Job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals working in public hospitals and its associated factors, eastern Ethiopia

Psychological Distress and its Association With Job Satisfaction Among Hospital Pharmacists in Vietnam

Background: No previous studies have examined the relationship between stress, anxiety, and depression among pharmacists in Vietnam. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the correlation between stress, anxiety, depression, and job satisfaction among hospital pharmacists in Vietnam. Methods: The study comprised a 12-month cross-sectional survey in Can Tho City, Vietnam, with 11 conveniently selected hospitals. Out of 305 the distributed questionnaires, 303 were completed (99.3% response rate). The 21-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) assessed stress, anxiety, and depression (21 items), while job satisfaction was measured using a 44-item questionnaire. Results: The study revealed a prevalence of 15.5% for stress, 27.1% for anxiety, and 20.5% for depression among hospital staff. Additionally, the majority of hospital staff (72.9%) reported being satisfied with their job. Those with more than 2 children (95% CI = 1.183-14.519) were nearly 4 times as likely to experience higher stress. Female respondents (95% CI = 1.34-5.92) and those who rented (95% CI = 1.05-3.55) were more likely to encounter anxiety. Those living outside Can Tho City (95% CI = 1.32-9.88) were at a 3.61 times higher risk of depression, while individuals who had been working at the hospital for 5 to 10 years (95% CI = 0.17-0.82) had a lower risk of depression. Increased depression (aOR = 0.441; 95% CI = 0.21-0.94) was linked to job dissatisfaction. Conclusion: Depression was significantly associated with job dissatisfaction. The study findings suggest that management agencies should implement prevention and intervention strategies to reduce mental health issues among hospital pharmacists.

Patient satisfaction and associated factors among insured and uninsured patients in Deder General Hospital, eastern Ethiopia: a facility-based comparative cross-sectional study

Background

Patient satisfaction is a crucial measure of healthcare quality, as dissatisfied patients are more likely to miss appointments, disregard treatment plans, and leave hospitals, leading to poor treatment outcomes. Therefore, the study aimed to compare levels of satisfaction with health services and associated factors among insured and uninsured patients in Deder General Hospital, eastern Ethiopia.

Methods

A comparative cross-sectional study with 532 participants was conducted from December 1-30, 2021. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, analyzed using SPSS, and predictors assessed using a multivariate logistic regression model. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Overall, patient satisfaction with health services was 65.6% (95% CI: 61.5-69.5), and the level of patient satisfaction with health services among insured and noninsured patients was 68.8% (95% CI: 62.8-74.4) and 62.4% (95% CI: 56.8-68.0), respectively. In the final model of multivariable analysis, factors such as educational status of secondary school (AOR = 4.90; 95% CI: 2.05-11.76), and a higher level (AOR = 3.08; 95% CI: 1.05-9.03), getting the entire prescribed drugs (AOR = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.43-8.54), getting some of the ordered drugs (AOR = 3.34; 95% CI: 1.61-6.94), paying less than 100 Ethiopian birrs (AOR = 4.85; 1.35-17.40) were significantly associated with patient satisfaction among insured patients. Whereas getting the entire and some prescribed drugs were (AOR = 6.28; 95% CI: 3.26-12.05), and (AOR = 3.40; 95% CI: 1.70-6.78) times more likely to be satisfied with the service among noninsured patients as compared to their counterparts, respectively.

Conclusion

The study found that about six in 10 patients in the study area were satisfied with healthcare services, with insurance patients reporting higher satisfaction. Factors such as receiving prescribed drugs, paying less than 100 Ethiopian birr, having a secondary school education, and having a higher education were associated with satisfaction.

Mental health symptoms and their associated factors among pharmacists in psychiatric hospitals during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic

As frontline workers, pharmacists often face significant work stress, especially in psychiatric settings. A multicenter cross-sectional design was conducted in 41 psychiatric hospitals. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to measure the mental health of 636 pharmacists. We also collected demographic data and work-related variables. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 20.60%, 22.96% and 8.96%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed that several common factors were associated with depression, anxiety and stress, including professional identity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.132, 0.381 and 0.352) and verbal violence (OR = 2.068, 2.615 and 2.490). Those who were satisfied with their job were less likely to develop depression (OR = 0.234) or anxiety (OR = 0.328). We found specific factors associated with mental health. Older age (OR = 1.038) and perceived negative impact (OR = 2.398) of COVID-19 on medical work were associated with anxiety, and those with frontline experience with COVID-19 patients (OR = 2.306) were more likely to experience stress. More than one-fifth of pharmacists in psychiatric hospitals experienced symptoms of depression or anxiety during the pandemic, highlighting the need for policy change to improve workplace conditions and psychological well-being for this professional group.

