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Latosińska M, Latosińska JN. Favipiravir Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Combined Quantum Chemical Modeling, Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship, and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2024; 29:441. [PMID: 38257352 PMCID: PMC10818557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study was motivated by the urgent need to develop or improve antivirals for effective therapy targeting RNA viruses. We hypothesized that analogues of favipiravir (FVP), an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), could provide more effective nucleic acid recognition and binding processes while reducing side effects such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. We proposed a set of FVP analogues together with their forms of triphosphate as new SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. The main aim of our study was to investigate changes in the mechanism and binding capacity resulting from these modifications. Using three different approaches, QTAIM, QSPR, and MD, the differences in the reactivity, toxicity, binding efficiency, and ability to be incorporated by RdRp were assessed. Two new quantum chemical reactivity descriptors, the relative electro-donating and electro-accepting power, were defined and successfully applied. Moreover, a new quantitative method for comparing binding modes was developed based on mathematical metrics and an atypical radar plot. These methods provide deep insight into the set of desirable properties responsible for inhibiting RdRp, allowing ligands to be conveniently screened. The proposed modification of the FVP structure seems to improve its binding ability and enhance the productive mode of binding. In particular, two of the FVP analogues (the trifluoro- and cyano-) bind very strongly to the RNA template, RNA primer, cofactors, and RdRp, and thus may constitute a very good alternative to FVP.
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Ivanova T, Mariienko Y, Mehterov N, Kazakova M, Sbirkov Y, Todorova K, Hayrabedyan S, Sarafian V. Autophagy and SARS-CoV-2-Old Players in New Games. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7734. [PMID: 37175443 PMCID: PMC10178552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At present it is well-defined that autophagy is a fundamental process essential for cell life but its pro-viral and anti-viral role has been stated out with the COVID pandemic. However, viruses in turn have evolved diverse adaptive strategies to cope with autophagy driven host defense, either by blocking or hijacking the autophagy machinery for their own benefit. The mechanisms underlying autophagy modulation are presented in the current review which summarizes the accumulated knowledge on the crosstalk between autophagy and viral infections, with a particular emphasizes on SARS-CoV-2. The different types of autophagy related to infections and their molecular mechanisms are focused in the context of inflammation. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication and disease pathogenesis are discussed. Models to study autophagy and to formulate novel treatment approaches and pharmacological modulation to fight COVID-19 are debated. The SARS-CoV-2-autophagy interplay is presented, revealing the complex dynamics and the molecular machinery of autophagy. The new molecular targets and strategies to treat COVID-19 effectively are envisaged. In conclusion, our finding underline the importance of development new treatment strategies and pharmacological modulation of autophagy to fight COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetomira Ivanova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yuliia Mariienko
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Mehterov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Sbirkov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimira Todorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Soren Hayrabedyan
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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3
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Latosińska JN, Latosińska M, Seliger J, Žagar V, Apih T, Grieb P. Elucidating the Role of Noncovalent Interactions in Favipiravir, a Drug Active against Various Human RNA Viruses; a 1H- 14N NQDR/Periodic DFT/QTAIM/RDS/3D Hirshfeld Surfaces Combined Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083308. [PMID: 37110542 PMCID: PMC10147075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide, FPV), an active pharmaceutical component of the drug discovered and registered in March 2014 in Japan under the name Avigan, with an indication for pandemic influenza, has been studied. The study of this compound was prompted by the idea that effective processes of recognition and binding of FPV to the nucleic acid are affected predominantly by the propensity to form intra- and intermolecular interactions. Three nuclear quadrupole resonance experimental techniques, namely 1H-14N cross-relaxation, multiple frequency sweeps, and two-frequency irradiation, followed by solid-state computational modelling (density functional theory supplemented by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, 3D Hirshfeld Surfaces, and reduced density gradient) approaches were applied. The complete NQR spectrum consisting of nine lines indicating the presence of three chemically inequivalent nitrogen sites in the FPV molecule was detected, and the assignment of lines to particular sites was performed. The description of the nearest vicinity of all three nitrogen atoms was used to characterize the nature of the intermolecular interactions from the perspective of the local single atoms and to draw some conclusions on the nature of the interactions required for effective recognition and binding. The propensity to form the electrostatic N-H···O, N-H···N, and C-H···O intermolecular hydrogen bonds competitive with two intramolecular hydrogen bonds, strong O-H···O and very weak N-H···N, closing the 5-member ring and stiffening the structure, as well as π···π and F···F dispersive interactions, were analysed in detail. The hypothesis regarding the similarity of the interaction pattern in the solid and the RNA template was verified. It was discovered that the -NH2 group in the crystal participates in intermolecular hydrogen bonds N-H···N and N-H···O, in the precatalytic state only in N-H···O, while in the active state in N-H···N and N-H···O hydrogen bonds, which is of importance to link FVP to the RNA template. Our study elucidates the binding modes of FVP (in crystal, precatalytic, and active forms) in detail and should guide the design of more potent analogues targeting SARS-CoV-2. Strong direct binding of FVP-RTP to both the active site and cofactor discovered by us suggests a possible alternative, allosteric mechanism of FVP action, which may explain the scattering of the results of clinical trials or the synergistic effect observed in combined treatment against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Latosińska
