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Janssen RJF, de Groot S, Van der Woude LHV, Houdijk H, Vegter RJK. Toward a Standardized and Individualized Laboratory-Based Protocol for Wheelchair-Specific Exercise Capacity Testing in Wheelchair Athletes: A Scoping Review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:261-269. [PMID: 34930864 PMCID: PMC9940834 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Previous studies on handrim wheelchair-specific (an)aerobic exercise capacity in wheelchair athletes have used a diversity of participants, equipment, and protocols. Therefore, test results are difficult to compare among studies. The first aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the populations studied, the equipment and protocols used, and the reported outcomes from all laboratory-based studies on wheelchair-specific exercise capacity in wheelchair athletes. The second aim is to synthesize these findings into a standardized, yet individualized protocol. A scoping literature search resulted in 10 anaerobic and 38 aerobic protocols. A large variety in equipment, protocol design, and reported outcomes was found. Studies that systematically investigated the influence of protocol features are lacking, which makes it difficult to interpret and compare test outcomes among the heterogeneous group of wheelchair athletes. Protocol design was often dependent on a priori participant knowledge. However, specific guidelines for individualization were missing. However, the common protocol features of the different studies were united into guidelines that could be followed when performing standardized and individualized wheelchair-specific exercise capacity tests in wheelchair athletes. Together with guidelines regarding reporting of participant characteristics, used equipment, and outcome measures, we hope to work toward more international agreement in future testing.
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Jantaratnotai N, Rungnapapaisarn K, Ratanachamnong P, Pachimsawat P. Comparison of salivary cortisol, amylase, and chromogranin A diurnal profiles in healthy volunteers. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 142:105516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Daly E, Pearce AJ, Finnegan E, Cooney C, McDonagh M, Scully G, McCann M, Doherty R, White A, Phelan S, Howarth N, Ryan L. An assessment of current concussion identification and diagnosis methods in sports settings: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:125. [PMID: 35818048 PMCID: PMC9275058 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Concussion in sport is an ongoing global concern. The head injury assessment (HIA) by the field of play is acknowledged as the first step in recognising and identifying concussion. While previous systematic literature reviews have evaluated the sensitivity of side-line screening tools and assessment protocols, no systematic review has evaluated the research designs and assessments used in a field setting. This systematic review investigated existing screening and diagnostic tools used in research as part of the HIA protocol to identify concussion that are currently used in professional, semi-professional and amateur (club) sports settings. Methods A systematic searching of relevant databases was undertaken for peer-reviewed literature between 2015 and 2020. Results Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were of moderate to good quality, reporting a variety of designs. The majority of studies were undertaken in professional/elite environments with medical doctors and allied health practitioners (e.g., physical therapists) involved in 88% of concussion assessments. While gender was reported in 24 of the 26 studies, the majority of participants were male (77%). There was also a variety of concussion assessments (n = 20) with the sports concussion assessment tool (SCAT) used in less than half of the included studies. Conclusion The majority of studies investigating concussion HIAs are focused on professional/elite sport. With concussion an issue at all levels of sport, future research should be directed at non-elite sport. Further, for research purposes, the SCAT assessment should also be used more widely to allow for consistency across studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00514-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Daly
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan J Pearce
- College of Sport, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Finnegan
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciara Cooney
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maria McDonagh
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Grainne Scully
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael McCann
- Atlantic Technological University, Port Road, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Atlantic Technological University, Port Road, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Adam White
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, England
| | - Simon Phelan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, England
| | - Nathan Howarth
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, England
| | - Lisa Ryan
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland.
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Bhati P, Anand P, Das J, Kommi K, Sen S, Hussain ME, Khanna GL. Predictors of physical performance in national level male Kho Kho players: a cross-sectional analysis. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Total Testosterone and Cortisol During Wheelchair Rugby Training in Athletes With Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. J Sport Rehabil 2022; 31:978-983. [PMID: 35580845 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hormonal assessment in the sport context is important to monitor the physiological adaptations of athletes. However, Paralympic athletes, especially with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI), may have different hormonal responses than nondisabled athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the blood concentrations of total testosterone (TT) and cortisol (C) during acute (one training session) and chronic (1 and 2 month) training of athletes with CSCI in wheelchair rugby (WCR). DESIGN Longitudinal and observational study. METHODS Eight high-performance athletes with CSCI (31 [3.9] y; 75.6 [15.8] kg; 22.9 [4.2] kg/m2 body mass index; 6.2 [2] y of experience in sport) were evaluated at 3 different intervals (evaluations 1, 2, and 3 [E1, E2, and E3]) over 2 months of training. TT and C blood were evaluated before (pre) and after (post) the training sessions at each training moment, as well as the training load through the ratings of perceived exertion. RESULTS Athletes with CSCI had low TT concentrations. In acute training sessions, at E3, C decreases after the training session, unlike the TT/C ratio, which increased after the session. Regarding hormonal changes during chronic training at the end of the training period, unlike C, which increased. The training load (arbitrary units) decreased in E3 when compared with the other evaluation moments. CONCLUSION It was concluded that in chronic training, TT concentrations decreased, while C increased at the end of the 2 months of training. These results may indicate that training volume was high throughout training and that a reduction in training volume could benefit athletes. On the other hand, in the acute training session with reduced training load, a decrease in C was observed after the training session. This indicates that athletes may be well recovered in this training session. Therefore, we suggest acute and long-term hormonal assessment for athletes with CSCI as a strategy to monitor anabolic/catabolic hormonal status during WCR training.
