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Song J, Dong H, Wang T, Yu H, Yu J, Ma S, Song X, Sun Q, Xu Y, Liu M. What is the impact of microbiota on dry eye: a literature review of the gut-eye axis. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:262. [PMID: 38898418 PMCID: PMC11186098 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry eye is a chronic and multifactorial ocular surface disease caused by tear film instability or imbalance in the microenvironment of the ocular surface. It can lead to various discomforts such as inflammation of the ocular surface and visual issues. However, the mechanism of dry eye is not clear, which results in dry eye being only relieved but not cured in clinical practice. Finding multiple environmental pathways for dry eye and exploring the pathogenesis of dry eye have become the focus of research. Studies have found that changes in microbiota may be related to the occurrence and development of dry eye disease. METHODS Entered the keywords "Dry eye", "Microbiota", "Bacteria" through PUBMED, summarised the articles that meet the inclusion criteria and then filtered them while the publication time range of the literature was defined in the past 5 years, with a deadline of 2023.A total of 13 clinical and 1 animal-related research articles were screened out and included in the summary. RESULTS Study found that different components of bacteria can induce ocular immune responses through different receptors present on the ocular surface, thereby leading to an imbalance in the ocular surface microenvironment. Changes in the ocular surface microbiota and gut microbiota were also found when dry eye syndrome occurs, including changes in diversity, an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria, and a decrease in short-chain fatty acid-related bacterial genera that produce anti-inflammatory effects. Fecal microbiota transplantation or probiotic intervention can alleviate signs of inflammation on the ocular surface of dry eye animal models. CONCLUSIONS By summarizing the changes in the ocular surface and intestinal microbiota when dry eye occurs, it is speculated and concluded that the intestine may affect the occurrence of eye diseases such as dry eye through several pathways and mechanisms, such as the occurrence of abnormal immune responses, microbiota metabolites- intervention of short-chain fatty acids, imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and release of neurotransmitters, etc. Analyzing the correlation between the intestinal tract and the eyes from the perspective of microbiota can provide a theoretical basis and a new idea for relieving dry eyes in multiple ways in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Song
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - He Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - He Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Shaokang Ma
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Xiaohai Song
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Yongcheng Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China.
| | - Mingkai Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China.
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Yesilirmak N, Bukan N, Kurt B, Fatsa T, Yuzbasıoglu S, Zhao M, Hosbul T, Bourges JL, Behar-Cohen F. Toll-like receptor-4 expression and oxidative stress in ocular rosacea. Mol Vis 2023; 29:357-364. [PMID: 38577560 PMCID: PMC10994681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate systemic and ocular toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression and its association with oxidative stress markers in ocular rosacea (OR). Methods This prospective study included 40 patients with rosacea with ocular involvement and 20 healthy volunteers. Tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer test, meibomoscore, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores were estimated for all participants. TLR-4 expression in conjunctival epithelium and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the tears and serum samples of all participants, antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and arylesterase (ARE) activation levels were measured using a fully automated spectrophotometric method, and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Results TLR-4 expression levels and oxidative stress status (TOS and OSI values) were significantly higher (p < 0.01), and antioxidant status (TAS and ARE values) were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in both ocular and blood samples of patients with OR compared with those in controls. A significant positive correlation was found between the ocular and blood values in all parameters (p < 0.05). According to the clinical associations of these results, we found negative correlations between TLR-4, OSI, and TBUT and between TLR-4 and Schirmer, whereas a positive correlation was observed between TLR-4, OSI, and meiboscore and between TLR-4, OSI, and OSDI (p < 0.05). No correlation was found between the OSI and Schirmer results (p = 0.92). Conclusions TLR-4 and oxidative stress both play important roles in OR pathophysiology and are closely related to clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Yesilirmak
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Ophthalmopole Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Bukan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Busra Kurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Fatsa
