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Bak YS, Park JY, Kim JB, Cho SH. Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in Korea between the years 2007 and 2022. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1965-1974. [PMID: 38752118 PMCID: PMC11091020 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with diarrhea in Korea, 327 S. aureus strains were collected between 2007 and 2022. The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) genes in S. aureus isolates was determined by PCR. The highest expression of the TSST-1 gene was found in the GIMNO type (43.1% of GIMNO type). GIMNO type (Type I) refers to each staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene gene (initials of genes): G = seg; I = sei; M = selm; N = seln; O = selo. Moreover, Type I isolates showed a significantly higher resistance to most antibiotics. A total of 195 GIMNO-type S. aureus strains were analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and 18 unique sequence types (STs) were identified. The most frequent sequence type was ST72 (36.9%), followed by ST5 (22.1%) and ST30 (16.9%). Interestingly, ST72 strains showed a higher prevalence of MRSA than the other STs. In conclusion, our results were the first reported for S. aureus strains in Korea, which significantly expanded S. aureus genotype information for the surveillance of pathogenic S. aureus and may provide important epidemiological information to resolve several infectious diseases caused by S. aureus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01478-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seok Bak
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31460 Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Beom Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31460 Korea
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-Gu, Cheongju, 363-951 Republic of Korea
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Sato'o Y, Hisatsune J, Aziz F, Tatsukawa N, Shibata-Nakagawa M, Ono HK, Naito I, Omoe K, Sugai M. Coordination of prophage and global regulator leads to high enterotoxin production in staphylococcal food poisoning-associated lineage. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0292723. [PMID: 38319074 PMCID: PMC10913437 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02927-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species in food produce Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) that cause Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP). More than 20 SE types have been reported, among which Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) has been recognized as one of the most important SEs associated with SFP. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying its production remain unclear. Previously, we identified a major SFP clone in Japan, CC81 subtype-1, which exhibits high SEA production. In this study, we attempted to identify the factors contributing to this phenomenon. Thus, we demonstrated that the attenuation of the activity of endogenous regulator, Staphylococcal accessory regulator S (SarS), and the lysogenization of a high SEA-producing phage contributed to this phenomenon in CC81 subtype-1. Furthermore, our results indicated that SarS could directly bind to the promoter upstream of the sea gene and suppress SEA expression; this low SarS repression activity was identified as one of the reasons for the high SEA production observed. Therefore, we revealed that both exogenous and endogenous factors may probably contribute to the high SEA production. Our results confirmed that SE production is a fundamental and critical factor in SFP and clarified the associated production mechanism while enhancing our understanding as to why a specific clone frequently causes SFP. IMPORTANCE The importance of this study lies in its unveiling of a molecular regulatory mechanism associated with the most important food poisoning toxin and the evolution of Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP)-associated clone. SFP is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) being commonly involved in many cases. Thus, SEA has been recognized as a major toxin type. However, despite almost a century since its discovery, the complete mechanism of SEA production is as yet unknown. In this study, we analyzed an SEA-producing SFP clone isolated in East Asia and discovered that this strain, besides acquiring the high SEA-producing phage, exhibits remarkably high SEA production due to the low activity of SarS, an intrinsic regulatory factor. This is the first report documenting the evolution of the SFP clone through the coordinated action of exogenous mobile genetic factors and endogenous regulators on this notorious toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato'o
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fatkhanuddin Aziz
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tatsukawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mari Shibata-Nakagawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka city, Japan
| | - Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka city, Japan
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada city, Japan
| | - Ikunori Naito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka city, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka city, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
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Loncaric I, Keinprecht H, Irimaso E, Cabal-Rosel A, Stessl B, Ntakirutimana C, Marek L, Fischer OW, Szostak MP, Oberrauch C, Wittek T, Müller E, Desvars-Larrive A, Feßler AT, Braun SD, Schwarz S, Ehling-Schulz M, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Ruppitsch W, Grunert T, Spergser J. Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nares of ruminants. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad304. [PMID: 38159931 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal swabs of ruminants in Rwanda. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 454 nasal swabs from 203 cows, 170 goats, and 81 sheep were examined for the presence of S. aureus, and 30 S. aureus isolates were detected and characterized pheno- and genotypically. Resistance to penicillin and/or tetracycline was observed. The isolates were assigned to eight different spa types (t21057 (novel), t10103, t18853, t20842, t318, t355, t458, and t9432) belonging to six clonal complexes (CCs) (CC152, CC30, CC3591, CC3666, CC522, and CC97). Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes (lukF-PV/lukS-PV), the bovine leukocidin genes (lukM/lukF-P83), and the human and bovine variants of the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene tst-1 variants were detected. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the nares of ruminants in Rwanda are colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus, including lineages that are also carried by humans, underscoring the zoonotic risk, especially for livestock keepers. These results highlight the crucial importance of hygiene measures when handling livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Helga Keinprecht
