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Renwick L, Pedley R, Johnson I, Bell V, Lovell K, Bee P, Brooks H. Mental health literacy in children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed studies systematic review and narrative synthesis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:961-985. [PMID: 35570227 PMCID: PMC11032284 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mental illnesses are the leading cause of disease burden among children and young people (CYP) globally. Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are disproportionately affected. Enhancing mental health literacy (MHL) is one way to combat low levels of help-seeking and effective treatment receipt. We aimed to synthesis evidence about knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of CYP in LMICs about mental illnesses, their treatments and outcomes, evaluating factors that can enhance or impede help-seeking to inform context-specific and developmentally appropriate understandings of MHL. Eight bibliographic databases were searched from inception to July 2020: PsycInfo, EMBASE, Medline (OVID), Scopus, ASSIA (ProQuest), SSCI, SCI (Web of Science) CINAHL PLUS, Social Sciences full text (EBSCO). 58 papers (41 quantitative, 13 qualitative, 4 mixed methods) representing 52 separate studies comprising 36,429 participants with a mean age of 15.3 [10.4-17.4], were appraised and synthesized using narrative synthesis methods. Low levels of recognition and knowledge about mental health problems and illnesses, pervasive levels of stigma and low confidence in professional healthcare services, even when considered a valid treatment option were dominant themes. CYP cited the value of traditional healers and social networks for seeking help. Several important areas were under-researched including the link between specific stigma types and active help-seeking and research is needed to understand more fully the interplay between knowledge, beliefs and attitudes across varied cultural settings. Greater exploration of social networks and the value of collaboration with traditional healers is consistent with promising, yet understudied, areas of community-based MHL interventions combining education and social contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laoise Renwick
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 6.304 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Rebecca Pedley
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 6.304 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Isobel Johnson
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 6.304 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Vicky Bell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 6.304 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Karina Lovell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 6.304 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Penny Bee
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 6.304 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Helen Brooks
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 6.304 Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Kaggwa MM, Arinaitwe I, Muwanguzi M, Nduhuura E, Kajjimu J, Kule M, Najjuka SM, Nkola R, Ajuna N, Wamala NK, Machacha I, Mamun MA, Ho CSH, Griffiths MD, Rukundo GZ. Suicidal behaviours among Ugandan university students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:234. [PMID: 35365105 PMCID: PMC8972906 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide remains the leading cause of death among university students often resulting from multiple physical and psychological challenges. Moreover, suicidal behaviours among students appear to have increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic according to some studies. OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence and associated factors for suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts among university students in Uganda. METHODS Cross-sectional study data were collected from May to September 2021 from 540 undergraduate university students in south-western Uganda (363 males, mean age 23.3 years). Questions from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used to assess suicidal ideation, while other bespoke questions were used to assess suicide plans and attempts. The survey also investigated the suicide attempt/plan method, location of the suicidal activity, and reason for not enacting the suicide plan. Three independent regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with different forms of suicidal behaviours. RESULTS The prevalence of past-year suicidal behaviours was 31.85% for suicidal ideation, 8.15% for suicide plans, and 6.11% for suicide attempts. Having a chronic physical medical condition increased the likelihood of having all forms of suicidal behaviours. Suicidal ideation was associated with having difficulty paying university tuition fees. However, being in the fifth year of university education, and feeling satisfied with current academic grades reduced the likelihood of suicidal ideation. Individuals feeling satisfied with academic performance appeared to be a protective factor against having suicide plans. Suicide attempts were associated with having a history of sexual abuse and having difficulty paying university tuition fees. The most common method used for attempted suicide was a drug overdose, and the most common location for attempted suicide was their homes. CONCLUSION University students have prevalent suicide behaviours especially among students with a chronic physical medical condition, a history of sexual abuse, and problems paying university tuition fees. Based on the present study, for students at risk, universities should provide appropriate interventions such as life skills education and suicide prevention techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mohan Kaggwa
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, 1410, Uganda ,African Centre for Suicide Prevention and Research, Mbarara, 379, Uganda
| | - Innocent Arinaitwe
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, 1410, Uganda.