- Molecular Application and Research Unit of R and D Laboratory, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Yuzbasıoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Tugrul Hosbul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jean-Louis Bourges
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Ophthalmopole Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Ophthalmopole Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Hopital Foch, Suresnes, France
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3
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Chong ZX, Yong CY, Ong AHK, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Deciphering the roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in regulating carcinogenesis. Toxicology 2023; 495:153596. [PMID: 37480978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent receptor that belongs to the superfamily of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. The activation of the canonical AHR signaling pathway is known to induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, facilitating the detoxification metabolism in the human body. Additionally, AHR could interact with various signaling pathways such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), nuclear factor ekappa B (NF-κβ), estrogen receptor (ER), and androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways. Over the past 30 years, several studies have reported that various chemical, physical, or biological agents, such as tobacco, hydrocarbon compounds, industrial and agricultural chemical wastes, drugs, UV, viruses, and other toxins, could affect AHR expression or activity, promoting cancer development. Thus, it is valuable to overview how these factors regulate AHR-mediated carcinogenesis. Current findings have reported that many compounds could act as AHR ligands to drive the expressions of AHR-target genes, such as CYP1A1, CYP1B1, MMPs, and AXL, and other targets that exert a pro-proliferation or anti-apoptotic effect, like XIAP. Furthermore, some other physical and chemical agents, such as UV and 3-methylcholanthrene, could promote AHR signaling activities, increasing the signaling activities of a few oncogenic pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathways. Understanding how various factors regulate AHR-mediated carcinogenesis processes helps clinicians and scientists plan personalized therapeutic strategies to improve anti-cancer treatment efficacy. As many studies that have reported the roles of AHR in regulating carcinogenesis are preclinical or observational clinical studies that did not explore the detailed mechanisms of how different chemical, physical, or biological agents promote AHR-mediated carcinogenesis processes, future studies should focus on conducting large-scale and functional studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of how AHR interacts with different factors in regulating carcinogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alan Han Kiat Ong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ibrahim KM, Darwish SF, Mantawy EM, El-Demerdash E. Molecular mechanisms underlying cyclophosphamide-induced cognitive impairment and strategies for neuroprotection in preclinical models. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04805-0. [PMID: 37522975 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide has drastically enhanced the expectancy and quality of life of cancer patients. However, it is accompanied by diverse neurological complications which are considered a dose-limiting adverse effect. Neurotoxicity caused by cyclophosphamide can manifest in numerous manners including anxiety, depression, motor dysfunction and cognitive deficits. This review article offers an overview on cyclophosphamide-induced neurotoxicity, providing a unified point of view on the possible underlying molecular mechanisms including oxidative brain damage, neuroinflammation, apoptotic neuronal cell death as well as disruption of the balance of brain neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors. Besides, this review sheds light on the promising protective agents that have been investigated using preclinical animal models as well as their biological targets and protection mechanisms. Despite promising results in experimental models, none of these agents has been studied in clinical trials. Thus, there is lack of evidence to advocate the use of any neuroprotective agent in the clinical setting. Furthermore, none of the protective agents has been evaluated for its effect on the anticancer activity of cyclophosphamide in tumor-bearing animals. Therefore, there is a great necessity for adequate well-designed clinical studies for evaluation of the therapeutic values of these candidates. Conclusively, this review summarizes the molecular mechanisms accounting for cyclophosphamide-induced neurotoxicity together with the potential protective strategies seeking for downgrading this neurological complication, thus enhancing the quality of life and well-being of cancer patients treated with cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilia M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar F Darwish
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Eman M Mantawy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Preclinical and Translational Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Preclinical and Translational Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abasia, Cairo, Egypt.
