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Combination of Enzymes and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Powerful Toolbox for Organic Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020516. [PMID: 36677575 PMCID: PMC9863131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a wide spectrum of applications and advantages in the use of deep eutectic solvents for promoting organic reactions has been well established among the scientific community. Among these synthetic methodologies, in recent years, various examples of biocatalyzed processes have been reported, making use of eutectic mixtures as reaction media, as an improvement in terms of selectivity and sustainability. This review aims to show the newly reported protocols in the field, subdivided by reaction class as a 'toolbox' guide for organic synthesis.
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Delavault A, Zoheir AE, Muller D, Hollenbach R, Rabe KS, Ochsenreither K, Rudat J, Syldatk C. Enhanced Bioactivity of Tailor-Made Glycolipid Enriched Manuka Honey. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12031. [PMID: 36233331 PMCID: PMC9570014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids can be synthetized in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as they possess low water content allowing a reversed lipase activity and thus enables ester formation. Based on this principle, honey can also serve as a media for glycolipid synthesis. Indeed, this supersaturated sugar solution is comparable in terms of physicochemical properties to the sugar-based DESs. Honey-based products being commercially available for therapeutic applications, it appears interesting to enhance its bioactivity. In the current work, we investigate if enriching medical grade honey with in situ enzymatically-synthetized glycolipids can improve the antimicrobial property of the mixture. The tested mixtures are composed of Manuka honey that is enriched with octanoate, decanoate, laurate, and myristate sugar esters, respectively dubbed GOH, GDH, GLH, and GMH. To characterize the bioactivity of those mixtures, first a qualitative screening using an agar well diffusion assay has been performed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida bombicola, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas putida which confirmed considerably enhanced susceptibility of these micro-organisms to the different glycolipid enriched honey mixtures. Then, a designed biosensor E. coli strain that displays a stress reporter system consisting of three stress-specific inducible, red, green, and blue fluorescent proteins which respectively translate to physiological stress, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity was used. Bioactivity was, therefore, characterized, and a six-fold enhancement of the physiological stress that was caused by GOH compared to regular Manuka honey at a 1.6% (v/v) concentration was observed. An antibacterial agar well diffusion assay with E. coli was performed as well and demonstrated an improved inhibitory potential with GOH upon 20% (v/v) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Delavault
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ahmed E. Zoheir
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Molecular Evolution, Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Delphine Muller
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technikum Laubholz GmbH, Biotechnologische Konversion, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Molecular Evolution, Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technikum Laubholz GmbH, Biotechnologische Konversion, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany
| | - Jens Rudat
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Biosurfactants: Opportunities for the development of a sustainable future. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Abstract
Glycolipids have become an ecofriendly alternative to chemically obtained surfactants, mainly for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. However, the sustainable production of these compounds is still challenging, because: (i) water is a recognized inhibitor, (ii) multiphases make the use of cosolvent reaction medium necessary, and (iii) there are difficulties in finding a source for both starting materials. This study used sugars and lipids from peach palm fruit shells or model compounds as substrates to synthesize glycolipids on five different renewable deep eutectic solvents (Re-DES) alone or with a cosolvent system. Substrate conversions up to 24.84% (so far, the highest reported for this reaction on DES), showing (1) the non-precipitation of glucose in the solvent, (2) emulsification and (3) low viscosity (e.g., more favorable mass transfer) as the main limiting factors for these heterogeneous enzymatic processes. The resulting conversion was reached using a cosolvent system Re-DES:DMSO:t-butanol that was robust enough to allow conversions in the range 19–25%, using either model compounds or sugar and fatty acid extracts, with free or immobilized enzymes. Finally, the characterization of the in-house synthesized glycolipids by surface tension demonstrated their potential as biosurfactants, for instance, as an alternative to alcohol ethoxylates, industrially produced using less sustainable methods.
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Lipozyme 435-Mediated Synthesis of Xylose Oleate in Methyl Ethyl Ketone. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113317. [PMID: 34205848 PMCID: PMC8197991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have performed the Lipozyme 435-catalyzed synthesis of xylose oleate in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from xylose and oleic acid. The effects of substrates’ molar ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time on esterification rates, and Lipozyme 435 reuse were studied. Results showed that an excess of oleic acid (xylose: oleic acid molar ratio of 1:5) significantly favored the reaction, yielding 98% of xylose conversion and 31% oleic acid conversion after 24 h-reaction (mainly to xylose mono- and dioleate, as confirmed by mass spectrometry). The highest Lipozyme 435 activities occurred between 55 and 70 °C. The predicted Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model fitted very well to the experimental data and there was no evidence of inhibitions in the range assessed. The reaction product was purified and presented an emulsion capacity close to that of a commercial sugar ester detergent. Finally, the repeated use of Lipozyme 435 showed a reduction in the reaction yields (by 48 and 19% in the xylose and oleic acid conversions, respectively), after ten 12 h-cycles.
