregates are also present in HD OFBs; 13 HD and five normal human OFBs were stained for mutant huntingtin (mHtt), tau, β-amyloid, TDP-43, and α-synuclein. Our results show that mHtt aggregates detected with 1F8 antibody are present within all HD OFBs, and mHtt aggregate load in the OFB does not correlate with Vonsattel grading scores. The majority of the aggregates were located in the AON and in similar abundance in each anatomical segment of the AON. No mHtt aggregates were found in controls; 31% of HD cases also contained tau neurofibrillary tangles within the AON. This work demonstrates HD pathology in the OFB and indicates that disease-specific protein aggregation in the AON is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases that show olfactory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger Victor Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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