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Sitko S, Valenzuela P, Townsend N, Pinotti M, Zabala M, Artetxe X, Gallo G, Mateo-March M, Sanders D, Grappe F, Clarke DC, van Erp T, Viribay A. Antidoping 2.0: Is Adding Power-Output Data to the Antidoping Pool the Next Step? Experts' Viewpoint. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-4. [PMID: 39244192 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts are needed to improve antidoping procedures. The widespread use of power meters among cyclists could help in this regard. However, controversy exists on whether performance monitoring through power-output data could be of help for antidoping purposes. PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to provide insight into the feasibility and utility of implementing power-based performance monitoring in elite cycling. An expert panel of 15 applied sport scientists and professional cycling coaches were asked for their opinions and perspectives on incorporating power data into the antidoping risk-assessment process. RESULTS Two different viewpoints were identified from the responses provided by the experts. Some believed that power monitoring could be implemented as an antidoping tool, provided that several surmountable challenges are first addressed. These authors provided suggestions related to the potential practical implementation of such measures. Others, on the contrary, believed that power meters lack sufficient reliability and suggest that the professional cycling world presents conflicts of interest that make this intervention impossible to implement nowadays. CONCLUSIONS The debate around the utility of power-meter data in the antidoping fight has been ongoing for more than a decade. According to the opinions provided by the experts' panel, there is still no consensus on the real utility and practical implementation of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sitko
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Pedro Valenzuela
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Nathan Townsend
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mikel Zabala
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Xabier Artetxe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gabriele Gallo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motore, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University, San Vicente Del Raspeig, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Dajo Sanders
- Department of Human Movement Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - David C Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Teun van Erp
- Team Tudor Pro Cycling, Nistelrode, the Netherlands
| | - Aitor Viribay
- Physiology, Nutrition and Sports, Glut4science, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, Leon, Spain
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García-Durán J, González-Jurado JA, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Sports Supplement Consumption in 316 Federated Female Road Cyclists. Nutrients 2024; 16:2563. [PMID: 39125442 PMCID: PMC11314008 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the extensive use of sports supplements (SSs) is prevalent among cyclists, this area has been poorly explored; in fact, no studies have been conducted on this topic regarding women cyclists to date. This descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 316 federated female road cyclists, aimed to analyze SS consumption patterns in relation to scientific evidence and various categories. SSs were categorized according to the groups and subgroups established by the Australian Sport Institute (AIS, 2023) based on the level of evidence supporting their use. The analysis found that 85.1% of the female road cyclists surveyed used SSs, with an average consumption of 7 ± 6 supplements per individual. Pharmacies (60.8%), dietitian-nutritionists (58.9%), and health status (60.1%) were the primary purchase location, source of information, and reason for use, respectively. The most frequently consumed supplements were sports bars (77.5%), sports gels (61.4%), and caffeine (49.1%). Significantly, 80% of the ten most commonly used supplements were from the group with the highest evidence level, as classified by the AIS, with an average intake of 5 ± 3 supplements per cyclist. In summary, the use of SSs is prevalent among female road cyclists, with reliable sources for both purchasing and obtaining advice on supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Durán
- Faculty of Sports Science, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - José Antonio González-Jurado
- Faculty of Sports Science, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Research Center on Physical and Sports Performance, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Martin-Rodriguez S, Gonzalez-Henriquez JJ, Bautista IJ, Calbet JAL, Sanchis-Moysi J. Interplay of Muscle Architecture, Morphology, and Quality in Influencing Human Sprint Cycling Performance: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:81. [PMID: 39026135 PMCID: PMC11258115 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to discern the relationships between muscle morphology, architecture, and quality with sprint cycling performance while considering the multifaceted nature of these relationships across diverse studies. METHODS Employing the PRISMA guidelines, an exhaustive search was performed across four primary databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete, and SPORTDiscus. The Methodological Index For Non-Randomised Studies (MINORS) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Out of 3971 initially identified records, only 10 studies met the eligibility criteria. RESULTS These investigations underscored the robust relationship of quadriceps muscle volume with peak power output (R2 from 0.65 to 0.82), suggesting its pivotal role in force production. In muscle architecture, the pennation angle and fascicle length showed varied associations with performance. Furthermore, muscle quality, as denoted by echo intensity, showed preliminary evidence of a potential inverse relationship with performance. The methodological quality assessment revealed varied scores, with the most consistent reporting on the aim, endpoints, and inclusion of consecutive patients. However, limitations were observed in the prospective calculation of study size and unbiased assessment of study endpoints. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that muscle volume is a major determinant of sprint cycling performance. Muscle architecture and quality also impact performance, although in a more intricate way. The review calls for standardised methodologies in future research for a more comprehensive understanding and comparability of results. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023432824 ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=432824 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Martin-Rodriguez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Canary Islands, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - Juan J Gonzalez-Henriquez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Iker J Bautista
- Institute of Sport, Nursing, and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichister, PO19 6PE, UK
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Canary Islands, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, 4014 Ulleval Stadion, Oslo, 0806, Norway
| | - Joaquin Sanchis-Moysi
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain.
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Canary Islands, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain.
