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Mai TN, Nguyen TT, Dang-Xuan S, Nguyen-Viet H, Unger F, Lee HS. Transboundary viral diseases of pigs, poultry and ruminants in Southeast Asia: a systematic review. Vet Q 2024; 44:13-25. [PMID: 39210836 PMCID: PMC11370669 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2397796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Livestock is a strategic part of the small-farm economy in Southeast Asia's society, providing food income, clothing, fertilizer, and draught power. However, incidences or outbreaks of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are due to converging factors such as the natural hazards' aftermath, climate change, deforestation, urban growth, changing production conditions, and market chains. Therefore, this affects productivity and impacts farmers' livelihoods with small holdings. The literature review was carried out to understand the current situation of TADs in Southeast Asia, identifying knowledge gaps to provide actions for disease control and prevention in the region. We have attempted to summarise the scientific literature in English on the prevalence data of TADs in Southeast Asia between 2011 and March 2022. Relatively few studies evaluated the distribution of TAD, where most of the studies focused on diseases that are important for international trade, such as avian influenza (AI), African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and Newcastle disease (ND). Traditional production systems have received little attention in such studies as they belonged to mainly smallholders. The outbreaks of ASF and lumpy skin disease (LSD) in 2019 resulted in increased research activity between 2019-2022, while the other TADs were ignored in this period. For new emerging TADs diseases such as ASF and LSD, there is only information about the first detection without prevalence information. Therefore, further epidemiological investigations are necessary to reduce the gaps in disease surveillance reporting systems and support the prevention and reduction of further outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngan Mai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Trung Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sinh Dang-Xuan
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Fred Unger
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- Animal and Human Health program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Schwartz JC, Farrell CP, Freimanis G, Sewell AK, Phillips JD, Hammond JA. A genome assembly and transcriptome atlas of the inbred Babraham pig to illuminate porcine immunogenetic variation. Immunogenetics 2024:10.1007/s00251-024-01355-7. [PMID: 39294478 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-024-01355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
The inbred Babraham pig serves as a valuable biomedical model for research due to its high level of homozygosity, including in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and likely other important immune-related gene complexes, which are generally highly diverse in outbred populations. As the ability to control for this diversity using inbred organisms is of great utility, we sought to improve this resource by generating a long-read whole genome assembly and transcriptome atlas of a Babraham pig. The genome was de novo assembled using PacBio long reads and error-corrected using Illumina short reads. Assembled contigs were then mapped to the porcine reference assembly, Sscrofa11.1, to generate chromosome-level scaffolds. The resulting TPI_Babraham_pig_v1 assembly is nearly as contiguous as Sscrofa11.1 with a contig N50 of 34.95 Mb and contig L50 of 23. The remaining sequence gaps are generally the result of poor assembly across large and highly repetitive regions such as the centromeres and tandemly duplicated gene families, including immune-related gene complexes, that often vary in gene content between haplotypes. We also further confirm homozygosity across the Babraham MHC and characterize the allele content and tissue expression of several other immune-related gene complexes, including the antibody and T cell receptor loci, the natural killer complex, and the leukocyte receptor complex. The Babraham pig genome assembly provides an alternate highly contiguous porcine genome assembly as a resource for the livestock genomics community. The assembly will also aid biomedical and veterinary research that utilizes this animal model such as when controlling for genetic variation is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin P Farrell
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John D Phillips
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John A Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Parthiban S, Kowsalya B, Parthiban M, Ramesh A, Raja P, Gopal K, Jaisree S, Thangathurai R, Senthilkumar K. Molecular Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Virus Associated Field Infections Evidence Novel CSFV Sub Genotype in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:1347-1354. [PMID: 39282161 PMCID: PMC11399502 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an endemic and major viral infection of Indian swine husbandry, contributing to great economic losses with multiple genotypes associated with vast clinical and subclinical outcomes. Molecular detection and genotyping of CSF virus directly from field samples has great application in disease monitoring and control measures hence this study aimed to isolate and characterize CSFV genotypes circulating in southern states of India. Fifty-seven porcine post-mortem tissues (lymph nodes, spleens, livers, lungs, and kidneys) collected from pigs suspected of systemic infections and sudden death with the history of live attenuated CSF vaccination from different regions of Tamil Nadu were used in this study. An NS5B gene based CSFV specific RT-PCR screening confirmed CSFV positivity in 7% (4/57) of samples with a specific amplicon of 449 bp. Further molecular screening for other viral co-infections such as PCV2, PPV and PRRSV done by specific individual PCR assays to all the samples. Non-involvement of above screened three viral pathogens in all four field samples which showed positivity for CSFV confirming CSFV as primary pathogen. Two RT-PCR positive samples (TNI-4 and CHNL-2) selected randomly and sequenced. Aligned contig sequences of both samples were subjected to BLAST homology search and phylogentic characterization. BLAST study of TNI-4 sequence revealed 99% sequence identity with Indian CSFV sequences of genotype 1 and CHNL-2 showed 98% sequence identity with Indian CSFV sequences of genotype 2. Phylogenetic analysis of the TNI-4 and CHNL-2 sequences obtained in this study along with 38 published CSFV sequences consisting of all 5 new genotypes and 14 sub genotypes through the Maximum Likelihood tree method in MEGA 11 revealed that TNI-4 clustering together with 1.7 sub genotypes and CHNL-2 clustering together with 2.2 sub genotypes. TNI-4 and CHNL-2 partial NS5B gene sequences obtained in this study deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers of MW822568 and MW822569 respectively. The study is the first to report CSF infections associated with the newer 1.7 sub genotype in Tamil Nadu, southern India. It is possible that vaccination could affect the genetic diversity of the CSFV through recombination and point mutations for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - B Kowsalya
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - M Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - A Ramesh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - P Raja
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - K Gopal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, VCRI, Namakkal, 637002 India
| | - S Jaisree
- Central University Laboratory, MMC, TANUVAS, Chennai, 600051 India
| | - R Thangathurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, VCRI, Tirunelveli, 627358 India
| | - K Senthilkumar
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, India
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Manessis G, Frant M, Podgórska K, Gal-Cisoń A, Łyjak M, Urbaniak K, Woźniakowski G, Denes L, Balka G, Nannucci L, Griol A, Peransi S, Basdagianni Z, Mourouzis C, Giusti A, Bossis I. Label-Free Detection of African Swine Fever and Classical Swine Fever in the Point-of-Care Setting Using Photonic Integrated Circuits Integrated in a Microfluidic Device. Pathogens 2024; 13:415. [PMID: 38787267 PMCID: PMC11124021 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine viral diseases have the capacity to cause significant losses and affect the sector's sustainability, a situation further exacerbated by the lack of antiviral drugs and the limited availability of effective vaccines. In this context, a novel point-of-care (POC) diagnostic device incorporating photonic integrated circuits (PICs), microfluidics and information, and communication technology into a single platform was developed for the field diagnosis of African swine fever (ASF) and classical swine fever (CSF). The device targets viral particles and has been validated using oral fluid and serum samples. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated to assess the performance of the device, and PCR was the reference method employed. Its sensitivities were 80.97% and 79%, specificities were 88.46% and 79.07%, and DOR values were 32.25 and 14.21 for ASF and CSF, respectively. The proposed POC device and PIC sensors can be employed for the pen-side detection of ASF and CSF, thus introducing novel technological advancements in the field of animal diagnostics. The need for proper validation studies of POC devices is highlighted to optimize animal biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Manessis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Anna Gal-Cisoń
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.F.); (K.P.); (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (K.U.)