Job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists in a representative province in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

BACKGROUND

Job satisfaction is an important factor affecting job performance and turnover of healthcare workers, especially hospital pharmacists. Nevertheless, limited studies have reported this issue in the context of Vietnam.

OBJECTIVES

To help maintain the quality and size of the limited hospital pharmacy workforce in Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta area, this study investigated the job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists, and the associated factors, in Vinh Long province, a representative province in the central Mekong Delta.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted, recruiting hospital pharmacists working in all 17 province/district-affiliated healthcare facilities across Vinh Long province, Vietnam, between August and September 2022.

RESULTS

Among the 235 survey participants (representing a response rate of 97.1%), 189 pharmacists (80.4%) reported that they were satisfied with their job. Working conditions, leadership styles, and benefits were factors found to significantly influence job satisfaction. Pharmacists who had worked in the field for 3-5 years (OR = 3.752, 95% CI = 1.036-13.595), more than 5 years (OR = 6.361, 95% CI = 2.264-17.875), did not have additional duties besides their primary responsibilities (OR = 2.046, 95% CI = 1.005-4.163), and worked in a private healthcare facility (OR = 12.021, 95% CI = 1.470-98.316), were significantly more likely to be satisfied with their job.

CONCLUSIONS

Most hospital pharmacists were satisfied with their current job. To further improve job satisfaction in this population, further improvements to working conditions are necessary.

The association of management and leadership competencies with work satisfaction among pharmacists in Lebanon

BACKGROUND

Pharmacists are at the core of the healthcare system and are the most accessible healthcare professionals. Their new roles involve leadership skills, among others. Work satisfaction of pharmacists might affect the quality of the services they provide. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the management/leadership skills and work satisfaction of pharmacists and working pharmacy students. The secondary objective was to establish the relationship between management/leadership competencies and work satisfaction.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study enrolled 415 Lebanese pharmacists and fifth-year pharmacy students (undergraduates) working in different pharmacy sectors across Lebanon from August 2021 through October 2021 using the snowball sampling technique and validated tools to assess management/leadership competencies and work satisfaction.

RESULTS

Management/leadership competencies were significantly correlated with work satisfaction (B = 0.288) and inversely associated with being engaged/married (B = - 2.825) and living outside Beirut or Mount Lebanon (B = - 1.873). Pharmacy students did not significantly differ in their leadership/management level from graduate pharmacists. Work satisfaction was significantly associated with management/leadership competencies (B = 0.062) and inversely related to education level (B = - 0.644).

CONCLUSIONS

Pharmacists' work satisfaction and management/leadership competencies are interrelated, although the level of satisfaction seemed lower than the declared level of competencies. These concepts are differentially affected by personal and work-related characteristics. More efforts should be exerted to improve both the satisfaction and management/leadership competencies of pharmacists in Lebanon.

The stress, satisfaction and fulfilment of early career pharmacists - a qualitative analysis of a survey on their professional and personal lives

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to examine and develop a better understanding of (1) the factors that affect the stress of both their professional and personal lives, (2) the aspects of professional and personal life that affect their satisfaction and fulfilment and (3) what they need to achieve satisfaction and fulfilment in their professional and personal lives.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire contained 8 questions designed to collect qualitative data on the factors affecting the stress, satisfaction and fulfilment in the professional and personal lives of early career pharmacists (ECPs). Questionnaire responses were analysed using a qualitative content analysis approach and themes describing influential factors were developed.

KEY FINDINGS

Some of the factors that contribute to the stress, satisfaction and fulfilment of ECPs were identified. The stressors identified include the workplace environment and relationships with colleagues, the demands of a pharmacist career, the lack of career advancement pathways, job insecurity, relationships and their weaknesses. Factors contributing to satisfaction and fulfilment included supportive work environments and relationships, being appreciated and making a difference, growth, supportive relationships and self-care.