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Falk Neto JH, Faulhaber M, Kennedy MD. The Characteristics of Endurance Events with a Variable Pacing Profile-Time to Embrace the Concept of "Intermittent Endurance Events"? Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:164. [PMID: 38921858 PMCID: PMC11207974 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A variable pacing profile is common in different endurance events. In these races, several factors, such as changes in elevation or race dynamics, lead participants to perform numerous surges in intensity. These surges are so frequent that certain events, such as cross-country (XC) skiing, mountain biking (MTB), triathlon, and road cycling, have been termed "intermittent endurance events". The characteristics of these surges vary depending on the sport: MTB and triathlon require athletes to perform numerous short (<10 s) bouts; XC skiing require periods of short- and moderate-(30 s to 2 min) duration efforts, while road cycling is comprised of a mix of short-, moderate-, and long-duration (>2 min) bouts. These bouts occur at intensities above the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS), with many efforts performed at intensities above the athletes' maximal aerobic power or speed (MAP/MAS) (i.e., supramaximal intensities). Given the factors that influence the requirement to perform surges in these events, athletes must be prepared to always engage in a race with a highly stochastic pace. The aim of this review is to characterize the variable pacing profile seen in endurance events and to discuss how the performance of multiple maximal and supramaximal surges in intensity can affect how athletes fatigue during a race and influence training strategies that can lead to success in these races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Henrique Falk Neto
- Athlete Health Lab., Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Michael D. Kennedy
- Athlete Health Lab., Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
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Cesanelli L, Ylaite B, Fernandez Lopez JA, Volungevičius G, Lagoute T, Venckunas T. Cycling through the ranks: a cross-sectional analysis of endurance, strength and body composition indicators in junior, elite, and amateur competitive road cyclists. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:371-382. [PMID: 38126975 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to compare different performance indicators, encompassing endurance, body composition, and maximal and explosive strength markers, among competitive Lithuanian cyclists across different age and performance categories. METHODS Thirty Lithuanian male cyclists in elite (EL, N.=10), amateur (AM, N.=10), and junior (JU, N.=10) categories underwent body composition analysis, knee extensors' isometric strength and ultrasound measurements, maximal incremental exercise tests, cycling efficiency protocol, and sprint performance evaluations. Additionally, competition results and power profiles were analyzed. RESULTS EL cyclists had greater experience and higher annual kilometers (P<0.05). Quadriceps muscle size exhibited significant differences, being greater in EL than JU (P<0.05), whereas no noteworthy variations were observed in body fat or isometric strength. EL athletes demonstrated higher maximal oxygen consumption, maximal aerobic power, and sprint performance compared to JU and AM, particularly when considering absolute power metrics (P<0.05). Interestingly, despite JU achieving lower ranks in competitions, power profiles differed minimally between EL and JU. Furthermore, both JU and AM expended more energy during competitions (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study highlights disparities among Lithuanian cyclists, with EL cyclists showcasing advantages in endurance capacity and better competition outcomes, possibly due to their extensive experience, leading to a more efficient energy utilization. This research enhances our understanding of the multifaceted nature of the sport performance within the realm of Lithuanian cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cesanelli
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania -
| | - Berta Ylaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juan A Fernandez Lopez
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Thomas Lagoute
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Thompson R, Rico Bini R, Paton C, Hébert-Losier K. Validation of LEOMO inertial measurement unit sensors with marker-based three-dimensional motion capture during maximum sprinting in track cyclists. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:179-188. [PMID: 38440835 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2324604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
LEOMO™ is a commercial inertial measurement unit system that provides cycling-specific motion performance indicators (MPIs) and offers a mobile solution for monitoring cyclists. We aimed to validate the LEOMO sensors during sprint cycling using gold-standard marker-based three-dimensional (3D) motion technology (Qualisys, AB). Our secondary aim was to explore the relationship between peak power during sprints and MPIs. Seventeen elite track cyclists performed 3 × 15s seated start maximum efforts on a cycle ergometer. Based on intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1), the MPIs derived from 3D and LEOMO showed moderate agreement (0.50 < 0.75) for the right foot angular range (FAR); left foot angular range first quadrant (FARQ1); right leg angular range (LAR); and mean angle of the pelvis in the sagittal plane. Agreement was poor (ICC < 0.50) between MPIs derived from 3D and LEOMO for the left FAR, right FARQ1, left LAR, and mean range of motion of the pelvis in the frontal and transverse planes. Only one LEOMO-derived (pelvic rotation) and two 3D-derived (right FARQ1 and FAR) MPIs showed large positive significant correlations with peak power. Caution is advised regarding use of the LEOMO for short maximal cycling efforts and derived MPIs to inform peak sprint cycling power production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roné Thompson
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Performance Health, High Performance Sport New Zealand, Grassroots Trust Velodrome, Cambridge, New Zealand
| | | | - Carl Paton
- School of Health and Sport Science, Te Pukenga at Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Zealand
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, New Zealand
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7
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García-Durán J, González-Jurado JA, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Analysis of Sports Supplement Consumption in 1688 Federated Road Cyclists. Nutrients 2023; 16:123. [PMID: 38201954 PMCID: PMC10780486 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of sports supplements (SS) to enhance athletic performance extends to cyclists, although little research has been conducted on this subject within this sport. This descriptive and cross-sectional study involved 1688 federated road cyclists, aiming to analyse the pattern of SS consumption concerning the degree of scientific evidence and different categories. This study categorised SS based on the groups and subgroups established by the Australian Sport Institute (AIS, 2023) based on the level of evidence. Our results showed that 62.5% of the sample cyclists used SS, with an average of 12.2 ± 8.6 supplements consumed per participant. Health status (78.2%), pharmacies (62.5%), and medical doctors (45.7%) were the main reasons, purchase sites, and sources of information for SS consumption, respectively. The most prevalent SS consumed were Sports Gels (94%), Sports Bars (89.3%), and Sports Drinks (73.8%). Notably, 80% of the top ten most consumed SS belonged to the group with the highest level of evidence according to the AIS, with an average of 6.9 ± 3.2 supplements per participant. However, 23.3% of the total SS consumers used prohibited substances. In conclusion, while the prevalence of SS consumption among road cyclists is considerable and the primary sources for purchasing SS and obtaining advice are reliable, there is a notable prevalence of prohibited substance use within the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Durán
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Valenzuela PL, Alejo LB, Montalvo-Pérez A, Revuelta C, Ojanguren D, Lucia A, Barranco-Gil D. Laboratory-based determinants of simulated time trial performance in cyclists. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1169-1176. [PMID: 37867760 PMCID: PMC10588575 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.122484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Different laboratory-based variables are individually associated with cycling performance, but scarce evidence exists on which of them, when all assessed in combination, could best explain cycling performance. The present study aimed to examine the combined association between laboratory-based endurance, strength/power and body composition indicators with time trial performance in high-level cyclists. Ninety-four male cyclists were recruited (age: 20 ± 3.5 years, maximum oxygen uptake [V̇O2max]: 77.7 ± 5.4 ml · kg-1 · min-1). Participants performed a maximal incremental cycling test for the assessment of endurance indicators (peak power output [PPO], V̇O2max, ventilatory threshold [VT] and respiratory compensation point [RCP]), and an incremental loading test to assess muscle strength and power-related outcomes (1-repetition maximum, mean maximal power) in the squat, lunge and hip-thrust exercises. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. On a separate visit, participants performed a simulated 8-minute time trial to assess cycling performance (determined as the mean power output attained). Strong-to-very-strong correlations were found between all endurance indicators and time trial performance (most r-values ranging between 0.68-0.92), whereas weaker correlations were found for strength/power (r-values < 0.5) or body composition (r-values < 0.7) indicators. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that VT, RCP and PPO explained together 92% of the variance in time trial performance (p < 0.001), with no significant contribution of the remaining variables. Although different endurance, strength/power and body composition individually correlate with simulated time trial performance in high-level cyclists, the former (and particularly VT, RCP and PPO) show the strongest association when all studied in combination. These findings underscore the importance of endurance capabilities (above strength/power or body composition) for maximizing time trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia B. Alejo
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Revuelta
