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Carlisle S, Bunce A, Prina M, Cook E, Barbosa EC, McManus S, Feder G, Lewis NV. Trends in outcomes used to measure the effectiveness of UK-based support interventions and services targeted at adults with experience of domestic and sexual violence and abuse: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e074452. [PMID: 38688671 PMCID: PMC11086554 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the UK, a range of support services and interventions are available to people who have experienced or perpetrated domestic and sexual violence and abuse (DSVA). However, it is currently not clear which outcomes and outcome measures are used to assess their effectiveness. The objective of this review is to summarise, map and identify trends in outcome measures in evaluations of DSVA services and interventions in the UK. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Social Policy and Practice, ASSIA, IBSS, Sociological abstracts and SSCI electronic databases were searched from inception until 21 June 2022. Grey literature sources were identified and searched. ELIGIBILITY We included randomised controlled trials, non-randomised comparative studies, pre-post studies and service evaluations, with at least one outcome relating to the effectiveness of the support intervention or service for people who have experienced and/or perpetrated DSVA. Outcomes had to be assessed at baseline and at least one more time point, or compared with a comparison group. CHARTING METHODS Outcome measures were extracted, iteratively thematically grouped into categories, domains and subdomains, and trends were explored. RESULTS 80 studies reporting 87 DSVA interventions or services were included. A total of 426 outcome measures were extracted, of which 200 were used more than once. The most commonly reported outcome subdomain was DSVA perpetration. Cessation of abuse according to the Severity of Abuse Grid was the most common individual outcome. Analysis of temporal trends showed that the number of studies and outcomes used has increased since the 1990s. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight inconsistencies between studies in outcome measurement. The increase in the number of studies and variety of measures suggests that as evaluation of DSVA services and interventions matures, there is an increased need for a core of common, reliable metrics to aid comparability. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION https://osf.io/frh2e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Carlisle
- Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annie Bunce
- Violence and Society Centre, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Prina
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Cook
- Violence and Society Centre, City University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Sally McManus
- Violence and Society Centre, City University of London, London, UK
- National Centre for Social Research, London, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia V Lewis
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Gilchrist G, Dheensa S, Johnson A, Henderson J, Radcliffe P, Dwyer G, Turner R, Thomson K, Papastavrou Brooks C, Love B, Zenasni Z, Berbary C, Carter B, Parrott S, Li J, Easton C, Bergman C, Feder G, Gilchrist E. Adapting the ADVANCE group program for digitally-supported delivery to reduce intimate partner violence by men in substance use treatment: a feasibility study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1253126. [PMID: 38328518 PMCID: PMC10847362 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1253126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 restrictions created barriers to "business as usual" in healthcare but also opened the door to innovation driven by necessity. This manuscript (1) describes how ADVANCE, an in-person group perpetrator program to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) against female (ex)partners by men in substance use treatment, was adapted for digitally-supported delivery (ADVANCE-D), and (2) explores the feasibility and acceptability of delivering ADVANCE-D to men receiving substance use treatment. Methods Firstly, the person-based approach and mHealth development framework were used to iteratively adapt ADVANCE for digitally-supported delivery including conceptualization, formative research, and pre-testing. Then, a non-randomized feasibility study was conducted to assess male participants' eligibility, recruitment, and attendance rates and uptake of support offered to their (ex)partners. Exploratory analyses on reductions in IPV perpetration (assessed using the Abusive Behavior Inventory; ABI) and victimization (using the revised ABI; ABI-R) at the end of the program were performed. Longitudinal qualitative interviews with participants, their (ex)partners, and staff provided an understanding of the program's implementation, acceptability, and outcomes. Results The adapted ADVANCE-D program includes one goal-setting session, seven online groups, 12 self-directed website sessions, and 12 coaching calls. ADVANCE-D includes enhanced risk management and support for (ex)partners. Forty-five participants who had perpetrated IPV in the past 12 months were recruited, forty of whom were offered ADVANCE-D, attending 11.4 (SD 9.1) sessions on average. Twenty-one (ex)partners were recruited, 13 of whom accepted specialist support. Reductions in some IPV perpetration and victimization outcome measures were reported by the 25 participants and 11 (ex)partners interviewed pre and post-program, respectively. Twenty-two participants, 11 (ex)partners, 12 facilitators, and 7 integrated support service workers were interviewed at least once about their experiences of participation. Overall, the program content was well-received. Some participants and facilitators believed digital sessions offered increased accessibility. Conclusion The digitally-supported delivery of ADVANCE-D was feasible and acceptable. Remote delivery has applicability post-pandemic, providing greater flexibility and access. Given the small sample size and study design, we do not know if reductions in IPV were due to ADVANCE-D, time, participant factors, or chance. More research is needed before conclusions can be made about the efficacy of ADVANCE-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Gilchrist
- National Addiction Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandi Dheensa
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Johnson
- School of Health in Social Science, Department of Clinical Psychology, Center for Psychological Therapies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Henderson
- National Addiction Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Radcliffe
- National Addiction Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Dwyer
- National Addiction Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Turner
- National Addiction Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Thomson
- School of Health in Social Science, Department of Clinical Psychology, Center for Psychological Therapies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cat Papastavrou Brooks
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Beverly Love
- National Addiction Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zohra Zenasni
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra Berbary