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5
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Hong M, Tong L, Mehta JS, Ong HS. Impact of Exposomes on Ocular Surface Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11273. [PMID: 37511032 PMCID: PMC10379833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are significant causes of ocular morbidity, and are often associated with chronic inflammation, redness, irritation, discomfort, and pain. In severe OSDs, loss of vision can result from ocular surface failure, characterised by limbal stem cell deficiencies, corneal vascularisation, corneal opacification, and surface keratinisation. External and internal exposomes are measures of environmental factors that individuals are exposed to, and have been increasingly studied for their impact on ocular surface diseases. External exposomes consist of external environmental factors such as dust, pollution, and stress; internal exposomes consist of the surface microbiome, gut microflora, and oxidative stress. Concerning internal exposomes, alterations in the commensal ocular surface microbiome of patients with OSDs are increasingly reported due to advancements in metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Changes in the microbiome may be a consequence of the underlying disease processes or may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSDs. Understanding the changes in the ocular surface microbiome and the impact of various other exposomes may also help to establish the causative factors underlying ocular surface inflammation and scarring, the hallmarks of OSDs. This review provides a summary of the current evidence on exposomes in various OSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrelynn Hong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Ocular Surface Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Hon Shing Ong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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6
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Analysis of the long non-coding RNA and mRNA expression profiles associated with lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity in the spinal cord of a rat model. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:88-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rodrigues-Braz D, Zhao M, Yesilirmak N, Aractingi S, Behar-Cohen F, Bourges JL. Cutaneous and ocular rosacea: Common and specific physiopathogenic mechanisms and study models. Mol Vis 2021; 27:323-353. [PMID: 34035646 PMCID: PMC8131178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the face skin. It is clinically classified into the following four subgroups depending on its location and severity: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. Rosacea is a multifactorial disease triggered by favoring factors, the pathogenesis of which remains imperfectly understood. Recognized mechanisms include the innate immune system, with the implication of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cathelicidins; neurovascular deregulation involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and neuropeptides; and dysfunction of skin sebaceous glands and ocular meibomian glands. Microorganisms, genetic predisposition, corticosteroid treatment, and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation are favoring factors. In this paper, we review the common and specific molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and ocular rosacea and discuss laboratory and clinical studies, as well as experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Braz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Nilufer Yesilirmak
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ophtalmopole, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Selim Aractingi
- Department of Dermatology, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Ophtalmopole, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bourges
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Ophtalmopole, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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Aragona P, Baudouin C, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Messmer E, Barabino S, Merayo-Lloves J, Brignole-Baudouin F, Inferrera L, Rolando M, Mencucci R, Rescigno M, Bonini S, Labetoulle M. The ocular microbiome and microbiota and their effects on ocular surface pathophysiology and disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:907-925. [PMID: 33819460 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface flora perform an important role in the defense mechanisms of the ocular surface system. Its regulation of the immunological activity and the barrier effect against pathogen invasion are remarkable. Composition of the flora differs according to the methods of investigation, because the microbiome, composed of the genetic material of bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and eukaryotes on the ocular surface, differs from the microbiota, which are the community of microorganisms that colonize the ocular surface. The observed composition of the ocular surface flora depends on harvesting and examining methods, whether with traditional culture or with more refined genetic analysis based on rRNA and DNA sequencing. Environment, diet, sex, and age influence the microbial flora composition, thus complicating the analysis of the baseline status. Moreover, potentially pathogenic organisms can affect its composition, as do various disorders, including chronic inflammation, and therapies applied to the ocular surface. A better understanding of the composition and function of microbial communities at the ocular surface could bring new insights and clarify the epidemiology and pathology of ocular surface dynamics in health and disease. