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Field B, Waddington G, McKune A, Goecke R, Gardner AJ. Validation of an instrumented mouthguard in rugby union-a pilot study comparing impact sensor technology to video analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1230202. [PMID: 38053522 PMCID: PMC10694248 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1230202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To better understand the biomechanical profile of direct head impacts and the game scenarios in which they occur in Rugby Union, there is a need for an on-field validation of a new instrumented mouthguard (IMG) against the reference standard. This study considers the potential of a combined biomechanical (IMG) and video analysis approach to direct head impact recognition, both of which in isolation have limitations. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between an instrumented mouthguard and video analysis in detection of direct head impacts in rugby union. Design Pilot Study - Observational Cohort design. Methods The instrumented mouthguard was worn by ten (3 backs, 7 forwards) professional Rugby Union players during the 2020-21 Gallagher Premiership (UK) season. Game-day video was synchronized with timestamped head acceleration events captured from the instrumented mouthguard. Direct Head Impacts were recorded in a 2 × 2 contingency table to determine sensitivity. Impact characteristics were also collected for all verified head impacts to further the understanding of head biomechanics during the game. Results There were 2018 contact events that were reviewed using video analysis. Of those 655 were categorized as direct head impacts which also correlated with a head acceleration event captured by the IMG. Sensitivity analysis showed an overall sensitivity of 93.6% and a positive predictive value (PPV of 92.4%). When false positives were excluded due to ball out of play, mouthguard removal or handling after a scoring situation or stoppage, PPV was improved (98.3%). Most verified head impacts occurred in and around the ruck contest (31.2%) followed by impacts to the primary tackler (28.4%). Conclusion This pilot validation study demonstrates that this IMG provides a highly accurate measurement device that could be used to complement video verification in the recognition of on-field direct head impacts. The frequency and magnitude of direct head impacts derived from specific game scenarios has been described and allows for greater recognition of high-risk situations. Further studies with larger sample sizes and in different populations of Rugby Union players are required to develop our understanding of head impact and enable strategies for injury mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Field
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roland Goecke
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Gardner
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Serner A, Araújo J, Beasley I, Boyce SH, Byrne A, Börjesson M, Geertsema L, Grimm K, Massey A. Video review of the frequency and assessment of head impacts during the FIFA Arab Cup 2021 TM. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:331-336. [PMID: 36063104 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2120629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We used injury spotters and video footage review to establish the frequency of head impacts, their characteristics, and the subsequent medical assessment during the FIFA Arab Cup 2021TM. Six defined video signs of potential concussion based on an international consensus were used. A total of 88 head impacts were observed, with a median of 2 (IQR 1.5-4, range 0-7) head impacts per match, of which 44 (50%) resulted in on-pitch medical assessment. The median assessment duration was 51s (IQR 34-65s, range 19-262s). The most common mechanism was head-to-head contact (27% of all impacts and 43% of impacts with medical assessment). Seven head impacts showed video signs of potential concussion: six had one sign and one had two signs. The concussion substitution was used in three incidents. Head impacts during the FIFA Arab Cup were common and a median of 1 head impact per game required an on-pitch medical assessment. Only 8% of the head impacts showed any video sign of potential concussion, and only 3% resulted in a concussion substitution. The medical on-pitch assessments appeared too short (<1 min) to allow an appropriate assessment of all head impacts, indicating a need for further evaluation. Further standardisation of the injury spotter's role in football is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Serner
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joao Araújo
- Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ian Beasley
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary College, University of London, London UK
| | - Stephen H Boyce
- Emergency Department, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scottish Football Association, Scottish Institute of Sport, Stirling UK
| | - Alan Byrne
- The Football Association of Ireland, National Sports Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Center for Health and Performance, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Katharina Grimm
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Massey