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Jocquel C, Muzard M, Plantier-Royon R, Rémond C. An Integrated Enzymatic Approach to Produce Pentyl Xylosides and Glucose/Xylose Laurate Esters From Wheat Bran. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:647442. [PMID: 33898404 PMCID: PMC8058420 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.647442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkyl glycosides and sugars esters are non-ionic surfactants of interest for various applications (cosmetics, food, detergency,…). In the present study, xylans and cellulose from wheat bran were enzymatically converted into pentyl xylosides and glucose and xylose laurate monoesters. Transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by the commercial enzymatic cocktail Cellic Ctec2 in the presence of pentanol led to the synthesis of pentyl β-D-xylosides from DP1 to 3 with an overall yield of 520 mg/g of xylans present in wheat bran. Enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat bran with Cellic Ctec2 and subsequent acylation of the recovered D-glucose and D-xylose catalyzed by the commercial lipase N435 in the presence of lauric acid or methyl laurate produced one D-glucose laurate monoester and one D-xylose laurate monoester. An integrated approach combining transglycosylation and (trans)esterification reactions was successfully developed to produce both pentyl xylosides and D-glucose and D-xylose laurate esters from the same batch of wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Jocquel
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Reims, France
| | - Murielle Muzard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Caroline Rémond
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Reims, France
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Gonçalves MCP, Romanelli JP, Guimarães JR, Vieira AC, de Azevedo BP, Tardioli PW. Reviewing research on the synthesis of CALB-catalyzed sugar esters incorporating systematic mapping principles. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:865-878. [PMID: 33645353 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1888071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rigorous evidence reviews must follow specific guidelines designed to improve transparency, reproducibility, and to minimize biases to which traditional reviews are susceptible. While evidence synthesis methods, such as systematic reviews and maps, have been used in several research fields, the majority of reviews published in the realm of chemical engineering are nonsystematic. In this study, we incorporated principles of systematic mapping to conduct a literature review covering research on the synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters (SFAE) with Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). Our results showed that the simple monosaccharides were the most cited sugars among studies we conducted. The direct use of renewable raw materials and frequently available resources to produce alternative sugar esters (SE) was scarcely reported in our data set. We found that free fatty acids (FFA) were the most commonly cited acyl donors amongst all publications, with lauric, oleic, and palmitic acids accounting for ∼43% of the occurrences. Tertiary alcohols (ter-butyl alcohol (T-but) and 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B)) and ionic liquids were the most used solvents to synthesize SE. The co-occurence analysis of keywords involving solvent terms showed that most of the papers evaluated different solvents as reaction media (mostly in the form of a bisolvent system), also investigating the impact of their choice on sugar ester productivities. Given the potential of reviews informing us of research decisions, this article reveals trends and spaces across CALB-catalyzed SE synthesis research, in addition to introducing a new methodological perspective for developing reviews in the field of chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Romanelli
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Forest Sciences Department, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José Renato Guimarães
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vieira
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pereira de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Forest Sciences Department, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Waldir Tardioli
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
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Ionic liquids for regulating biocatalytic process: Achievements and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107702. [PMID: 33515671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has found enormous applications in sorts of fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. In the pursue of green and sustainable chemistry, ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as promising reaction media for biocatalysis, owing to their unique characteristics, such as nonvolatility, inflammability and tunable properties as regards polarity and water miscibility behavior, compared to organic solvents. In recent years, great developments have been achieved in respects to biocatalysis in ILs, especially for preparing various chemicals. This review tends to give illustrative examples with a focus on representative chemicals production by biocatalyst in ILs and elucidate the possible mechanism in such systems. It also discusses how to regulate the catalytic efficiency from several aspects and finally provides an outlook on the opportunities to broaden biocatalysis in ILs.