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolas Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Lilla Denes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan Str. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (L.D.); (G.B.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Str 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan Str. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (L.D.); (G.B.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Str 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lapo Nannucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie Alimentari Ambientali e Forestali, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n Building 8F, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sergio Peransi
- DAS Photonics SL, Camino de Vera, s/n, Building 8F 2nd-Floor, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Zoitsa Basdagianni
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Christos Mourouzis
- Cyprus Research and Innovation Centre Ltd. (CyRIC), 28th Octovriou Ave 72, Off. 301, Engomi, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Giusti
- Cyprus Research and Innovation Centre Ltd. (CyRIC), 28th Octovriou Ave 72, Off. 301, Engomi, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (Z.B.)
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Shi K, Qian X, Shi Y, Wei H, Pan Y, Long F, Zhou Q, Mo S, Hu L, Li Z. A triplex crystal digital PCR for the detection of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1351596. [PMID: 38628942 PMCID: PMC11019002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1351596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in pigs. It keeps spreading around the world, posing a severe socioeconomic risk and endangering biodiversity and domestic food security. ASF first outbroke in China in 2018, and has spread to most provinces nationwide. Genotypes I and II ASF virus (ASFV) as the etiological pathogens have been found in China. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and probes targeting the ASFV B646L gene, F1055L gene, and E183L gene were designed to detect universal, genotype I, and genotype II strains, respectively. A triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) was established on the basis of optimizing various reaction conditions. The assay demonstrated remarkably sensitive with low limits of detection (LODs) of 5.120, 4.218, 4.588 copies/reaction for B646L, F1055L, and E183L gene, respectively; excellent repeatability with 1.24-2.01% intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) and 1.32-2.53% inter-assay CVs; good specificity for only detection of genotypes I and II ASFV, without cross-reactivity with PCV2, PRV, SIV, PRRSV, PEDV, FMDV, and CSFV. The triplex cdPCR was used to test 1,275 clinical samples from Guangxi province of China, and the positivity rates were 5.05, 3.22, and 1.02% for genotype I, genotype II, and co-infection of genotypes I and II, respectively. These 1,275 clinical samples were also detected using a reported reference triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the agreements of detection results between these two methods were more than 98.98%. In conclusion, the developed triplex cdPCR could be used as a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method to detect and differentiate genotypes I and II strains of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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6
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Wang L, Li D. - Invited Review - Current status, challenges and prospects for pig production in Asia. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:742-754. [PMID: 38419542 PMCID: PMC11016695 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Asia is not only the primary region for global pig production but also the largest consumer of pork worldwide. Although the pig production in Asia has made great progress in the past, it still is confronted with numerous challenges. These challenges include: inadequate land and feed resources, a substantial number of small-scale pig farms, escalating pressure to ensure environmental conservation, control of devastating infectious diseases, as well as coping with high temperatures and high humidity. To solve these problems, important investments of human and financial capital are required to promote large-scale production systems, exploit alternative feed resources, implement precision feeding, and focus on preventive medicine and vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics, improve pig breeding, and increase manure recycling. Implementation of these techniques and management practices will facilitate development of more environmentally-friendly and economically sustainable pig production systems in Asia, ultimately providing consumers with healthy pork products around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
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7
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Li F, Yu H, Qi A, Zhang T, Huo Y, Tu Q, Qi C, Wu H, Wang X, Zhou J, Hu L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Xie Z. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs during Porcine Viral Infections: Potential Targets for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38257818 PMCID: PMC10818342 DOI: 10.3390/v16010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs play important roles in agriculture and bio-medicine; however, porcine viral infections have caused huge losses to the pig industry and severely affected the animal welfare and social public safety. During viral infections, many non-coding RNAs are induced or repressed by viruses and regulate viral infection. Many viruses have, therefore, developed a number of mechanisms that use ncRNAs to evade the host immune system. Understanding how ncRNAs regulate host immunity during porcine viral infections is critical for the development of antiviral therapies. In this review, we provide a summary of the classification, production and function of ncRNAs involved in regulating porcine viral infections. Additionally, we outline pathways and modes of action by which ncRNAs regulate viral infections and highlight the therapeutic potential of artificial microRNA. Our hope is that this information will aid in the development of antiviral therapies based on ncRNAs for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Qiuse Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Lanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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Ko C, Ko DW, Cho W. Predicting Disparity between ASF-Managed Areas and Wild Boar Habitats: A Case of South Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3482. [PMID: 38003100 PMCID: PMC10668782 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting both domestic and wild boars. Since its first outbreak in South Korea in 2019, substantial efforts have been made to prevent ASF transmission by reducing the wild boar population and eliminating infected carcasses; however, the persistence of ASF transmission has posed challenges to these efforts. To improve ASF management strategies, the limitations of current management strategies must be identified by considering disparities between wild boar habitats and ASF-managed areas with environmental and anthropogenic characteristics of wild boars and their management strategies. Here, ensemble species distribution models were used to estimate wild boar habitats and potential ASF-managed areas, with elevation, distance to urban areas, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as important variables. Binary maps of wild boar habitats and potential ASF-managed areas were generated using the maxSSS as the threshold criterion. Disparity areas of ASF management were identified by overlying regions evaluated as wild boar habitats with those not classified as ASF-managed areas. Dense forests near urban regions like Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do were evaluated as disparity areas having high risk of ASF transmission. These findings hold significant potential for refining ASF management strategies and establishing proactive control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwoo Ko
- Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongwook W. Ko
- Department of Forest, Environment, and Systems, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Wonhee Cho
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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9
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Singh N, Batra K, Chaudhary D, Punia M, Kumar A, Maan NS, Maan S. Prevalence of porcine viral respiratory diseases in India. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1642-1654. [PMID: 35112631 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2032117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pig industry is growing rapidly in India and contributes a major share of growth in the livestock sector. Over the last few years, there is a gradual increase in the adoption of pigs for production by economically weaker sections of the country. However, this production is affected by many respiratory diseases which are responsible for significant economic loss. The occurrence and impact of these diseases are still under-documented. The four important pathogens including porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza A viruses (SIV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are documented here. These diseases are highly devastating in nature and frequent outbreaks have been reported from different parts of the country. The rapid and specific diagnosis, effective prevention and control measures are required for the eradication of these diseases which is urgently required for the growth of the pig industry. This review highlights the prevalence, epidemiology, diagnostics and information gaps on important respiratory viral pathogens of pigs reported from different parts of India. This review also emphasizes the importance of these viral diseases and the urgent need to develop vaccines and effective measures for the eradication of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Monika Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
