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Jáuregui-Renaud K, García-Jacuinde DM, Bárcenas-Olvera SP, Gresty MA, Gutiérrez-Márquez A. Spatial anxiety contributes to the dizziness-related handicap of adults with peripheral vestibular disease. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1365745. [PMID: 38633539 PMCID: PMC11022853 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1365745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In subjects with peripheral vestibular disease and controls, we assessed: 1. The relationship between spatial anxiety and perceived stress, and 2. The combined contribution of spatial anxiety, spatial perspective-taking, and individual cofactors to dizziness-related handicap. 309 adults participated in the study (153 with and 156 without peripheral vestibular disease), including patients with bilateral vestibular deficiency, unilateral deficiency (evolution <3 or ≥3 months), Meniere's disease, and Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. Assessments included: general health, personal habits, spatial anxiety (3-domains), perceived stress, spatial perspective-taking, dizziness-related handicap (3-domains), unsteadiness, sleep quality, motion sickness susceptibility, trait anxiety/depression, state anxiety, depersonalization/derealization. After bivariate analyses, analysis of covariance was performed (p ≤ 0.05). Spatial anxiety was related to unsteadiness and perceived stress, with an inverse relationship with trait anxiety (ANCoVA, adjusted R2 = 0.27-0.30, F = 17.945-20.086, p < 0.00001). Variability on perspective-taking was related to vestibular disease, trait and state anxiety, motion sickness susceptibility, and age (ANCoVA, adjusted R2 = 0.18, F = 5.834, p < 0.00001). All domains of spatial anxiety contributed to the Physical domain of dizziness-related handicap, while the Navigation domain contributed to the Functional domain of handicap. Handicap variability was also related to unsteadiness, spatial perspective-taking, quality of sleep, and trait anxiety/depression (ANCoVA, adjusted R2 = 0.66, F = 39.07, p < 0.00001). Spatial anxiety is related to perceived stress in adults both with and without vestibular disease, subjects with trait anxiety rated lower on spatial anxiety. State anxiety and acute stress could be helpful for recovery after peripheral vestibular lesion. Spatial anxiety and perspective-taking contribute to the Physical and Functional domains of dizziness-related handicap, possibly because it discourages behavior beneficial to adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Jáuregui-Renaud
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Otoneurología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Maria García-Jacuinde
- Departamento de Audiología y Otoneurología, Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Simón Pedro Bárcenas-Olvera
- Departamento de Audiología y Otoneurología, Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael A. Gresty
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aralia Gutiérrez-Márquez
- Departamento de Audiología y Otoneurología, Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Desme CJ, Dick AS, Hayes TB, Pruden SM. Individual differences in emerging adults' spatial abilities: What role do affective factors play? Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38499841 PMCID: PMC10948719 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial ability is defined as a cognitive or intellectual skill used to represent, transform, generate, and recall information of an object or the environment. Individual differences across spatial tasks have been strongly linked to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) interest and success. Several variables have been proposed to explain individual differences in spatial ability, including affective factors such as one's confidence and anxiety. However, research is lacking on whether affective variables such as confidence and anxiety relate to individual differences in both a mental rotation task (MRT) and a perspective-taking and spatial orientation task (PTSOT). Using a sample of 100 college students completing introductory STEM courses, the present study investigated the effects of self-reported spatial confidence, spatial anxiety, and general anxiety on MRT and PTSOT. Spatial confidence, after controlling for effects of general anxiety and biological sex, was significantly related to performance on both the MRT and PTSOT. Spatial anxiety, after controlling for effects of general anxiety and biological sex, was not related to either PTSOT or MRT scores. Together these findings suggest some affective factors, but not others, contribute to spatial ability performance to a degree that merits advanced investigation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Desme
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Anthony S Dick
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Timothy B Hayes
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Shannon M Pruden
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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3