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Ojanguren
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Singh G, Bennett KJ, Taylor L, Stevens CJ. Core body temperature responses during competitive sporting events: A narrative review. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1003-1017. [PMID: 37867748 PMCID: PMC10588574 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.124842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of research in real-world sports competitions, the International Olympic Committee, in 2012, called for data characterising athletes' sport and event-specific thermal profiles. Studies clearly demonstrate that elite athletes often attain a core body temperature (Tc) ≥ 40°C without heat-related medical issues during competition. However, practitioners, researchers and ethical review boards continue to cite a Tc ≥ 40°C (and lower) as a threshold where athlete health is impacted (an assumption from laboratory studies). Therefore, this narrative review aims to: (i) summarise and review published data on Tc responses during competitive sport and identify key considerations for practitioners; (ii) establish the incidence of athletes experiencing a Tc ≥ 40°C in competitive sport alongside the incidence of heat illness/heat stroke (EHI/EHS) symptoms; and (iii) discuss the evolution of Tc measurement during competition. The Tc response is primarily based on the physical demands of the sport, environmental conditions, competitive level, and athlete disability. In the reviewed research, 11.9% of athletes presented a Tc ≥ 40°C, with only 2.8% of these experiencing EHI/EHS symptoms, whilst a high Tc ≥ 40°C (n = 172; Tc range 40-41.5°C) occurred across a range of sports and environmental conditions (including some temperate environments). Endurance athletes experienced a Tc ≥ 40°C more than intermittent athletes, but EHI/EHS was similar. This review demonstrates that a Tc ≥ 40°C is not a consistently meaningful risk factor of EHI/EHS symptomology in this sample; therefore, Tc monitoring alongside secondary measures (i.e. general cognitive disturbance and gait disruption) should be incorporated to reduce heat-related injuries during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Exercise Research Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Australia
| | - Kyle J.M. Bennett
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Exercise Research Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Australia
| | - Lee Taylor
- Loughborough University, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, UK
- University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Human Performance Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
- University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Stevens
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Exercise Research Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Australia
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Ferguson H, Harnish C, Klich S, Michalik K, Dunst AK, Zhou T, Chase JG. Power-duration relationship comparison in competition sprint cyclists from 1-s to 20-min. Sprint performance is more than just peak power. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280658. [PMID: 37235558 PMCID: PMC10218722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current convention place peak power as the main determinant of sprint cycling performance. This study challenges that notion and compares two common durations of sprint cycling performance with not only peak power, but power out to 20-min. There is also a belief where maximal efforts of longer durations will be detrimental to sprint cycling performance. 56 data sets from 27 cyclists (21 male, 6 female) provided maximal power for durations from 1-s to 20-min. Peak power values are compared to assess the strength of correlation (R2), and any relationship (slope) across every level. R2 between 15-s- 30-s power and durations from 1-s to 20-min remained high (R2 ≥ 0.83). Despite current assumptions around 1-s power, our data shows this relationship is stronger around competition durations, and 1-s power also still shared strong relationships with longer durations out to 20-min. Slopes for relationships at shorter durations were closer to a 1:1 relationship than longer durations, but closer to long-duration slopes than to a 1:1 line. The present analyses contradicts both well-accepted hypotheses that peak power is the main driver of sprint cycling performance and that maximal efforts of longer durations out to 20-min will hinder sprint cycling. This study shows the importance and potential of training durations from 1-s to 20-min over a preparation period to improve competition sprint cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Ferguson
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Harnish
- Department of Exercise Science, Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences, Mary Baldwin University, Fishersville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tony Zhou
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Barbosa JG, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, dos Anjos VR, Vivan L, Seffrin A, Forte P, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Physiological Features of Olympic-Distance Amateur Triathletes, as Well as Their Associations with Performance in Women and Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040622. [PMID: 36833156 PMCID: PMC9956327 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the physiological and anthropometric determinants of triathlon performance in female and male athletes. This study included 40 triathletes (20 male and 20 female). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess body composition, and an incremental cardiopulmonary test was used to assess physiological variables. A questionnaire about physical training habits was also completed by the athletes. Athletes competed in the Olympic-distance triathlon race. For the female group, the total race time can be predicted by V̇O2max (β = -131, t = -6.61, p < 0.001), lean mass (β = -61.4, t = -2.66, p = 0.018), and triathlon experience (β = -886.1, t = -3.01, p = 0.009) (r2 = 0.825, p < 0.05). For the male group, the total race time can be predicted by maximal aerobic speed (β = -294.1, t = -2.89, p = 0.010) and percentage of body fat (β = 53.6, t = 2.20, p = 0.042) (r2 = 0.578, p < 0.05). The variables that can predict the performance of men are not the same as those that can predict the triathlon performance of women. These data can help athletes and coaches develop performance-enhancing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Geraldo Barbosa
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-210, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-547 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 7000-671 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Beaumont F, Bogard F, Murer S, Polidori G. Fighting crosswinds in cycling: A matter of aerodynamics. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:46-51. [PMID: 36528552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main goal of this study was to compare the aerodynamic optimization level in echelon-formation strategy for riders fighting against a crosswind from the best (echelon or diagonal paceline) to the worst riders' configuration (guttered riders). DESIGN The case reported herein concerned a group of 5 cyclists riding at 30 km/h with a 30 km/h crosswind oriented at 40° to the direction of travel. The effects of the wind, expressed in terms of aerodynamic resistance or pressure, were determined for each cyclist in the different configurations. METHODS The 3D numerical simulations were performed using a calculation code based on the finite volume method and the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence model k-kl-ω. RESULTS The results showed that the lateral force savings, averaged over the whole five-riders group, ranged from 50% in the echelon-optimized configuration to 11% in the guttered straight-line one, compared to a solo rider in the same velocity and windy conditions. Individually, the rider with the best aerodynamic shelter is the 4th rider in the "4 rider echelon + 1 guttered rider" formation (- 53.6% in drag force and - 69.8% in lateral force), while the rider with the worst aerodynamic situation is the leader of the straight paceline (- 0.1% in drag force and - 0.2% in lateral force). CONCLUSIONS The analysis showed how the spatial management of riders significantly influences drag and lateral forces and supported the idea that avoiding being guttered is the best way to save energy in windy races.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Bogard
- MATIM, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France; Pôle de Recherche Châlonnais, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
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Leo P, Spragg J, Wakefield J, Swart J. Predictors of cycling performance success: Traditional approaches and a novel method to assess performance capacity in U23 road cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:52-57. [PMID: 36513568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate predictors of cycling performance in U23 cyclists by comparing traditional approaches to a novel method - the compound score. Thirty male U23 cyclists (N = 30, age 20.1 ± 1.1 yrs, body mass 69.0 ± 6.9 kg, height 182.6 ± 6.2 cm, V̇O2max 73.8 ± 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) participated in this study. DESIGN Power output information was derived from laboratory and field-testing during pre-season and mean maximal power outputs (MMP) from racing season. Absolute and relative 5-min MMP, 5-min MMP after 2000 kJ (MMP2000 kJ), allometric scaling and the compound score were compared to the race score and podium (top 3) performance during a competitive season. METHODS Positive and negative predictive values were calculated for all significant performance variables for the likelihood of a podium performance. RESULTS The absolute 5-min MMP of the field test revealed the highest negative predictive capacity (82.4%, p = 0.012) for a podium performance. The compound score of the 5-min MMP2000 kJ demonstrated the highest positive and average predictive capacity (83.3%, 78.0%, p = 0.007 - respectively). The multi-linear regression analysis revealed a significant predictive capacity between performance variables and the race score (R2 = 0.55, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Collectively the results of the present study reveal that the compound score, alongside absolute power, was able to predict the highest positive and average likelihood for a podium performance. These findings can help to better understand performance capacity from field data to predict future cycling success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leo
- University Innsbruck, Department Sport Science, Austria.
