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Badiane AS, Ngom B, Ndiaye T, Cunningham D, Campbell J, Gaye A, Sène A, Sy M, Ndiaye D, Nwakanma D, Langhorne J. Evidence of Plasmodium vivax circulation in western and eastern regions of Senegal: implications for malaria control. Malar J 2024; 23:149. [PMID: 38750583 PMCID: PMC11097470 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria elimination in Senegal requires accurate diagnosis of all Plasmodium species. Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent species in Senegal, although Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and recently Plasmodium vivax have also been reported. Nonetheless, most malaria control tools, such as Histidine Rich Protein 2 rapid diagnosis test (PfHRP2-RDT,) can only diagnose P. falciparum. Thus, PfHRP2-RDT misses non-falciparum species and P. falciparum infections that fall below the limit of detection. These limitations can be addressed using highly sensitive Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). This study assesses the burden of the four different Plasmodium species in western and eastern regions of Senegal using targeted PCR amplicon sequencing. METHODS Three thousand samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in 2021 from three sites in Senegal (Sessene, Diourbel region; Parcelles Assainies, Kaolack region; Gabou, Tambacounda region) were collected. All samples were tested using PfHRP2-RDT and photoinduced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR), which detects all Plasmodium species. Targeted sequencing of the nuclear 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome B genes was performed on PET-PCR positive samples. RESULTS Malaria prevalence by PfHRP2-RDT showed 9.4% (94/1000) and 0.2% (2/1000) in Diourbel (DBL) and Kaolack (KL), respectively. In Tambacounda (TAM) patients who had malaria symptoms and had a negative PfHRP2-RDT were enrolled. The PET-PCR had a positivity rate of 23.5% (295/1255) overall. The PET-PCR positivity rate was 37.6%, 12.3%, and 22.8% in Diourbel, Kaolack, and Tambacounda, respectively. Successful sequencing of 121/295 positive samples detected P. falciparum (93%), P. vivax (2.6%), P. malariae (4.4%), and P. ovale wallikeri (0.9%). Plasmodium vivax was co-identified with P. falciparum in thirteen samples. Sequencing also detected two PfHRP2-RDT-negative mono-infections of P. vivax in Tambacounda and Kaolack. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the circulation of P. vivax in western and eastern Senegal, highlighting the need for improved malaria control strategies and accurate diagnostic tools to better understand the prevalence of non-falciparum species countrywide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida S Badiane
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Darkar, Sénégal.
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Bassirou Ngom
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Tolla Ndiaye
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Deirdre Cunningham
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James Campbell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platforms (STP), The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amy Gaye
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aita Sène
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mouhamad Sy
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Darkar, Sénégal
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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Picón-Jaimes YA, Lozada-Martinez ID, Orozco-Chinome JE, Molina-Franky J, Acevedo-Lopez D, Acevedo-Lopez N, Bolaño-Romero MP, Visconti-Lopez FJ, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Relationship between Duffy Genotype/Phenotype and Prevalence of Plasmodium vivax Infection: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:463. [PMID: 37888591 PMCID: PMC10610806 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Duffy protein, a transmembrane molecule, functions as a receptor for various chemokines and facilitates attachment between the reticulocyte and the Plasmodium Duffy antigen-binding protein. Duffy expression correlates with the Duffy receptor gene for the chemokine, located on chromosome 1, and exhibits geographical variability worldwide. Traditionally, researchers have described the Duffy negative genotype as a protective factor against Plasmodium vivax infection. However, recent studies suggest that this microorganism's evolution could potentially diminish this protective effect. Nevertheless, there is currently insufficient global data to demonstrate this phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the Duffy genotype/phenotype and the prevalence of P. vivax infection. The protocol for the systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022353427 and involved reviewing published studies from 2012 to 2022. The Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases were consulted. Assessments of study quality were conducted using the STROBE and GRADE tools. A total of 34 studies were included, with Africa accounting for the majority of recorded studies. The results varied significantly regarding the relationship between the Duffy genotype/phenotype and P. vivax invasion. Some studies predominantly featured the negative Duffy genotype yet reported no malaria cases. Other studies identified minor percentages of infections. Conversely, certain studies observed a higher prevalence (99%) of Duffy-negative individuals infected with P. vivax. In conclusion, this systematic review found that the homozygous Duffy genotype positive for the A allele (FY*A/*A) is associated with a higher incidence of P. vivax infection. Furthermore, the negative Duffy genotype does not confer protection against vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan David Lozada-Martinez
- Epidemiology Program, Department of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga 44005, Colombia;
| | - Javier Esteban Orozco-Chinome
- Medical and Surgical Research Center, Future Surgeons Chapter, Colombian Surgery Association, Bogotá 10002, Colombia; (J.E.O.-C.); (N.A.-L.); (M.P.B.-R.)