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Janez Seliger
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veselko Žagar
- "Jožef Stefan" Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Apih
- "Jožef Stefan" Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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4
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Pidiyar V, Kumraj G, Ahmed K, Ahmed S, Shah S, Majumder P, Verma B, Pathak S, Mukherjee S. COVID-19 management landscape: A need for an affordable platform to manufacture safe and efficacious biotherapeutics and prophylactics for the developing countries. Vaccine 2022; 40:5302-5312. [PMID: 35914959 PMCID: PMC9148927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To gain world-wide control over COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to have affordable and accessible vaccine and monoclonal antibody technologies across the globe. In comparison to the western countries, Asian and African countries have less percentage of vaccination done which warrants urgent attention. Global manufacturer production capacities, dependency on advanced nations for the supply of vaccines or the raw material, national economy, limited research facilities, and logistics could be the factors. This review article elaborates the existing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies available for COVID-19, currently adopted vaccine and monoclonal antibody platforms for SARS-CoV-2 along with the approaches to bridge the gap prevailing in the challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries. We believe adoption of yeast-derived P. pastoris technology can help in developing safe, proven, easy to scale-up, and affordable recombinant vaccine or monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This platform has the advantage of not requiring a dedicated or specialized facility making it an affordable option using existing manufacturing facilities, without significant additional capital investments. Besides, the technology platform of multiantigen vaccine approach and monoclonal antibody cocktail will serve as effective weapons to combat the threat posed by the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Successful development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies using such a technology will lead to self-sufficiency of these nations in terms of availability of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyankatesh Pidiyar
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Ganesh Kumraj
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Kafil Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Syed Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India.
| | - Sanket Shah
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Piyali Majumder
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Bhawna Verma
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Sarang Pathak
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Sushmita Mukherjee
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
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Saha T, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Das SC. Inhaled therapy for COVID-19: Considerations of drugs, formulations and devices. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122042. [PMID: 35868481 PMCID: PMC9296254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has outspread at full tilt across the world. Although several effective vaccines continue to be deployed, reliable antiviral treatments have yet to be developed against this disease. Currently, available therapeutics for COVID-19 include repurposed, and a few novel drugs. Many drugs have been promising in preclinical studies, but a majority of these drugs have shown little or no efficacy in clinical studies. One of the major reasons is the insufficient drug concentration in the lung, the primary target site of infection for SARS-CoV-2, from the administration of drugs through oral or intravenous routes. Higher effective doses administered through these routes could also lead to adverse side effects. For this reason, inhaled treatments are being tested as an efficient approach for COVID-19, allowing lower doses of drugs ensuring higher concentrations of the drug(s) in the lung. The inhaled treatment combining two or more antiviral drugs will increase potency and reduce the possibility of selecting for SARS-CoV-2 variants with reduced drug susceptibility. Finally, the appropriate drug combination needs to be delivered using a suitable system. Here, we review the current treatment for COVID-19 and their limitations, discussing the advantages of mono and combinational inhaled therapy with a brief outline of the recently reformulated anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents as inhaled formulations. The selection of appropriate delivery devices for inhalation and associated key considerations including the formulation challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Saha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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6
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Agusti A, Guillen E, Ayora A, Anton A, Aguilera C, Vidal X, Andres C, Alonso M, Espuga M, Esperalba J, Gorgas MQ, Almirante B, Ribera E. Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in healthcare professionals with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: Prospective, non-randomized trial. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 40:289-295. [PMID: 35680347 PMCID: PMC9167951 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) compared with no treatment in healthcare workers with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Prospective, non-randomized study. All health professionals with confirmed COVID-19 between April 7 and May 6, 2020, non-requiring initial hospitalization were asked to participate. Patients who accepted treatment were given HCQ for five days (loading dose of 400mg q12h the first day followed by200mg q12h). Control group included patients with contraindications for HCQ or who rejected treatment. Study outcomes were negative conversion and viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, symptoms duration and disease progression. RESULT Overall, 142 patients were enrolled: 87 in treatment group and 55 in control group. The median age was 37 years and 75% were female, with few comorbidities. There were no significant differences in time to negative conversion of PCR between both groups. The only significant difference in the probability of negative conversion of PCR was observed at day 21 (18.7%, 95%CI 2.0-35.4). The decrease of SARS-CoV-2 viral load during follow-up was similar in both groups. A non significant reduction in duration of some symptoms in HCQ group was observed. Two patients with HCQ and 4 without treatment developed pneumonia. No patients required admission to the Intensive Care Unit or died. About 50% of patients presented mild side effects of HCQ, mainly diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Our study failed to show a substantial benefit of HCQ in viral dynamics and in resolution of clinical symptoms in health care workers with mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Agusti