| | - James Spragg
- University of Cape Town HPALS Research Center, South Africa
| | - John Wakefield
- UAE Team Emirates, United Arab Emirates; Science to Sport, South Africa
| | - Jeroen Swart
- University of Cape Town HPALS Research Center, South Africa; UAE Team Emirates, United Arab Emirates; Science to Sport, South Africa
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Roberts CJ, Hurst HT, Hardwicke J. Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating in Competitive Cycling: A Scoping Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12120490. [PMID: 36546973 PMCID: PMC9774887 DOI: 10.3390/bs12120490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports on the findings from a scoping review on eating disorders and disordered eating in competitive cycling. The review was informed by a scoping review methodological framework as well as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) reporting guidelines. PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were used to identify relevant literature for review. Fourteen studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the full review. A narrative synthesis was used to summarise the main findings and themes across the included literature. Findings from the review are presented under the following themes: cycling as an 'at-risk' discipline; power to weight ratio; energy requirements and risk of low energy availability; the social environment of cycling; nutrition support provision; relationship between eating disorders/disordered eating and exercise addiction; and recommendations made in identified literature. Overall, the literature suggests competitive cycling is a sport with a high prevalence of disordered eating and/or eating disorders and a sport with unique risk factors that contribute to this. Crucially, more research is needed in this area. The article concludes with the gaps in the literature highlighted, implications for future research, and applications to policy and practice suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Jon Roberts
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Howard Thomas Hurst
- Centre for Applied Sport Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jack Hardwicke
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
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Zignoli A, Fruet D. Insights in road cycling downhill performance using aerial drone footages and an ‘optimal’ reference trajectory. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-022-00386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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Knechtle B, Forte P, Weiss K, Cuk I, Nikolaidis PT, Sousa CV, Andrade MS, Thuany M. Biophysical characterization of the first ultra-cyclist in the world to break the 1,000 km barrier in 24-h non-stop road cycling: A case report. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:990382. [PMID: 36304551 PMCID: PMC9592711 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.990382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of factors determine elite cycling performance. Those include training characteristics, pacing strategy, aerodynamics, nutritional habits, psychological traits, physical fitness level, body mass composition, and contextual features; even the slightest changes in any of these factors can be associated with performance improvement or deterioration. The aim of the present case report is to compare the performances of the same ultra-cyclist in achieving two world records (WR) in 24 h cycling. We have analyzed and compared the distance covered and speed for each WR. The 24 h period was split into four-time intervals (0–6 h; > 6–12 h; > 12–18 h; > 18–24 h), and we compared the differences in the distance covered and speed between the two WRs. For both WRs, a strong negative correlation between distance and speed was confirmed (r = –0.85; r = –0.89, for old and new WR, respectively). Differences in speed (km/h) were shown between the two WRs, with the most significant differences in 12–18 h (Δ = 6.50 km/h). For the covered distance in each block, the most significant differences were observed in the last part of the cycling (Δ = 38.54 km). The cyclist effective surface area (ACd) was 0.25 m2 less and 20% more drag in the new WR. Additionally, the mechanical power was 8%, the power to overcome drag was 31%, and the power-weight ratio was 8% higher in the new WR. The mechanical efficiency of the cyclist was 1% higher in the new WR. Finally, the heart rate (HR) presented significant differences for the first 6 h (Old WR: 145.80 ± 5.88 bpm; New WR: 139.45 ± 5.82 bpm) and between the 12 and 18 h time interval (Old WR: 133.19 ± 3.53 bpm; New WR: 137.63 ± 2.80 bpm). The marginal gains concept can explain the performance improvement in the new WR, given that the athlete made some improvements in technical specifications after the old WR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle,
| | - Pedro Forte
- Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal,Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal,Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marilia Santos Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Neurofisiologia e Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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The association between sport nutrition knowledge, nutritional intake, energy availability, and training characteristics with the risk of an eating disorder amongst highly trained competitive road cyclists. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To determine the association between sport nutrition knowledge, nutritional intake, energy availability, and training characteristics with the risk of an eating disorder amongst highly trained competitive cyclists.
Methods
Using an observational cohort study design, 36 male cyclists (age = 23.1 ± 3.9 years) provided information on personal characteristics, training history and functional threshold power. The cyclists completed the sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire (SNKQ) and brief eating disorder in athletes questionnaire (BEDA-Q) before submitting a three-day food diary to quantify energy and macronutrient intake, and calculate energy availability.