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10
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Hu Z, Tian X, Lai R, Ji C, Li X. Airborne transmission of common swine viruses. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37908005 PMCID: PMC10619269 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viral aerosols poses a vulnerable aspect in the biosecurity measures aimed at preventing and controlling swine virus in pig production. Consequently, comprehending and mitigating the spread of aerosols holds paramount significance for the overall well-being of pig populations. This paper offers a comprehensive review of transmission characteristics, influential factors and preventive strategies of common swine viral aerosols. Firstly, certain viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A viruses (IAV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) have the potential to be transmitted over long distances (exceeding 150 m) through aerosols, thereby posing a substantial risk primarily to inter-farm transmission. Additionally, other viruses like classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV) can be transmitted over short distances (ranging from 0 to 150 m) through aerosols, posing a threat primarily to intra-farm transmission. Secondly, various significant factors, including aerosol particle sizes, viral strains, the host sensitivity to viruses, weather conditions, geographical conditions, as well as environmental conditions, exert a considerable influence on the transmission of viral aerosols. Researches on these factors serve as a foundation for the development of strategies to combat viral aerosol transmission in pig farms. Finally, we propose several preventive and control strategies that can be implemented in pig farms, primarily encompassing the implementation of early warning models, viral aerosol detection, and air pretreatment. This comprehensive review aims to provide a valuable reference for the formulation of efficient measures targeted at mitigating the transmission of viral aerosols among swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Intersection of Changqing Road and Park Road 1, Yangling District, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Lai
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongxing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, 316 Jinshi Road, Chengdu, 610100, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, 316 Jinshi Road, Chengdu, 610100, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Intersection of Changqing Road and Park Road 1, Yangling District, Xianyang, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Galicia MLC, Morales DJM, Pogado PGB, Quebrado AL, Herrera-Ong LR. Identification of potential CD8+ epitopes in pp62 polyprotein of African swine fever virus using computational immunology. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2023; 104:221-231. [PMID: 37850118 PMCID: PMC10578124 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2023.130726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly infectious African swine fever virus (ASFV) is currently the only known DNA arbovirus within the Asfarviridae family which primarily infects domestic pigs and wild boars. African swine fever (ASF) leads to a mortality rate of up to 100% which has caused massive socio-economic losses worldwide. Previous research indicates that ASFV's virulence can be attributed to polyprotein pp62, which plays a crucial role in viral assembly and core maturation. This particular study utilized in silico analysis to identify highly conserved cytotoxic T-cell epitopes in pp62 that can potentially serve as key components for future ASFV vaccines. To achieve this, the researchers retrieved, clustered, and aligned the peptide sequences of pp62. Subsequently, the aligned sequences were analyzed to identify epitopes that bind promiscuously to the swine major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) alleles and exhibiting MHC IC50 values < 500 nM. Additionally, peptide sequences with positive proteasome and TAP scores were considered. Potential cross-reactivity was assessed by comparing the peptide sequences against available proteome sequences of Sus scrofa domesticus in various databases. Furthermore, molecular docking was conducted to evaluate the binding of candidate epitopes with swine leukocyte antigen-1*0401 (SLA-1*0401). The dissociation constants, binding energies, root mean square deviation, and root mean square fluctuation values for the SLA-epitope complexes were compared with a positive reference. In the course of the study, 21 highly conserved CD8+ epitopes were identified, out of which four were further assessed for their potential immunogenicity. The results demonstrated that the highly conserved CD8+ epitopes discovered in this study are promising for integration into future ASFV vaccine formulations. As preliminary data, it is anticipated that these findings will subsequently undergo in vitro and in vivo studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lester C. Galicia
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Dale Jonathan M. Morales
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Precious Grace B. Pogado
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ashley L. Quebrado
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Leana Rich Herrera-Ong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
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12
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Imdhiyas M, Sen S, Barman N, Buragohain L, Malik Y, Kumar S. Computational analysis of immunogenic epitopes in the p30 and p54 proteins of African swine fever virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7480-7489. [PMID: 36148815 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2123400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious viral disease of pigs, which causes acute fatal haemorrhage and is a severe concern to the global pork industry. The present study followed computational approaches to identify B- and T-cell epitopes for the p30 and p54 proteins of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) by interacting with the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) alleles. The amino acid sequences of p30 and p54 were analysed for variability and relative solvent accessibility, and their three-dimensional structures were predicted and validated. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed to study the structural and dynamic properties of the protein. Six and five linear B-cell epitopes have been predicted for p30 and p54, respectively. Four and three discontinuous B-cell epitopes have been predicted for p30 and p54, respectively. Further, the top five T-cell epitopes for SLA-1, 2, and 3 have been listed for both proteins. These results can help us to understand the immunodominant regions in the p30 and p54 proteins of ASFV and potentially assist in designing peptide-based diagnostics and vaccines. Also, the identified T-cell epitopes may be considered for peptide-based vaccine design against ASFV.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Imdhiyas
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Suvam Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nagendra Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Lukumoni Buragohain
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Yashpal Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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13
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Hsu CH, Schambow R, Montenegro M, Miclat-Sonaco R, Perez A. Factors Affecting the Spread, Diagnosis, and Control of African Swine Fever in the Philippines. Pathogens 2023; 12:1068. [PMID: 37624028 PMCID: PMC10459637 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that threatens the swine industry globally. Since its introduction into the Philippines in 2019, ASF has spread extensively in both commercial and backyard farms. Here, using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, including conjoint and SWOT analyses, world café discussions, and multivariable regression models, the most important factors that influence the spread, diagnosis, and control of ASF in the Philippines were identified. Research findings suggest that swill or contaminated feed, inadequate biosecurity protocols, and movement of personnel were the top risk factors favoring ASF spread among farms in general. For commercial farms, contaminated vehicles and personnel were also important, whereas for backyard farms, the introduction of new pigs, environmental contamination, and poor feeding quality were relevant risk factors. Notable clinical signs of ASF in pigs include reduced feed intake, huddled behavior, and reluctance to stand. This study highlights the need for timely reporting, trust-building initiatives, and enhanced biosecurity measures to effectively manage ASF outbreaks in the country. Results here contribute to the knowledge of factors affecting ASF spread in the Philippines and can help design prevention and control measures in ASF-infected countries while enhancing preparedness in countries free from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Hsu
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Rachel Schambow
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Ruth Miclat-Sonaco
- National Livestock Program, Office of the Undersecretary for Livestock, Department of Agriculture, Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
| | - Andres Perez
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.S.); (A.P.)