CONCLUSIONS

Supporting the well-being of ECPs is important for a resilient, engaged and effective pharmacy workforce. Key interventions include eliminating job insecurity, establishing clear career pathways, improving work environments and relationships and investing in the development of clinical, technical, communication and managerial skills.

The physiotherapy workforce in Nepal: A national survey

BACKGROUND

Physiotherapy is a relatively young profession in Nepal. Education standards, and workforce organization and representation have improved in recent years, but there is no detailed workforce data to support decision-making and long-term planning. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the demographic characteristics, physiotherapy practice areas, settings and employment characteristics of physiotherapists in Nepal; and to document job satisfaction and the factors that influence it.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional survey, we asked Nepali physiotherapists about their sociodemographic characteristics, employment or physiotherapy practice area and settings, and job satisfaction. We assessed the associations between sociodemographic factors and job satisfaction among physiotherapists using univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. We invited all Nepali physiotherapists to participate via email, social media and visits to hospitals.

RESULTS

Of the 1120 physiotherapists who were contacted, 52% (female: 287; male: 293) completed the survey. The majority of the participants (75%) were less than 30 years old. The majority (73%) held a Bachelor of Physiotherapy degree. Eighty percent were employed at the time of data collection; 58% had 1-4 years of experience. The majority (77%) practiced in or near the capital Kathmandu. Most physiotherapist worked either in private hospitals (46%) or in private physiotherapy practices (26%), rehabilitation centres (19%) and 11% practiced in public hospitals. The most common areas of practice were musculoskeletal physiotherapy (90%) and adult neurology (67%). More than half of the physiotherapist (53%) felt that they were underpaid and 41% were not satisfied with their current job status. The majority of the physiotherapists (67%) reported that they participated in continuing professional development activities. Multivariable logistic regression showed that physiotherapists who had a higher remuneration were more likely to be satisfied with their job.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of the physiotherapy workforce in Nepal is well-educated, young and at an early career stage. Most physiotherapists work in musculoskeletal and adult neurological physiotherapy, in private practices or private hospitals near Kathmandu. Job dissatisfaction was common and was related to low annual income. This first nationwide survey described the current physiotherapy workforce and provides comparison data for future physiotherapy workforce surveys.

Mental health outcomes and workplace quality of life among South African pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

Background

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers is gaining attention globally. This study assessed the quality-of-working life (QoWL) and prevalence of, and risk factors for anxiety, depression and stress among South African pharmacists.

Methods

An online survey, after stratification by province, was sent to 3435 (target = 2454) randomly selected pharmacists between 14 April to 18 May 2021. Sociodemographic data were collected and mental health was assessed using the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and a modified Work-Related Quality-of-Life tool. Prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress and QoWL was estimated. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with mental health outcomes.

Results

A total of 953/2454 pharmacists (38.8%) responded. Of these, 56.5% were 40 years or younger, 78.5% were female, 45.4% were White race and 44.5% were practicing in a community pharmacy setting. Pharmacists demonstrated symptoms of anxiety (n = 605, 66.1%), depression (n = 561, 62.9%), stress (n = 642, 73.8%) and low QoWL (n = 409, 51.3%). Significant risk factors (aOR; 95%CI) for anxiety, depression and stress were female gender (1.96;1.36–2.83,1.84;1.27–2.67,1.58;1.05–2.38, history of mental health conditions (2.50; 1.52–4.13, 3.68; 2.19–6.19, 3.34;1.85–6.03) and significant COVID-19 mitigation changes to pharmacy practice (2.70; 1.36–5.38, 4.23; 2.06–8.70, 3.14;1.44–6.82), respectively. Practice changes were also associated with a low QoWL (5.19; 2.40–11.8). Compared to their Black/African colleagues, Indian pharmacists were at higher risk for anxiety (1.82; 1.03–3.23) and stress symptoms (2.28; 1.21–4.32), while risk for depression was significant amongst White pharmacists (1.86; 1.05–3.32). Pharmacists living apart from family were at significant risk for anxiety (1.66; 1.15–2.41), depression (1.52; 1.06–2.18) and low QoWL (1.60; 1.10–2.34).