Results
The estimated lean body mass, years training, weekly on-bike training and functional threshold power were 57.6 ± 3.9 kg, 5.9 ± 3.0 years, 16.4 ± 3.2 h and 355 ± 33 W, respectively. The mean score for the SNKQ was 60.0 ± 8.4% whilst the BEDA-Q score was 4.3 ± 4.1 AU. Training and rest day energy availability was 16 ± 18 kcal·kg eLBM−1 and 44 ± 14 kcal·kg eLBM−1, respectively. Associations between SNKQ with energy intake (r = 0.13, P = 0.553) and availability (r = 0.21, P = 0.345) were trivial to small. There was a large, negative association between SNKQ and BEDA-Q (r = –0.55, P = 0.006) suggesting that for every correct answer on the SNKQ, the BEDA-Q score reduced by 0.3 AU. All other association with the BEDA-Q were trivial to small (r = –0.29–0.27, all P > 0.05).
Conclusion
The results indicate that sport nutrition knowledge and energy intake was insufficient to match their training demand on training days. The large, negative association between SNKQ and BEDA-Q suggests that those highly trained cyclists with less sport nutrition knowledge may be at a greater risk of an eating disorder.
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Is Motor Coordination the Key to Success in Youth Cycling? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1489-1498. [PMID: 35894883 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the predictive value of a (non-)sport-specific test battery on the future success of young cyclists, test scores were compared with competition performances 2-3 years later. METHODS Three motor coordination, 5 physical performance, and 2 cycling-specific measurements were collected in 111 U15 (13.0-14.9 y) and 67 U17 (15.0-16.9 y) male road cyclists. In addition, maturity status, relative age, and competition history were assessed. National and provincial competition results 2-3 years later, in the U17year2 and U19year2 categories, were submitted to 2 separate 4-stage hierarchical regressions. RESULTS The results of the model of the U15 group revealed that maturity, relative age, competition history, motor coordination, physical performance, and cycling-specific performance accounted for 22.6% of the variance in competitive success. For the U15 category, only maturity and motor coordination were significant predictors of competitive success in the U17year2 category. Maturity and motor coordination each uniquely explained ±5% of the variance. However, for the U17 group-neither motor coordination, physical performance, nor cycling-specific performance could predict competitive success in the U19year2 category. CONCLUSIONS The current study underlines the importance of general motor coordination as a building block necessary for optimal development in youth cycling. However, considering the lack of predictive value from the U17 category onward, other features may determine further development of youth athletes. Nevertheless, it is questioned why athletes need to possess a minimum level of all physical, motor coordination, and cycling-specific characteristics to experience success and enjoyment in their sport.
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Bayne F, Racinais S, Mileva KN, Hunter S, Gaoua N. The Type of Per-Cooling Strategies Currently Employed by Competitive and Professional Cyclists-Triathletes During Training and Competition Are Condition (Dry vs. Humid) Dependant. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:845427. [PMID: 35694320 PMCID: PMC9174669 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.845427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate cooling strategies employed by athletes (cyclists-triathletes) during training and competition in hot and dry (HD) and hot and humid (HH) conditions. Methods Thirty-five athletes completed an online questionnaire on the type, timing, and justification of cooling strategies employed during past training and/or competitions in HD and HH conditions. In addition, 3 athletes also completed a one-to-one follow-up interview. Results Comparisons between strategies employed in all conditions were based on N = 14 (40%). Cold-water pouring was the most employed (N = 4; 21%) strategy during training and/or competing in hot conditions. The timing of the strategies employed was based on pitstops only (N = 7; 50%). The justification for strategies employed was based on trial and error (N = 9, 42.85%: N = 10, 47.61%). All athletes rated strategies employed as 1 (“not effective for minimising performance impairments and heat-related illnesses”). Comparisons between HD and HH were based on N = 21 (60%), who employed different strategies based on condition. Cold-water ingestion was the most employed (N = 9, 43%) strategy in HD, whereas a combination of cold-water ingestion and pouring was the most employed (N = 9, 43%) strategy in HH. The timing of strategies employed in the HD split was pre-planned by distance but was modified based on how athletes felt during (N = 8, 38%), and pre-planned by distance and pit stops (N = 8, 38%). The timing of strategies employed in HH was pre-planned based on distance and how athletes felt during (N = 9, 42%). About 57% (N = 12) of the 60% (N = 21) perceived effectiveness in HD and HH as 3 (“Sometimes effective and sometimes not effective”), whereas 43% (N = 9) of the 60% (N = 21) perceived effectiveness in HD and HH as 4 (“Effective for minimising performance impairments”). Conclusion Cold-water ingestion is the preferred strategy by athletes in HD compared to a combination of cold-water ingestion and pouring in HH conditions. All strategies were pre-planned and trialled based on distance and how athletes felt during training and/or competition. These strategies were perceived as effective for minimising performance impairments, but not heat-related illnesses. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of these cooling strategies on performance and thermoregulatory responses in HD and HH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Bayne
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Freya Bayne
| | | | - Katya N. Mileva
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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The Record Power Profile of Male Professional Cyclists: Normative Values Obtained From a Large Database. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:701-710. [PMID: 35193109 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present normative data for the record power profile of male professional cyclists attending to team categories and riding typologies. METHODS Power output data registered from 4 professional teams during 8 years (N = 144 cyclists, 129,262 files, and 1062 total seasons [7 (5) per cyclist] corresponding to both training and competition sessions) were analyzed. Cyclists were categorized as ProTeam (n = 46) or WorldTour (n = 98) and as all-rounders (n = 65), time trialists (n = 11), climbers (n = 50), sprinters (n = 11), or general classification contenders (n = 7). The record power profile was computed as the highest maximum mean power (MMP) value attained for different durations (1 s to 240 min) in both relative (W·kg-1) and absolute units (W). RESULTS Significant differences between ProTeam and WorldTour were found for both relative (P = .002) and absolute MMP values (P = .006), with WT showing lower relative, but not absolute, MMP values at shorter durations (30-60 s). However, higher relative and absolute MMP values were recorded for very short- (1 s) and long-duration efforts (60 and 240 min for relative MMP values and ≥5 min for absolute ones). Differences were also found regarding cyclists' typologies for both relative and absolute MMP values (P < .001 for both), with sprinters presenting the highest relative and absolute MMP values for short-duration efforts (5-30 s) and general classification contenders presenting the highest relative MMP values for longer efforts (1-240 min). CONCLUSIONS The present results--obtained from the largest cohort of professional cyclists assessed to date-could be used to assess cyclists' capabilities and indicate that the record power profile can differ between cyclists' categories and typologies.