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- New Vision Veterinary Hospital (NVVH) Northern Province, Musanze district, Rwaza sector, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Irimaso
- School of Veterinary Medicine-CAVM, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare Campus, P.O. Box 210, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Adriana Cabal-Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | | | - Lydia Marek
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- New Vision Veterinary Hospital (NVVH) Northern Province, Musanze district, Rwaza sector, Rwanda
| | - Otto W Fischer
- New Vision Veterinary Hospital (NVVH) Northern Province, Musanze district, Rwaza sector, Rwanda
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Celine Oberrauch
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Clinical Unit of Ruminant Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Elke Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Amelie Desvars-Larrive
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna 1080, Austria
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Sascha D Braun
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinik Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tom Grunert
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
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Purwanasari HN, Salasia SIO, Aziz F, Wasissa M, Lestari FB, Santosa CM. Development of antibodies against recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin B from food poisoning cases. Vet World 2024; 17:131-135. [PMID: 38406354 PMCID: PMC10884591 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.131-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is the most common serotype involved in food poisoning. The aim of this study was to develop immunoassay detection methods using a recombinant enterotoxin B antigen protein to produce recombinant polyclonal antibodies in vivo. Materials and Methods Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a food poisoning case (strain JH5800) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed to contain a seb gene of 477 bp. A SEB segment was amplified, cloned, sequenced, and aligned. The PCR product corresponding to the predicted mature SEB peptide was inserted into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE-3) expression vector and expressed as a hexahistidine-SEB fusion protein. Antiserum against recombinant SEB protein was produced by immunization of Balb/c mice. Results In the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the polyclonal antibodies produced had a titer of 1:3200. The seb gene of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a poisoning case (JH5800) had a molecular size of about 477 bp and a band of recombinant SEB toxin was observed at approximately 30 kDa on SDS-PAGE gel. The polyclonal anti-SEB antibody titer, as revealed by indirect ELISA, was 1:3200 at 59 days. Conclusion SEB recombinant protein could be used to produce polyclonal antibodies. ELISA and Western blotting were used to analyze the specificity and sensitivity of the recombinant polyclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies produced could be used to detect SEB on a large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayatun Nisa Purwanasari
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fatkhanuddin Aziz
- Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Madarina Wasissa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Budi Lestari
- Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Zhu Z, Hu Z, Li S, Fang R, Ono HK, Hu DL. Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:395. [PMID: 38203566 PMCID: PMC10778951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus stands as one of the most pervasive pathogens given its morbidity and mortality worldwide due to its roles as an infectious agent that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. S. aureus produces a variety of exotoxins that serve as important virulence factors in S. aureus-related infectious diseases and food poisoning in both humans and animals. For example, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by S. aureus induce staphylococcal foodborne poisoning; toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), as a typical superantigen, induces toxic shock syndrome; hemolysins induce cell damage in erythrocytes and leukocytes; and exfoliative toxin induces staphylococcal skin scalded syndrome. Recently, Panton-Valentine leucocidin, a cytotoxin produced by community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), has been reported, and new types of SEs and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins (SEls) were discovered and reported successively. This review addresses the progress of and novel insights into the molecular structure, biological activities, and pathogenicity of both the classic and the newly identified exotoxins produced by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Zuo Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
| | - Shaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Rendong Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
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Kamala K, Sivaperumal P. Prevalence of enterotoxin genes of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from marine fish to reveal seafood contamination. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115464. [PMID: 37666137 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is a valuable nutritional source, but it is highly susceptible to bacterial contamination, posing a severe health risk to humans. Enterotoxin-producing genes carrying Staphylococcus sp. are a significant concern in marine fish. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus sp. isolated from 17 common fish species and emphasise the need for improving seafood quality and hygiene. The potential risks of contamination by enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus sp. were assessed. The results indicated the risk associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood, especially from marketed and frozen samples. Gene expression analysis on a heat map revealed that samples stored in markets are heavily loaded with Staphylococcus enterotoxin genes due to the unhygienic water that was used from the local markets for fish processing. To enhance seafood quality, effective measures on handling and storage should be regularly monitored, and they must be implemented throughout the local seafood markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Kamala