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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McLeod S, Tucker R, Edwards S, Jones B, Page G, Spiegelhalter M, West SW, Iverson GL, Gardner AJ. A case-control study of tackle based head impact event (HIE) risk factors from the first three seasons of the National Rugby League Women's competition. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1080356. [PMID: 37334015 PMCID: PMC10272446 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1080356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The tackle is the most injurious event in rugby league and carries the greatest risk of concussion. This study aims to replicate previous research conducted in professional men's rugby league by examining the association between selected tackle characteristics and head impact events (HIEs) in women's professional rugby league. Methods We reviewed and coded 83 tackles resulting in an HIE and every tackle (6,318 tackles) that did not result in an HIE for three seasons (2018-2020) of the National Rugby League Women's (NRLW) competition. Tackle height, body position of the tackler and ball carrier, as well as the location of head contact with the other player's body were evaluated. Propensity of each situation that caused an HIE was calculated as HIEs per 1,000 tackles. Results The propensity for tacklers to sustain an HIE was 6.60 per 1,000 tackles (95% CI: 4.87-8.92), similar to that of the ball carrier (6.13 per 1,000 tackles, 95% CI: 4.48-8.38). The greatest risk of an HIE to either the tackler or ball carrier occurred when head proximity was above the sternum (21.66 per 1,000 tackles, 95% CI: 16.55-28.35). HIEs were most common following impacts between two heads (287.23 HIEs per 1,000 tackles, 95% CI: 196.98-418.84). The lowest propensity for both tackler (2.65 per 1,000 tackles, 95% CI: 0.85-8.20) and ball carrier HIEs (1.77 per 1,000 tackles, 95% CI: 0.44-7.06) occurred when the head was in proximity to the opponent's shoulder and arm. No body position (upright, bent or unbalanced/off feet) was associated with an increased propensity of HIE to either tackler or ball carrier. Conclusions In the NRLW competition, tacklers and ball carriers have a similar risk of sustaining an HIE during a tackle, differing from men's NRL players, where tacklers have a higher risk of HIEs. Further studies involving larger samples need to validate these findings. However, our results indicate that injury prevention initiatives in women's rugby league should focus on how the ball carrier engages in contact during the tackle as well as how the tackler executes the tackle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya McLeod
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, & Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ross Tucker
- Department of Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
- World Rugby Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzi Edwards
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, UCT Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity (HPALS), Lifestyle and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Premiership Rugby, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Page
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, & Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mily Spiegelhalter
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W. West
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Charlestown, MA, United States
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Gardner
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, & Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
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Echemendia RJ, Burma JS, Bruce JM, Davis GA, Giza CC, Guskiewicz KM, Naidu D, Black AM, Broglio S, Kemp S, Patricios JS, Putukian M, Zemek R, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Bailey CM, Brett BL, Didehbani N, Gioia G, Herring SA, Howell D, Master CL, Valovich McLeod TC, Meehan WP, Premji Z, Salmon D, van Ierssel J, Bhathela N, Makdissi M, Walton SR, Kissick J, Pardini J, Schneider KJ. Acute evaluation of sport-related concussion and implications for the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT6) for adults, adolescents and children: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:722-735. [PMID: 37316213 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review the scientific literature regarding the acute assessment of sport-related concussion (SRC) and provide recommendations for improving the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT6). DATA SOURCES Systematic searches of seven databases from 2001 to 2022 using key words and controlled vocabulary relevant to concussion, sports, SCAT, and acute evaluation. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA (1) Original research articles, cohort studies, case-control studies, and case series with a sample of >10; (2) ≥80% SRC; and (3) studies using a screening tool/technology to assess SRC acutely (<7 days), and/or studies containing psychometric/normative data for common tools used to assess SRC. DATA EXTRACTION Separate reviews were conducted involving six subdomains: Cognition, Balance/Postural Stability, Oculomotor/Cervical/Vestibular, Emerging Technologies, and Neurological Examination/Autonomic Dysfunction. Paediatric/Child studies were included in each subdomain. Risk of Bias and study quality were rated by coauthors using a modified SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) tool. RESULTS Out of 12 192 articles screened, 612 were included (189 normative data and 423 SRC assessment studies). Of these, 183 focused on cognition, 126 balance/postural stability, 76 oculomotor/cervical/vestibular, 142 emerging technologies, 13 neurological examination/autonomic dysfunction, and 23 paediatric/child SCAT. The SCAT discriminates between concussed and non-concussed athletes within 72 hours of injury with diminishing utility up to 7 days post injury. Ceiling effects were apparent on the 5-word list learning and concentration subtests. More challenging tests, including the 10-word list, were recommended. Test-retest data revealed limitations in temporal stability. Studies primarily originated in North America with scant data on children. CONCLUSION Support exists for using the SCAT within the acute phase of injury. Maximal utility occurs within the first 72 hours and then diminishes up to 7 days after injury. The SCAT has limited utility as a return to play tool beyond 7 days. Empirical data are limited in pre-adolescents, women, sport type, geographical and culturally diverse populations and para athletes. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020154787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Echemendia
- Concussion Care Clinic, University Orthopedics, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel S Burma
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jared M Bruce
- Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Gavin A Davis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Giza
- Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Pediatrics/Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin M Guskiewicz
- Matthew Gfeller Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dhiren Naidu
- Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Steven Broglio
- Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon Kemp
- Sports Medicine, Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | - Jon S Patricios
- Wits Sport and Health (WiSH), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Roger Zemek
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christopher M Bailey
- Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Benjamin L Brett
- Neurosurgery/ Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Gerry Gioia
- Depts of Pediatrics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stanley A Herring
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, and Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Howell
- Orthopedics, Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Tamara C Valovich McLeod
- Department of Athletic Training and School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - William P Meehan
- Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zahra Premji
- Libraries, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Neil Bhathela
- UCLA Health Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Makdissi
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health - Austin Campus, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel R Walton
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - James Kissick
- Dept of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Pardini
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Kathryn J Schneider
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Higher Rates of Head Contacts, Body Checking, and Suspected Injuries in Ringette Than Female Ice Hockey: Time to Ring in Opportunities for Prevention. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:151-156. [PMID: 36326812 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ringette and female ice hockey are high participation sports in Canada. Despite policies disallowing body checking, both sports have high injury and concussion rates. This study aimed to compare physical contact (PC), head contact (HC), and suspected injury and concussion incidence rates (IRs) in female varsity ringette and ice hockey. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Canadian ice arenas. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen Canadian female university ringette and ice hockey tournament/playoff games in the 2018-2019/2019-2020 seasons. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS Game video-recordings were analyzed using Dartfish video-analysis software to compare both sports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Univariate Poisson regression analyses (adjusted for cluster by team, offset by game-minutes) were used to estimate PC, HC, and suspected injury IRs and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to compare rates across sports. Proportions of body checks (level 4-5 trunk PC) and direct HC (HC 1 ) penalized were reported. RESULTS Analyses of 36 team-games (n = 18 ringette, n = 18 hockey) revealed a 19% lower rate of PCs in ringette than ice hockey {IRR = 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73-0.90]}, but a 98% higher rate of body checking [IRR = 1.98 (95% CI, 1.27-3.09)] compared to ice hockey. Ringette had a 40% higher rate of all HC 1 s [IRR = 1.40 (95% CI, 1.00-1.96)] and a 3-fold higher rate of suspected injury [IRR = 3.11 (95% CI, 1.13-8.60)] than ice hockey. The proportion of penalized body checks and HC 1 s were low across sports. CONCLUSIONS Body checking and HC 1 rates were significantly higher in ringette compared to ice hockey, despite rules disallowing both, and very few were penalized. These findings will inform future injury prevention research in ringette and female ice hockey.