| | - Jessica Molina-Franky
- Department of Inmunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91007, USA;
- Molecular Biology and Inmunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 10001, Colombia
| | - Domenica Acevedo-Lopez
- School of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia;
| | - Nicole Acevedo-Lopez
- Medical and Surgical Research Center, Future Surgeons Chapter, Colombian Surgery Association, Bogotá 10002, Colombia; (J.E.O.-C.); (N.A.-L.); (M.P.B.-R.)
| | - Maria Paz Bolaño-Romero
- Medical and Surgical Research Center, Future Surgeons Chapter, Colombian Surgery Association, Bogotá 10002, Colombia; (J.E.O.-C.); (N.A.-L.); (M.P.B.-R.)
| | | | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Master Program, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru;
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
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3
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Picón-Jaimes YA, Lozada-Martinez ID, Forero Buelvas MC, Ardila Sarmiento AF, Serrano Baez GA, Nazareno Erazo DY, Cuastumal Martínez JD, Ruiz-Gutierrez FK, Carreño Barrera VD. Evolution of Plasmodium vivax and resistance patterns for infection based on Duffy genotype and phenotype. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2023; 31:350-358. [PMID: 37701383 PMCID: PMC10495050 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The Duffy protein, a transmembrane molecule, acts as a receptor for various chemokines and facilitates binding between reticulocytes and the Plasmodium Duffy antigen binding protein. Duffy expression is associated with the Duffy chemokine receptor antigen genotype on chromosome 1 and exhibits variation across different geographic regions. Traditionally, the Duffy negative genotype and phenotype have been described to confer a certain level of protection against infection and symptom development. However, recent data suggest a shift in this behavior, with significantly higher prevalence observed in individuals with Duffy negative genotype or phenotype. Given that malaria is an endemic vector-borne disease in regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, posing a substantial global burden of disease and prioritizing public and global health, identifying evolutionary changes in infection and resistance patterns holds great importance for the design of strategies and reevaluation of conventional interventions. Hence, the aim of this review was to analyze the evolution of Plasmodium vivax and infection resistance patterns based on Duffy genotype and phenotype. The distribution of genotypes, phenotypes, and polymorphisms of P. vivax ligands and erythrocyte receptors varies geographically, notably resistance patterns of this microorganism in individuals with Duffy negative genotype and phenotype have significantly changed compared to studies conducted 30 years ago. The prevalence of vivax malaria in individuals with a Duffy negative status can reach up to 100%. Consequently, prioritizing research on this topic is essential for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan David Lozada-Martinez
- Epidemiology Program, Department of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Ahmed S, Pestana K, Ford A, Elfaki M, Gamil E, Elamin AF, Hamad SO, Elfaki TM, Abukashawa SMA, Lo E, Abdel Hamid MM. Prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein gene duplications in Sudan. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287668. [PMID: 37471337 PMCID: PMC10358875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) is essential for interacting with Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) on the surface of red blood cells to allow invasion. Earlier whole genome sequence analyses provided evidence for the duplications of PvDBP. It is unclear whether PvDBP duplications play a role in recent increase of P. vivax in Sudan and in Duffy-negative individuals. In this study, the prevalence and type of PvDBP duplications, and its relationship to demographic and clinical features were investigated. A total of 200 malaria-suspected blood samples were collected from health facilities in Khartoum, River Nile, and Al-Obied. Among them, 145 were confirmed to be P. vivax, and 43 (29.7%) had more than one PvDBP copies with up to four copies being detected. Both the Malagasy and Cambodian types of PvDBP duplication were detected. No significant difference was observed between the two types of duplications between Duffy groups. Parasitemia was significantly higher in samples with the Malagasy-type than those without duplications. No significant difference was observed in PvDBP duplication prevalence and copy number among study sites. The functional significance of PvDBP duplications, especially those Malagasy-type that associated with higher parasitemia, merit further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Kareen Pestana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Anthony Ford
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Elfaki
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eiman Gamil
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Arwa F. Elamin
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Samuel Omer Hamad
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Tarig Mohamed Elfaki
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- National Malaria Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
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5