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14
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Lambert MÈ, Arsenault J, Côté JC, D'Allaire S. Contacts posing risks of disease introduction in swine breeding herds in Quebec, Canada: Is the frequency of contacts associated with biosecurity measures? Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105966. [PMID: 37423151 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of pathogens into swine breeding herds can occur through a variety of contacts involving people, animals, vehicle or various supplies. Appropriate biosecurity is critical to mitigate these risks. A retrospective study was conducted to describe contacts with swine breeding sites over a one-month period and to evaluate their association with biosecurity measures and site characteristics. As part of a larger project, sites which had a recent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus introduction were selected. A questionnaire, logbooks and pig traceability system were used for collecting data relative to persons or supplies entering the breeding unit, live pig transportation, service vehicles, other animal species, neighboring pig sites and manure spreading around the site. The 84 sites investigated had a median sow inventory of 675. A median of 4 farm staff and 2 visitors entered the breeding unit at least once over the one-month period. A total of 73 sites (87%) received visitor(s), mostly from maintenance and technical services. All sites received at least 3 supply deliveries (median of 8) including semen (99% of sites), small material and/or drugs (98% of sites), bags (87% of sites), and/or equipment (61% of sites). Live pig movements were observed in all sites, with a median number of 5 truck entries on the site or exits from the site. For feed mill, rendering and propane trucks, at least one entry was noted in ≥ 61% of sites. For all service vehicle categories except feed mill and manure vacuum trucks, a single service provider was involved in each site. Dogs and cats were banned from all sites, but wild birds were observed in 8% of sites. Manure spreading within a 100 m radius of pig units was noted in 10% of the sites. With a few exceptions, biosecurity measures were not associated with the frequency of contacts. A 100-sow increase in sow inventory was associated with an increase of 0.34 in the cumulated number of staff entering the breeding unit, of 0.30 in the number of visitors and of 0.19 in the number of live pig movements. Live pig movements were also positively associated with vertically integrated farrow-to-wean (vs. independent farrow-to-wean) production and time interval of 4 weeks or more between farrowing (vs. less than 4). Considering the variety and frequency of contacts observed, biosecurity should be meticulously applied in all breeding herds to prevent endemic and exotic disease introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-È Lambert
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
| | - J Arsenault
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - J-C Côté
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - S D'Allaire
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Sirisereewan C, Nguyen TC, Piewbang C, Jittimanee S, Kedkovid R, Thanawongnuwech R. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) in Thailand during 2019-2020. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5168. [PMID: 36997663 PMCID: PMC10063680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is considered a novel PCV, firstly found in China in 2019 and later discovered in Korea. This present study investigated the prevalence and genetic characteristics of PCV4 from high pig-density areas in Thailand during 2019-2020. From 734 samples, three samples (0.4%) from aborted fetuses and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) cases were found positive for PCV4, two of the PCV4-positive samples were coinfected with both PCV2 and PRRSV, and the other PCV4-positive sample was found coinfected with PCV2. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed the presence of PCV4 in the bronchial epithelial cells and in lymphocytes and histiocyte-like cells in the lymphoid follicles of the PRDC-affected pig. The complete Thai PCV4 genome had over 98% nucleotide identity with other PCV4 strains and was closely related to the Korean and Chinese PCV4b strains. Importantly, the amino acid residue at position 212 of the Cap gene is recommended for differentiating PCV4a (212L) from PCV4b (212M) based on currently available PCV4 genome sequences. These findings provide important clues for the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanh Che Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suphattra Jittimanee
- Research Group for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals and Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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16
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Ji L, Chen Z, Li F, Hu Q, Xu L, Duan X, Wu H, Xu S, Chen Q, Wu S, Qiu S, Lu H, Jiang M, Cai R, Qiu Y, Li Y, Shi X. Epidemiological and genomic analyses of human isolates of Streptococcus suis between 2005 and 2021 in Shenzhen, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118056. [PMID: 37113229 PMCID: PMC10126776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes swine streptococcosis, which threatens human health and brings economic loss to the swine industry. Three-quarters of human S. suis infections are caused by serotype 2. A retrospective analysis of human S. suis cases in Shenzhen, a megacity in China, with high pork consumption, between 2005 and 2021 was conducted to understand its genomic epidemiology, pathogen virulence, and drug resistance characteristics. The epidemiological investigation showed that human cases of S. suis in Shenzhen were mainly associated with people who had been in close contact with raw pork or other swine products. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that 33 human isolates in Shenzhen were dominated by serotype 2 (75.76%), followed by serotype 14 (24.24%), and the most prevalent sequence types (STs) were ST7 (48.48%) and ST1 (39.40%). ST242 (9.09%) and ST25 (3.03%), which were rarely reported, were also found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Shenzhen human isolates had close genetic relatedness to isolates from Guangxi (China), Sichuan (China), and Vietnam. We found a new 82 KB pathogenicity island (PAI) in the serotype 2 isolate that may play a role in sepsis. Similarly, a serotype 14 isolate, containing 78 KB PAI, was isolated from a patient presenting with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSLS) who subsequently died. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was high in human isolates of S. suis from Shenzhen. Most human isolates were resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and 13 isolates had intermediate resistance to penicillin. In conclusion, swine importation from Guangxi, Sichuan, and Vietnam should be more closely monitored, and the use of antibiotics limited to reduce the potential for antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyin Ji
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhigao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality and Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangcai Xu
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangke Duan
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanguang Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality and Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiongcheng Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuxiang Qiu
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Huiqun Lu
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolu Shi,
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17
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Kim G, Park JE, Kim SJ, Kim Y, Kim W, Kim YK, Jheong W. Complete genome analysis of the African swine fever virus isolated from a wild boar responsible for the first viral outbreak in Korea, 2019. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1080397. [PMID: 36713858 PMCID: PMC9875005 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic viral disease in swine, is emerging as a major threat not only in Korea but also worldwide. The first confirmed case of ASF in Korea was reported in 2019. Despite the occurrence of ASF in Korea, only a few studies have genetically characterized the causative ASF virus (ASFV). In this study, we aimed to genetically characterize the ASFV responsible for the 2019 outbreak in Korea. The genome of the ASFV isolated during the first outbreak in Korea was analyzed. The Korea/YC1/2019 strain has 188,950 base pairs, with a GC content of 38.4%. The complete genome sequence was compared with other ASFV genomes annotated in the NCBI database. The Korea/YC1/2019 strain shared the highest similarity with Georgia 2007, Belgium 2018/1, and ASFV-wbBS01 strains. This study expands our knowledge of the genetic diversity of ASFV, providing valuable information for epidemiology, diagnostics, therapies, and vaccine development.