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Mackay L, Jones B, Janse van Rensburg DCC, Hall F, Alexander L, Atkinson K, Baldrey P, Bedford A, Cormack S, Clarke J, Croft H, Denton K, Fox AS, Hadley P, Handyside R, Hendricks S, Kerss J, Leota L, Maddern B, McErlain-Naylor SA, Mooney M, Pyke D, Pistorius D, Ramagole DA, Ryan D, Scott F, Scott T, Snow J, Spencer K, Thirlby J, Viljoen CT, Whitehead S. Consensus on a netball video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions by the netball video analysis consensus group. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:441-449. [PMID: 36754590 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Using an expert consensus-based approach, a netball video analysis consensus (NVAC) group of researchers and practitioners was formed to develop a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions of physical, technical and contextual aspects for netball research. The framework aims to improve the consistency of language used within netball investigations. It also aims to guide injury mechanism reporting and identification of injury risk factors. The development of the framework involved a systematic review of the literature and a Delphi process. In conjunction with commercially used descriptors and definitions, 19 studies were used to create the initial framework of key descriptors and definitions in netball. In a two round Delphi method consensus, each expert rated their level of agreement with each of the descriptors and associated definition on a 5-point Likert scale (1-strongly disagree; 2-somewhat disagree; 3-neither agree nor disagree; 4-somewhat agree; 5-strongly agree). The median (IQR) rating of agreement was 5.0 (0.0), 5.0 (0.0) and 5.0 (0.0) for physical, technical and contextual aspects, respectively. The NVAC group recommends usage of the framework when conducting video analysis research in netball. The use of descriptors and definitions will be determined by the nature of the work and can be combined to incorporate further movements and actions used in netball. The framework can be linked with additional data, such as injury surveillance and microtechnology data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Mackay
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,England Netball, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Divison of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculy of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.,Premiership Rugby, London, New South Wales, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Dina Christina Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Medical Board Member, World Netball Foundation, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Karen Atkinson
- Strathclyde Sirens Netball, Glasgow, UK.,Netball Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pippa Baldrey
- England Netball, Loughborough, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony Bedford
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.,New Zealand Silver Ferns, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stuart Cormack
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jade Clarke
- England Netball, Loughborough, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
| | - Hayden Croft
- New Zealand Silver Ferns, Auckland, New Zealand.,Te Pukenga, Otago Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie Denton
- England Netball, Loughborough, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Aaron S Fox
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paige Hadley
- New South Wales Swifts Netball, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Netball Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Handyside
- Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Divison of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculy of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jim Kerss
- England Netball, Loughborough, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Liana Leota
- England Netball, Loughborough, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
| | - Bjorn Maddern
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mitchell Mooney
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Pyke
- MMU Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Danielle Pistorius
- Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso A Ramagole
- Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dan Ryan
- West Coast Fever Netball, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona Scott
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Saracens Mavericks Netball, Hatfield, UK
| | - Tannath Scott
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Netball Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie Snow
- England Netball, Loughborough, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Kirsten Spencer
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Carel Thomas Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK .,Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
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7
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Lucas D, Stokes K, McGuigan P, Hill J, Cazzola D. Consensus on a jockey's injury prevention framework for video analysis: a modified Delphi study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001441. [PMID: 36530598 PMCID: PMC9756174 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional horse racing is a high-risk and dangerous sport with a high incidence of falls and injuries. While falls in horse racing are considered somewhat inevitable and carry an inherent occupational risk, little is known about the actual mechanisms of jockey injuries. Establishing injury aetiology and mechanism is a fundamental step in informing the design and implementation of future injury prevention strategies. Despite the availability of horse racing video footage, the use of video analysis to examine injury mechanisms is an underused practice. Using an expert consensus-based approach, an industry expert steering committee was assembled to develop a framework for video analysis research in horse racing. The aim of the framework is to encourage and facilitate the use of video analysis in the sport and to ensure consistency and quality of future application. To achieve consensus, a systematic review and modified Delphi method study design was used. Responses of the steering committee to two open-ended questions regarding the risk factors of falls and injury were collated and combined with findings from a literature search strategy. Appropriate descriptors and definitions were then formulated that defined and described key features of a jockey fall in horse racing and grouped into six discrete phases of an inciting event. Each member of the steering committee then examined the framework of proposed descriptors and definitions and rated their level of agreement on the 5-point Likert scale. A consensus was achieved on a total of 73 horse racing-specific descriptors and 268 associated definitions. The framework outlined in this study provides a valuable starting point for further research and practice within this area, while the recommendations and implications documented aim to facilitate the practical application of video analysis in horse racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daloni Lucas
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK,Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (CHi2PS), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK,Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (CHi2PS), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Polly McGuigan
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK,Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research & Applications (CAMERA), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jerry Hill
- Medical Department, British Horseracing Authority, London, UK
| | - Dario Cazzola
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK,Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport (CHi2PS), University of Bath, Bath, UK,Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research & Applications (CAMERA), University of Bath, Bath, UK
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8
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Incidence of Concussion and Time to Return-to-Play in the National Rugby League. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:595-599. [PMID: 34446647 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the rates of concussion and recovery time over the course of 2 seasons of the National Rugby League (NRL). DESIGN Descriptive cohort study. SETTING The NRL match play concussion injury surveillance system. PARTICIPANTS All NRL players who participated in the 2017 and 2018 season. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The (1) frequency of sideline injury surveillance identified head impact events in real-time during the games, (2) frequency of head injury assessments conducted by the medical staff, (3) frequency of medically diagnosed concussions, (4) number of days to medical clearance to return-to-play, and (5) number of games missed after concussion. MAIN RESULTS There were 472 head injury assessments conducted during the games and 149 medically diagnosed concussions over the course of 2 NRL seasons (1 concussion every 2.70 games). The median number of days until medical clearance was 6 (M = 6.85, SD = 8.03, interquartile range = 4-7; range = 0-79 days). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of days to be medically cleared to return to full contact or match play between seasons (U = 3517.00, P = 0.001), and the percentage of players medically cleared to return-to-play at 5 days after injury was 60.6% in 2017 and 27.6% in 2018. Most players (87.9%) did not miss a game after injury. CONCLUSIONS There is approximately one concussion sustained for every 3 games in the NRL. Most players are medically cleared to return-to-play in 4 to 7 days.