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Ibrahim A, Manko E, Dombrowski JG, Campos M, Benavente ED, Nolder D, Sutherland CJ, Nosten F, Fernandez D, Vélez-Tobón G, Castaño AT, Aguiar ACC, Pereira DB, da Silva Santos S, Suarez-Mutis M, Di Santi SM, Regina de Souza Baptista A, Dantas Machado RL, Marinho CR, Clark TG, Campino S. Population-based genomic study of Plasmodium vivax malaria in seven Brazilian states and across South America. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 18:100420. [PMID: 36844008 PMCID: PMC9950661 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Brazil is a unique and understudied setting for malaria, with complex foci of transmission associated with human and environmental conditions. An understanding of the population genomic diversity of P. vivax parasites across Brazil can support malaria control strategies. Methods Through whole genome sequencing of P. vivax isolates across 7 Brazilian states, we use population genomic approaches to compare genetic diversity within country (n = 123), continent (6 countries, n = 315) and globally (26 countries, n = 885). Findings We confirm that South American isolates are distinct, have more ancestral populations than the other global regions, with differentiating mutations in genes under selective pressure linked to antimalarial drugs (pvmdr1, pvdhfr-ts) and mosquito vectors (pvcrmp3, pvP45/48, pvP47). We demonstrate Brazil as a distinct parasite population, with signals of selection including ABC transporter (PvABCI3) and PHIST exported proteins. Interpretation Brazil has a complex population structure, with evidence of P. simium infections and Amazonian parasites separating into multiple clusters. Overall, our work provides the first Brazil-wide analysis of P. vivax population structure and identifies important mutations, which can inform future research and control measures. Funding AI is funded by an MRC LiD PhD studentship. TGC is funded by the Medical Research Council (Grant no. MR/M01360X/1, MR/N010469/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1). SC is funded by Medical Research Council UK grants (MR/M01360X/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1) and Bloomsbury SET (ref. CCF17-7779). FN is funded by The Shloklo Malaria Research Unit - part of the Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant no. 220211). ARSB is funded by São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (Grant no. 2002/09546-1). RLDM is funded by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (Grant no. 302353/2003-8 and 471605/2011-5); CRFM is funded by FAPESP (Grant no. 2020/06747-4) and CNPq (Grant no. 302917/2019-5 and 408636/2018-1); JGD is funded by FAPESP fellowships (2016/13465-0 and 2019/12068-5) and CNPq (Grant no. 409216/2018-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ibrahim
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emilia Manko
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jamille G. Dombrowski
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mónica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Debbie Nolder
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colin J. Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research
Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak,
Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of
Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford Old Road Campus,
Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | - Gabriel Vélez-Tobón
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Simone da Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez-Mutis
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Claudio R.F. Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Molina-Franky J, Reyes C, Picón Jaimes YA, Kalkum M, Patarroyo MA. The Black Box of Cellular and Molecular Events of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Invasion into Reticulocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314528. [PMID: 36498854 PMCID: PMC9739029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed malaria parasite affecting humans worldwide, causing ~5 million cases yearly. Despite the disease's extensive burden, there are gaps in the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which P. vivax invades reticulocytes. In contrast, this crucial step is better understood for P. falciparum, the less widely distributed but more often fatal malaria parasite. This discrepancy is due to the difficulty of studying P. vivax's exclusive invasion of reticulocytes, which represent 1-2% of circulating cells. Its accurate targeting mechanism has not yet been clarified, hindering the establishment of long-term continuous in vitro culture systems. So far, only three reticulocyte invasion pathways have been characterised based on parasite interactions with DARC, TfR1 and CD98 host proteins. However, exposing the parasite's alternative invasion mechanisms is currently being considered, opening up a large field for exploring the entry receptors used by P. vivax for invading host cells. New methods must be developed to ensure better understanding of the parasite to control malarial transmission and to eradicate the disease. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on cellular and molecular mechanisms of P. vivax's merozoite invasion to contribute to a better understanding of the parasite's biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Animal Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | | | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