- College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ben Carter
- National Addiction Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jinshuo Li
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Easton
- College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Gene Feder
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gilchrist
- School of Health in Social Science, Department of Clinical Psychology, Center for Psychological Therapies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Sørensen JB, Lee KSK, Dawson A, Dawson A, Senarathna L, Pushpakumara PHGJ, Rajapakse T, Konradsen F, Glozier N, Conigrave KM, Siriwardhana P, Hansen D, Buhl A, Priyadhasana C, Senawirathna K, Herath M, Mantillake S, Fonseka P, Pearson M. Evaluating the programme and behavior change theories of a community alcohol education intervention in rural Sri Lanka: a study protocol. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2273625. [PMID: 37971492 PMCID: PMC10795635 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2273625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Risky alcohol use is a major public health problem globally and in Sri Lanka. While a reduction in alcohol consumption can result in physical, mental, and social benefits, behaviour change is difficult to achieve. Effective, context-adapted interventions are required to minimise alcohol-related harm at a community level. THEATRE is a complex, community-based intervention evaluating whether a promising Sri Lankan pilot study that utilised arts-based research to moderate alcohol use can be scaled up. While the scaled-up pilot study protocol is presented elsewhere, the aim of this protocol paper is to describe the intervention programme theory and evaluation design, and modifications made to the study resulting from COVID-19 and the financial crisis. Drawing on the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) and Theoretical Domains Framework, behaviour change theories are presented with potential pathways to guide implementation and evaluation. Alcohol consumption patterns and context of drinking is detailed. The multifaceted intervention targets individuals and communities using arts-based interventions. Four of nine BCW functions are employed in the design of the intervention: education, persuasion, modelling and enablement, and training. Modifications made to the study due to COVID-19 and the financial crisis are described. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka (ERC/2018/21-July 2018 and Feb 2022) and the University of Sydney (2019/006). Findings will be disseminated locally to community members and key stakeholders and via international peer-reviewed publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. S. Kylie Lee
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Indigenous Health and Alcohol, Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- The Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Royal Price Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Dawson
- The Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Royal Price Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Angela Dawson
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lalith Senarathna
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - P. H. G. Janaka Pushpakumara
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini Rajapakse
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nick Glozier
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katherine M. Conigrave
- The Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Royal Price Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Drug Health Services, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Central Clinical School, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Prabash Siriwardhana
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Sociology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Alexandra Buhl
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chamill Priyadhasana
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamal Senawirathna
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Malith Herath
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Melissa Pearson
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Expósito-Álvarez C, Santirso FA, Gilchrist G, Gracia E, Lila M. Participants in Court-mandated Intervention Programs for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators with Substance Use Problems: A Systematic Review of Specific Risk Factors. INTERVENCION PSICOSOCIAL 2023; 32:89-108. [PMID: 37383646 PMCID: PMC10294470 DOI: 10.5093/pi2023a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Men with alcohol and/or other drug use problems (ADUPs) court-mandated to attend intervention programs for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators have been identified as a high-risk, highly resistant group of IPV perpetrators, as they present lower treatment adherence and higher dropout and recidivism rates. Previous research suggests that IPV perpetrators with ADUPs may require tailored interventions to address their specific risk factors. The present systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to identify the specific risk factors in men with and without ADUPs on entry to court-mandated perpetrator programs. The following databases were searched from inception to November 2021: Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus. There was a screening of 3,995 records, and 29 quantitative studies were included in the review. Risk factors present in males court-mandated to perpetrator programs were grouped into four categories: sociodemographic risk factors, personality disorders and psychological adjustment, social-relational risk factors, and risk factors related to attitudes towards women. Results indicated that the main risk factors in IPV perpetrators with ADUPs, compared to those without, were higher clinical symptomatology (e.g., anger and impulsivity), personality disorders, poorer executive functions, having experienced more stressful life events, higher exposure to childhood trauma, lower intimate social support, and higher responsibility attributed to the offenders' personal context. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex phenomenon of IPV and ADUPs, and could help to inform key targets for perpetrator programs that may improve the well-being of their (ex)partners and increase the effectiveness of intervention programs for IPV perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Expósito-Álvarez
- University of ValenciaDepartment of Social PsychologyValenciaSpainDepartment of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Faraj A. Santirso
- University of ValenciaDepartment of Social PsychologyValenciaSpainDepartment of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Gail Gilchrist
- National Addiction CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonLondonUKNational Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Enrique Gracia
- University of ValenciaDepartment of Social PsychologyValenciaSpainDepartment of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Marisol Lila
- University of ValenciaDepartment of Social PsychologyValenciaSpainDepartment of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain
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Moffat A, Cook EJ, Chater AM. Examining the influences on the use of behavioural science within UK local authority public health: Qualitative thematic analysis and deductive mapping to the COM-B model and Theoretical Domains Framework. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1016076. [PMID: 36339139 PMCID: PMC9632167 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1016076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Behavioural science and its contribution towards improving public health is receiving increased recognition. Yet, the translation of these insights into public health practice is under-researched. This study explored the factors influencing the use of behavioural science within public health at a local authority level. Methods Fourteen local authority staff (n = 13 female) in the south of England participated in semi-structured interviews, which were analysed inductively to identify key themes. These were later mapped deductively to the COM-B model and Theoretical Domains Framework. Findings Nine themes were identified as factors that influence the use of behavioural science in local authority public health: (1) "Limited past experience," (2) "Narrow understanding," (3) "Perceived value of behavioural science," (4) "Translational gap from theory-to-practice," (5) "No protected time," (6) "Old ways of working," (7) "Political influence and organisational culture," (8) "Relationships with key stakeholders," (9) "Access to behavioural science resources". Deductive mapping of these themes revealed that five of the COM constructs (excluding Physical Capability) and eleven of the TDF domains influenced behavioural science use, with "Social influences" and "Knowledge" being the most prominent. Discussion Use of behavioural science within local authority public health practice is limited and inconsistent. For it to be successfully implemented, there must be an understanding of its role and value, alongside strategies to overcome a translational gap from theory to practice. Public health teams would benefit from protected time to enable application and strategies to break old habits of using a common-sense approach. System-wide buy-in, particularly related to senior leadership and system partners is needed, which would benefit from organisational and political culture change. Training opportunities, practical resources and expert in-house support should be considered a priority across public health teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Moffat
- Centre for Health, Wellbeing and Behaviour Change, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Abby Moffat
| | - Erica Jane Cook
- School of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Marie Chater
- Centre for Health, Wellbeing and Behaviour Change, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom,Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Gilchrist G, Landau S, Dheensa S, Henderson J, Johnson A, Love B, Potts L, Radcliffe P, Zenasni Z, Parrott S, Li J, Thomson K, Dwyer GJ, Turner R, Halliwell G, Berbary C, Bergman C, Feder G, Easton C, Brooks CP, Gilchrist E. The feasibility of delivering the ADVANCE digital intervention to reduce intimate partner abuse by men receiving substance use treatment: protocol for a non-randomised multi-centre feasibility study and embedded process evaluation. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:163. [PMID: 35907900 PMCID: PMC9338654 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to men in the general population, men in substance use treatment are more likely to perpetrate intimate partner abuse (IPA). The ADVANCE group intervention for men in substance use treatment is tailored to address substance use and IPA in an integrated way. In a feasibility trial pre-COVID, men who received the ADVANCE intervention via face-to-face group delivery showed reductions in IPA perpetration. Due to COVID-19, ADVANCE was adapted for remote digital delivery. METHODS/DESIGN This mixed-methods non-randomised feasibility study, with a nested process evaluation, will explore the feasibility and acceptability of delivering the ADVANCE digital intervention to men in substance use treatment who have perpetrated IPA towards a female partner in the past year. Sixty men will be recruited from seven substance use treatment services in Great Britain. The ADVANCE digital intervention comprises a preparatory one-to-one session with a facilitator to set goals, develop a personal safety plan, and increase motivation and a preparatory online group to prepare men for taking part in the intervention. The core intervention comprises six fortnightly online group sessions and 12 weekly self-directed website sessions to recap and practise skills learned in the online group sessions. Each website session is followed by a one-to-one video/phone coaching session with a facilitator. Men will also receive their usual substance use treatment. Men's female (ex) partners will be invited to provide outcome data and offered support from integrated safety services (ISS). Outcome measures for men and women will be sought post intervention (approximately 4 months post male baseline interview). Feasibility parameters to be estimated include eligibility, suitability, consent, recruitment, attendance, retention and follow-up rates. In-depth interviews or focus groups will explore the intervention's acceptability to participants, facilitators and ISS workers. A secondary focus of the study will estimate pre-post-differences in outcome measures covering substance use, IPA, mental health, self-management, health and social care service use, criminal justice contacts and quality of life. DISCUSSION Findings will inform the design of a multicentre randomised controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the ADVANCE digital intervention for reducing IPA. TRIAL REGISTRATION The feasibility study was prospectively registered: ISRCTN66619273 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Gilchrist
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Sabine Landau
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sandi Dheensa
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Juliet Henderson
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Amy Johnson
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, 8-9 Hope Park Square, Edinburgh, 8HQ 9NW, UK
| | - Beverly Love
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Laura Potts
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Polly Radcliffe
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Zohra Zenasni
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jinshuo Li
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kate Thomson
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, 8-9 Hope Park Square, Edinburgh, 8HQ 9NW, UK
| | - Georges-Jacques Dwyer
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Richard Turner
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Gemma Halliwell
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Cassandra Berbary
- Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Ciara Bergman
- RESPECT, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Caroline Easton
- Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Cat Papastavrou Brooks
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Elizabeth Gilchrist
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, 8-9 Hope Park Square, Edinburgh, 8HQ 9NW, UK
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