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Sadeqi A, Kiaee G, Zeng W, Rezaei Nejad H, Sonkusale S. Hard polymeric porous microneedles on stretchable substrate for transdermal drug delivery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1853. [PMID: 35115643 PMCID: PMC8813900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microneedles offer a convenient transdermal delivery route with potential for long term sustained release of drugs. However current microneedle technologies may not have the mechanical properties for reliable and stable penetration (e.g. hydrogel microneedles). Moreover, it is also challenging to realize microneedle arrays with large size and high flexibility. There is also an inherent upper limit to the amount and kind of drugs that can be loaded in the microneedles. In this paper, we present a new class of polymeric porous microneedles made from biocompatible and photo-curable resin that address these challenges. The microneedles are unique in their ability to load solid drug formulation in concentrated form. We demonstrate the loading and release of solid formulation of anesthetic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely Lidocaine and Ibuprofen. Paper also demonstrates realization of large area (6 × 20 cm2) flexible and stretchable microneedle patches capable of drug delivery on any body part. Penetration studies were performed in an ex vivo porcine model supplemented through rigorous compression tests to ensure the robustness and rigidity of the microneedles. Detailed release profiles of the microneedle patches were shown in an in vitro skin model. Results show promise for large area transdermal delivery of solid drug formulations using these porous microneedles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Sadeqi
- Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Gita Kiaee
- Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Wenxin Zeng
- Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Hojatollah Rezaei Nejad
- Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Anodyne Nanotech Inc, 38 Wareham St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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Dhama K, Latheef SK, Dadar M, Samad HA, Munjal A, Khandia R, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Bhatt P, Chakraborty S, Singh KP, Iqbal HMN, Chaicumpa W, Joshi SK. Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:91. [PMID: 31750312 PMCID: PMC6843074 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various internal and external factors negatively affect the homeostatic equilibrium of organisms at the molecular to the whole-body level, inducing the so-called state of stress. Stress affects an organism's welfare status and induces energy-consuming mechanisms to combat the subsequent ill effects; thus, the individual may be immunocompromised, making them vulnerable to pathogens. The information presented here has been extensively reviewed, compiled, and analyzed from authenticated published resources available on Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and other scientific databases. Stress levels can be monitored by the quantitative and qualitative measurement of biomarkers. Potential markers of stress include thermal stress markers, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), innate immune markers, such as Acute Phase Proteins (APPs), oxidative stress markers, and chemical secretions in the saliva and urine. In addition, stress biomarkers also play critical roles in the prognosis of stress-related diseases and disorders, and therapy guidance. Moreover, different components have been identified as potent mediators of cardiovascular, central nervous system, hepatic, and nephrological disorders, which can also be employed to evaluate these conditions precisely, but with stringent validation and specificity. Considerable scientific advances have been made in the detection, quantitation, and application of these biomarkers. The present review describes the current progress of identifying biomarkers, their prognostic, and therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shyma K. Latheef
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hari Abdul Samad
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Prakash Bhatt
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Dhama K, Latheef SK, Dadar M, Samad HA, Munjal A, Khandia R, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Bhatt P, Chakraborty S, Singh KP, Iqbal HMN, Chaicumpa W, Joshi SK. Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values. Front Mol Biosci 2019. [PMID: 31750312 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various internal and external factors negatively affect the homeostatic equilibrium of organisms at the molecular to the whole-body level, inducing the so-called state of stress. Stress affects an organism's welfare status and induces energy-consuming mechanisms to combat the subsequent ill effects; thus, the individual may be immunocompromised, making them vulnerable to pathogens. The information presented here has been extensively reviewed, compiled, and analyzed from authenticated published resources available on Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and other scientific databases. Stress levels can be monitored by the quantitative and qualitative measurement of biomarkers. Potential markers of stress include thermal stress markers, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), innate immune markers, such as Acute Phase Proteins (APPs), oxidative stress markers, and chemical secretions in the saliva and urine. In addition, stress biomarkers also play critical roles in the prognosis of stress-related diseases and disorders, and therapy guidance. Moreover, different components have been identified as potent mediators of cardiovascular, central nervous system, hepatic, and nephrological disorders, which can also be employed to evaluate these conditions precisely, but with stringent validation and specificity. Considerable scientific advances have been made in the detection, quantitation, and application of these biomarkers. The present review describes the current progress of identifying biomarkers, their prognostic, and therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shyma K Latheef