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9
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Goodin P, Gardner AJ, Dokani N, Nizette B, Ahmadizadeh S, Edwards S, Iverson GL. Development of a Machine-Learning-Based Classifier for the Identification of Head and Body Impacts in Elite Level Australian Rules Football Players. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:725245. [PMID: 34870193 PMCID: PMC8640084 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.725245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to thousands of head and body impacts during a career in contact and collision sports may contribute to current or later life issues related to brain health. Wearable technology enables the measurement of impact exposure. The validation of impact detection is required for accurate exposure monitoring. In this study, we present a method of automatic identification (classification) of head and body impacts using an instrumented mouthguard, video-verified impacts, and machine-learning algorithms. Methods: Time series data were collected via the Nexus A9 mouthguard from 60 elite level men (mean age = 26.33; SD = 3.79) and four women (mean age = 25.50; SD = 5.91) from the Australian Rules Football players from eight clubs, participating in 119 games during the 2020 season. Ground truth data labeling on the captures used in this machine learning study was performed through the analysis of game footage by two expert video reviewers using SportCode and Catapult Vision. The visual labeling process occurred independently of the mouthguard time series data. True positive captures (captures where the reviewer directly observed contact between the mouthguard wearer and another player, the ball, or the ground) were defined as hits. Spectral and convolutional kernel based features were extracted from time series data. Performances of untuned classification algorithms from scikit-learn in addition to XGBoost were assessed to select the best performing baseline method for tuning. Results: Based on performance, XGBoost was selected as the classifier algorithm for tuning. A total of 13,712 video verified captures were collected and used to train and validate the classifier. True positive detection ranged from 94.67% in the Test set to 100% in the hold out set. True negatives ranged from 95.65 to 96.83% in the test and rest sets, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: This study suggests the potential for high performing impact classification models to be used for Australian Rules Football and highlights the importance of frequencies <150 Hz for the identification of these impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goodin
- School of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,HitIQ Ltd., South Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Gardner
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter New England Local Health District Sports Concussion Clinic Research Program, Calvary Mater Hospital, Waratah, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Suzi Edwards
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Spaulding Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Sports Concussion Program, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States.,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, United States
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10
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Abstract
This article focuses on 3 concepts that continue to be investigated in the search for the holy grail of concussion-a valid diagnostic test. Imaging advances are discussed with optimism that functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging may be available clinically. Biomarkers and the use of genetic tests are covered. Sideline accelerometer use may help steer discussions of head trauma risk once technology exists to accurately estimate acceleration of the brain. In the meantime, strategies including allowing athletes to be substituted out of games for an evaluation and video review in elite sports can improve recognition of sports-related concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Kerr
- Sports Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, 1019 New Loudon Road, Cohoes, NY 12047, USA.