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Moore AIG, Golding JF, Alenova A, Castro P, Bronstein AM. Sense of direction in vestibular disorders. J Vestib Res 2024; 34:113-123. [PMID: 38489201 DOI: 10.3233/ves-230082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our sense of direction (SOD) ability relies on the sensory integration of both visual information and self-motion cues from the proprioceptive and vestibular systems. Here, we assess how dysfunction of the vestibular system impacts perceived SOD in varying vestibular disorders, and secondly, we explore the effects of dizziness, migraine and psychological symptoms on SOD ability in patient and control groups. METHODS 87 patients with vestibular disorder and 69 control subjects were assessed with validated symptom and SOD questionnaires (Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scale and the Object Perspective test). RESULTS While patients with vestibular disorders performed significantly worse than controls at the group level, only central and functional disorders (vestibular migraine and persistent postural perceptual dizziness), not peripheral disorders (benign-paroxysmal positional vertigo, bilateral vestibular failure and Meniere's disease) showed significant differences compared to controls on the level of individual vestibular groups. Additionally, orientational abilities associated strongly with spatial anxiety and showed clear separation from general dizziness and psychological factors in both patient and control groups. CONCLUSIONS SOD appears to be less affected by peripheral vestibular dysfunction than by functional and/or central diagnoses, indicating that higher level disruptions to central vestibular processing networks may impact SOD more than reductions in sensory peripheral inputs. Additionally, spatial anxiety is highly associated with orientational abilities in both patients and control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I G Moore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John F Golding
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Alenova
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Escuela de Fonoaudiologia, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Muffato V, Miola L, Pazzaglia F, Meneghetti C. Trajectories across the healthy adult lifespan on sense of direction, spatial anxiety, and attitude in exploring places. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1240873. [PMID: 37614484 PMCID: PMC10442537 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1240873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-evaluations about orientation and navigation in the environment contribute to individual differences in spatial cognition. Evidence suggests that they may change, even slightly, with the progression of adulthood. It is necessary to improve the framing of environment-related subjective self-evaluations in adulthood and aging by examining how they change and the factors related to them. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the developmental trajectories of sense of direction, spatial anxiety, and attitude in exploring place across the adult lifespan while also considering gender and education. Materials and methods A sample of 1,946 participants (1,068 women), aged 18-87 years, completed the sense of direction and spatial representation, spatial anxiety, and attitude in exploring scales. Results The regression models showed a linear increase in sense of direction with age, stable spatial anxiety until age 66 years when anxiety began increasing, and a stable attitude in exploring with a deflection by age 71 years. Gender played a role in all three types of self-evaluations, with men reporting higher ratings in sense of direction and attitude toward exploring (especially in older men), and lower levels of spatial anxiety than women did. Education also played a role, with higher education years associated with lower ratings in spatial anxiety and a higher sense of direction, nullifying gender differences in the latter. Discussion These results offer, in the spatial cognition framework, a better understanding of how specific environment-related self-evaluations develop with age and related factors, such as education. This underscores the importance of enhancing them, particularly in women and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Muffato
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Miola
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Pazzaglia
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Inter-University Research Center in Environmental Psychology (CIRPA), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Meneghetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Inter-University Research Center in Environmental Psychology (CIRPA), Rome, Italy
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Rahe M, Schürmann L, Jansen P. Self-concept explains gender differences in mental rotation performance after stereotype activation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1168267. [PMID: 37255513 PMCID: PMC10226650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMental rotation is an ability that usually displays robust and large gender differences in favor of boys and men. When participants are told that males outperform females, it can result in worse performance for females (stereotype threat effect) and better performance for males (stereotype lift effect). Because various studies show different results for the effect of stereotype activation, the present study aimed to investigate whether adolescents’ self-concept would moderate stereotype activation effects.Methods127 adolescents (61 male, 66 female) between 10 and 18 years (M = 13.54, SD = 1.99) solved the mental rotation test and filled out a questionnaire about their perceived performance, stereotype beliefs, and self-concept.ResultsResults showed that self-concept and stereotype activation affected male and female adolescents’ actual and perceived performance differently. For males, a better self-concept was associated with better performance in adolescents with stereotype activation and with lower performance in those without the activation. This interaction was only marginally significant. For females, an increasing self-concept was associated with worse performance in adolescents with stereotype activation and with better performance in those without activation. Furthermore, a better self-concept was associated with higher perceived performance in male adolescents with stereotype activation and with lower perceived performance without the activation.DiscussionReasons for these results could be the (in)congruence between males’ own perception of their abilities (self-concept) and the instruction of the activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rahe
