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Kruckow KL, Murray E, Shayhidin E, Rosenberg AF, Bowdish DME, Orihuela CJ. Chronic TNF exposure induces glucocorticoid-like immunosuppression in the alveolar macrophages of aged mice that enhances their susceptibility to pneumonia. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14133. [PMID: 38459711 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation, particularly elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels, occurs due to advanced age and is associated with greater susceptibility to infection. One reason for this is age-dependent macrophage dysfunction (ADMD). Herein, we use the adoptive transfer of alveolar macrophages (AM) from aged mice into the airway of young mice to show that inherent age-related defects in AM were sufficient to increase the susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive bacterium and the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. MAPK phosphorylation arrays using AM lysates from young and aged wild-type (WT) and TNF knockout (KO) mice revealed multilevel TNF-mediated suppression of kinase activity in aged mice. RNAseq analyses of AM validated the suppression of MAPK signaling as a consequence of TNF during aging. Two regulatory phosphatases that suppress MAPK signaling, Dusp1 and Ptprs, were confirmed to be upregulated with age and as a result of TNF exposure both ex vivo and in vitro. Dusp1 is known to be responsible for glucocorticoid-mediated immune suppression, and dexamethasone treatment increased Dusp1 and Ptprs expression in cells and recapitulated the ADMD phenotype. In young mice, treatment with dexamethasone increased the levels of Dusp1 and Ptprs and their susceptibility to infection. TNF-neutralizing antibody reduced Dusp1 and Ptprs levels in AM from aged mice and reduced pneumonia severity following bacterial challenge. We conclude that chronic exposure to TNF increases the expression of the glucocorticoid-associated MAPK signaling suppressors, Dusp1 and Ptprs, which inhibits AM activation and increases susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Kruckow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elnur Shayhidin
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Cilloniz C, Torres A. Diabetes Mellitus and Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:859. [PMID: 38667504 PMCID: PMC11049506 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14080859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are more than 500 million people suffering from diabetes around the world. People aged 65 years or older are the most affected by this disease, and it is estimated that approximately 96% of diabetes cases worldwide are type 2 diabetes. People with diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of infections such as pneumonia, due to a series of factors that may contribute to immune dysfunction, including hyperglycemia, inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis, impaired cytokine production, phagocytic cell dysfunction, altered T cell-mediated immune responses and the co-existence of chronic comorbidities. Rates of infection, hospitalization and mortality in diabetic patients are reported to be higher than in the general population. Research into the risk of infectious diseases such as pneumonia in these patients is very important because it will help improve their management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Cilloniz
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Continental University, Huancayo 12001, Peru
| | - Antoni Torres
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Shen M, You Y, Xu C, Chen Z. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate attenuates lipopolysacharide-induced pneumonia via modification of inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 38580929 PMCID: PMC10996149 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia, the acute inflammation of lung tissue, is multi-factorial in etiology. Hence, continuous studies are conducted to determine the mechanisms involved in the progression of the disease and subsequently suggest effective treatment. The present study attempted to evaluate the effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), an herbal antioxidant, on inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in a rat pneumonia model. METHODS Forty male Wistar rats, 5 months old and 250-290 g were divided into four groups including control, EGCG, experimental pneumonia (i/p LPS injection, 1 mg/kg), and experimental pneumonia treated with EGCG (i/p, 15 mg/kg, 1 h before and 3 h after LPS instillation). Total cell number in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, inflammation (TNF-a, Il-6, IL-1β, and NO), oxidative stress (Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, CAT, GSH, GPX, MDA, and TAC), apoptosis (BCL-2, BAX, CASP-3 and CASP-9), and autophagy (mTOR, LC3, BECN1) were evaluated. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that EGCG suppresses the LPS-induced activation of inflammatory pathways by a significant reduction of inflammatory markers (p-value < 0.001). In addition, the upregulation of BCL-2 and downregulation of BAX and caspases revealed that EGCG suppressed LPS-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, ECGC suppressed oxidative injury while promoting autophagy in rats with pneumonia (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION The current study revealed that EGCG could suppress inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and promote autophagy in experimental pneumonia models of rats suggesting promising therapeutical properties of this compound to be used in pneumonia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Shen
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department, Quanzhou Children's Hospital (Quanzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, China.