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18
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Ji C, Zhou L, Chen Y, Fang X, Liu Y, Du M, Lu X, Li Q, Wang H, Sun Y, Lan T, Ma J. Microfluidic-LAMP chip for the point-of-care detection of gene-deleted and wild-type African swine fever viruses and other four swine pathogens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1116352. [PMID: 36876016 PMCID: PMC9978214 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1116352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Different pathogens causing mixed infection are now threatening the pig industry in the context of the African Swine Fever (ASF) circulating especially in China, and it is crucial to achieving the early diagnosis of these pathogens for disease control and prevention. Methods Here we report the development of a rapid, portable, sensitive, high-throughput, and accurate microfluidic-LAMP chip detection system for simultaneous detection and differentiation of gene-deleted type and wild-type African swine fever virus (ASFV), pseudorabie virus (PRV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV). Results and discussion The newly developed system was shown to be sensitive with detection limits of 101 copies/μl for ASFV-MGF505-2R/P72, PPV, and PCV2, 102 copies/μl for ASFV-CD2v, PRV, and PRRSV. The system was highly specific (100%) and stable (C.V.s < 5%) in its ability to detect different pathogens. A total 213 clinical samples and 15 ASFV nucleic acid samples were collected to assess the performance of the detection system, showing highly effective diagnosis. Altogether, the developed microfluidic-LAMP chip system provides a rapid, sensitive, high-throughput and portable diagnostic tool for the accurate detection of multiple swine pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihai Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Ningbo iGene Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Mengkan Du
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan District Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Development Center, Xiaoshan Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiandong Lu
- Ningbo iGene Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Qianniu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Oberin M, Hillman A, Ward MP, Holley C, Firestone S, Cowled B. The Potential Role of Wild Suids in African Swine Fever Spread in Asia and the Pacific Region. Viruses 2022; 15:61. [PMID: 36680101 PMCID: PMC9867030 DOI: 10.3390/v15010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) in Asia and the Pacific is currently dominated by ASF virus transmission within and between domestic pig populations. The contribution made by wild suids is currently not well understood; their distribution, density and susceptibility to the virus has raised concerns that their role in the epidemiology of ASF in the region might be underestimated. Whilst in the Republic of Korea wild suids are considered important in the spread and maintenance of ASF virus, there is an apparent underreporting to official sources of the disease in wild suids from other countires and regions. A review of the current literature, an analysis of the official reporting resources and a survey of the World Organisation of Animal Health Member delegates in Asia and the Pacific were used to assess the potential role of wild suids in ASF outbreaks, and also to gain insight into what ASF management or control strategies are currently implemented for wild suids. Applying appropriate population control and management strategies can be increased in some areas, especially to assist in the conservation of endangered endemic wild suids in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalene Oberin
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Alison Hillman
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Caitlin Holley
- The World Organisation for Animal Health, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Simon Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan Cowled
- Ausvet, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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20
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Ito S, Bosch J, Jeong H, Aguilar-Vega C, Park J, Martínez-Avilés M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology of the Spread of African Swine Fever in Wild Boar and the Role of Environmental Factors in South Korea. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122779. [PMID: 36560783 PMCID: PMC9782897 DOI: 10.3390/v14122779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first confirmation of African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pig farms in South Korea in September 2019, ASF continues to expand and most notifications have been reported in wild boar populations. In this study, we first performed a spatio-temporal cluster analysis to understand ASF spread in wild boar. Secondly, generalized linear logistic regression (GLLR) model analysis was performed to identify environmental factors contributing to cluster formation. In the meantime, the basic reproduction number (R0) for each cluster was estimated to understand the growth of the epidemic. The cluster analysis resulted in the detection of 17 spatio-temporal clusters. The GLLR model analysis identified factors influencing cluster formation and indicated the possibility of estimating ASF epidemic areas based on environmental conditions. In a scenario only considering direct transmission among wild boar, R0 ranged from 1.01 to 1.5 with an average of 1.10, while, in another scenario including indirect transmission via an infected carcass, R0 ranged from 1.03 to 4.38 with an average of 1.56. We identified factors influencing ASF expansion based on spatio-temporal clusters. The results obtained would be useful for selecting priority areas for ASF control and would greatly assist in identifying efficient vaccination areas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hyunkyu Jeong
- Dodram Pig Research Center, Daejeon 35377, Republic of Korea
| | - Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Independent Scholar, Daejeon 35377, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jose Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Assavacheep P, Thanawongnuwech R. Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1048861. [PMID: 36504860 PMCID: PMC9732666 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential for the establishment of food security. The "repopulate swine farm" policy and the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchalit Assavacheep
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Pornchalit Assavacheep
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
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22
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Chenais E, Depner K, Ebata A, Penrith M, Pfeiffer DU, Price C, Ståhl K, Fischer K. Exploring the hurdles that remain for control of African swine fever in smallholder farming settings. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3370-e3378. [PMID: 35737577 PMCID: PMC9796485 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To honour the 100 years anniversary of the first publication about African swine fever (ASF) a webinar with a particular focus on disease control in the smallholder sector was organized. This article is based on the webinar, summarizing the early history of ASF research, reflecting on the current global disease situation and bringing forward some suggestions that could contribute towards achieving control of ASF. The first description of ASF by R. Eustace Montgomery in 1921 laid the foundations for what we know about the disease today. Subsequent research confirmed its association with warthogs and soft ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex. During the latter half of the 21st century, exponential growth of pig production in Africa has led to a change in the ASF-epidemiology pattern. It is now dominated by a cycle involving domestic pigs and pork with virus spread driven by people. In 2007, a global ASF epidemic started, reaching large parts of Europe, Asia and the Americas. In Europe, this epidemic has primarily affected wild boar. In Asia, wild boar, smallholders and industrialized pig farms have been affected with impact on local, national and international pig value chains. Globally and historically, domestic pigs in smallholder settings are most frequently affected and the main driver of ASF virus transmission. Awaiting a safe and efficacious vaccine, we need to continue focus on other measures, such as biosecurity, for controlling the disease. However, smallholders face specific challenges linked to poverty and other structural factors in implementing biosecurity measures that can prevent spread. Improving biosecurity in the smallholder sector thus remains an important tool for preventing and controlling ASF. In this regard, interdisciplinary research can help to find new ways to promote safe practices, facilitate understanding and embrace smallholders' perspectives, engage stakeholders and adjust prevention and control policies to improve implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and EpidemiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - Klaus Depner
- Institute for International Animal Health / One HealthFriedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Ayako Ebata
- Institute of Development StudiesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Mary‐Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical DiseasesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy AdviceCity University of Hong KongHong KongPR China,Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Cortney Price
- Animal Production and Health DivisionFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Karl Ståhl
- Department of Disease Control and EpidemiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - Klara Fischer
- Department of Urban and Rural DevelopmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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23
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Molecular Reports of Ruminant Babesia in Southeast Asia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080915. [PMID: 36015035 PMCID: PMC9415187 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoon Babesia is a blood parasite transmitted by hard ticks and commonly parasitizes ruminants such as cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Babesiosis, the disease caused by Babesia infection, has been considered a potential threat to ruminant production due to the grave and enormous impact it brings. About 125 million ruminants are at risk of babesiosis in Southeast Asia (SEA), a region composed of 11 countries. In recent decades, molecular-based diagnostic platforms, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, have been a reliable and broadly employed tool in Babesia detection. In this article, the authors compiled and summarized the molecular studies conducted on ruminant babesiosis and mapped the species, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. ovata, Babesia sp. Mymensingh, Babesia sp. Hue, and B. ovis, and determined the host diversity of ruminant Babesia in SEA.