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of knowledge about this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, IHU ForeSight, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Jose M Benitez Del Castillo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Clínica Rementeria, Instituto Investigaciones Oftalmologicas Ramon Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Messmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S968, CNRS UMR7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Département de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Leandro Inferrera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rita Mencucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Eye Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Humanitas University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Ophthalmology Départment, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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Eshac Y, Redfern RL, Aakalu VK. The Role of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides in Modulating Innate Immunity of the Ocular Surface in Dry Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E721. [PMID: 33450870 PMCID: PMC7828360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface has the challenging responsibility of maintaining a clear moist refractive surface while protecting the eye from exogenous pathogens and the environment. Homeostasis of the ocular surface, including its innate immune components, is altered in ocular surface disease states. In this review, we focus on antimicrobial peptides and the role they play in the immune response of the ocular surface during healthy states and dry eye diseases. Antimicrobial peptides are of special interest to the study of the ocular surface because of their various roles that include microbial threat neutralization, wound healing, and immune modulation. This review explores current literature on antimicrobial peptides in ocular surface diseases and discusses their therapeutic potential in ocular surface diseases and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssof Eshac
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt;
| | - Rachel L. Redfern
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Jakhmola S, Indari O, Kashyap D, Varshney N, Rani A, Sonkar C, Baral B, Chatterjee S, Das A, Kumar R, Jha HC. Recent updates on COVID-19: A holistic review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05706. [PMID: 33324769 PMCID: PMC7729279 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are large positive-sense RNA viruses with spike-like peplomers on their surface. The Coronaviridae family's strains infect different animals and are popularly associated with several outbreaks, namely SARS and MERS epidemic. COVID-19 is one such recent outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 identified first in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO on 11th March 2020. Our review provides information covering various facets of the disease starting from its origin, transmission, mutations in the virus to pathophysiological changes in the host upon infection followed by diagnostics and possible therapeutics available to tackle the situation. We have highlighted the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, known to share 96.2% nucleotide similarity with bat coronavirus. Notably, several mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, PLpro, and ORF3a are reported across the globe. These mutations could alter the usual receptor binding function, fusion process with the host cell, virus replication, and the virus's assembly. Therefore, studying these mutations could help understand the virus's virulence properties and design suitable therapeutics. Moreover, the aggravated immune response to COVID-19 can be fatal. Hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are comorbidities substantially associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review article discusses these aspects, stating the importance of various comorbidities in disease outcomes. Furthermore, medications' unavailability compels the clinicians to opt for atypical drugs like remdesivir, chloroquine, etc. The current diagnostics of COVID-19 include qRT-PCR, CT scan, serological tests, etc. We have described these aspects to expose the information to the scientific community and to accelerate the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jakhmola
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Dharmendra Kashyap
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Nidhi Varshney
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Annu Rani
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Charu Sonkar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Ayan Das
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