| | - Moses Muwanguzi
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, 1410, Uganda
| | - Elicana Nduhuura
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, 1410, Uganda
| | - Jonathan Kajjimu
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, 1410, Uganda
| | - Moses Kule
- grid.459749.20000 0000 9352 6415Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, 40, Uganda
| | - Sarah Maria Najjuka
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, 7072, Uganda
| | - Rahel Nkola
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, 1410, Uganda ,African Centre for Suicide Prevention and Research, Mbarara, 379, Uganda
| | - Noble Ajuna
- grid.448548.10000 0004 0466 5982Department of Nursing, Bishop Stuart University, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Nicholas Kisaakye Wamala
- grid.440478.b0000 0004 0648 1247Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University – western Campus, Kampala, 20000, Uganda
| | - Ivan Machacha
- grid.449527.90000 0004 0534 1218School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, 364, Uganda
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh ,grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh ,grid.442989.a0000 0001 2226 6721Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Cyrus Su-Hui Ho
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119007 Singapore
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- grid.12361.370000 0001 0727 0669Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Godfrey Zari Rukundo
- grid.33440.300000 0001 0232 6272Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, 1410, Uganda ,African Centre for Suicide Prevention and Research, Mbarara, 379, Uganda
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Renwick L, Pedley R, Johnson I, Bell V, Lovell K, Bee P, Brooks H. Conceptualisations of positive mental health and wellbeing among children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Health Expect 2022; 25:61-79. [PMID: 34904773 PMCID: PMC8849250 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental illnesses are the leading causes of global disease burden. The impact is heightened in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to embryonic care systems and extant barriers to healthcare access. Understanding children and adolescents' conceptualisations of mental health wellbeing in these settings is important to optimize health prevention and promotion initiatives. OBJECTIVE To systematically review and synthesize children and adolescents' conceptualisations and views of mental health and wellbeing in LMICs. DESIGN Ten databases were systematically searched from inception to July 2020 and findings from included studies were synthesized. RESULTS Twenty papers met eligibility criteria comprising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies. Children and adolescents identified aspects of mental health and wellbeing, including positive affect and outlook and having sufficient personal resources to face daily challenges. Identified factors recognized the importance of activating both kin and lay networks in supporting and maintaining wellbeing. Conceptualisations of mental health and wellbeing were varied and influenced by culture, developmental stage and gender. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of environmental and sociocultural influences on concepts of wellbeing and mental health, children and adolescents in LMICs can conceptualise these constructs and identify how they pursue positive mental health and wellbeing important for developing age and culture-appropriate community mental health strategies. Our review highlights the need to extend inquiry to wider developmental stages and both across and within specific populations in LMICs. PATIENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT Initial results were presented at stakeholder workshops, which included children, adolescents, parents and health professionals held in Indonesia in January 2019 to allow the opportunity for feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laoise Renwick
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Rebecca Pedley
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Isobel Johnson
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Vicky Bell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Karina Lovell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Penny Bee
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Helen Brooks
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Liu RT, Lawrence HR, Burke TA, Sanzari CM, Levin RY, Maitlin C, Paszek C, Zhu X. Passive and active suicidal ideation among left-behind children in rural China: An evaluation of intrapersonal and interpersonal vulnerability and resilience. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:1213-1223. [PMID: 34514644 PMCID: PMC8678197 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although theoretical conceptualizations of suicide hold that passive and active suicidal ideation are etiologically distinct, existing research observing this distinction is modest, with most prior studies focusing exclusively on active ideation. Understanding processes associated with passive ideation is clinically important insofar as passive ideation may precede active ideation, and thus serve as an earlier intervention target prior to potential onset of suicidal behavior. We aimed to evaluate intrapersonal and interpersonal vulnerability and resilience factors for passive ideation and differentiating passive from active ideation. METHOD Left-behind adolescents in rural China (n = 371) were assessed for passive and active ideation, depressive symptoms, rumination, grit, peer support, and peer victimization. RESULTS Overall, 15.9% of the sample endorsed passive ideation without active ideation, and 17.8% endorsed active ideation. In multivariate analyses, rumination and grit differentiated left-behind children with passive ideation from those with no ideation. Depressive symptom severity predicted active ideation among adolescents with passive ideation. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that rumination and grit may characterize passive ideation. Although passive and active ideation may differ modestly in vulnerability and resilience factors, depressive symptoms may be important to monitor among those with passive ideation and have not yet experience active ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Taylor A. Burke
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | | | - Rachel Y. Levin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Carly Maitlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University,New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | - Claudia Paszek
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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Crispim MDO, Santos CMRD, Frazão IDS, Frazão CMFDQ, Albuquerque RCRD, Perrelli JGA. Prevalence of suicidal behavior in young university students: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2021; 29:e3495. [PMID: 34755776 PMCID: PMC8584877 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.5320.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the prevalence of suicidal behavior in young university students. METHOD a systematic review with meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies based on the Joanna Briggs Institute proposal, and carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO and LILACS databases and in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, with no language or year restrictions. A total of 2,942 publications were identified. Selection, data extraction and methodological evaluation of the studies were performed by two independent researchers. The meta-analysis was performed considering the random effects model. RESULTS eleven articles were included in this review. The prevalence variation for suicidal ideation was from 9.7% to 58.3% and, for attempted suicide, it was from 0.7% to 14.7%. The meta-analysis showed a 27.1% prevalence for suicidal ideation in life, 14.1% for ideation in the last year, and 3.1% for attempted suicide in life. CONCLUSION the high prevalence of suicidal behavior, even with the considerable heterogeneity of the studies, raises the need to implement interventions aimed at preventing suicide and promoting mental health, especially in the academic environment.