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Guillen
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ayora
- Occupational Health Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andres Anton
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Aguilera
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Vidal
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Alonso
- Occupational Health Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Espuga
- Occupational Health Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mª Queralt Gorgas
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Clinical Pharmacy Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benito Almirante
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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7
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Hu S, Jiang S, Qi X, Bai R, Ye XY, Xie T. Races of small molecule clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19: An up-to-date comprehensive review. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:16-54. [PMID: 34762760 PMCID: PMC8653368 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic has become a global threat since its first outbreak at the end of 2019. Several review articles have been published recently, focusing on the aspects of target biology, drug repurposing, and mechanisms of action (MOAs) for potential treatment. This review gathers all small molecules currently in active clinical trials, categorizes them into six sub‐classes, and summarizes their clinical progress. The aim is to provide the researchers from both pharmaceutical industries and academic institutes with the handful information and dataset to accelerate their research programs in searching effective small molecule therapy for treatment of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China.,Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group, Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Songwei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal Umiversity, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Beran J, Špajdel M, Slíva J. Inosine Pranobex Deserves Attention as a Potential Immunomodulator to Achieve Early Alteration of the COVID-19 Disease Course. Viruses 2021; 13:2246. [PMID: 34835052 PMCID: PMC8619495 DOI: 10.3390/v13112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its licensing in 1971, the synthetic compound inosine pranobex has been effectively combating viral infections, including herpes zoster, varicella, measles, and infections caused by the herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and respiratory viruses. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, new and existing drugs have been intensively evaluated for their potential as COVID-19 medication. Due to its potent immunomodulatory properties, inosine pranobex, an orally administered drug with pleiotropic effects, can, during early treatment, alter the course of the disease. We describe the action of inosine pranobex in the body and give an overview of existing evidence collected to support further efforts to study this drug in a rigorous clinical trial setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Beran
- Department for Tropical, Travel Medicine and Immunization, Institute of Postgraduate Health Education, 100 05 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Špajdel
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, Trnava University, 918 43 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Jiří Slíva
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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9
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Malani M, Salunke P, Kulkarni S, Jain GK, Sheikh A, Kesharwani P, Nirmal J. Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 33:110-136. [PMID: 34464232 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1975020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The limited time indorsed to face the COVID-19 emergency and large number of deaths across the globe, poses an unrelenting challenge to find apt therapeutic approaches. However, lead candidate selection to phase III trials of new chemical entity is a time-consuming procedure, and not feasible in pandemic, such as the one we are facing. Drug repositioning, an exploration of existing drug for new therapeutic use, could be an effective alternative as it allows fast-track estimation in phase II-III trials, or even forthright compassionate use. Although, drugs repurposed for COVID-19 pandemic are commercially available, yet the evaluation of their safety and efficacy is tiresome and painstaking. In absence of any specific treatment the easy alternatives such as over the counter products, phytotherapies and home remedies have been largely adopted for prophylaxis and therapy as well. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that several pharmaceutical excipients possess antiviral properties making them prospective candidates against SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights the mechanism of action of various antiviral excipients and their propensity to act against SARs-CoV2. Though, repurposing of pharmaceutical excipients against COVID-19 has the edge over therapeutic agents in terms of safety, cost and fast-track approval trial burdened, this hypothesis needs to be experimentally verified for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Malani
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prerana Salunke
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shraddha Kulkarni
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Afsana Sheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayabalan Nirmal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
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10