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24
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Temporal and Spatial Evolution of the African Swine Fever Epidemic in Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138001. [PMID: 35805660 PMCID: PMC9265385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe infectious disease affecting domestic and wild suids. Spatiotemporal dynamics analysis of the ASF is crucial to understanding its transmission. The ASF broke out in Vietnam in February 2019. The research on the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ASF in Vietnam is lacking. Spatiotemporal statistical methods, including direction analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and spatiotemporal scan statistics were used to reveal the dynamics of the spatial diffusion direction and spatiotemporal aggregation characteristics of ASF in Vietnam. According to the cessation of the epidemic, it was divided into three phases: February to August 2019 (phase 1), April to December 2020 (phase 2), and January 2021 to March 2022 (phase 3). The ASF showed a significant spread trend from north to south in phase 1. The occurrence rate of the ASF aggregated spatially in phase 1 and became random in phases 2 and 3. The high−high ASF clusters (the province was a high cluster and both it and its neighbors had a high ASF occurrence rate) were concentrated in the north in phases 1 and 2. Four spatiotemporal high-risk ASF clusters were identified with a mean radius of 121.88 km. In general, there were significant concentrated outbreak areas and directional spread in the early stage and small-scale, high-frequency, and randomly scattered outbreaks in the later stage. The findings could contribute to a deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal spread of the ASF in Vietnam.
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25
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Niu X, Wang Q. Prevention and Control of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: The Development of Recombination-Resistant Live Attenuated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061317. [PMID: 35746788 PMCID: PMC9227446 DOI: 10.3390/v14061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), causing up to 100% mortality in neonatal pigs, is a highly contagious enteric disease caused by PED virus (PEDV). The highly virulent genogroup 2 (G2) PEDV emerged in 2010 and has caused huge economic losses to the pork industry globally. It was first reported in the US in 2013, caused country-wide outbreaks, and posed tremendous hardship for many pork producers in 2013–2014. Vaccination of pregnant sows/gilts with live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) is the most effective strategy to induce lactogenic immunity in the sows/gilts and provide a passive protection via the colostrum and milk to suckling piglets against PED. However, there are still no safe and effective vaccines available after about one decade of endeavor. One of the biggest concerns is the potential reversion to virulence of an LAV in the field. In this review, we summarize the status and the major obstacles in PEDV LAV development. We also discuss the function of the transcriptional regulatory sequences in PEDV transcription, contributing to recombination, and possible strategies to prevent the reversion of LAVs. This article provides insights into the rational design of a promising LAV without safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Niu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-330-263-3960
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26
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Tsai KJ, Tu YC, Wu CH, Huang CW, Ting LJ, Huang YL, Pan CH, Chang CY, Deng MC, Lee F. First detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from Kinmen Island, Taiwan in 2020. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1093-1100. [PMID: 35691931 PMCID: PMC9412069 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is an arthropod-borne bovine disease caused by lumpy skin disease
virus. A suspect lumpy skin disease case in a breeding cattle farm on Kinmen Island,
Taiwan was reported on July 8, 2020 and later confirmed the first occurrence of lumpy skin
disease in the country by molecular biological detections, electron microscopy, and
sequence comparison. Implementation of control measures including blanket vaccination on
the island effectively ceased the outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the virus
discovered in the outbreaks was most similar to those identified in China in 2019.
Identifying this virus in the coastal areas in East Asia indicated the rapid eastward
spread of lumpy skin disease in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute
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27
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Point-of-Care and Label-Free Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Swine Influenza Viruses Using a Microfluidic Device with Photonic Integrated Circuits. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050988. [PMID: 35632730 PMCID: PMC9144544 DOI: 10.3390/v14050988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine viral diseases challenge the sector’s sustainability by affecting productivity and the health and welfare of the animals. The lack of antiviral drugs and/or effective vaccines renders early and reliable diagnosis the basis of viral disease management, underlining the importance of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. A novel POC diagnostic device utilizing photonic integrated circuits (PICs), microfluidics, and information and communication technologies for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza A (SIV) was validated using spiked and clinical oral fluid samples. Metrics including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated to assess the performance of the device. For PRRSV, the device achieved a sensitivity of 83.5%, specificity of 77.8%, and DOR values of 17.66, whereas the values for SIV were 81.8%, 82.2%, and 20.81, respectively. The POC device and PICs can be used for the detection of PRRSV and SIV in the field, paving the way for the introduction of novel technologies in the field of animal POC diagnostics to further optimize livestock biosecurity.