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Martinez‐Garcia M, Dejonghe W, Cauwenberghs L, Maesen M, Vanbroekhoven K, Satyawali Y. Enzymatic Synthesis of Glucose‐ and Xylose Laurate Esters Using Different Acyl Donors, Higher Substrate Concentrations, and Membrane Assisted Solvent Recovery. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martinez‐Garcia
- Separation and Conversion Technology Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Boeretang 200 Mol 2400 Belgium
| | - Winnie Dejonghe
- Separation and Conversion Technology Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Boeretang 200 Mol 2400 Belgium
| | - Lieve Cauwenberghs
- Separation and Conversion Technology Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Boeretang 200 Mol 2400 Belgium
| | - Miranda Maesen
- Separation and Conversion Technology Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Boeretang 200 Mol 2400 Belgium
| | - Karolien Vanbroekhoven
- Separation and Conversion Technology Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Boeretang 200 Mol 2400 Belgium
| | - Yamini Satyawali
- Separation and Conversion Technology Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Boeretang 200 Mol 2400 Belgium
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11
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Tan JN, Dou Y. Deep eutectic solvents for biocatalytic transformations: focused lipase-catalyzed organic reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1481-1496. [PMID: 31907576 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is a green and sustainable technology for which the ideal solvent should be nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and sustainable, in addition to supporting high enzyme activity and stability. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a novel class of green solvents, have recently emerged as excellent alternatives for use in various biocatalytic reactions and, in particular, in lipase-catalyzed reactions with enzymes. This review discusses the achievements that have been made so far in the use of DESs as reaction media for lipase-catalyzed reactions. In addition, the application of DESs in esterification, transesterification, and amidation reactions with isolated or immobilized biocatalysts, toward enabling the synthesis of biodiesels, sugar esters, phenolipids, and fatty acyl ethanolamides, is summarized, while advances in lipase-catalyzed chemoenzymatic epoxidation reactions, C-C bond-forming Aldol reactions, and hydrolysis reactions in DESs are also discussed. This review also summarize some remaining questions concerning the use of DESs, including the intriguing role of water as a cosolvent in biocatalytic reactions carried out in DESs, and the relationship between the nature of the DESs and their influence on the enzyme stability and activity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Neng Tan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yuqing Dou
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
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13
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de Oliveira Romera C, de Oliveira D, Sayer C, de Araújo PHH. Enzymatic Synthesis of a Diene Ester Monomer Derived from Renewable Resource. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:745-759. [PMID: 31111376 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total or partial substitution of fossil raw materials by biobased materials from renewable resources is one of the great challenges of our society. In this context, the reaction under mild condition as enzyme-catalyzed esterification was applied to investigate the esterification of the biobased 10-undecenoic acid with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to obtain a new diene ester monomer. The environmentally friendly enzymatic reaction presented up to 100% of conversion; moreover, the production of possible by-products was minimized controlling reaction time and amount of enzyme. Furthermore, the presence of chloroform was evaluated during the enzymatic reactions and despite high conversions with higher enzyme concentration, the solvent-free system showed fast kinetics even with 1.13 U/g substrates. In addition, the commercial immobilized lipases Novozym 435 and NS 88011 could be applied for up to 10 cycles keeping conversions about 90%. The scale-up of the reaction was possible and a purification procedure was applied in order to isolate the diene ester monomer 2-(10-undecenoyloxy)ethyl methacrylate, preserving its double bonds, which could allow a potential use of this product in the synthesis of new renewable polymers through techniques as metathesis, thiol-ene, or free-radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian de Oliveira Romera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Hermes de Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, PO Box 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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14
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Pätzold M, Siebenhaller S, Kara S, Liese A, Syldatk C, Holtmann D. Deep Eutectic Solvents as Efficient Solvents in Biocatalysis. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:943-959. [PMID: 31000203 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
'Ideal' solvents in biocatalysis have to fulfill a large number of requirements, such as high substrate solubility, high enzyme activity and stability, and positive effects on reaction equilibrium. In the past decades, many enzymatic synthesis routes in water-based and nonaqueous (organic solvents, ionic or supercritical fluids) reaction media have been developed. However, no solvent meets every demand for different reaction types at the same time, and there is still a need for novel solvents suited for different reaction types and applications. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently been evaluated as solvents in different biocatalytic reactions. They can improve substrate supply, conversion, and stability. The best results were obtained when the DES is formed by the substrates of an enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pätzold
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Siebenhaller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; Aarhus University, Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Liese