- Centre for Marine Actinobacterial Research (CMAR), Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchiah Sivaperumal
- Marine Biomedical Research Lab & Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centre for Marine Research and Conservation, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Zhu Z, Wu S, Chen X, Tan W, Zou G, Huang Q, Meng X, Hu DL, Li S. Heterogeneity and transmission of food safety-related enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in pig abattoirs in Hubei, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0191323. [PMID: 37772855 PMCID: PMC10581196 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01913-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain is a major food safety concern. Abattoirs can serve both as disruptor and transmitter for S. aureus. In this study, we conducted a systematic genomic epidemiology research on the prevalence, heterogeneity, and transmission of S. aureus in 3,638 samples collected from four pig abattoirs in Hubei province, China. Our findings revealed substantial heterogeneity between S. aureus recovered from samples collected at upstream (from stunning step to head-removal step) and downstream (from splitting step to chilling step) locations within the slaughter process. Overall, 966 (26.6%) samples were positive for S. aureus, with significantly higher overall prevalence for upstream samples (29.0%, 488/1,681) compared to downstream samples (24.4%, 478/1,957). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that the isolates from the upstream exhibited significantly higher resistance proportions to different antimicrobials than those from the downstream. Whole-genome sequencing of 126 isolates revealed that ST398 (32.9%, 23/70) and ST9 (22.9%, 16/70) were more common among upstream isolates, while ST7 (35.7%, 20/56) and ST97 (28.6%, 16/56) were most frequently observed among downstream isolates. Additionally, molecular characterization analysis demonstrated that upstream isolates possessed significantly higher enterotoxigenic potential, more antimicrobial resistance genes, and S. aureus pathogenicity islands than downstream isolates. Notably, we discovered that enterotoxigenic S. aureus could be transmitted across different slaughter stages, with knives, water, and air serving as vectors. Although slaughtering processes had a substantial effect on reducing the food safety risk posed by enterotoxigenic S. aureus, the possibility of its widespread transmission should not be disregarded. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, and can cause foodborne poisoning by producing enterotoxins. Pork is a preferable reservoir and its contamination often occurs during the slaughter process. Our findings revealed significant differences in the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and enterotoxigenic potential between the upstream and downstream isolates within the slaughter process. Also, it is imperative not to overlook enterotoxigenic S. aureus transmitted across all stages of the slaughter process, with notable vectors being knives, water, and air. These findings hold significant implications for policy-makers to reassess their surveillance projects, and underscore the importance of implementing effective control measures to minimize the risk of S. aureus contamination in pork production. Moreover, we provide a more compelling method of characterizing pathogen transmission based on core-SNPs of bacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Simin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianrong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Shaowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Morshdy AEMA, Abdallah KME, Abdallah HE, Algahtani FD, Elabbasy MT, Atique S, Ahmad K, Al-Najjar MAA, Abdallah HM, Mahmoud AFA. Potential of Natural Phenolic Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken Meat. Molecules 2023; 28:6742. [PMID: 37764518 PMCID: PMC10535414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most widespread foodborne bacteria that cause high morbidity, mortality, and economic loss, primarily if foodborne diseases are caused by pathogenic and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in chicken meat in Egyptian markets. Thus, this study might be the first to assess the efficiency of different natural phenolic compounds as novel antibacterial agents against MDR S. aureus pathogens isolated from raw chicken meat in the Egyptian market. The incidence and quantification of pathogenic S. aureus were detected in retail raw chicken meat parts (breast, thigh, fillet, and giblets). In total, 73 out of 80 (91.3%) of the chicken meat parts were contaminated, with S. aureus as the only species isolated. Of the 192 identified S. aureus isolates, 143 were coagulase-positive S. aureus and 117 isolates were MDR (81.8%, 117/143). Twenty-two antibiotic resistance profile patterns were detected. One strain was randomly selected from each pattern to further analyze virulence and resistance genes. Extracted DNA was assessed for the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes, i.e., vancomycin-resistance (vanA), aminoglycosides-resistance (aacA-aphD), apramycin-resistance (apmA), and methicillin-resistance (mecA), penicillin-resistance (blaZ), and virulence genes staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea and seb), Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl), clumping factor A (clfA), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst). Clustering analyses revealed that six S. aureus strains harbored the most virulence and resistance genes. The activity of hydroquinone was significantly higher than thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, and protocatechuic acid. Therefore, phenolic compounds, particularly hydroquinone, could potentially alternate with conventional antibiotics against the pathogenic MDR S. aureus inhabiting raw chicken meat. Hence, this study indicates that urgent interventions are necessary to improve hygiene for safer meat in Egyptian markets. Moreover, hydroquinone could be a natural phenolic compound for inhibiting foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Eldin M. A. Morshdy
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
| | - Karima M. E. Abdallah
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
| | - Heba E. Abdallah
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
| | - Fahad D. Algahtani
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Suleman Atique
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Khursheed Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hossam M. Abdallah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Abdallah Fikry A. Mahmoud
- Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.E.M.A.M.); (H.E.A.)