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28
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Ito S, Bosch J, Martínez-Avilés M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The Evolution of African Swine Fever in China: A Global Threat? Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:828498. [PMID: 35425825 PMCID: PMC9001964 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.828498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most critical diseases in the pig industry. In Asia, 15 countries have already reported an outbreak as of November 22, 2021. In 2021, China reported the genotype II lower virulent ASF virus (ASFV) and the emergence of genotype I ASFV. ASF is generally known as a contagious and lethal disease, but if chronic infection spreads, then disease control would be more difficult. In the current study, we highlighted the possibility of lower virulent virus distribution throughout China and the subsequent general risk of the virus being released from the country. The kernel density estimation showed that the two highest kernel density areas of ASF notification were located in Northeast and Midwest China. Four of the five provinces where lower virulent ASFV was isolated overlapped with areas of relatively high ASF notification density. In terms of the risk of ASFV spreading from China, eight of the 10 largest airports and three of the 10 largest seaports are located in areas of relatively high ASF notification density. There were flight flow from China to 67 countries and ship flow to 81 countries. Asia had the highest flight flow, followed by Europe, North America, Africa, and Oceania. The highest number of ship flows was also concentrated in Asia, but about 10% of ships head to Africa and South America. Chinese overseas residents were distributed in each continent in proportion to these results. Here, we highlight the potential risk of ASFV spread from China to the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Satoshi Ito
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Avilés
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Global Health Department, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Development of a p72 trimer-based colloidal gold strip for detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2703-2714. [PMID: 35291024 PMCID: PMC8923092 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious and often lethal swine viral disease, and leads to tremendous economic losses to the swine industry. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines and effective antiviral agents available to prevent and control ASFV outbreaks. Therefore, it is necessary to develop simple and rapid strategies to monitor ASFV-infected pigs to restrain its spread. In the current study, ASFV capsid protein p72 was expressed along with its chaperone pB602L to form trimers in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The p72 trimers were subsequently labeled with colloidal gold to develop a immunochromatographic strip. The strip showed high specificity to ASFV-positive serum and no cross-reactivity to other swine virus positive sera. Importantly, the strip showed a higher sensitivity of detecting ASFV antibodies in both positive standard serum and clinical serum samples than a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Taken together, these results demonstrate the strip as a reliable diagnostic tool against ASFV infection, which will be appropriate for application in prevention and control of ASFV. Key points • ASFV p72 trimers were successfully generated. • A colloidal gold strip was developed based on ASFV p72 trimers. • The strip is appropriate for detecting ASFV antibodies in the field.
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30
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A systematic review of influenza A virus prevalence and transmission dynamics in backyard swine populations globally. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35287744 PMCID: PMC8919175 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Backyard swine farming is critical to generating subsistence and food security in rural and peri-urban households in several developing countries. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the molecular and serological prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard swine populations globally. Results We identified 34 full-text research articles in NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar databases that have reported IAV sero- and/or virological prevalence in backyard swine up to 11 July 2021. The highest number of studies were reported from Asia (n = 11) followed by North America (n = 10), South America (n = 6), Africa (n = 6), and Europe (n = 1). While the maximum number of studies (44.12%) reported human-to-swine transmission of IAV, swine-to-human (5.88%), poultry-to-swine (5.88%), and wild birds-to-swine (2.94%) transmissions were also reported. An overall higher IAV seroprevalence (18.28%) in backyard swine was detected compared to the virological prevalence (1.32%). The human-origin pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 was the more frequently detected IAV subtype in virological studies (27.27%) than serological studies (18.92%). In addition, the avian-origin highly pathogenic H5N1 and H5N8 viruses were also detected, which further substantiated the evidence of avian–swine interactions in the backyards. Conclusion Human–swine and avian–swine interactions in backyards may transmit IAV between species. Monitoring the circulation and evolution of IAV in backyard swine would help stakeholders make informed decisions to ensure sustainable backyard swine farming and public safety.
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Tian L, Luo Y, Wen T, Yang W, Zhao Y, Huang P, He H, Wu J, Li Z, Pan C. A quadruple protection procedure for resuming pig production in small-scale ASFV-positive farms in China. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100014. [PMID: 34841307 PMCID: PMC8610312 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever outbreak has caused serious economic losses in China. Pork supply in consequence faces huge demand. The small-scale farms in China are encountering difficulties in raising pigs. A comprehensive procedure was tested in 35 small pig farms that had been confirmed with African swine fever virus. During a one-year study, 100 percent of porkers and 98.8 percent of sows were healthy respectively. An effective biosafety procedure was developed for production of pigs in small-scale farms in China.
African swine fever (ASF) outbreak has caused serious economic losses in Asia since 2018. As ASF is a new emerging disease, many farmers hesitate to raise pigs before biosafety procedures were evaluated to be effective. To support small-scale farms in resuming pig production, a comprehensive procedure, called the quadruple protection procedure (QPP), was tested in 35 small farms which had been confirmed with African swine fever virus (ASFV). The QPP takes care of the farms' construction, environmental disinfection, regular immunization, and feed quality. Qualified daily management was supplemented as well. During a one-year survey four disinfectants and one piece of equipment were used in higher frequency. A 7- or 15-day empty period after the disinfection was suitable when it was combined with the rest of the protection measures from QPP. Totally 18,730 porkers and 3,006 sows were healthy by the end of the study with percentage of 100 and 98.8, respectively, indicating that QPP could protect pigs in small-scale farms from pathogens within China. This study developed an effective protective procedure system for small-scale farms to produce pigs under the risk of ASF outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Tian
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Tanqing Wen
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizheng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo He
- Institute of Animal Protection Technology, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease prevention, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongsheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease prevention, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chungen Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Innovation Technology Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease prevention, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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Akter F, Roychoudhury P, Dutta TK, Subudhi PK, Kumar S, Gali JM, Behera P, Singh YD. Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. Virusdisease 2021; 32:748-756. [PMID: 34458505 PMCID: PMC8378527 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Akter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Parimal Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Tapan Kumar Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Prasant Kumar Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Jagan Mohanarao Gali
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Parthasarathi Behera
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Yengkhom Damodar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
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Lu H, Zhou X, Wu Z, Zhang X, Zhu L, Guo X, Zhang Q, Zhu S, Zhu H, Sun H. Comparison of the mucosal adjuvanticities of two Toll-like receptor ligands for recombinant adenovirus-delivered African swine fever virus fusion antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 239:110307. [PMID: 34399310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immunity plays an important role against African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection and the efficacy of mucosal vaccination is highly dependent on the adjuvant. However, the mucosal adjuvant for ASFV vaccination is poorly studied. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands such as the FlaB flagellin from Vibrio vulnificus and the heat shock protein 70 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mHsp70) hold a great promise as novel vaccine adjuvant. However, the mucosal adjuvanticities of such TLR ligands have not been studied in pigs. In this study, three recombinant Adenovirus (rAd) vectors, namely rAd-F1, rAd-FlaB-F1 and rAd-F1-Hsp70, were constructed by fusing the FlaB or mHsp70 to ASFV CD2v-p30-p54 fusion antigen. Western blotting showed that the three fusion proteins expressed in rAd-infected cells reacted positively with ASFV antibodies. After intranasal immunization of pigs with the three rAd vectors, the antigen-specific IgG antibodies were detectable from day 7 after primary immunization, which were significantly boosted by the secondary immunization. Strong Th1/Th2 cytokine responses were detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Compared to immunization with the control rAd-F1, significantly higher levels of the antigen-specific IgA antibodies were detected in the nasal fluids, tracheal washes and lung lavages.1 Compared to immunization with rAd-Flab-F1, immunization with rAd-F1-Hsp70 induced significantly stronger mucosal IgA antibody response. Cytokine detection of the pig lung lavages showed that the elevated IgA antibody responses were correlated mainly with IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-α, which were confirmed by the significantly increased antigen-recall cytokine expression in the porcine alveolar macrophages. These data suggest that mHsp70 has potent mucosal adjuvanticity in pigs, and the fusion rAd vector can be used for ASFV mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Lu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- The Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- The Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huaichang Sun
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China.