Conclusions

COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on the mental health of South African pharmacists. Interventions to support the psychological well-being and improve QoWL of pharmacists are needed.

Effect of Occupational Stress on Pharmacists’ Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia

Work stress occurs when employees have to deal with pressures that do not align with their skills, knowledge, or expectations. This study aimed to assess the impact of work stress on job satisfaction among pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, a cross-sectional, self-administered, paper-based survey was conducted between August 2019 and October 2020 using three scales. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed. A linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction among Saudi pharmacists. A total of 284 questionnaires were completed. Multiple linear regression analyses showed a significant negative relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction (β = −0.456, 95% CI, −0.561 to −0.350), a positive relationship between confirmation and satisfaction (β = 0.147, 95% CI, 0.005 to –0.290), and a negative relationship between working in hospitals and job satisfaction (β= −3.009; 95% CI, −5.424 to −0.593) when other variables were kept constant. The results of this study indicated that occupational stress and satisfaction negatively influenced pharmacists, whereas confirmation was associated with better satisfaction. Moreover, hospital pharmacists had lower job satisfaction. The job satisfaction of pharmacists may help improve medication safety and ensure an adequate pharmacist workforce.

Predictors of job satisfaction among pharmacists: A regional workforce survey

Background

Job satisfaction affects organizational outcomes including performance and retention. The pharmacy job satisfaction literature points to several predictors of job satisfaction, but educational debt and various work settings have not been previously examined.

Objectives

To identify predictors of Virginia pharmacists' job satisfaction.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used data from the 2018 Virginia Pharmacist Workforce Survey. Of 15,424 registered pharmacists, 13,962 (90.5%) completed the survey. Pharmacists who reported being employed and working in Virginia in the previous year (2017) were included in the analysis (n = 6042). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Multiple logistic regression identified predictors of job satisfaction.

Results

Respondents were primarily female (66.3%), Pharm.D. degree holders (65.5%), with a 14.8-year average work experience. Most pharmacists (86%) reported being very/somewhat satisfied with their job. Educational debt was not significantly associated with job satisfaction. Significant predictors of job satisfaction included: being female (aOR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.08, 1.52); working <30 (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.14, 2.84), 30–39 (aOR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.02, 2.11), or 40–49 (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.02, 1.98) versus ≥50 h per week; earning an annual income of <$50,000 (aOR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.38, 0.94) or ≥ $150,000 (aOR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.30, 3.23) versus $100,000–$149,999; working in an independent community pharmacy (aOR = 3.72, 95% CI 2.54, 5.44), health system (aOR = 3.81, 95% CI 2.78, 5.22), clinic-based pharmacy (aOR = 4.39, 95% CI 2.18, 8.83), academia (aOR = 5.20, 95% CI 1.97, 13.73), benefits administration (aOR = 3.64, 95% CI 1.71, 7.74), long-term home and home health/infusion (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.10, 2.67), mass merchandiser community (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.62, 0.99), or manufacturer and wholesale distributor (aOR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.97, 6.08) versus chain community pharmacy.

Conclusions

Overall, Virginia pharmacists reported high job satisfaction. Pharmacists working in chain community pharmacy reported lower satisfaction relative to other settings. Being female, having a high annual income, and working for less hours was associated with improved job satisfaction.

A global study on job and career satisfaction of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists

Background

Job and career satisfaction of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists is imperative to ensure a motivated and effective workforce, and a secure future for pharmacy practice. In turn, this enables planning, deployment and long term implementation of global imperatives, through universal pharmacy coverage.

Objectives

This study used data from a global survey to determine the level of job and career satisfaction and identify factors that are most significant in determining satisfaction in early-career professionals.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was distributed to members of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Young Pharmacists Group (YPG) via email and social media platforms from November 2019 to May 2020. A previously validated questionnaire using 5-point Likert scales was used. Data were analysed by exploratory factor analysis, using principal component analysis, oblique rotation, and reliability testing of identified components, followed by a comparative statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 1014 respondents from 92 countries participated in this study. Regions of domicile significantly affected job satisfaction (p = 0.004) and career satisfaction (p < 0.0001) scores. Pharmacists working in community pharmacies perceived lower job satisfaction measures compared to those who work in academic institutions (p < 0.0001) and industry sector (p = 0.012). There is a negative association between career expectations and job satisfaction and career satisfaction scores. The workplace climate is related to education and training opportunities, lower reported workloads, greater autonomy, and more remuneration.