- University of Koblenz, Universitaetsstrasse, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Linda Schürmann
- University of Koblenz, Universitaetsstrasse, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Petra Jansen
- University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse, Regensburg, Germany
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Lourenco SF, Liu Y. The Impacts of Anxiety and Motivation on Spatial Performance: Implications for Gender Differences in Mental Rotation and Navigation. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214231153072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research on gender differences in spatial cognition, the potential roles of affective and situational factors in accounting for these differences remain relatively understudied. Here, we discuss the impacts of spatial anxiety and motivation in mental rotation and navigation tasks, particularly their roles in explaining the gender performance gaps. We highlight the distinction between approach and avoidance motivation, as well as interactions between anxiety and motivation. Attention, working memory, and response strategy are discussed as mechanisms by which anxiety and motivation may affect performance on spatial tasks. Implications for a broader approach that also considers other psychological variables, such as confidence, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Department of Psychology, Emory University
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Resque DPDS, de Moura Lobato AM, da Silva CG, da Cruz Filho DA, da Fonseca SSS, de Oliveira Matos F, Pereira A. The inhibition of mirror generalization of letters in school-aged children. Front Psychol 2023; 14:996012. [PMID: 36844274 PMCID: PMC9945873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.996012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in spatial abilities favor males in both childhood and adulthood. During early development, this discrepancy can be attributed, among other things, to the influence of an early testosterone surge in boys, societal stereotypes, and expectations about gender. In the present work, we created a spatial task (including letter rotation and letter mirroring) which used letters as stimuli and evaluated the performance of school-aged children (6-10 years old). During this age period, children are being taught literacy skills which rely on the reorganization of cortical networks and the breakdown of mirror generalization. We divided our sample (N = 142, 73 females) into two age groups: 1st-2nd (literacy acquisition; N = 70, 33 females) and 3rd-5th (literacy consolidation; N = 72, 40 females) graders. While boys performed significantly better in letter rotation in the older group, girls' performance remained substandard in both groups. This pattern is reversed for the mirror task, with older girls outperforming their younger counterparts and boys having similar performance in the two groups. Since the age period of our sample is not associated with large variations in the levels of reproductive steroids, we propose that the similarity of performance between younger and older girls in mental rotation of letters could be associated with society's traditional attitudes and expectations on the relationship between visual-spatial skills and gender. As for the mirror task, while only girls had a significant difference between the two age groups, boys did show an improvement, as expected for the inhibition of mirror generalization for letters during reading acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deusa Priscila da Silva Resque
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil,Laboratory of Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Adriany Maria de Moura Lobato
- Laboratory of Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Alves da Cruz Filho
- Laboratory of Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Susanne Suely Santos da Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil,Laboratory of Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Pereira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil,Laboratory of Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil,*Correspondence: Antonio Pereira,
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Kwon S, Kang BA, You M, Lee H. Perceived barriers to the process of COVID-19 control among frontline healthcare workers in South Korea: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063899. [PMID: 36456012 PMCID: PMC9716782 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore barriers to disease control perceived by frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) working in community settings during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. DESIGN A qualitative study was conducted using semistructured focus group interviews. All interviews were conducted in Korean on Zoom between October and November 2020, audio-recorded and transcribed for reflexive thematic analysis. SETTING All participants were working in Gyeonggi-do, the most populous province in South Korea. The province had the second-highest COVID-19 infection rates at the time of the interview. PARTICIPANTS Participants serving as HCWs in Gyeonggi Province were eligible to participate in the study. A total of 20 HCWs comprised of public health doctors and professional epidemiologists agreed to participate in the study. RESULTS Four themes were generated. Each theme described how these barriers affected a disease control process: (1) 'uncooperative public and unprepared community health centre' delayed the investigation of newly diagnosed COVID-19 cases; (2) 'uncoordinated disease control system' impeded the collection and analysis of digital data; (3) 'the gap between responsibilities and capabilities' hindered the classification of close and casual contacts; and (4) 'conflicts with persons who have different interests and priorities' hampered epidemiological decision-making. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that frontline HCWs experienced various challenges disrupting their work performance to control COVID-19. We provide several recommendations, such as providing HCWs with systematic interview skill training, strengthening patient information security systems, providing sufficient resources, securing a regular workforce, collecting the field experiences of HCWs, implementing task-shifting, and having regular stakeholder meetings. These strategies may promote work capacity among the frontline HCWs and subsequently strengthen emergency preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijoung Kwon
- Sociology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bee-Ah Kang
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Myoungsoon You
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Center for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Arrighi L, Hausmann M. Spatial anxiety and self-confidence mediate sex/gender differences in mental rotation. Learn Mem 2022; 29:312-320. [PMID: 36206394 PMCID: PMC9488019 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053596.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A recent meta-synthesis study with a sample of >12 million participants revealed that the male advantage in mental rotation (MR) is the largest cognitive sex/gender difference found in psychological literature. MR requires test takers to mentally rotate three-dimensional cubic figures under time restrictions. Previous studies have investigated how biological and social factors contribute to cognitive sex/gender differences in tasks of this type. Spatial anxiety and self-confidence in MR tasks have received less attention. The present study investigated the contribution of these psychological factors to sex/gender differences in MR performance. Participants (n = 269) completed two MR tasks that differed in task difficulty. Participants also indicated their self-confidence (for each item) and spatial anxiety. The results revealed that pronounced sex/gender differences in spatial anxiety and self-confidence mediate sex/gender in MR performance, especially when task demands are high. The current findings suggest that task-irrelevant factors that are not spatial cognitive in nature contribute largely to the well-known medium to large sex/gender differences in MR. Future studies should further explore mechanisms underlying cognitive sex/gender differences within a biopsychosocial approach.
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Sugimoto M, Kusumi T, Nagata N, Ishikawa T. Online mobile map effect: how smartphone map use impairs spatial memory. SPATIAL COGNITION AND COMPUTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2021.1969401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sugimoto
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Noriko Nagata
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toru Ishikawa
- Department of Information Networking for Innovation and Design (INIAD), Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Jeffery K, Guo W, Ball D, Rodriguez-Sanchez J. Visual imagination and cognitive mapping of a virtual building. JOURNAL OF NAVIGATION 2022; 75:1-14. [PMID: 35418722 PMCID: PMC7612610 DOI: 10.1017/s0373463321000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of visual imagination to the cognitive mapping of a building when initial exploration was simulated either visually by using a passive video walk-through, or mentally by using verbal guidance. Building layout had repeating elements with either rotational or mirror symmetry. Cognitive mapping of the virtual building, determined using questionnaires and map drawings, was present following verbal guidance but inferior to that following video guidance. Mapping was not affected by the building's structural symmetry. However, notably, it correlated with small-scale mental rotation scores for both video and verbal guidance conditions. There was no difference between males and females. A common factor that may have influenced cognitive mapping was the availability of visual information about the relationships of the building elements, either directly perceived (during the video walk-through) or imagined (during the verbal walk-through and/or during recall). Differences in visual imagination, particularly mental rotation, may thus account for some of the individual variance in cognitive mapping of complex built environments, which is relevant to how designers provide navigation-relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Jeffery
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wanying Guo
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Danny Ball
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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Nishida M, Ando H, Murata Y, Shioda K. Mental rotation performance and circadian chronotype in university students: a preliminary study. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1890366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishida
- Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Sleep Research Institute, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ando
- Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohei Shioda
- Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Sleep Research Institute, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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