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hari Abdul Samad
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Prakash Bhatt
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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A Multifactorial Assessment of Elite Paratriathletes’ Response to 2 Weeks of Intensified Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:911-917. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: In able-bodied athletes, several hormonal, immunological, and psychological parameters are commonly assessed in response to intensified training due to their potential relationship to acute fatigue and training/nontraining stress. This has yet to be studied in Paralympic athletes. Methods: A total of 10 elite paratriathletes were studied for 5 wk around a 14-d overseas training camp whereby training load was 137% of precamp levels. Athletes provided 6 saliva samples (1 precamp, 4 during camp, and 1 postcamp) for cortisol, testosterone, and secretory immunoglobulin A; weekly psychological questionnaires (Profile of Mood State [POMS] and Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes [RESTQ-Sport]); and daily resting heart rate and subjective wellness measures including sleep quality and quantity. Results: There was no significant change in salivary cortisol, testosterone, cortisol:testosterone ratio, or secretory immunoglobulin A during intensified training (P ≥ .090). Likewise, there was no meaningful change in resting heart rate or subjective wellness measures (P ≥ .079). Subjective sleep quality and quantity increased during intensified training (P ≤ .003). There was no significant effect on any POMS subscale other than lower anger (P = .049), whereas there was greater general recovery and lower sport and general stress from RESTQ-Sport (P ≤ .015). Conclusions: There was little to no change in parameters commonly associated with the fatigued state, which may relate to the training-camp setting minimizing external life stresses and the careful management of training loads from coaches. This is the first evidence of such responses in Paralympic athletes.
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Dulson DK, Gibson CA, Kilding AE, Lu J, Pook C. Does caffeine exert dose‐response effects on saliva secretory IgA following prolonged submaximal running? TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Dulson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Chloe A. Gibson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Andrew E. Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Interprofessional Health Studies Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
- Institute of Biomedical Technology Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography Shenzhen University Shenzhen, Guangdong Province China
| | - Chris Pook
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
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Arruda AFSD, Aoki MS, Paludo AC, Drago G, Moreira A. Competition stage influences perceived performance but does not affect rating of perceived exertion and salivary neuro-endocrine-immune markers in elite young basketball players. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:151-156. [PMID: 29425971 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of competition stage on the salivary concentration of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), alpha-amylase (sAA), and IL-1ß cytokine, perceived performance (PP) and session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) in elite youth basketball players (age, 15.8 ± 0.8 yrs.; stature, 190.9 ± 7.9 cm; body mass, 90.0 ± 16.9 kg) from two age-categories (U16; n = 7; U17; n = 7). Two winning playoff matches (FM; playing for the championship; 1 for each age-category) and two winning regular stage matches (RM; 1 for each age category, played against opponents ranked 2nd place), were assessed in the current study. Saliva samples were collected before and after each match and analyzed by ELISA; PP and session-RPE were assessed after each match. The results from the two-way ANOVA (condition; FM and RM) with repeated measures (pre-and post-matches) showed a significant effect for time (increase from pre-to-post matches) in T (F = 7.0, p < .001), C (F = 34.0, p < .001), and sAA (F = 25.0, p < .001), but not for IL-1ß (p > .05). No effect of condition or interaction (FM and RM) was observed on salivary markers. PP was higher for FM, compared to RM (effect size; ES = 0.85), despite no clear difference in session-RPE (ES = 0.22). A higher PP for FM might be associated with the fact that players were no longer concerned about issues linked to social dominance and status threats after FM, but they might be uncertain about their status after RM. Additionally, when playing against a high-level opponent, the players might perceive their opponent as a threat against status stability, regardless of the stage of the competition, which might explain the similar change in salivary neuro-endocrine-immune-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Saldanha Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Paludo
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Drago
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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