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Nile SH, Nile A, Jalde S, Kai G. Recent advances in potential drug therapies combating COVID-19 and related coronaviruses-A perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112333. [PMID: 34118347 PMCID: PMC8189744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses responsible for the severe pathophysiological effects on human health. The most severe outbreak includes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 poses major challenges to clinical management because no specific FDA-approved therapy yet to be available. Thus, the existing therapies are being used for the treatment of COVID-19, which are under clinical trials and compassionate use, based on in vitro and in silico studies. In this review, we summarize the potential therapies utilizing small molecules, bioactive compounds, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, peptides, antibodies, natural products, and synthetic compounds targeting the complex molecular signaling network involved in COVID-19. In this review>230 natural and chemically synthesized drug therapies are described with their recent advances in research and development being done in terms of their chemical, structural and functional properties. This review focuses on possible targets for viral cells, viral proteins, viral replication, and different molecular pathways for the discovery of novel viral- and host-based therapeutic targets against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Arti Nile
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Shivkumar Jalde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jungwon University, Goesan, 28420, South Korea
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
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Dubina MV, Gomonova VV, Taraskina AE, Vasilyeva NV, Sayganov SA. Pathogenesis-based preexposure prophylaxis associated with a low risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers at a designated COVID-19 hospital: a pilot study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:536. [PMID: 34098889 PMCID: PMC8182762 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At present, no agents are known to be effective at preventing COVID-19. Based on current knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease, we suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection might be attenuated by directly maintaining innate pulmonary redox, metabolic and dilation functions using well-tolerated medications that are known to serve these functions, specifically, a low-dose aerosolized combination of glutathione, inosine and potassium. Methods From June 1 to July 10, 2020, we conducted a pilot, prospective, open-label, single-arm, single-center study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with aerosolized combination medication (ACM) on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in 99 healthcare workers (HCWs) at a hospital designated for treating COVID-19 patients. We compared SARS-CoV-2 positivity in ACM users to retrospective data collected from 268 untreated HCWs at the same hospital. Eligible participants received an aerosolized combination of 21.3 mg/ml glutathione and 8.7 mg/ml inosine in 107 mM potassium solution for 14 days. The main outcome was the frequency of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, defined as individuals with positive genetic or immunological tests within 28 days of the study period. Results SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 2 ACM users (2, 95% CI: 0.3 to 7.1%), which was significantly less than the incidence in nonusers, at 24 (9, 95% CI: 5.8 to 13.0%; P = 0.02). During the PrEP period, solicited adverse events occurred in five participants; all were mild and transient reactions. Conclusions Our findings might be used either to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection or to support ongoing and new research into more effective treatments for COVID-19. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN34160010. Registered 14 September 2020 - Retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06241-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Dubina
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA Russia, 7 Pudozhskaya str, St. Petersburg, 197110, Russia. .,Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Leninskiy pr, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Veronika V Gomonova
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 41 Kirochnaya str, 191015, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia E Taraskina
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 41 Kirochnaya str, 191015, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia V Vasilyeva
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 41 Kirochnaya str, 191015, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey A Sayganov
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 41 Kirochnaya str, 191015, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Gupta N, John A, Kokkottil MS, Varma M, Umakanth S, Saravu K. Clinical profile and outcomes of asymptomatic vs. symptomatic travellers diagnosed with COVID-19: An observational study from a coastal town in South India. Drug Discov Ther 2021; 15:1-8. [PMID: 33642450 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high number of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) cases from India, there are few reports from India describing the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19. This study aimed to describe the clinical/epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of asymptomatic vs. symptomatic COVID-19 patients. This was a retrospective chart review of all admitted patients with COVID-19 above 18 years with a history of travel within one month of the admission. The patients were categorized into asymptomatic and symptomatic. The symptomatic patients were further classified into mild, moderate and severe. The demographic profile, risk factors, clinical features, laboratory parameters, treatment details and outcome of all patients were recorded. The clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between symptomatic patients and asymptomatic patients. Of the 127 recruited patients, 75 were asymptomatic. Of the 52 symptomatic patients, 41 patients were classified as a mild illness. The mean age of the patients was 44.5 ± 15 years. A total of 73 patients had one or more risk factors. The male patients were more commonly found to be symptomatic compared to female patients. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly elevated in symptomatic patients. A total of five individuals required supplemental oxygen therapy, and one of them required mechanical ventilation. All the patients had favourable outcomes. Asymptomatic and mild illness form a significant proportion of positive patients and have excellent outcomes without therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupa John
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Safeer Kokkottil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Muralidhar Varma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashikiran Umakanth