Conclusion

This was an international study of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. Enhancing factors associated with job and career satisfaction is essential to support early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists in obtaining fulfilment and esteem in their chosen careers. Developing and implementing a well-framed system that provides a conducive working environment, remuneration, and greater autonomy could improve job and career satisfaction. This study provides evidence to support investment in early-career training, stated in the FIP Development Goal 2.

Gender and Pharmacists' Career Satisfaction in the United States

Job satisfaction reflects pharmacists' evaluation of their current work experiences, while career satisfaction is an evaluation of how satisfied pharmacists are with their profession across various jobs. The objectives of this article were to measure career satisfaction and specific facets of current-job satisfaction of U.S. pharmacists, compare satisfaction across genders, and examine the determinants of career satisfaction. This study was based on self-reported survey data collected from a random sample of licensed pharmacists practicing throughout the United States. The sample consisted of 422 men and 315 women. Within each gender, pharmacists' career satisfaction was modeled using ordinary least squares as a function of three sets of variables: personal characteristics, earnings and workweek, and other job-related variables. Female pharmacists exhibited higher levels of contentment with their careers than their male counterparts. Their career-satisfaction levels were not affected by age, marital status, annual earnings, or average workweek, covariates that systematically influenced male pharmacists' career satisfaction. Job satisfaction substantially affected pharmacists' long-term career satisfaction. Male and female pharmacists responded differently to stimuli, so a uniform set of work-related incentives may not be effective for both genders. Initiatives perceived by male practitioners as increasing satisfaction may be adversely perceived by female practitioners, and vice-versa.

Assessment of job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals

BACKGROUND

Job satisfaction of pharmacy professionals is appreciably related to quality of pharmaceutical care. Poor Job satisfaction is associated with low productivity, absenteeism, high turnover and reduced working hours. Little is known about job satisfaction and its related factors among pharmacy professionals in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Therefore, the current study is aimed to assess the level of job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals working in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHODS

Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among 80 pharmacy professionals working in Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from January to April 2019. The census sampling technique was used and data were collected using semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0.

RESULT

Among 85 participants, 80 responded to the questionnaires completely that makes the response rate of 94%. A majority of the respondents were female (63.8%), with age group 30-39 years (57.5%), own bachelor degree (89.0%), had 1-5 years of work experience (65.0%) and provide outpatient pharmacy service (22.5%). Near to half (47.0%) of the respondents were not satisfied with their job. Only one among five of the participants feel that they are doing professional job which they enjoy and want to stay on their current working place. The least satisfaction score was obtained for staff adequacy (15.0%) and the highest satisfaction score was obtained for job relation of pharmacists with other health care professionals (74.0%).

CONCLUSION

In the current study near to half of the hospital pharmacists were poorly satisfied on their job. High workload, inadequate salary, low respect and treat from hospital management teams, uncomfortable working environment and insufficient promotion opportunities within the hospital were mentioned as the major reasons for their poor job satisfaction. Thus, policy makers, pharmacy directors and hospital administrators, should work to reduce workload, to increase incentives and to create good working environment to improve job satisfaction and the quality of pharmaceutical care in the hospital.

Health professional's job satisfaction and its determinants in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Health professional’s job satisfaction is directly related to patient satisfaction and quality of care. Without satisfied health professionals the health system is not functional, and the national and global health related plans are not achieved. However, little is known on the level of health professional’s job satisfaction in sub Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. In addition, in Ethiopia there is no summarized evidence helped us an input to design strategies. Therefore, we aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of health professional’s job satisfaction and its determinants in Ethiopia.