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Hughes AC, Kirkland M, Du W, Rasooly R, Hernlem B, Tam C, Zhang Y, He X. Development of Thermally Stable Nanobodies for Detection and Neutralization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:400. [PMID: 37368700 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, sixteen unique staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-reactive nanobodies (nbs), including ten monovalent and six bivalent nbs, were developed. All characterized nbs were highly specific for SEB and did not cross-react with other staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE). Several formats of highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were established using SEB nbs and a polyclonal antibody (pAb). The lowest limit of detection (LOD) reached 50 pg/mL in PBS. When applied to an ELISA to detect SEB-spiked milk (a commonly contaminated foodstuff), a LOD as low as 190 pg/mL was obtained. The sensitivity of ELISA was found to increase concurrently with the valency of nbs used in the assay. In addition, a wide range of thermal tolerance was observed among the sixteen nbs, with a subset of nbs, SEB-5, SEB-9, and SEB-62, retaining activity even after exposure to 95 °C for 10 min, whereas the conventional monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies exhibited heat-labile properties. Several nbs demonstrated a long shelf-life, with one nb (SEB-9) retaining 93% of its activity after two weeks of storage at room temperature. In addition to their usage in toxin detection, eleven out of fifteen nbs were capable of neutralizing SEB's super-antigenic activity, demonstrated by their inhibition on IL-2 expression in an ex vivo human PBMC assay. Compared to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, the nbs are relatively small, thermally stable, and easy to produce, making them useful in applications for sensitive, specific, and cost-effective detection and management of SEB contamination in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Hughes
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Marina Kirkland
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Wenxian Du
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Christina Tam
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Saidenberg ABS, Latorre-Fernández J, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Comparative review of the nasal carriage and genetic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy livestock: Insight into zoonotic and anthroponotic clones. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 109:105408. [PMID: 36773670 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Given the central role of livestock in understanding the genomic epidemiology of S. aureus, the present study systematically reviewed and synthesized data on the nasal S. aureus carriage, resistance patterns to critical antimicrobial agents, virulence factors and genetic lineages among healthy livestock. Bibliographical databases were searched for published studies from May 2003 to May 2022 on nasal S. aureus carriage, their phenotypic and genetic characteristics among healthy pigs (A), sheep and goats (B), cattle (C), poultry (D), camels (E) and buffaloes (F). Special focus was given to the prevalence of nasal MRSA, MRSA-CC398, MRSA-CC9, mecC-MRSA, MSSA-CC398, and resistance to linezolid (LZDR), chloramphenicol (CLOR) and tetracycline (TETR) in S. aureus isolates. Of the 5492 studies identified, 146 comprised groups A(83)/B(18)/C(33)/D(4)/E(5)/F(3), and were found eligible. The overall pooled nasal prevalence of MRSA in healthy livestock was 13.8% (95% CI: 13.5-14.1) among a pooled 48,154 livestock population. Specifically, the pooled prevalence in groups A to F were: 16.0% (95% CI: 15.6-16.4), 3.7% (95% CI: 2.9-4.6), 13.6% (95% CI: 12.8-14.4), 5.8% (95% CI: 5.1-6.5), 7.1% (95% CI: 6.1-10.7), and 2.8% (95% CI: 1.5-4.8), respectively. These values varied considerably by continent. Varied pooled prevalences of CC398 lineage with respect to MRSA isolates were obtained, with the highest from pigs and cattle (>70%). Moreover, other classical animal-adapted MRSA as well as MSSA-CC398-t1928 were reported. TETR-MSSA was lowest in cattle (18.9%) and highest in pigs (80.7%). LZDR-S. aureus was reported in 8 studies (mediated by optrA and cfr), mainly in pigs (n = 4), while CLOR-S. aureus was reported in 32 studies. The virulence genes luk-S/F-PV, tst, etd, sea, see were sparsely reported, and only in non-CC398-MRSA lineages. Certain S. aureus clones and critical AMR appeared to have predominance in some livestock, as in the case of pigs that are high nasal carriers of MRSA-CC398 and -CC9, and MSSA-CC398. These findings highlight the need for adequate prevention against the transmission of zoonotic S. aureus lineages to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Andre Becker Simoes Saidenberg