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Velagapudi R, Kosoko AM, Olajide OA. Induction of Neuroinflammation and Neurotoxicity by Synthetic Hemozoin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1187-1200. [PMID: 31332667 PMCID: PMC6764936 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemozoin produced by Plasmodium falciparum during malaria infection has been linked to the neurological dysfunction in cerebral malaria. In this study, we determined whether a synthetic form of hemozoin (sHZ) produces neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in cellular models. Incubation of BV-2 microglia with sHZ (200 and 400 µg/ml) induced significant elevation in the levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, NO/iNOS, phospho-p65, accompanied by an increase in DNA binding of NF-κB. Treatment of BV-2 microglia with sHZ increased protein levels of NLRP3 with accompanying increase in caspase-1 activity. In the presence of NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 (10 µM), there was attenuation of sHZ-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO/iNOS. In addition, increase in caspase-1/NLRP3 inflammasome activation was blocked by BAY11-7082. Pre-treatment with BAY11-7082 also reduced both phosphorylation and DNA binding of the p65 sub-unit. The NLRP3 inhibitor CRID3 (100 µM) did not prevent sHZ-induced release of TNFα and IL-6. However, production of IL-1β, NO/iNOS as well as caspase-1/NLRP3 activity was significantly reduced in the presence of CRID3. Incubation of differentiated neural progenitor (ReNcell VM) cells with sHZ resulted in a reduction in cell viability, accompanied by significant generation of cellular ROS and increased activity of caspase-6, while sHZ-induced neurotoxicity was prevented by N-acetylcysteine and Z-VEID-FMK. Taken together, this study shows that the synthetic form of hemozoin induces neuroinflammation through the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. It is also proposed that sHZ induces ROS- and caspase-6-mediated neurotoxicity. These results have thrown more light on the actions of malarial hemozoin in the neurobiology of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.,Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ayokulehin M Kosoko
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
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Cheng M, Lin J, Li C, Zhao W, Yang H, Lv L, Che C. Wedelolactone suppresses IL-1β maturation and neutrophil infiltration in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:17-22. [PMID: 31078922 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wedelolactone, a chemical compound extracted from Wedelia calendulacea or Eclipta alba, has been reported to regulate key steps in inflammation. However, the effects of wedelolactone on fungal keratitis are not known. Hence, we aimed to characterize the impact of wedelolactone in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. METHODS Aspergillus fumigatus was used to establish an in vivo mouse model of fungal keratitis and an in vitro model of THP-1 macrophages. Mice and THP-1 macrophages were pre-treated with wedelolactone. Clinical evaluation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay, neutrophil staining, western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to assess the effect of wedelolactone on A. fumigatus infection. Therapeutic effect of natamycin treatment with or without wedelolactone was measured via slit lamp microscopy. RESULTS We confirmed that wedelolactone attenuated the infiltration of neutrophils and decreased MPO level at earlier time points in mice with A. fumigatus keratitis. Pre-treatment with wedelolactone decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) maturation by inhibiting caspase-1 activity. Combined with natamycin, wedelolactone protected corneal transparency in mouse with fungal keratitis. CONCLUSION Present findings indicated that wedelolactone reduced host immune responses by attenuating neutrophil recruitment and IL-1β maturation in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Wedelolactone combined with an antifungal medicine could be a potential therapy for reducing lesion severity in fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Laixi Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenyi Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Leyu Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression in ovine ruminal epithelial cells is mediated through the TLR-2-MyD88-NF-κB/MAPK pathway. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:77-89. [PMID: 30863917 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovine ruminal epithelial cells (ORECs) not only have a physical barrier function but also can secrete host defence peptides (HDPs), such as sheep β-defensin-1 (SBD-1). As a feed additive, Saccharomyces cerevisiae can enhance the host's innate immunity. β-glucan, a cell wall component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can stimulate innate immune responses and trigger the up-regulation of SBD-1 in ORECs. The signaling mechanisms involved in β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to identify the receptors and intracellular pathways involved in the up-regulation of SBD-1 induced by β-glucan. ORECs were cultured, and the regulatory mechanisms of β-glucan-induced up-regulation of SBD-1 were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blotting. TLR-2 and MyD88 knockdown or inhibition attenuated β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression. We also showed that inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB pathways significantly reduced β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression. These results demonstrate that β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression is TLR-2-MyD88-dependent and may be regulated by both MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Since NF-κB inhibition had a greater effect on the down-regulation of β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression, the NF-κB pathway may be the dominant signaling pathway involved in the regulation of defensin expression. Our studies demonstrate that β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression is mediated through the TLR-2-MyD88-NF-κB/MAPK pathway. Our results would contribute to the understanding of immunological modulations in the gastrointestinal tract triggered by probiotic yeast cell wall components.