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Abate A, Bouyssou I, Mabilotte S, Doderer-Lang C, Dembele L, Menard D, Golassa L. Vivax malaria in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia: implication towards malaria control in Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:230. [PMID: 35915453 PMCID: PMC9341100 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in detections of Plasmodium vivax infection in Duffy-negative individuals in Africa has challenged the dogma establishing the unique P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein-Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (PvDBP-DARC) pathway used by P. vivax merozoites to invade reticulocytes. Information on the impact of Duffy antigen polymorphisms on the epidemiology of P. vivax malaria remains elusive. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of asexual parasitaemia of P. vivax according to the Duffy antigen polymorphisms in Ethiopia. METHODS DNA was extracted from dried blood spots (DBS) collected from prospectively recruited 138 P. vivax-infected patients from health centres. The identification and estimation of P. vivax asexual parasitaemia were performed by microscopic examination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Duffy genotyping was conducted by DNA sequencing in a total of 138 P.vivax infected samples. RESULTS The proportion of Duffy-negatives (FY*BES/FY*BES) in P. vivax infected patients was 2.9% (4/138). Duffy genotype FY*B/FY*BES (48.6%) was the most common, followed by FY*A/FY*BES genotype (25.4%). In one patient, the FY*02 W.01/FY*02 N.01 genotype conferring a weak expression of the Fyb antigen was observed. All P.vivax infected Duffy-negative patients showed low asexual parasitaemia (≤ 110 parasites/µL). The median P. vivax parasitaemia in Duffy-negative patients (53 parasites/µL) was significantly lower than those found in homozygous and heterozygous individuals (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Plasmodium vivax in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia. This finding suggests that the pathway used by P. vivax to invade Duffy-negative reticulocytes is much less efficient than that used in Duffy-positives. Moreover, the low asexual parasitaemia observed in Duffy-negative individuals could constitute an 'undetected silent reservoir', thus likely delaying the elimination of vivax malaria in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andargie Abate
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Isabelle Bouyssou
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
- ED515 Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Solenne Mabilotte
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Federation of Translational Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cecile Doderer-Lang
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Federation of Translational Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Dembele
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Menard
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Federation of Translational Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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8
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African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:683-696. [PMID: 35667992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming dominance of Duffy blood group negativity among most people living in sub-Saharan Africa has been considered the basis of their protection from endemic Plasmodium vivax malaria. New evidence demonstrates widespread transmission of P. vivax in Duffy-negative Africa, though currently of unknown distribution, magnitude, or consequences. Other new evidence from outside of Africa demonstrates marked tropisms of P. vivax for extravascular tissues of bone marrow and spleen. Those establish states of proliferative infection with low-grade or undetectable parasitemia of peripheral blood causing acute and chronic disease. This review examines the plausibility of those infectious processes also operating in Duffy-negative Africans and causing harm of unrecognized origin.
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9
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Wilairatana P, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, De Jesus Milanez G, Kotepui M. Prevalence and risk of Plasmodium vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3998. [PMID: 35256675 PMCID: PMC8901689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the occurrence and risk of Plasmodium vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals is required to guide further research on these infections across Africa. To address this, we used a meta-analysis approach to investigate the prevalence of P. vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals and assessed the risk of infection in these individuals when compared with Duffy-positive individuals. This study was registered with The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews website (ID: CRD42021240202) and followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Literature searches were conducted using medical subject headings to retrieve relevant studies in Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus, from February 22, 2021 to January 31, 2022. Selected studies were methodologically evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools to assess the quality of cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. The pooled prevalence of P. vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals and the odds ratio (OR) of infection among these individuals when compared with Duffy-positive individuals was estimated using a random-effects model. Results from individual studies were represented in forest plots. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. We also performed subgroup analysis of patient demographics and other relevant variables. Publication bias among studies was assessed using funnel plot asymmetry and the Egger's test. Of 1593 retrieved articles, 27 met eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. Of these, 24 (88.9%) reported P. vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals in Africa, including Cameroon, Ethiopia, Sudan, Botswana, Nigeria, Madagascar, Angola, Benin, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Senegal; while three reported occurrences in South America (Brazil) and Asia (Iran). Among studies, 11 reported that all P. vivax infection cases occurred in Duffy-negative individuals (100%). Also, a meta-analysis on 14 studies showed that the pooled prevalence of P. vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals was 25% (95% confidence interval (CI) - 3%-53%, I2 = 99.96%). A meta-analysis of 11 studies demonstrated a decreased odds of P. vivax infection among Duffy-negative individuals (p = 0.009, pooled OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.82, I2 = 80.8%). We confirmed that P. vivax infected Duffy-negative individuals over a wide prevalence range from 0 to 100% depending on geographical area. Future investigations on P. vivax infection in these individuals must determine if Duffy-negativity remains a protective factor for P. vivax infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Giovanni De Jesus Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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10