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Siebenhaller S, Kirchhoff J, Kirschhöfer F, Brenner-Weiß G, Muhle-Goll C, Luy B, Haitz F, Hahn T, Zibek S, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K. Integrated Process for the Enzymatic Production of Fatty Acid Sugar Esters Completely Based on Lignocellulosic Substrates. Front Chem 2018; 6:421. [PMID: 30271772 PMCID: PMC6146371 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose can be converted sustainably to fuels, power and value-added chemicals like fatty acid esters. This study presents a concept for the first eco-friendly enzymatic synthesis of economically important fatty acid sugar esters based on lignocellulosic biomass. To achieve this, beech wood cellulose fiber hydrolysate was applied in three manners: as sugar component, as part of the deep eutectic solvent (DES) reaction system and as carbon source for the microbial production of the fatty acid component. These fatty acids were gained from single cell oil produced by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus cultivated with cellulose fiber hydrolysate as carbon source. Afterwards, an immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B was used as the biocatalyst in DES to esterify sugars with fatty acids. Properties of the DES were determined and synthesized sugar mono- and di-esters were identified and characterized using TLC, MS, and NMR. Using this approach, sugar esters were successfully synthesized which are 100% based on lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Siebenhaller
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kirchhoff
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiß
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Burkhard Luy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Haitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Siebenhaller S, Gentes J, Infantes A, Muhle-Goll C, Kirschhöfer F, Brenner-Weiß G, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Sugar Esters in Honey and Agave Syrup. Front Chem 2018; 6:24. [PMID: 29487847 PMCID: PMC5816588 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey and agave syrup are high quality natural products and consist of more than 80% sugars. They are used as sweeteners, and are ingredients of cosmetics or medical ointments. Furthermore, both have low water content, are often liquid at room temperature and resemble some known sugar-based deep eutectic solvents (DES). Since it has been shown that it is possible to synthesize sugar esters in these DESs, in the current work honey or, as vegan alternative, agave syrup are used simultaneously as solvent and substrate for the enzymatic sugar ester production. For this purpose, important characteristics of the herein used honey and agave syrup were determined and compared with other available types. Subsequently, an enzymatic transesterification of four fatty acid vinyl esters was accomplished in ordinary honey and agave syrup. Notwithstanding of the high water content for transesterification reactions of the solvent, the successful sugar ester formation was proved by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and compared to a sugar ester which was synthesized in a conventional DES. For a clear verification of the sugar esters, mass determinations by ESI-Q-ToF experiments and a NMR analysis were done. These environmentally friendly produced sugar esters have the potential to be used in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals, or to enhance their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Siebenhaller
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Gentes
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alba Infantes
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiß
- Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Dörsam S, Fesseler J, Gorte O, Hahn T, Zibek S, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K. Sustainable carbon sources for microbial organic acid production with filamentous fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:242. [PMID: 29075326 PMCID: PMC5651581 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organic acid producer Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus delemar are able to convert several alternative carbon sources to malic and fumaric acid. Thus, carbohydrate hydrolysates from lignocellulose separation are likely suitable as substrate for organic acid production with these fungi. RESULTS Before lignocellulose hydrolysate fractions were tested as substrates, experiments with several mono- and disaccharides, possibly present in pretreated biomass, were conducted for their suitability for malic acid production with A. oryzae. This includes levoglucosan, glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, and cellobiose as well as cheap and easy available sugars, e.g., fructose and maltose. A. oryzae is able to convert every sugar investigated to malate, albeit with different yields. Based on the promising results from the pure sugar conversion experiments, fractions of the organosolv process from beechwood (Fagus sylvatica) and Miscanthus giganteus were further analyzed as carbon source for cultivation and fermentation with A. oryzae for malic acid and R. delemar for fumaric acid production. The highest malic acid concentration of 37.9 ± 2.6 g/L could be reached using beechwood cellulose fraction as carbon source in bioreactor fermentation with A. oryzae and 16.2 ± 0.2 g/L fumaric acid with R. delemar. CONCLUSIONS We showed in this study that the range of convertible sugars for A. oryzae is even higher than known before. We approved the suitability of fiber/cellulose hydrolysate obtained from the organosolv process as carbon source for A. oryzae in shake flasks as well as in a small-scale bioreactor. The more challenging hemicellulose fraction of F. sylvatica was also positively evaluated for malic acid production with A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dörsam
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Jana Fesseler
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Olga Gorte
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
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