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Ambient Temperature and Field-Based Cycling Performance: Insights From Male and Female Professional Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1025-1029. [PMID: 35338106 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ambient temperature affects endurance exercise performance. However, most research has been conducted in a laboratory-based setting, and whether there are sex-specific trends remains unclear. The present study aimed to analyze the influence of ambient temperature on cycling performance in male and female professional cyclists using field-based data collected during both training and racing. METHODS A total of 74 cyclists (48 male and 26 female; age 29 [5] y, 8 [5] y of experience in the professional category) were included in the analyses. We registered the participants' record power profile using data from both training and competitions over 8 years (2013-2020; 8 [5] seasons per cyclist). We analyzed their mean maximal power (MMP) values attained for efforts lasting 5 seconds, 30 seconds, 5 minutes, and 20 minutes at ambient temperatures ranging from <5°C to >35°C. RESULTS A significant influence of ambient temperature on MMP values was found in male and female cyclists (P < .001 for both), with no significant differences between sexes (P = .512). Cyclists attained the highest MMP values at temperate conditions (10-30°C in males and 5-25°C in females), whereas an impairment in performance was found at colder and hotter temperatures, particularly for the more extreme conditions (performance impairment at <5°C and >35°C of -18% to -9% and -16% to -9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Ambient temperature influences field-based cycling performance, following a reverse U-shaped relationship, with the highest MMP values attained in the range of ∼10°C to 25°C and with no major differences between sexes.
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A Short-Term Low-Fiber Diet Reduces Body Mass in Healthy Young Men: Implications for Weight-Sensitive Sports. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:256-264. [PMID: 35313275 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Athletes from weight-sensitive sports are reported to consume low-fiber diets (LOW) to induce acute reductions in body mass (BM). However, evidence supporting their efficacy is anecdotal. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of a LOW on acute changes in BM. Nineteen healthy males (32 ± 10 years, 1.79 ± 0.07 m, 77.5 ± 8.1 kg) consumed their habitual diet (∼30 g fiber/day) for 7 consecutive days followed by 4 days of a LOW (<10 g fiber/day) that was matched for energy and macronutrient content. Participants also matched their daily exercise load during LOW to that completed during habitual diet (p = .669, average 257 ± 141 arbitrary units). BM was significantly reduced in LOW versus habitual diet after 4 days (Δ = 0.40 ± 0.77 kg or 0.49% ± 0.91%, p < .05, effect size [ES] [95% confidence interval] = -0.53 [-1.17, 0.12]) and on the morning of Day 5 (Δ = 0.58 ± 0.83 kg or 0.74% ± 0.99%, p < .01, ES = -0.69 [-1.34, -0.03]). LOW resulted in moderately higher hunger (Δ = 5 ± 9 mm, p = .015, ES = 0.55 [-0.09, 1.20]), a decline in stool frequency from 2 ± 0 to 1 ± 0 bowel movements per day (p = .012, ES = 0.64 [-0.02, 1.29]) and stool softness decrease (p = .005). Nonetheless, participants reported the diet to be tolerable (n = 18/19) and were willing to repeat it (n = 16/19). Data demonstrate for the first time that consumption of a short-term LOW induces reductions in BM.
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Performance indicators and functional adaptive windows in competitive cyclists: effect of one-year strength and conditioning training programme. Biol Sport 2022; 39:329-340. [PMID: 35309528 PMCID: PMC8919878 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes and relationships between cycling performance indicators following a one-year strength and conditioning training have not been totally clarified. The aims of this study are to investigate (i) the effect of a combined one-year strength and conditioning training programme on performance indicators and the possible relationships between these indicators, and (ii) the existence of possible endurance-functional-adaptive windows (EFAWs) linked to changes in muscular strength and body composition markers. Functional and lactate threshold power (FTP and LTP), maximal strength (1RM) and body composition (body mass index [BMI], body cell mass [BCM] and phase angle [PA]) were measured at the beginning and the end of a one-year strength and conditioning training programme of thirty cyclists. Correlations, differences, and predictive analysis were performed among parameters. Significant differences were found between pre- and post-conditioning programme results for FTP, LTP, 1RM (p < 0.0001) and BCM (p = 0.038). When expressed as power output (W), FTP and LTP were significantly correlated with 1RM (r = 0.36, p = 0.005 and r = 0.37, p = 0.004, respectively), body mass (r = 0.30 and p = 0.02), BCM (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and PA (r = 0.42 and 0.39, respectively and p < 0.001). When expressed as W·kg-¹, these power thresholds were strongly correlated with body mass (r = -0.56 and -0.61, respectively) and BMI (r = -0.57 and -0.61 respectively) with p < 0.001. Predictive polynomial regressions revealed possible endurance and strength adaptation zones. The present findings indicated beneficial impacts of one-year strength and conditioning training on cycling performance indicators, confirmed the correlation between performance indicators, and suggested the existence of different EFAWs. Strategies aiming to improve performance should consider cyclist characteristics and performance goals to achieve EFAWs and thereby enhance cycling performance.
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Impact of a Cold Environment on the Performance of Professional Cyclists: A Pilot Study. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121326. [PMID: 34947857 PMCID: PMC8704244 DOI: 10.3390/life11121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of physical activity in a variable climate during the same competition is becoming more and more common due to climate change and increasingly frequent climate disturbances. The main aim of this pilot study was to understand the impact of cold ambient temperature on performance factors during a professional cycling race. Six professional athletes (age = 27 ± 2.7 years; height = 180.86 ± 5.81 cm; weight = 74.09 ± 9.11 kg; % fat mass = 8.01 ± 2.47%; maximum aerobic power (MAP) = 473 ± 26.28 W, undertook ~20 h training each week at the time of the study) participated in the Tour de la Provence under cold environmental conditions (the ambient temperature was 15.6 ± 1.4 °C with a relative humidity of 41 ± 8.5% and the normalized ambient temperature (Tawc) was 7.77 ± 2.04 °C). Body core temperature (Tco) was measured with an ingestible capsule. Heart rate (HR), power, speed, cadence and the elevation gradient were read from the cyclists’ onboard performance monitors. The interaction (multivariate analysis of variance) of the Tawc and the elevation gradient has a significant impact (F(1.5) = 32.2; p < 0.001) on the variables (cadence, power, velocity, core temperature, heart rate) and on each individual. Thus, this pilot study shows that in cold environmental conditions, the athlete’s performance was limited by weather parameters (ambient temperature associated with air velocity) and race characteristics. The interaction of Tawc and elevation gradient significantly influences thermal (Tco), physiological (HR) and performance (power, speed and cadence) factors. Therefore, it is advisable to develop warm-up, hydration and clothing strategies for competitive cycling under cold ambient conditions and to acclimatize to the cold by training in the same conditions to those that may be encountered in competition.