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Lo E, Russo G, Pestana K, Kepple D, Abagero BR, Dongho GBD, Gunalan K, Miller LH, Hamid MMA, Yewhalaw D, Paganotti GM. Contrasting epidemiology and genetic variation of Plasmodium vivax infecting Duffy-negative individuals across Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:63-71. [PMID: 33991680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasmodium vivax malaria was thought to be rare in Africans who lack the Duffy blood group antigen expression. However, recent studies indicate that P. vivax can infect Duffy-negative individuals and has spread into areas of high Duffy negativity across Africa. Our study compared epidemiological and genetic features of P. vivax between African regions. METHODS A standardized approach was used to identify and quantify P. vivax from Botswana, Ethiopia, and Sudan, where Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative individuals coexist. The study involved sequencing the Duffy binding protein (DBP) gene and inferring genetic relationships among P. vivax populations across Africa. RESULTS Among 1215 febrile patients, the proportions of Duffy negativity ranged from 20-36% in East Africa to 84% in southern Africa. Average P. vivax prevalence among Duffy-negative populations ranged from 9.2% in Sudan to 86% in Botswana. Parasite density in Duffy-negative infections was significantly lower than in Duffy-positive infections. P. vivax in Duffy-negative populations were not monophyletic, with P. vivax in Duffy-negative and Duffy-positive populations sharing similar DBP haplotypes and occurring in multiple, well-supported clades. CONCLUSIONS Duffy-negative Africans are not resistant to P. vivax, and the public health significance of this should not be neglected. Our study highlights the need for a standardized approach and more resources/training directed towards the diagnosis of vivax malaria in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Lo
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA.
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Kareen Pestana
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
| | - Daniel Kepple
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
| | - Beka Raya Abagero
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ghyslaine Bruna Djeunang Dongho
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | | | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Giacomo Maria Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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11
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Bourgard C, Lopes SCP, Lacerda MVG, Albrecht L, Costa FTM. A suitable RNA preparation methodology for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing harvested from Plasmodium vivax-infected patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5089. [PMID: 33658571 PMCID: PMC7930272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a world-threatening human malaria parasite, whose biology remains elusive. The unavailability of in vitro culture, and the difficulties in getting a high number of pure parasites makes RNA isolation in quantity and quality a challenge. Here, a methodological outline for RNA-seq from P. vivax isolates with low parasitemia is presented, combining parasite maturation and enrichment with efficient RNA extraction, yielding ~ 100 pg.µL−1 of RNA, suitable for SMART-Seq Ultra-Low Input RNA library and Illumina sequencing. Unbiased coding transcriptome of ~ 4 M reads was achieved for four patient isolates with ~ 51% of transcripts mapped to the P. vivax P01 reference genome, presenting heterogeneous profiles of expression among individual isolates. Amongst the most transcribed genes in all isolates, a parasite-staged mixed repertoire of conserved parasite metabolic, membrane and exported proteins was observed. Still, a quarter of transcribed genes remain functionally uncharacterized. In parallel, a P. falciparum Brazilian isolate was also analyzed and 57% of its transcripts mapped against IT genome. Comparison of transcriptomes of the two species revealed a common trophozoite-staged expression profile, with several homologous genes being expressed. Collectively, these results will positively impact vivax research improving knowledge of P. vivax biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bourgard
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Stefanie C P Lopes
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-FMT-HVD, Gerência de Malária, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-FMT-HVD, Gerência de Malária, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Djeunang Dongho GB, Gunalan K, L'Episcopia M, Paganotti GM, Menegon M, Sangong RE, Georges BM, Fondop J, Severini C, Sobze MS, Miller LH, Russo G. Plasmodium vivax Infections Detected in a Large Number of Febrile Duffy-Negative Africans in Dschang, Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:987-992. [PMID: 33534776 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Duffy blood group is a critical receptor for Plasmodium vivax (Pv) invasion of red blood cells, and consequently, Pv infections were considered rare in sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of Duffy-negativity is high. However, recently, Pv infections have been found in Duffy-negative Africans throughout the malaria transmission area of sub-Saharan Africa, raising important questions concerning the molecular composition of these Pv clones and the red blood cell receptors that facilitate their invasion. Here, we describe an unusually high number of Pv infections in febrile Duffy-negative Africans in Dschang, Cameroon (177 of 500 outpatients), as compared with Santchou (two of 400 outpatients) and Kye'-Ossi (two of 101 outpatients), other areas in Cameroon. In the discussion, we speculate on the possible reasons why Dschang might account for the unusually large numbers of Pv infections in Duffy-negative individuals living there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslaine Bruna Djeunang Dongho