Methods

Articles were searched from PubMed, PsycINFO, Hinari, Science Direct, web of science and African journal of online (AJOL) databases, Google and Google scholar. A standardized Microsoft excel spread sheet and STATA software version 16 were used for data extraction and analysis respectively. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis to write this report. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of job satisfaction. I² was done to check heterogeneity. Egger’s test and funnel plot were conducted to detect publication bias. Subgroup analysis was also conducted. Association was expressed through pooled odd ratio with a 95% CI.

Result

In this review and meta-analysis, a total of 29 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of health professional’s job satisfaction was 46.17% [95% CI (43.08, 49.26)]. The heterogeneity and publication bias test results were I² = 87.3%, P <  0.001 and Eggers’, P = 0.16. Female sex; OR: 2.20 [95% CI (1.63, 2.97)], working environment; OR: 9.50 [95% CI (6.25, 14.44)], opportunity for professional growth and development; OR: 5.53 [95% CI (1.56, 19.56)], staff relationship; OR: 3.89 [95% CI (1.65, 9.17)] and supportive supervision; OR: 5.32 [95% CI (1.77, 15.92)] were associated with health professional’s job satisfaction.

Conclusion

More than half of professionals were dissatisfied with their jobs. Therefore, the ministry of health and stakeholders better to design strategies to increase the level of satisfaction. Furthermore, it is better to strengthen staff relationship and making the working environment more attractive and equipped.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13690-021-00664-7.

Job satisfaction of clinical pharmacists and clinical pharmacy activities implemented at Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in Vietnam pioneered the practice of clinical pharmacy; however, hospitals in HCMC have faced numerous challenges that might influence the job satisfaction of clinical pharmacists (CPs). Additionally, there have been no official statistics about clinical pharmacy activities that have been reported so far. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the current status of the clinical pharmacy profession and to analyze the key factors affecting job satisfaction of CPs in HCMC. This was a cross-sectional study. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all the CPs in all the 128 hospitals in HCMC via an online survey tool from May to June 2020. Only about 30% of the respondents were full-time CPs. The percentage of CPs participating in clinical wards was relatively low (52.79%). “Provide drug information for patients and medical employees” was the most common clinical pharmacy activity, with the percentage of CPs participating in it being nearly 90%. Overall, 74.1% of the 197 CPs surveyed were satisfied with their current job. The factors that they were satisfied with the most and the least were “Inter & Intra professional relationships” (95.9%) and “Income” (59.9%), respectively. The only demographic and work-related characteristic that had a statistically significant association with overall job satisfaction was “Ward round participation”. Most clinical pharmacy tasks noted a high rate of participation from the CPs. Nevertheless, hospitals in HCMC was found to be experiencing a shortage of CPs and low levels of participation of CPs in ward rounds, and most CPs were unable to completely focus on clinical pharmacy tasks. Regarding CPs’ job satisfaction-related aspects, income and ward round participation appear to be the two factors that should be increased, in order to enhance CPs’ job satisfaction.

Quantifying satisfaction among pharmacists working in Pharmaceutical Sales or Marketing and its inferential relationship with demographics: A Cross-Sectional analysis in Pakistan

Objectives:

To quantify satisfaction among pharmacists working in pharmaceutical sales or marketing in Pakistan.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacists working in pharmaceutical sales and marketing during August to November, 2019. Satisfaction score of pharmacists was considered satisfied (Score > 2.5) and dissatisfied (Score < 2.5). The maximum and minimum satisfaction score was four and one for each question respectively.

Results:

A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed and 200 were received back yielding a response rate of 80%. Male respondents dominated the cohort and were more satisfied (2.60 ± 0.47) as compared to females (2.31 ± 0.48) with majority were 18-30 years old and 78% had Pharm. D level of education (2.61 ± 0.47). The mean satisfaction score of participant is 2.51 with standard deviation of 0.49. The 53% of the respondents were dissatisfied with their salaries. The study dependent and independent variables are correlated with each other and significant results were seen between them. The factors associated with dissatisfaction are fear of losing job (2.19 ± 0.88), switch job (2.20 ± 0.77) and health condition (2.09 ± 0.89). Factors associated with satisfaction are positive attitude of doctor (2.91 ± 0.60), doctor consider respectful job holder (2.91 ± 0.61), enjoy work (3.01 ± 0.65), job by choice (3.12 ± 0.67) and progress in job (3.00 ± 0.74).