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Kholkine L, Servotte T, de Leeuw AW, De Schepper T, Hellinckx P, Verdonck T, Latré S. A Learn-to-Rank Approach for Predicting Road Cycling Race Outcomes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:714107. [PMID: 34693282 PMCID: PMC8527032 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.714107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional road cycling is a very competitive sport, and many factors influence the outcome of the race. These factors can be internal (e.g., psychological preparedness, physiological profile of the rider, and the preparedness or fitness of the rider) or external (e.g., the weather or strategy of the team) to the rider, or even completely unpredictable (e.g., crashes or mechanical failure). This variety makes perfectly predicting the outcome of a certain race an impossible task and the sport even more interesting. Nonetheless, before each race, journalists, ex-pro cyclists, websites and cycling fans try to predict the possible top 3, 5, or 10 riders. In this article, we use easily accessible data on road cycling from the past 20 years and the Machine Learning technique Learn-to-Rank (LtR) to predict the top 10 contenders for 1-day road cycling races. We accomplish this by mapping a relevancy weight to the finishing place in the first 10 positions. We assess the performance of this approach on 2018, 2019, and 2021 editions of six spring classic 1-day races. In the end, we compare the output of the framework with a mass fan prediction on the Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) metric and the number of correct top 10 guesses. We found that our model, on average, has slightly higher performance on both metrics than the mass fan prediction. We also analyze which variables of our model have the most influence on the prediction of each race. This approach can give interesting insights to fans before a race but can also be helpful to sports coaches to predict how a rider might perform compared to other riders outside of the team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Kholkine
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp-IMEC, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Servotte
- Department of Mathematics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Tom De Schepper
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp-IMEC, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Hellinckx
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp-IMEC, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Verdonck
- Department of Mathematics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Latré
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp-IMEC, Antwerp, Belgium
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Van Bulck D, Vande Weghe A, Goossens D. Result-based talent identification in road cycling: discovering the next Eddy Merckx. ANNALS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 2021; 325:539-556. [PMID: 34629606 PMCID: PMC8490850 DOI: 10.1007/s10479-021-04280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In various sports large amounts of data are nowadays collected and analyzed to help scouts with identifying talented young athletes. In contrast, the literature on result-based talent identification in road cycling is remarkably scarce. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the possibilities of the use of publicly available data to discover new talented Under-23 (U23) riders via statistical learning methods (linear regression and random forest techniques). At the same time, we try to find out the main determinants of success for U23 riders in their first years of professional cycling. We collect results for more than 25000 road cycling races from 2007-2018 and consider more than 2500 riders from over 80 countries. We use the data from 2007 to 2017 to train and validate our models, and use the data from 2018 to predict how well U23 riders will perform in their first three elite years. Our results reveal that past U23 race results appear to be important predictors of future cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Bulck
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arthur Vande Weghe
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Goossens
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ocana PD, Darabseh MZ, Ishihara K, Aburub A, Zambolin F, Montgomery G, Mills R, Scorcelletti M, Cameron J, Ganse B, Degens H, Bagley L. Age-related declines in muscle and respiratory function are proportionate to declines in performance in Master Track Cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3447-3457. [PMID: 34515866 PMCID: PMC8571236 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory and musculoskeletal function decline with age, irrespective of physical activity levels. Previous work has suggested that the age-related rate of decline in function of these two systems might be similar, but it is not known to what extent each system contributes to decreasing performance in ageing master cyclists. Therefore, the purposes of this study are (1) whether the age-related rate of decline in respiratory function, respiratory muscle strength, muscle architecture, muscle function, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and performance in master cyclists is uniform and (2) which parameters contribute most to the reduction in performance with age. METHODS Master cyclists were recruited during the Track Cycling Masters World Championship 2019 in Manchester. Respiratory function and respiratory muscle strength were determined using spirometry and a mouth pressure device, respectively. Muscle architecture was determined using ultrasonography, and muscle function by countermovement jump. RESULTS Forced expiratory volume in the first second, forced vital capacity, fascicle length, muscle thickness, take-off velocity, jump power, jump power per body mass, handgrip strength, haemoglobin concentration and performance correlated negatively with age (p ≤ 0.043). The age-related rate of decline did not differ significantly between parameters (p = 0.124), but it was slower for haemoglobin concentration (p = 0.041). Take-off velocity was the major determinant of performance in 200, 500 and 2000 m track cycling disciplines (R2adj = 0.675, 0.786 and 0.769, respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Age-related decline in respiratory and muscle system is accompanied by a similar rate of decline in performance. The major contribution to the age-related decline of performance is reduced muscle function, specifically take-off velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Duro Ocana
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building; Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Mohammad Z Darabseh
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building; Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building; Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Aseel Aburub
- School of Allied Health Professions, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Fabio Zambolin
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building; Oxford Rd, Manchester, M15 6BW, UK
| | - Gallin Montgomery
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building; Oxford Rd, Manchester, M15 6BW, UK
| | - Richard Mills
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building; Oxford Rd, Manchester, M15 6BW, UK
| | - Matteo Scorcelletti
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building; Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - James Cameron
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cavendish Building; Cavendish Street, Manchester, M1 6BG, UK
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Surgery, Innovative Implant Development, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building; Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Liam Bagley
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building; Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
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28
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Zignoli A, Biral F, Fornasiero A, Sanders D, Erp TV, Mateo-March M, Fontana FY, Artuso P, Menaspà P, Quod M, Giorgi A, Laursen PB. Assessment of bike handling during cycling individual time trials with a novel analytical technique adapted from motorcycle racing. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1355-1363. [PMID: 34369299 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1966517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A methodology to study bike handling of cyclists during individual time trials (ITT) is presented. Lateral and longitudinal accelerations were estimated from GPS data of professional cyclists (n=53) racing in two ITT of different length and technical content. Acceleration points were plotted on a plot (g-g diagram) and they were enclosed in an ellipse. A correlation analysis was conducted between the area of the ellipse and the final ITT ranking. It was hypothesized that a larger area was associated to a better performance. An analytical model for the bike-cyclist system dynamics was used to conduct a parametric analysis on the influence of riding position on the shape of the g-g diagram. A moderate (n=27, r=-0.40, p=0.038) and a very large (n=26, r=-0.83, p<0.0001) association were found between the area of the enclosing ellipse and the final ranking in the two ITT. Interestingly, this association was larger in the shorter race with higher technical content. The analytical model suggested that maximal decelerations are highly influenced by the cycling position, road slope and speed. This investigation, for the first time, explores a novel methodology that can provide insights into bike handling, a large unexplored area of cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zignoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Prom Facility, Trentino Sviluppo, Trento, Italy.,CeRiSM Research Centre, University of Verona, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Biral