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Food Safety and Zoonoses, Institute for Veterinary and Companion Animal Science, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Latorre-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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Merghni A, Hamdi H, Ben Abdallah M, Al-Hasawi ZM, Al-Quwaie DA, Abid-Essefi S. Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Foodborne Pathogenic Strains and Assessment of Their Adhesion Ability and Cytotoxic Effects in HCT-116 Cells. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050974. [PMID: 36900491 PMCID: PMC10001405 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the high-threat pathogens equipped with a repertoire of virulence factors making it responsible for many infections in humans, including foodborne diseases. The present study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in foodborne S. aureus isolates, and to investigate their cytotoxic effects in human intestinal cells (HCT-116). Our results revealed methicillin resistance phenotypes (MRSA) along with the detection of mecA gene (20%) among tested foodborne S. aureus strains. Furthermore, 40% of tested isolates showed a strong ability for adhesion and biofilm formation. A high rate of exoenzymes production by tested bacteria was also registered. Additionally, treatment with S. aureus extracts leads to a significant decrease in HCT-116 cell viability, accompanied by a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), as a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Thereby, S. aureus food poisoning remains daunting and needs particular concern to prevent foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmen Merghni
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance LR99ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Hiba Hamdi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, LR01SE17, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Ben Abdallah
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Zaki M. Al-Hasawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diana A. Al-Quwaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, LR01SE17, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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12
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Saidenberg ABS, Stegger M, Torres C. Clonal relatedness of coagulase-positive staphylococci among healthy dogs and dog-owners in Spain. Detection of multidrug-resistant-MSSA-CC398 and novel linezolid-resistant-MRSA-CC5. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1121564. [PMID: 36937268 PMCID: PMC10017961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nasal carriage of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) in healthy dogs could indicate increased risks of colonization for in-contact people or vice versa. This study determined the nasal carriage rate of CoPS among healthy dogs and in-contact people, their genotypic characteristics and phylogenetic relatedness. Methods Nasal samples were collected from 27 households (34 dogs and 41 humans) in Spain. Staphylococci were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and spa-types were tested by PCR/sequencing. The relatedness of CoPS from the same households was assessed by core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses. Results Staphylococcus aureus carriage was found in 34.1% of humans (including one methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA-CC5-t2220-SCCmec type-IV2B) and 5.9% of dogs; Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in 2.4% of humans and 32.4% of dogs; while Staphylococcus coagulans was only detected in dogs (5.4%). Remarkably, one human co-carried S. aureus/S. pseudintermedius, while a dog co-carried the three CoPS species. Household density was significantly associated with S. pseudintermedius carriage in households with > than 1 dog and >than 1 human (OR = 18.10, 95% CI: 1.24-260.93, p = 0.034). Closely related (<15 SNPs) S. aureus or S. pseudintermedius were found in humans or dogs in three households. About 56.3% S. aureus carriers (dog or human) harboured diverse within-host spa-types or AMR genotypes. Ten clonal complexes (CCs) were detected among the S. aureus, of which methicillin-susceptible S. aureus-CC398-IEC-type C (t1451 and t571) was the most frequent, but exclusive to humans. S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates harboured resistance genes or mutations associated to 9 classes of antimicrobials including linezolid (G2261A & T1584A point mutations in 23S rDNA). The S. coagulans isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials. Most of the S. pseudintermedius carried lukS/F-I, siet, and sient genes, and all S. aureus were negative for lukS/F-PV, tst-1, eta and etb genes. Discussion Clonally related human-to-human MSSA and dog-to-human MSSP were found. The detection of the MSSA-CC398 clade highlights the need for its continuous surveillance from One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Andre Becker Simoes Saidenberg
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Food Safety and Zoonoses, Institute for Veterinary and Companion Animal Science, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carmen Torres,
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Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244114. [PMID: 36553856 PMCID: PMC9777741 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major foodborne pathogens and can cause serious foodborne illness in humans by foods contaminated with S. aureus enterotoxins. In recent years, livestock-associated S. aureus has been a major public health concern for humans and has emerged in various countries globally. China is one of the largest producers of pigs and pork in the world. However, there are few studies on the detailed genotypic and pathogenic characterization of pork-associated S. aureus in China. In this study, the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic characteristics of S. aureus in raw pork in Wuhan, China, were investigated through multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and whole-genome sequencing analysis. A total of 518 S. aureus isolates (16.9%) were isolated from 3067 retail and wholesale pork samples. The prevalence of S. aureus in retail pork (22.7%) was significantly higher than in wholesale pork (15.1%), while the proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in wholesale pork (12.9%) was significantly higher than in retail pork (6.2%). Among the isolates, 10.8% were resistant to three or more antibiotics, with higher rates of resistance to penicillin (88.8%) and erythromycin (58.1%). A total of 28 sequence types (STs) were identified in the 518 isolates, and the predominant type was ST7 (57.5%), followed by ST5 (9.1%). In addition, based on the whole-genome sequences of 39 representative strains, 17 spa types were identified among the isolates, of which t899, t091, and t437 were the most common. Furthermore, 19 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) and SE-like (SEl) toxin genes were detected in the isolates, of which selw was the most common type (100%), followed by sei, sem, seo, seu, and selv (46.2%); sey (35.9%); and sea, seg, and sen (33.3%). This study found for the first time that ST7-t091-selw and ST9-t899-SCCmecXII-selw were the predominant genotypes of S. aureus in pork in China, which indicated the spreading of S. aureus with multiple virulence factors, especially with new SE/SEl types in pigs and pork, is a serious new challenge for food safety. Good hygiene and good production practices to prevent interspecies transmission and cross-contamination of S. aureus in the pig-pork chain are of great significance to public health.
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14
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Soezi M, Piri-Gavgani S, Ghanei M, Omrani MD, Soltanmohammadi B, Bagheri KP, Cohan RA, Vaziri F, Siadat SD, Fateh A, Khatami S, Azizi M, Rahimi-Jamnani F. Identification of a novel fully human anti-toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-1 single-chain variable fragment antibody averting TSST-1-induced mitogenesis and cytokine secretion. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:31. [PMID: 36307814 PMCID: PMC9617332 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcal superantigens are virulence factors that help the pathogen escape the immune system and develop an infection. Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-1 is one of the most studied superantigens whose role in toxic shock syndrome and some particular disorders have been demonstrated. Inhibiting TSST-1 production with antibiotics and targeting TSST-1 with monoclonal antibodies might be one of the best strategies to prevent TSST-1-induced cytokines storm followed by lethality. Results A novel single-chain variable fragment (scFv), MS473, against TSST-1 was identified by selecting an scFv phage library on the TSST-1 protein. The MS473 scFv showed high affinity and specificity for TSST-1. Moreover, MS473 could significantly prevent TSST-1-induced mitogenicity (the IC50 value: 1.5 µM) and cytokine production. Conclusion Using traditional antibiotics with an anti-TSST-1 scFv as a safe and effective agent leads to deleting the infection source and preventing the detrimental effects of the toxin disseminated into the whole body. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00760-8.
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15
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of debilitating and life-threatening diseases, and thus remains a challenging global health threat. S. aureus is remarkably diverse, yet only a minority of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones have caused pandemic proportions of diseases. The genetic drivers of the successful dissemination of some clones across wide geographical expanses remain poorly understood. We analyzed 386 recently published MRSA genomes from bloodstream infections sampled in North, Central, and South America from 2011 to 2018. Here, we show that MRSA-associated bloodstream infections were attributable to two genetically distinct lineages. One lineage consisted almost exclusively of sequence type (ST) 8, which emerged in 1964. A second lineage emerged in 1986 and consisted of STs 5, 105, and 231. The two lineages have simultaneously disseminated across geographically distant sites. Sublineages rapidly diverged within locations in the early 2000s. Their diversification was associated with independent acquisitions of unique variants of the mobile mecA-carrying chromosomal cassette and distinct repertoires of antimicrobial resistance genes. We show that the evolution and spread of invasive multidrug-resistant MRSA in the Americas was driven by transcontinental dissemination, followed by more recent establishment and divergence of local pathogen populations. Our study highlights the need for continued international surveillance of high-risk clones to control the global health threat of multidrug resistance. IMPORTANCE Bloodstream infections due to S. aureus cause significant patient morbidity and mortality worldwide, exacerbated by the emergence and spread of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). This study provides important insights on the evolution and long-distance geographic expansion of two distinct MRSA lineages that predominate in bloodstream infections in the past 5 decades. The success of these two lineages partly lies on their acquisition of a diverse set of antimicrobial resistance genes and of unique variants of the mobile genetic element SCCmec that carries the gene mecA conferring resistance to beta-lactams. High-risk antimicrobial resistant clones can therefore rapidly disseminate across long distances and establish within local communities within a short period of time. These results have important implications for global initiatives and local epidemiological efforts to monitor and control invasive MRSA infections and transcontinental spread of multidrug resistance.