- Department of Medicine, Dr TMA Pai Hospital, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Agusti A, Guillen E, Ayora A, Anton A, Aguilera C, Vidal X, Andres C, Alonso M, Espuga M, Esperalba J, Gorgas MQ, Almirante B, Ribera E. Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in healthcare professionals with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: Prospective, non-randomized trial. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 40:S0213-005X(20)30413-4. [PMID: 33413989 PMCID: PMC7723760 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) compared with no treatment in healthcare workers with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Prospective, non-randomized study. All health professionals with confirmed COVID-19 between April 7 and May 6, 2020, non-requiring initial hospitalization were asked to participate. Patients who accepted treatment were given HCQ for five days (loading dose of 400mg q12h the first day followed by200mg q12h). Control group included patients with contraindications for HCQ or who rejected treatment. Study outcomes were negative conversion and viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, symptoms duration and disease progression. RESULT Overall, 142 patients were enrolled: 87 in treatment group and 55 in control group. The median age was 37 years and 75% were female, with few comorbidities. There were no significant differences in time to negative conversion of PCR between both groups. The only significant difference in the probability of negative conversion of PCR was observed at day 21 (18.7%, 95%CI 2.0-35.4). The decrease of SARS-CoV-2 viral load during follow-up was similar in both groups. A non significant reduction in duration of some symptoms in HCQ group was observed. Two patients with HCQ and 4 without treatment developed pneumonia. No patients required admission to the Intensive Care Unit or died. About 50% of patients presented mild side effects of HCQ, mainly diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Our study failed to show a substantial benefit of HCQ in viral dynamics and in resolution of clinical symptoms in health care workers with mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Agusti
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Guillen
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ayora
- Occupational Health Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andres Anton
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Aguilera
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Vidal
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Alonso
- Occupational Health Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Espuga
- Occupational Health Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mª Queralt Gorgas
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica I Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Clinical Pharmacy Service, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benito Almirante
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Abstract
The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) creates an immense menace to public health worldwide. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the novel coronavirus as the main cause of global pandemic. Patients infected with this virus generally show fever, nausea, and respiratory illness, while some patients also manifest gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Traces of SARS-CoV-2 RNA have been found in gastrointestinal cells. Further angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) the known receptor for the virus is extensively expressed in these cells. This implies that gastrointestinal tract can be infected and can also present them as a replication site for SARS-CoV-2, but since this infection may lead to multiple organ failure, therefore identification of another receptor is a plausible choice. This review aims to provide comprehensive information about probable receptors such as sialic acid and CD147 which may facilitate the virus entry. Several potential targets are mentioned which can be used as a therapeutic approach for COVID-19 and associated GI disorders. The gut microbiomes are responsible for high levels of interferon-gamma which causes hyper-inflammation and exacerbates the severity of the disease. Briefly, this article highlights the gut microbiome’s relation and provides potential diagnostic approaches like RDT and LC-MS for sensitive and specific identification of viral proteins. Altogether, this article reviews epidemiology, probable receptors and put forward the tentative ideas of the therapeutic targets and diagnostic methods for COVID-19 with gastrointestinal aspect of disease.
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Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sauer M, Csuk R, Deigner HP. COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lysosomes and Lysosomotropism Implicate New Treatment Strategies and Personal Risks. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4953. [PMID: 32668803 PMCID: PMC7404102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In line with SARS and MERS, the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic is one of the largest challenges in medicine and health care worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 provides numerous therapeutic targets, each of them promising, but not leading to the success of therapy to date. Neither an antiviral nor an immunomodulatory therapy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 or pre-exposure prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 has proved to be effective. In this review, we try to close the gap and point out the likely relationships among lysosomotropism, increasing lysosomal pH, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and disease process, and we deduce an approach for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19, and cytokine release syndrome (CRS)/cytokine storm triggered by bacteria or viruses. Lysosomotropic compounds affect prominent inflammatory messengers (e.g., IL-1B, CCL4, CCL20, and IL-6), cathepsin-L-dependent viral entry of host cells, and products of lysosomal enzymes that promote endothelial stress response in systemic inflammation. As supported by recent clinical data, patients who have already taken lysosomotropic drugs for other pre-existing conditions likely benefit from this treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic. The early administration of a combination of antivirals such as remdesivir and lysosomotropic drugs, such as the antibiotics teicoplanin or dalbavancin, seems to be able to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transition to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, D-18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of Magdeburg, Birkenallee 34, D-39130 Magdeburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Associated Member, Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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