| | - Bjørn Bakken
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center, 1019 New Loudon Road, Cohoes, NY 12047, USA
| | - Gregory House
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Albany Medical Center, 391 Myrtle Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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11
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Bartsch AJ, Hedin D, Alberts J, Benzel EC, Cruickshank J, Gray RS, Cameron K, Houston MN, Rooks T, McGinty G, Kozlowski E, Rowson S, Maroon JC, Miele VJ, Ashton JC, Siegmund GP, Shah A, McCrea M, Stemper B. High Energy Side and Rear American Football Head Impacts Cause Obvious Performance Decrement on Video. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2667-2677. [PMID: 33111969 PMCID: PMC7674260 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare head impact data acquired with an impact monitoring mouthguard (IMM) to the video-observed behavior of athletes' post-collision relative to their pre-collision behaviors. A total of n = 83 college and high school American football players wore the IMM and were video-recorded over 260 athlete-exposures. Ex-athletes and clinicians reviewed the video in a two-step process and categorized abnormal post-collision behaviors according to previously published Obvious Performance Decrement (OPD) definitions. Engineers qualitatively reviewed datasets to check head impact and non-head impact signal frequency and magnitude. The ex-athlete reviewers identified 2305 head impacts and 16 potential OPD impacts, 13 of which were separately categorized as Likely-OPD impacts by the clinical reviewers. All 13 Likely-OPD impacts were in the top 1% of impacts measured by the IMM (ranges 40-100 g, 3.3-7.0 m/s and 35-118 J) and 12 of the 13 impacts (92%) were to the side or rear of the head. These findings require confirmation in a larger data set before proposing any type of OPD impact magnitude or direction threshold exists. However, OPD cases in this study compare favorably with previously published impact monitoring studies in high school and college American football players that looked for OPD signs, impact magnitude and direction. Our OPD findings also compare well with NFL reconstruction studies for ranges of concussion and sub-concussive impact magnitudes in side/rear collisions, as well as prior theory, analytical models and empirical research that suggest a directional sensitivity to brain injury exists for single high-energy impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hedin
- Advanced Medical Electronics, Maple Grove, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tyler Rooks
- United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL, USA
| | - Gerald McGinty
- United States Air Force Academy, Air Force Academy, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph C Maroon
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent J Miele
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Gunter P Siegmund
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, USA
| | - Alok Shah
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
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12
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Frequent but limited assessment of potentially concussed players in Gaelic Football: an opportunity to learn from other sports. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:787-792. [PMID: 32997230 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a potential issue within Gaelic Football. Therefore, it is essential that concussion management guidelines are adhered to. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The aim of this study is to determine if potential concussive events (PCEs) in the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) National Football League (NFL) are assessed in accordance with GAA concussion guidelines and compare this to other sports. METHODS A descriptive video analysis approach was undertaken to identify PCEs throughout two seasons of play. Subsequent assessment, return to play (RTP) decisions, and signs of concussion were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 242 PCEs were identified over 111 matches. Most PCEs (87.2%, n = 211) were assessed by medical personnel. However, 187 (88.6%) of assessments were under 2 min in duration. Of the 242 PCEs, 189 (78.1%) returned to play after on-pitch assessment, and 12 (5.0%) were removed following a PCE. Sixty-one (25.2%) players sustaining a PCE demonstrated one or more signs of concussion, of which 9 (14.8%) were removed from play. CONCLUSION In the GAA NFL, PCEs are often briefly assessed but rarely result in player removal. Introduction of video incident analysis and concussion substitutions, as in other sports, may reduce the long-term burden of SRC on Gaelic Football players.
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13
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Elbin RJ, Zuckerman SL, Sills AK, Crandall JR, Lessley DJ, Solomon GS. Sensitivity and Specificity of On-Field Visible Signs of Concussion in the National Football League. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:530-537. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
On-field visible signs (VS) are used to help identify sport-related concussion (SRC) in the National Football League (NFL). However, the predictive utility of a VS checklist for SRC is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
To report the frequency, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of VS in a cohort of NFL athletes.
METHODS
On-field VS ratings from 2 experts who independently reviewed video footage of a cohort of 251 injury plays that resulted in an SRC diagnosis (n = 211) and no diagnosis (n = 40) from the 2017 NFL season were examined. The frequency, sensitivity, specificity, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for each VS.
RESULTS
Slow to get up (65.9%) and motor incoordination (28.4%) were the most frequent VS in concussed athletes, and slow to get up (60.0%) was the most common VS among nonconcussed athletes. The most sensitive VS was slow to get up (66%); the most specific signs in concussed NFL athletes were blank/vacant look and impact seizure (both 100%). Approximately 26% of concussed NFL players did not exhibit a VS, and the overall sensitivity and specificity for the VS checklist to detect SRC were 73% and 65%, respectively. The VS checklist demonstrated “poor” ability to discriminate between SRC and non-SRC groups (AUC = 0.66).