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16
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Han X, Ortines R, Mukherjee I, Kanipakala T, Kort T, Sherchand SP, Liao G, Mednikov M, Chenine AL, Aman MJ, Nykiforuk CL, Adhikari RP. Hyperimmune Targeting Staphylococcal Toxins Effectively Protect Against USA 300 MRSA Infection in Mouse Bacteremia and Pneumonia Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893921. [PMID: 35655774 PMCID: PMC9152286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has been acquiring multiple drug resistance and has evolved into superbugs such as Methicillin/Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA/VRSA) and, consequently, is a major cause of nosocomial and community infections associated with high morbidity and mortality for which no FDA-approved vaccines or biotherapeutics are available. Previous efforts targeting the surface-associated antigens have failed in clinical testing. Here, we generated hyperimmune products from sera in rabbits against six major S. aureus toxins targeted by an experimental vaccine (IBT-V02) and demonstrated significant efficacy for an anti-virulence passive immunization strategy. Extensive in vitro binding and neutralizing titers were analyzed against six extracellular toxins from individual animal sera. All IBT-V02 immunized animals elicited the maximum immune response upon the first boost dose against all pore-forming vaccine components, while for superantigen (SAgs) components of the vaccine, second and third doses of a boost were needed to reach a plateau in binding and toxin neutralizing titers. Importantly, both anti-staphylococcus hyperimmune products consisting of full-length IgG (IBT-V02-IgG) purified from the pooled sera and de-speciated F(ab')2 (IBT-V02-F(ab')2) retained the binding and neutralizing titers against IBT-V02 target toxins. F(ab')2 also exhibited cross-neutralization titers against three leukotoxins (HlgAB, HlgCB, and LukED) and four SAgs (SEC1, SED, SEK, and SEQ) which were not part of IBT-V02. F(ab')2 also neutralized toxins in bacterial culture supernatant from major clinical strains of S. aureus. In vivo efficacy data generated in bacteremia and pneumonia models using USA300 S. aureus strain demonstrated dose-dependent protection by F(ab')2. These efficacy data confirmed the staphylococcal toxins as viable targets and support the further development effort of hyperimmune products as a potential adjunctive therapy for emergency uses against life-threatening S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Han
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Roger Ortines
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ipsita Mukherjee
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Thomas Kort
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Grant Liao
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mednikov
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Agnes L Chenine
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Cory L Nykiforuk
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rajan P Adhikari
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
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17
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Regecová I, Výrostková J, Zigo F, Gregová G, Pipová M, Jevinová P, Becová J. Detection of Resistant and Enterotoxigenic Strains of Staphylococcus warneri Isolated from Food of Animal Origin. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101496. [PMID: 35627066 PMCID: PMC9141015 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The topic of this work is the detection of antimicrobial resistance to Staphylococcus warneri strains and the genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins. It is considered a potential pathogen that can cause various—mostly inflammatory—diseases in immunosuppressed patients. The experimental part of the paper deals with the isolation of individual isolates from meat samples of Oryctolagus cuniculus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Scomber scombrus, chicken thigh, beef thigh muscle, pork thigh muscle, and bryndza cheese. In total, 45 isolates were obtained and subjected to phenotypic (plasma coagulase activity, nuclease, pigment, hemolysis, lecithinase, and lipase production) and genotypic analyses to confirm the presence of the S. warneri species. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins A (three isolates) and D (six isolates) was determined by PCR. Using the Miditech system, the minimum inhibitory concentration for various antibiotics or antibiotics combinations was determined, namely for ampicillin; ampicillin + sulbactam; oxacillin; cefoxitin; piperacillin + tazobactam; erythromycin; clindamycin; linezolid; rifampicin; gentamicin; teicoplanin; vancomycin; trimethoprim; chloramphenicol; tigecycline; moxifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline; trimethoprim + sulfonamide; and nitrofurantoin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was most common (73%). At the same time, out of a total of 45 isolates, 22% of the isolates were confirmed as multi-resistant. Isolates that showed phenotypic resistance to β-lactam antibiotics were subjected to mecA gene detection by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Regecová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Jana Výrostková
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-907-185-658
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Gabika Gregová
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Monika Pipová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Pavlina Jevinová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Jana Becová
- Department of Food Hygiene Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.P.); (P.J.); (J.B.)