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Seroprevalence of the viral pig diseases among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105330. [PMID: 33774502 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Participatory One-Health Disease Detection project (PODD) (www.cmonehealth.org) developed a health-based surveillance system with the local government of Chiang Mai community ownership that has been created a mobile application on smartphone for reporting an abnormal event, especially animal health. Previously, the PODD project has obtained a significant number of pig abnormal events. Therefore, there are likely to be some diseases that are currently circulating among backyard pigs. A cross-sectional serological study was undertaken to determine the risk factors for virus infection and prevalence of antibodies against the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and influenza A virus (IAV) among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Antibodies against the CSFV, PRRSV and PCV2 in backyard pigs were shown in swine level to be 14 % (95 % CI: 9-20), 14 % (95 % CI: 10-19), and 15 % (95 % CI: 8-23), respectively. For the household level, antibodies against the CSFV, PRRSV and PCV2 were found to be 23 % (95 % CI: 13-37), 22 % (95 % CI: 14-23), and 48 % (95 % CI: 32-63), respectively, while antibodies against IAV were shown to be absent. The use of artificial insemination for breeding purposes has been considered to be a significant risk factor associated with PRRSV (OR = 21.08, 95 % CI: 1.92-232.02) and CSFV (OR = 7.7, 95 % CI: 1.49-39.90) infections. Meanwhile, a risk factor for PCV2 infection was found to significantly involve the feeding of pigs with commercial feed (OR = 9.64, 95 % CI: 1.85-50.26). The findings of this study indicate that infections with CSFV, PRRSV, and PCV2 remain a significant concern and may have an impact on the growth performance of the backyard pigs. The lack of antibodies against the influenza A virus has indicated a low degree of interspecies transmission of influenza A among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Effective control measures need to be prepared and implemented, and these should include the strict regulation of pig imports as a free source of the viruses along with effective animal quarantine, policies, and appropriate vaccination programs.
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High Doses of Inactivated African Swine Fever Virus Are Safe, but Do Not Confer Protection against a Virulent Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030242. [PMID: 33802021 PMCID: PMC7999564 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently the major concern of the global swine industry, as a consequence of which a reconsideration of the containment and prevention measures taken to date is urgently required. A great interest in developing an effective and safe vaccine against ASF virus (ASFV) infection has, therefore, recently appeared. The objective of the present study is to test an inactivated ASFV preparation under a vaccination strategy that has not previously been tested in order to improve its protective effect. The following have been considered: (i) virus inactivation by using a low binary ethyleneimine (BEI) concentration at a low temperature, (ii) the use of new and strong adjuvants; (iii) the use of very high doses (6 × 109 haemadsorption in 50% of infected cultures (HAD50)), and (iv) simultaneous double inoculation by two different routes of administration: intradermal and intramuscular. Five groups of pigs were, therefore, inoculated with BEI- Pol16/DP/OUT21 in different adjuvant formulations, twice with a 4-week interval. Six weeks later, all groups were intramuscularly challenged with 10 HAD50 of the virulent Pol16/DP/OUT21 ASFV isolate. All the animals had clinical signs and pathological findings consistent with ASF. This lack of effectiveness supports the claim that an inactivated virus strategy may not be a viable vaccine option with which to fight ASF.
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Pikalo J, Deutschmann P, Fischer M, Roszyk H, Beer M, Blome S. African Swine Fever Laboratory Diagnosis-Lessons Learned from Recent Animal Trials. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020177. [PMID: 33562103 PMCID: PMC7915929 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a hemorrhagic disease in pigs with high socio-economic consequences. To lower the impact of disease incursions, early detection is crucial. In the context of experimental animal trials, we evaluated diagnostic workflows for a high sample throughput in active surveillance, alternative sample matrices for passive surveillance, and lateral flow devices (LFD) for rapid testing. We could demonstrate that EDTA blood is significantly better suited for early ASFV detection than serum. Tissues recommended by the respective diagnostic manuals were in general comparable in their performance, with spleen samples giving best results. Superficial lymph nodes, ear punches, and different blood swabs were also evaluated as potential alternatives. In summary, all matrices yielded positive results at the peak of clinical signs and could be fit for purpose in passive surveillance. However, weaknesses were discovered for some matrices when it comes to the early phase of infection or recovery. The antigen LFD showed variable results with best performance in the clinical phase. The antibody LFD was quite comparable with ELISA systems. Concluding, alternative approaches are feasible but have to be embedded in control strategies selecting test methods and sample materials following a “fit-for-purpose” approach.
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Yoon BK, Jeon WY, Sut TN, Cho NJ, Jackman JA. Stopping Membrane-Enveloped Viruses with Nanotechnology Strategies: Toward Antiviral Drug Development and Pandemic Preparedness. ACS NANO 2021; 15:125-148. [PMID: 33306354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-enveloped viruses are a leading cause of viral epidemics, and there is an outstanding need to develop broad-spectrum antiviral strategies to treat and prevent enveloped virus infections. In this review, we critically discuss why the lipid membrane surrounding enveloped virus particles is a promising antiviral target and cover the latest progress in nanotechnology research to design and evaluate membrane-targeting virus inhibition strategies. These efforts span diverse topics such as nanomaterials, self-assembly, biosensors, nanomedicine, drug delivery, and medical devices and have excellent potential to support the development of next-generation antiviral drug candidates and technologies. Application examples in the areas of human medicine and agricultural biosecurity are also presented. Looking forward, research in this direction is poised to strengthen capabilities for virus pandemic preparedness and demonstrates how nanotechnology strategies can help to solve global health challenges related to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yong Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tun Naw Sut
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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