| | - Yuting You
- Children's Respiratory Department, Quanzhou Children's Hospital (Quanzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, China
| | - Chengna Xu
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department, Quanzhou Children's Hospital (Quanzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, China
| | - Zhixu Chen
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Department, Quanzhou Children's Hospital (Quanzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Fengze District, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, China
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Oh MW, Lin J, Chong SY, Lew SQ, Alam T, Lau GW. Time-resolved RNA-seq analysis to unravel the in vivo competence induction by Streptococcus pneumoniae during pneumonia-derived sepsis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0305023. [PMID: 38305162 PMCID: PMC10913500 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03050-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Competence development in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is tightly intertwined with virulence. In addition to genes encoding genetic transformation machinery, the competence regulon also regulates the expression of allolytic factors, bacteriocins, and cytotoxins. Pneumococcal competence system has been extensively interrogated in vitro where the short transient competent state upregulates the expression of three distinct phases of "early," "late," and "delayed" genes. Recently, we have demonstrated that the pneumococcal competent state develops naturally in mouse models of pneumonia-derived sepsis. To unravel the underlying adaptive mechanisms driving the development of the competent state, we conducted a time-resolved transcriptomic analysis guided by the spatiotemporal live in vivo imaging system of competence induction during pneumonia-derived sepsis. Mouse lungs infected by the serotype 2 strain D39 expressing a competent state-specific reporter gene (D39-ssbB-luc) were subjected to RNA sequencing guided by monitoring the competence development at 0, 12, 24, and, at the moribund state, >40 hours post-infection (hpi). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the competence-specific gene expression patterns in vivo were distinct from those under in vitro conditions. There was significant upregulation of early, late, and some delayed phase competence-specific genes as early as 12 hpi, suggesting that the pneumococcal competence regulon is important for adaptation to the lung environment. Additionally, members of the histidine triad (pht) gene family were sharply upregulated at 12 hpi followed by a steep decline throughout the rest of the infection cycle, suggesting that Pht proteins participate in the early adaptation to the lung environment. Further analysis revealed that Pht proteins execute a metal ion-dependent regulatory role in competence induction.IMPORTANCEThe induction of pneumococcal competence for genetic transformation has been extensively studied in vitro but poorly understood during lung infection. We utilized a combination of live imaging and RNA sequencing to monitor the development of a competent state during acute pneumonia. Upregulation of competence-specific genes was observed as early as 12 hour post-infection, suggesting that the pneumococcal competence regulon plays an important role in adapting pneumococcus to the stressful lung environment. Among others, we report novel finding that the pneumococcal histidine triad (pht) family of genes participates in the adaptation to the lung environment and regulates pneumococcal competence induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Whan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jingjun Lin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sook Yin Chong
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Shi Qian Lew
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Gee W. Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Halwani M. Prevalence of Penicillin Resistance Among Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in a General Hospital in Southwest Saudi Arabia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e55326. [PMID: 38559551 PMCID: PMC10981866 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The rise in infections caused by penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae has become a global concern. However, the magnitude of this problem in Southwest Saudi Arabia has never been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of this bacteria in the region using in vitro data. Materials and methods This study retrospectively studied pneumococcal isolates collected by the Microbiology Laboratory of a general hospital in Al Baha, Saudi Arabia, from January 2013 to December 2017. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 8 mg/L was used as a cutoff concentration to detect the resistant isolates. Results A total of 201 S. pneumoniae isolates were identified using the VITEK® 2 system (bioMérieux SA, Marcy-l'Étoile, France). Most of these isolates (61%) were obtained from respiratory specimens, including sputum, tracheal aspirates, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Eye swabs accounted for 15% of the isolates, blood samples contributed 12%, ear swabs accounted for 7%, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 3.4%. The resistance of S. pneumoniae during the five years varied from 61% to 76%, with an overall resistance of 70% (141/201). The resistance rate per year was 71% (43/60) in 2013, 76% (35/46) in 2014, 61% (22/36) in 2015, 68% (20/29) in 2016, and 66% (21/30) in 2017. Conclusion The data confirm the presence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the high resistance suggests a potential concern, emphasizing the need for penicillin control, surveillance, and vaccination to address this growing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha, SAU
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Chris DI, Wokeh OK, Téllez-Isaías G, Kari ZA, Azra MN. Ecotoxicity of commonly used oilfield-based emulsifiers on Guinean Tilapia ( Tilapia guineensis) using histopathology and behavioral alterations as protocol. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241231663. [PMID: 38490166 PMCID: PMC10943731 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241231663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the histological aberrations in the gill and liver tissues and behavioural changes of Tilapia guineensis fingerlings exposed to lethal concentrations of used Oilfield-based emulsifiers for 96 h. Various concentrations of the surfactants were tested, ranging from 0.0 to 15.0 ml/L. The behaviour of the fish was observed throughout the experiment, and the results showed that increasing concentrations of the surfactants led to progressively abnormal behaviour, including hyperventilation and altered opercular beat frequency. These behavioural changes indicated respiratory distress and neurotoxic effects. Histological analysis revealed structural aberrations in the gill and liver tissues, with higher concentrations causing more severe damage, such as lesions, necrosis, inflammation, and cellular degeneration. This implies that surfactants released even at low concentrations are capable of inducing changes in the tissues of aquatic organisms. These findings highlight the toxic effects of the surfactants on fish health and provide biomarkers of toxicity. Future research should focus on understanding the specific mechanisms and long-term consequences of surfactant toxicity on fish genetic composition, populations, and ecosystems to implement effective conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davies Ibienebo Chris
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Oilfield Chemicals Research, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
- Department of Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Okechukwu Kenneth Wokeh
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | | | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nor Azra
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry (Earth Sciences and Maritime), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Pemenang, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Anderson R, Feldman C. The Global Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Encompassing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and the Prevalence of Its Associated Cardiovascular Events, with a Focus on Pneumolysin and Macrolide Antibiotics in Pathogenesis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11038. [PMID: 37446214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite innovative advances in anti-infective therapies and vaccine development technologies, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the most persistent cause of infection-related mortality globally. Confronting the ongoing threat posed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), the most common bacterial cause of CAP, particularly to the non-immune elderly, remains challenging due to the propensity of the elderly to develop invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), together with the predilection of the pathogen for the heart. The resultant development of often fatal cardiovascular events (CVEs), particularly during the first seven days of acute infection, is now recognized as a relatively common complication of IPD. The current review represents an update on the prevalence and types of CVEs associated with acute bacterial CAP, particularly IPD. In addition, it is focused on recent insights into the involvement of the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin, pneumolysin (Ply), in subverting host immune defenses, particularly the protective functions of the alveolar macrophage during early-stage disease. This, in turn, enables extra-pulmonary dissemination of the pathogen, leading to cardiac invasion, cardiotoxicity and myocardial dysfunction. The review concludes with an overview of the current status of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial CAP in general, as well as severe pneumococcal CAP, including a consideration of the mechanisms by which these agents inhibit the production of Ply by macrolide-resistant strains of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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