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Jeong SC, Kim JY, Choi MH, Lee JS, Lee JH, Kim CW, Jo SH, Kim SH. Identification of influencing factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents: 11-year national data analysis for 788,411 participants. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113228. [PMID: 32562930 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is one of the most common causes of death in adolescents. This study identified trends in the prevalence of and factors influencing suicidal ideation and attempts among Korean adolescents. Data were drawn from the third through the thirteenth (2007-2017) annual Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Surveys. Participants included stratified, multistage clustered samples selected from 400 middle schools and 400 high schools annually. Depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts were binary dependent variables (requiring answers of yes or no). A total of 818,684 adolescents were targeted and 788,411 adolescents completed the survey. The prevalence rates of both suicidal ideation and attempts gradually decreased from 23.7% and 5.8%, respectively, in 2007 to 12.1% and 2.6%, respectively, in 2017. Overall, 16.8% of participants had suicidal ideation and 3.9% had suicide attempts during the survey period. During logistic regression analysis, depression was most strongly associated with suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio: 5.78 [95% confidence interval: 5.64-5.88]) and suicide attempts (adjusted odds ratio: 5.56, [95% confidence interval: 5.22-5.83]). Despite decreasing trends, the high rate of suicidal behaviors remains a critical public health problem. Depression most strongly predicts suicidal behaviors. Early interventions are essential to treat depression and reduce or prevent suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Chan Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hwan Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Suk Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hui Jo
- Department of Biostatistics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
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Estrada CAM, Gregorio ER, Kanyasan K, Hun J, Tomokawa S, Dumlao MC, Kobayashi J. School health promotion in South-East Asia by Japan and partners. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:1029-1038. [PMID: 32365421 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
School health promotion in South-East Asia has developed rapidly in recent years, and Japan has been one of the significant contributors to the reinforcement of school health promotion in the region. Starting from the Hashimoto Initiative on global parasite control, Japan advocated for international partnerships with several agencies for the development of school health programs in South-East Asia. Through a strengthened collaboration with international organizations, countries such as the Lao PDR, Cambodia, the Philippines, and Thailand have created and implemented school health programs on nutrition, sanitation, and deworming, among others. In addition to school health program formulation and implementation, the expanded network in South-East Asia led to more capable school health personnel, with many workers in the education and health sectors benefitting from the training programs jointly held by collaborating organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Amiel M Estrada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila
| | - Ernesto R Gregorio
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila
| | - Kethsana Kanyasan
- Faculty of Education, National University of Laos, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
| | - Jeudyla Hun
- Department of School Health, Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sport, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sachi Tomokawa
- Sports Science Department (School Health), Faculty of Education, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Maria Corazon Dumlao
- School Health Division, Bureau of Learner Support Services, Department of Education, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Liu RT, Bettis AH, Burke TA. Characterizing the phenomenology of passive suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, correlates, and comparisons with active suicidal ideation. Psychol Med 2020; 50:367-383. [PMID: 31907085 PMCID: PMC7024002 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900391x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to active ideation, passive ideation remains relatively understudied and its clinical importance poorly defined. The weight that should be accorded passive ideation in clinical risk assessment is therefore unclear. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of passive ideation, its psychiatric comorbidity, associated sociodemographic characteristics, as well as psychological and environmental correlates. For reference, pooled effects were also calculated for direct comparisons of passive and active ideation with respect to potential correlates. Relevant articles published since inception to 9 September 2019 were identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE and PsycINFO. RESULTS A total of 86 studies were included in this review. The prevalence of passive ideation was high across sample types, ranging from 5.8% for 1-year prevalence to 10.6% for lifetime prevalence in the general population. Passive ideation was strongly associated with sexual minority status, psychiatric comorbidity, psychological characteristics implicated in risk, and suicide attempts. Preliminary evidence exists for a large association with suicide deaths. The effect sizes for individual correlates of passive and active ideation were largely equivalent and mostly non-significant in head-to-head comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Passive ideation is a prevalent clinical phenomenon associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity. Current evidence also suggests notable similarities exist between passive and active ideation in terms of psychiatric comorbidity and psychological and other characteristics traditionally associated with risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI02915, USA
| | - Alexandra H Bettis
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI02915, USA
| | - Taylor A Burke
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI02915, USA
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