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Dajo Sanders
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Teun Van Erp
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Spanish Cycling Federation, Madrid, Spain.,Movistar Team, Abarca Sports, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Paolo Menaspà
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Marc Quod
- Mitchelton-Scott Cycling Team, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec Professional Cycling Team, Medical Staff, Italy.,Internal Medicine, Specialists Medicine and Rehabilitation Department. Functional Recovery and Re-education Unit. USL Toscana south-east
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Physical Demands and Performance Indicators in Male Professional Cyclists During a Grand Tour: WorldTour Versus ProTeam Category. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:22-30. [PMID: 34343966 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the physical demands and performance indicators of male professional cyclists of 2 different categories (Union Cycliste Internationale WorldTour [WT] and ProTeam [PT]) during a cycling grand tour. METHODS A WT team (n = 8, 31.4 [5.4] y) and a PT team (n = 7, 26.9 [3.3] y) that completed "La Vuelta 2020" volunteered to participate. Participants' power output (PO) was registered, and measures of physical demand and physiological performance (kilojoules spent, training stress score, time spent at different PO bands/zones, and mean maximal PO [MMP] for different exertion durations) were computed. RESULTS WT achieved a higher final individual position than PT (31 [interquartile range = 33] vs 71 [59], P = .004). WT cyclists showed higher mean PO and kilojoule values than their PT peers and spent more time at high-intensity PO values (>5.25 W·kg-1) and zones (91%-120% of individualized functional threshold power) (Ps < .05). Although no differences were found for MMP values in the overall analysis (P > .05), subanalyses revealed that the between-groups gap increased through the race, with WT cyclists reaching higher MMP values for ≥5-minute efforts in the second and third weeks (Ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS Despite the multifactorial nature of cycling performance, WT cyclists spend more time at high intensities and show higher kilojoules and mean PO than their PT referents during a grand tour. Although the highest MMP values attained during the whole race might not differentiate between WT and PT cyclists, the former achieve higher MMP values as the race progresses.
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Five-Minute Power-Based Test to Predict Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Road Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:9-15. [PMID: 34225254 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the ability of a multivariate model to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) using performance data from a 5-minute maximal test (5MT). METHODS Forty-six road cyclists (age 38 [9] y, height 177 [9] cm, weight 71.4 [8.6] kg, VO2max 61.13 [9.05] mL/kg/min) completed a graded exercise test to assess VO2max and power output. After a 72-hour rest, they performed a test that included a 5-minute maximal bout. Performance variables in each test were modeled in 2 independent equations, using Bayesian general linear regressions to predict VO2max. Stepwise selection was then used to identify the minimal subset of parameters with the best predictive power for each model. RESULTS Five-minute relative power output was the best explanatory variable to predict VO2max in the model from the graded exercise test (R2 95% credibility interval, .81-.88) and when using data from the 5MT (R2 95% credibility interval, .61-.77). Accordingly, VO2max could be predicted with a 5MT using the equation VO2max = 16.6 + (8.87 × 5-min relative power output). CONCLUSIONS Road cycling VO2max can be predicted in cyclists through a single-variable equation that includes relative power obtained during a 5MT. Coaches, cyclists, and scientists may benefit from the reduction of laboratory assessments performed on athletes due to this finding.
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Characteristics of Pedaling Muscle Stiffness among Cyclists of Different Performance Levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060606. [PMID: 34208215 PMCID: PMC8230890 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the impact of an incremental exercise test on muscle stiffness in the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (GL) among road cyclists of three performance levels. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 35 cyclists grouped according to their performance level; elite (n = 10; professional license), sub-elite (n = 12; amateur license), and recreational (n = 13; cyclosportive license). Passive muscle stiffness was assessed using myometry before and after an incremental exercise test. Results: There was a significant correlation between time and category in the vastus lateralis with stiffness increases in the sub-elite (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.88) and elite groups (p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.72), but not in the recreational group (p = 0.085). Stiffness increased over time in the knee extensors (RF, p < 0.001; VL, p < 0.001), but no changes were observed in the knee flexors (GL, p = 0.63, BF, p = 0.052). There were no baseline differences among the categories in any muscle. Conclusions: Although the performance level affected VL stiffness after an incremental exercise test, no differences in passive stiffness were observed among the main muscles implicated in pedaling in a resting state. Future research should assess whether this marker could be used to differentiate cyclists of varying fitness levels and its potential applicability for the monitoring of training load.
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Ferguson HA, Harnish C, Chase JG. Using Field Based Data to Model Sprint Track Cycling Performance. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 33725208 PMCID: PMC7966696 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cycling performance models are used to study rider and sport characteristics to better understand performance determinants and optimise competition outcomes. Performance requirements cover the demands of competition a cyclist may encounter, whilst rider attributes are physical, technical and psychological characteristics contributing to performance. Several current models of endurance-cycling enhance understanding of performance in road cycling and track endurance, relying on a supply and demand perspective. However, they have yet to be developed for sprint-cycling, with current athlete preparation, instead relying on measures of peak-power, speed and strength to assess performance and guide training. Peak-power models do not adequately explain the demands of actual competition in events over 15-60 s, let alone, in World-Championship sprint cycling events comprising several rounds to medal finals. Whilst there are no descriptive studies of track-sprint cycling events, we present data from physiological interventions using track cycling and repeated sprint exercise research in multiple sports, to elucidate the demands of performance requiring several maximal sprints over a competition. This review will show physiological and power meter data, illustrating the role of all energy pathways in sprint performance. This understanding highlights the need to focus on the capacity required for a given race and over an event, and therefore the recovery needed for each subsequent race, within and between races, and how optimal pacing can be used to enhance performance. We propose a shift in sprint-cyclist preparation away from training just for peak power, to a more comprehensive model of the actual event demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A. Ferguson
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Chris Harnish
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Health, Mary Baldwin University, Staunton, VA USA
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
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