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Erzhi Formula Extracts Reverse Renal Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy Rats by Protecting the Renal Podocytes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1741924. [PMID: 30210570 PMCID: PMC6126112 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1741924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes injury was a crucial factor resulting in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Erzhi formula extract (EZF) was a clinical effective Chinese medicine on DN, but its mechanism was unclear. In this study, the main compounds of EZF and their pharmacokinetics in rat were detected by HPLC-MS/MS. And then, blood glucose, urine protein, renal index, renal microstructural (HE/PAS staining), inflammatory factors (IL-β, TNF-α, IL-6), and protein/mRNA expression related to the function of podocyte (CD2AP and Podocin) in DN rats were investigated after the oral administration of EZF. The concentrations of specnuezhenide and wedelolactone in rat kidney were 7.19 and 0.057 mg/kg, respectively. The Tmax of specnuezhenide and wedelolactone were 2.0 and 1.50 h, respectively. Their Cmax were, respectively, 30.24 ± 2.68 and 6.39 ± 0.05 μg/L. Their AUC(0-∞) were 123.30 ± 2.68 and 16.56 ± 0.98 μg/L⁎h, respectively. Compared with the model group, the blood glucose and the 24-hour urinary protein were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after 16 weeks' treatment of EZF. The expressions of Podocin and CD2AP protein/mRNA were increased (P < 0. 05). The deteriorate of glomerular morphology was alleviated under the treatment of EZF. EZF prominently decreased the levels of inflammatory factors (P < 0.05). MDA was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with the significant increase of SOD activity (P < 0.05) in EZF groups. All the results proved that EZF repaired glomerular mesangial matrix, protected renal tubule, and improved renal function in DN rats by upregulating the expression of Podocin and CD2AP protein/mRNA in podocytes.
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潘 莹, 黄 思, 王 霞, 龚 五, 梁 翠, 杜 均, 彭 东, 谢 云, 郑 礼, 张 楠, 全 文. [Activation of nuclear factor-κB subunit p50/p65 enhances gefitinib resistance of lung adenocarcinoma H1650 cell line]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:584-590. [PMID: 29891456 PMCID: PMC6743890 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.05.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the intrinsic connection between activation of classical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and gefitinib resistance in human lung adenocarcinoma H1650 cells. METHODS Human lung adenocarcinoma H1650 cells were exposed to gefitinib continuously for 60 days to obtain resistant H1650 cells. The expressions of P-IκBα, P-p50 and P-p65 in the cytoplasm or nuclei were detected using Western blotting in human lung adenocarcinoma HCC827 cells, parental H1650 cells and gefitinib-resistant H1650 cells. The effects of gefitinib alone or in combination with PDTC on the survival rate and expressions of NF-κB P-p50 and P-p65 were compared among the 3 cell lines. RESULTS Gefitinib-resistant H1650 cells showed increased cytoplasmic and nuclear P-IκBα expressions. The expressions of P-p50 and P-p65 differed significantly among the 3 cell line, decreasing in the order of resistant H1650 cells, parental H1650 cells, and gefitinib sensitive HCC827 cell lines (P<0.05 or 0.01). Treatment with gefitinib alone resulted in a significantly lower cell inhibition rate in resistant H1650 cells than in the parental H1650 cells (P<0.05) and HCC827 cells (P<0.01). The resistant H1650 cells had a significantly higher expression of P-p50 and P-p65 than other two cell lines (P<0.05). In both the resistant and parental H1650 cells, gefitinib significantly lowered P-p50 and P-p65 expressions (P<0.05 or 0.01), and the combined treatment with gefitinib and PDTC significantly decreased the cell survival rate and further lowered the cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of P-p50 and P-p65 (P<0.01 or 0.01). CONCLUSION The activation of classical NF-κB pathway is a key factor contributing to transformation of the parental H1650 cells into gefitinib-resistant cells. Gefitinib combined with PDTC can inhibit P-IκBα production and NF-κB P-p50 and P-p65 activation to suppress the survival of residual H1650 cells and the generation of gefitinib-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- 莹 潘
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 思超 黄
- 珠海市人民医院 药学部, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 霞 王
- 珠海市人口和计划生育服务中心, 广东 珠海 519000Population and Family Planning Service Center of Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 五星 龚
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 翠微 梁
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 均祥 杜
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 东旭 彭
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 云 谢
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 礼平 郑
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 楠 张
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - 文 全
- 珠海市人民医院 肿瘤科, 珠海市人民医院, 广东 珠海 519000Department of Oncology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China
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