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18
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Ababneh Q, Jaradat Z, Khanfar M, Alnohoud R, Alzu'bi M, Makahleh S, Abulaila S. Methicillin‐resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
contamination of high‐touched surfaces in a university campus. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4486-4500. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qutaiba Ababneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Ziad Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Malak Khanfar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Rahaf Alnohoud
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Mallak Alzu'bi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Sara Makahleh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Sally Abulaila
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts Jordan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
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Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci-Stability, Expression, and Genomic Context. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052560. [PMID: 35269697 PMCID: PMC8910179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we screened a collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates for orthologues of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) involved in S. aureus-related staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP). The amplicons corresponding to SEs were detected in S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. borealis, S. pasteuri, S. saprophyticus, S. vitulinus, S. warneri, and S. xylosus. All amplicons were sequenced and identified as parts of known S. aureus or S. epidermidis SE genes. Quantitative real-time PCR allowed determining the relative copy number of each SE amplicon. A significant portion of the amplicons of the sea, seb, sec, and seh genes occurred at low copy numbers. Only the amplicons of the sec gene identified in three isolates of S. epidermidis displayed relative copy numbers comparable to sec in the reference enterotoxigenic S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Consecutive passages in microbiological media of selected CoNS isolates carrying low copy numbers of sea, seb, sec, and seh genes resulted in a decrease of gene copy number. S. epidermidis isolates harbored a high copy number of sec, which remained stable over the passages. We demonstrated that enterotoxin genes may occur at highly variable copy numbers in CoNS. However, we could identify enterotoxin genes only in whole-genome sequences of CoNS carrying them in a stable form at high copy numbers. Only those enterotoxins were expressed at the protein level. Our results indicate that PCR-based detection of enterotoxin genes in CoNS should always require an additional control, like analysis of their presence in the bacterial genome. We also demonstrate S. epidermidis as a CoNS species harboring SE genes in a stable form at a specific chromosome site and expressing them as a protein.
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Hassan M, Vittal R, Raj JM, Chakraborty G. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a sensitive molecular tool for detection of Staphylococcus aureus in meat and dairy product. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:341-347. [PMID: 35091898 PMCID: PMC8882521 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus-mediated food poisoning is a primary concern worldwide. The presence of the organism in food is an indicative of poor sanitation during production, and it is essential to have efficient methods for detecting this pathogen. A novel molecular diagnostic technique called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) serves as a rapid and sensitive detection method, which amplifies nucleic acids at isothermal conditions. In this study, a LAMP-based diagnostic assay was developed to detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using two target genes femA and arcC. The optimum reaction temperature was found to be 65 °C and at 60 °C for femA and arcC genes, respectively. The developed assay specifically amplified DNA from S. aureus, not from other related bacterial species and compared to PCR, and a 100-fold higher sensitivity was observed. Furthermore, the LAMP assay could detect the pathogen from food samples mainly meat and dairy samples when analyzed in both intact and enriched conditions. Thirteen samples were found positive for S. aureus with LAMP showing a greater number of positive samples in comparison to PCR. This study established a highly sensitive and a rapid diagnostic procedure for the detection and surveillance of this major foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Hassan
- grid.412206.30000 0001 0032 8661Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Rajeshwari Vittal
- grid.412206.30000 0001 0032 8661Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Juliet Mohan Raj
- grid.412206.30000 0001 0032 8661Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Gunimala Chakraborty
- grid.412206.30000 0001 0032 8661Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, India ,grid.412206.30000 0001 0032 8661Division of Molecular Genetics and Cancer, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research Paneer Campus, Nitte (Deemed To Be University), Karnataka 575 018 Mangalore, India
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Ahmad-Mansour N, Loubet P, Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Molle V. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: An Update on Their Pathogenic Properties and Potential Treatments. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:677. [PMID: 34678970 PMCID: PMC8540901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. S. aureus has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of S. aureus infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize S. aureus toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ahmad-Mansour
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Paul Loubet
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Cassandra Pouget
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France;
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Albert Sotto
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
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