- 1Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,2Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | - Karthigayan Gunalan
- 3Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Giacomo Maria Paganotti
- 5Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,6Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,7Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Michela Menegon
- 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Joseph Fondop
- 9Dschang District Hospital, Dschang, Cameroon.,10Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Carlo Severini
- 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Sanou Sobze
- 10Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Louis H Miller
- 3Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Gianluca Russo
- 1Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Kepple D, Pestana K, Tomida J, Abebe A, Golassa L, Lo E. Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response to Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Trends and Future Directions. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E15. [PMID: 33374596 PMCID: PMC7822457 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is a neglected tropical disease, despite being more geographically widespread than any other form of malaria. The documentation of P. vivax infections in different parts of Africa where Duffy-negative individuals are predominant suggested that there are alternative pathways for P. vivax to invade human erythrocytes. Duffy-negative individuals may be just as fit as Duffy-positive individuals and are no longer resistant to P.vivax malaria. In this review, we describe the complexity of P. vivax malaria, characterize pathogenesis and candidate invasion genes of P. vivax, and host immune responses to P. vivax infections. We provide a comprehensive review on parasite ligands in several Plasmodium species that further justify candidate genes in P. vivax. We also summarize previous genomic and transcriptomic studies related to the identification of ligand and receptor proteins in P. vivax erythrocyte invasion. Finally, we identify topics that remain unclear and propose future studies that will greatly contribute to our knowledge of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kepple
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Kareen Pestana
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Junya Tomida
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Abnet Abebe
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
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14
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Siegel SV, Chappell L, Hostetler JB, Amaratunga C, Suon S, Böhme U, Berriman M, Fairhurst RM, Rayner JC. Analysis of Plasmodium vivax schizont transcriptomes from field isolates reveals heterogeneity of expression of genes involved in host-parasite interactions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16667. [PMID: 33028892 PMCID: PMC7541449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax gene regulation remains difficult to study due to the lack of a robust in vitro culture method, low parasite densities in peripheral circulation and asynchronous parasite development. We adapted an RNA-seq protocol “DAFT-seq” to sequence the transcriptome of four P. vivax field isolates that were cultured for a short period ex vivo before using a density gradient for schizont enrichment. Transcription was detected from 78% of the PvP01 reference genome, despite being schizont-enriched samples. This extensive data was used to define thousands of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, some of which overlapped with neighbouring transcripts, and to improve the gene models of 352 genes, including identifying 20 novel gene transcripts. This dataset has also significantly increased the known amount of heterogeneity between P. vivax schizont transcriptomes from individual patients. The majority of genes found to be differentially expressed between the isolates lack Plasmodium falciparum homologs and are predicted to be involved in host-parasite interactions, with an enrichment in reticulocyte binding proteins, merozoite surface proteins and exported proteins with unknown function. An improved understanding of the diversity within P. vivax transcriptomes will be essential for the prioritisation of novel vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha V Siegel
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lia Chappell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jessica B Hostetler
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bankgok, Thailand.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Seila Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ulrike Böhme
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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15