CONCLUSION
In the NFL, the diagnosis of concussion cannot be made from on-field VS alone. The VS checklist is one part of the comprehensive sideline/acute evaluation of concussion, and the diagnosis remains a multimodal clinical decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Elbin
- Department of Health Human Performance and Recreation/Office for Sport Concussion Research, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Scott L Zuckerman
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Allen K Sills
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Player Health and Safety Department, National Football League, New York, New York
| | - Jeff R Crandall
- Biomechanics Consulting and Research LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David J Lessley
- Biomechanics Consulting and Research LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gary S Solomon
- Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Player Health and Safety Department, National Football League, New York, New York
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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14
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Sasadai J, Maeda N, Shimizu R, Kobayashi T, Sakai S, Komiya M, Urabe Y. Analysis of team-sport wheelchair falls during the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games: a video-based cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033088. [PMID: 32152161 PMCID: PMC7064145 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present the fall characteristics of athletes playing wheelchair rugby (WR) and wheelchair basketball (WB) using official videos from the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games and compare the key fall characteristics among the team wheelchair sports event. METHODS Eighteen WR and 10 WB game videos for men (MWB) and women (WWB), including 8 teams per sport, were obtained from the official International Paralympic Committee of the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games. The videos were analysed to assess the number of falls, playing time of fall, playing phase, contact with other athletes, the direction of the fall and the body part first in contact with the floor during the fall. RESULTS In total, 359 falls (96 for WR, 172 for MWB and 91 for WWB) occurred with a mean of 5.3, 17.2 and 9.1 falls per match, respectively (p<0.05). Significant differences among the three sports were detected in the playing time (p=0.011), presence of contact (p=0.037), direction (p<0.001) and body part first in contact with the floor (p<0.001). For WR, the falls were primarily lateral and caused by contact, occurring in the second half of the match. WB falls tended to be in the first half for women and the second half for men. Most falls were contact falls in the forward direction. CONCLUSION By observing the situational details, we described that a number of falls due to contact occurred during these team sports events, especially MWB. In addition, each sport exhibited characteristics attributable to differences in gender, degree of impairment and game rules. The directions of the falls and characteristics of the affected body parts indicate differences in impairments depending on the sport. A fall to the side or back may indicate a risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Sasadai
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Reia Shimizu
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Sakai
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Komiya
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Urabe
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Hendricks S, Till K, den Hollander S, Savage TN, Roberts SP, Tierney G, Burger N, Kerr H, Kemp S, Cross M, Patricios J, McKune AJ, Bennet M, Rock A, Stokes KA, Ross A, Readhead C, Quarrie KL, Tucker R, Jones B. Consensus on a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions by the Rugby Union Video Analysis Consensus group. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:566-572. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using an expert consensus-based approach, a rugby union Video Analysis Consensus (RUVAC) group was formed to develop a framework for video analysis research in rugby union. The aim of the framework is to improve the consistency of video analysis work in rugby union and help enhance the overall quality of future research in the sport. To reach consensus, a systematic review and Delphi method study design was used. After a systematic search of the literature, 17 articles were used to develop the final framework that described and defined key actions and events in rugby union (rugby). Thereafter, a group of researchers and practitioners with experience and expertise in rugby video analysis formed the RUVAC group. Each member of the group examined the framework of descriptors and definitions and rated their level of agreement on a 5-point agreement Likert scale (1:strongly disagree; 2:disagree; 3:neither agree or disagree; 4:agree; 5: strongly agree). The mean rating of agreement on the five-point scale (1:strongly disagree; 5:strongly agree) was 4.6 (4.3–4.9), 4.6 (4.4–4.9), 4.7 (4.5–4.9), 4.8 (4.6–5.0) and 4.8 (4.6–5.0) for the tackle, ruck, scrum, line-out and maul, respectively. The RUVAC group recommends using this consensus as the starting framework when conducting rugby video analysis research. Which variables to use (if not all) depends on the objectives of the study. Furthermore, the intention of this consensus is to help integrate video data with other data (eg, injury surveillance).