Conclusions:

It was concluded that the respondents were dissatisfied due to number of issues including disturbance in their personal life, lack of promotion and incentives among study participants.

Health Professionals Job Satisfaction and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Health professionals' job satisfaction is crucial for health professionals' life which determines health care service quality. This study aimed to estimate pooled prevalence of job satisfaction of health professionals and associated factors in Ethiopia.

METHODS

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) was followed to prepare this study. Studies were searched from PubMed (EBSCOhost), Directory of open access journals (DOAJ), Global health, African Index Medicus, IRIS (WHO digital publication), African Journals Online (AJOL), Google Scholar, and Google. Random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of job satisfaction and associated factors. Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 test statistics. Publication bias was checked using funnel plot, Egger's regression test, and sensitivity analysis.

RESULT

The pooled prevalence of health professionals' job satisfaction was computed from 35 studies, and it was 46.68% (95%, confidence interval (CI): 41.82, 51.54, I 2 = 95.8%). Specifically, job satisfaction was 57.56%, 48.80%, 48.57%, 48.48%, 44.56%, 39.20%, and 16.5% among pharmacy professionals, health officers, midwives, nurses, anesthetists, physicians, and health extension workers, respectively. Secured working environment (pooled odds ratio [POR] = 6.50, 95% CI: 3.41-9.58), coworkers relationship (POR = 5.14, 95% CI: 1.27, 9.02), good relationship with supervisors (POR = 5.86, 95% CI: 2.56-9.16) and having bachelor's degree (POR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.31, 3.72) were significantly associated with job satisfaction.

CONCLUSION

Job satisfaction among Ethiopian health professionals is considerably low. Secured working environment, positive relationships among staff, and having a bachelor's enhanced the job satisfaction. Designing strategies to improve safety in the work environment and improved communication among workers could improve job satisfaction.

Understanding the factors influencing healthcare providers' burnout during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Jordanian hospitals

Abstract

Background

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. The nature of healthcare providers’ occupation puts them at an increased risk of getting any contagious disease, including COVID-19. They are on the front line of the COVID-19 outbreak response and as such are at risk of contracting this virus. The infectious disease started from China in December 2019 and spread rapidly throughout countries, including Jordan. Especially, recent studies indicated that Jordanian healthcare providers’ work conditions and demographic are significant factors for healthcare providers’ burnout. Additionally, burnout has been increased among healthcare providers in Jordanian hospital.

Aim

The present investigation aims to better understand the factors affecting pharmacists’, physicians’, and nurses’ burnout during the outbreak of COVID-19 to provide basic information for lowering and preventing the level of burnout in Jordanian hospitals.

Method

This study is qualitative in nature, adopting face-to-face interviews as the key instrument of data collection in one hospital in Jordan. The sample interviewed consisted of 30 healthcare providers in total (10 nurses, 10 physicians. and 10 pharmacists).

Result

Three key factors to healthcare providers’ burnout were identified in the sampled hospitals: job stress, staff and resource adequacy, fear of COVID-19 infection, and interprofessional relationships in healthcare practice. The examination also offers recommendations for lowering and preventing healthcare providers' burnout in Jordanian hospitals.

Conclusion

This study explored the main factors of healthcare providers’ burnout during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Jordanian hospitals, thereby making an original contribution to existing knowledge, as it is the first empirical exploration of healthcare providers' burnout during the outbreak of COVID-19. As such, it has attempted to offer an in-depth understanding of the factors impacting this issue.

Mental health issues impacting pharmacists during COVID-19

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impact on the mental health of healthcare workers is extremely detrimental. It is imperative that the psychological health of all healthcare workers be protected. However, an often overlooked member of the healthcare frontline is the pharmacist. Pharmacists provide many types of essential services during the pandemic, which often cannot be done from a remote location. Being frontline healthcare workers, pharmacists have experienced an increase in the number of patients seen, the amount of screening and triage being done, the amount of COVID-19 information being delivered, the number of medication shortages, and the amount of workplace harassment taking place. These activities increase the amount of stress, burden, and frustration felt by pharmacists have a negative impact on their mental health and well-being. This article seeks to address the specific implications of COVID-19 on the mental health of pharmacists.