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Trumble BC, Finch CE. THE EXPOSOME IN HUMAN EVOLUTION: FROM DUST TO DIESEL. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019; 94:333-394. [PMID: 32269391 PMCID: PMC7141577 DOI: 10.1086/706768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Global exposures to air pollution and cigarette smoke are novel in human evolutionary history and are associated with about 16 million premature deaths per year. We investigate the history of the human exposome for relationships between novel environmental toxins and genetic changes during human evolution in six phases. Phase I: With increased walking on savannas, early human ancestors inhaled crustal dust, fecal aerosols, and spores; carrion scavenging introduced new infectious pathogens. Phase II: Domestic fire exposed early Homo to novel toxins from smoke and cooking. Phases III and IV: Neolithic to preindustrial Homo sapiens incurred infectious pathogens from domestic animals and dense communities with limited sanitation. Phase V: Industrialization introduced novel toxins from fossil fuels, industrial chemicals, and tobacco at the same time infectious pathogens were diminishing. Thereby, pathogen-driven causes of mortality were replaced by chronic diseases driven by sterile inflammogens, exogenous and endogenous. Phase VI: Considers future health during global warming with increased air pollution and infections. We hypothesize that adaptation to some ancient toxins persists in genetic variations associated with inflammation and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Trumble
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change and Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089-0191 USA
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16
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Guerra RI, Ore M, Valdivia HO, Bishop DK, Ramos M, Mores CN, Campbell WR. A cluster of the first reported Plasmodium ovale spp. infections in Peru occuring among returning UN peace-keepers, a review of epidemiology, prevention and diagnostic challenges in nonendemic regions. Malar J 2019; 18:176. [PMID: 31113437 PMCID: PMC6530030 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are regarded as less virulent forms of malaria with a geographic distribution including Southeast Asia, Central and West Africa, and is increasingly reported as an infection in returning travellers. A species of malaria that may have delayed or relapsing presentations similar to Plasmodium vivax, the clinical presentation of P. ovale spp. has been described to have prepatent periods of 2 weeks or slightly longer with reports of relapse following primary infection out to 8-9 months. This presentation may be obscured further in the setting of anti-malarial exposure, with report of delayed primary infection out to 4 years. Presented is a cluster of 4 imported P. ovale spp. cases in returning Peruvian military personnel assigned to United Nations peace-keeping operations in the Central African Republic. CASE PRESENTATION From January to December 2016, Peruvian peace-keepers were deployed in support of United Nations (UN) operations in the Central African Republic (CAR). While serving abroad, Navy, Army, and Air Force members experienced 223 episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria following interruption of prophylaxis with mefloquine. Diagnosis was made using rapid diagnostics tests (RDTs) and/or smear with no coinfections identified. Cases of malaria were treated with locally-procured artemether-lumefantrine. Returning to Peru in January 2017, 200 peace-keepers were screened via thick and thin smear while on weekly mefloquine prophylaxis with only 1 showing nucleic acid within red blood cells consistent with Plasmodium spp. and 11 reporting syndromes of ill-defined somatic complaints. Between a period of 5 days to 11 months post return, 4 cases of P. ovale spp. were diagnosed using smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) following febrile complaints. All cases were subsequently treated with chloroquine and primaquine, with cure of clinical disease and documented clearance of parasitaemia. CONCLUSION These patients represent the first imported cases in Peru of this species of malaria as well as highlight the challenges in implementing population level prophylaxis in a deployed environment, and the steps for timely diagnosis and management in a non-endemic region where risk of introduction for local transmission exists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher N Mores
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wesley R Campbell
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Transcriptome profiling of Plasmodium vivax in Saimiri monkeys identifies potential ligands for invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7053-7061. [PMID: 30872477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818485116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike the case in Asia and Latin America, Plasmodium vivax infections are rare in sub-Saharan Africa due to the absence of the Duffy blood group antigen (Duffy antigen), the only known erythrocyte receptor for the P. vivax merozoite invasion ligand, Duffy binding protein 1 (DBP1). However, P. vivax infections have been documented in Duffy-negative individuals throughout Africa, suggesting that P. vivax may use ligands other than DBP1 to invade Duffy-negative erythrocytes through other receptors. To identify potential P. vivax ligands, we compared parasite gene expression in Saimiri and Aotus monkey erythrocytes infected with P. vivax Salvador I (Sal I). DBP1 binds Aotus but does not bind to Saimiri erythrocytes; thus, P. vivax Sal I must invade Saimiri erythrocytes independent of DBP1. Comparing RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data for late-stage infections in Saimiri and Aotus erythrocytes when invasion ligands are expressed, we identified genes that belong to tryptophan-rich antigen and merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) families that were more abundantly expressed in Saimiri infections compared with Aotus infections. These genes may encode potential ligands responsible for P. vivax infections of Duffy-negative Africans.
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