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16
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Tarzi C, Aubrey J, Rotundo M, Armstrong N, Saha A, Cusimano MD. Professional assessment of potential concussions in elite football tournaments. Inj Prev 2020; 26:536-539. [PMID: 31941757 PMCID: PMC7691812 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Potential concussive events (PCEs) are a major health concern in football. Though there are protocols set in place for assessments of PCEs, there has been no evidence of adherence in major football tournaments. Methods Our research goal is to determine if PCEs in elite football are professionally assessed according to the International Conference on Concussion in Sport (ICCS) consensus statement recommendations. Identification and analysis of PCEs in the 2018 World Cup (WC) were accomplished through standardised observation of video footage by trained observers. Results were contrasted with data from the 2014 WC and 2016 Euro Cup. Our primary outcomes include frequency and professional assessment of PCEs, signs of concussions and time stopped for assessments. Findings In the 64 games of the 2018 WC, 87 PCEs (1.36 per game) were identified. Thirty-one (35.6%) PCEs were professionally assessed, resulting in the removal of three (3.5%) players from the match. Six (6.9%) PCEs showed one sign of concussion, 60 (69.0%) showed two signs, 20 (23.0%) showed three signs and 1 (1.2%) showed four or more signs. The mean time stopped for assessment was 63.3 s. No significant change in the percentage of professional assessments (mean=33.4%, 95% CI 20.7% to 46.1%) were identified across tournaments (p=0.42). Interpretation These findings demonstrate a need for adherence to concussion protocols in order to improve the brain-health of athletes. Proper enforcement of the ICCS protocols during these tournaments and promoting player health and safety can influence the officiating, coaching and playing of football worldwide by promoting player safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tarzi
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Injury Prevention Research Office, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Aubrey
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Injury Prevention Research Office, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Rotundo
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Injury Prevention Research Office, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Armstrong
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Injury Prevention Research Office, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashirbani Saha
- Injury Prevention Research Office, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Injury Prevention Research Office, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Yengo-Kahn A, Zuckerman SL. Letter: Preventable Deaths, Video Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of Sport. Neurosurgery 2019; 86:E349-E350. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Yengo-Kahn
- Vanderbilt Sport Concussion Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Neurological Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Scott L Zuckerman
- Vanderbilt Sport Concussion Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Neurological Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee
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18
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Armstrong N, Rotundo M, Aubrey J, Tarzi C, Cusimano MD. Characteristics of potential concussive events in three elite football tournaments. Inj Prev 2019; 26:334-338. [PMID: 31331934 PMCID: PMC7418614 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Identify patterns in the nature and characteristics of potential concussive events (PCEs) in football. Methods This study analysed the incidence and characteristics of PCEs that occurred during the 2014 and 2018 Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cups, and the 2016 UEFA Euro Cup. PCEs were defined as direct head collision incidents resulting in the athlete being unable to immediately resume play for at least 5 sec following impact. Results A total of 218 incidents were identified in 179 matches (1.22 per match, 36.91 per 1000 hours of exposure). The most common mechanism of PCE was elbow-to-head (28.7%, n=68). The frontal region was the most frequently affected location of impact with 22.8% (n=54). Conclusion Our study defined the identification, prevalence and nature of PCEs in professional international soccer tournaments. Our findings indicate the different contexts and mechanisms of head contact and contact to different regions of the head can be associated with varying signs of concussion. The results highlight targets for future injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Rotundo
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Aubrey
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael D Cusimano
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Frequency and Magnitude of Game-Related Head Impacts in Male Contact Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2019; 49:1575-1583. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Gardner AJ, Kohler R, McDonald W, Fuller GW, Tucker R, Makdissi M. Correction to: The Use of Sideline Video Review to Facilitate Management Decisions Following Head Trauma in Super Rugby. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:54. [PMID: 30523560 PMCID: PMC6283808 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gardner
- Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. .,Hunter New England Local Health District Sports Concussion Program, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. .,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, Calvary Mater Hospital, Level 5, McAuley Building, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia.
| | - Ryan Kohler
- HeadSmart™ Sports Concussion Program, Head Office 4 Helensvale Road, Helensvale, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Warren McDonald
- Australian Rugby Union (ARU), Moore Park, NSW, Australia.,Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gordon W Fuller
- Emergency Medicine Research in Sheffield Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ross Tucker
- School of Management Studies, Faculty of Commerce, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,World Rugby, Pty (Ltd), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Makdissi
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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