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Cequier A, Vázquez FJ, Vitoria A, Bernad E, Fuente S, Serrano MB, Zaragoza MP, Romero A, Rodellar C, Barrachina L. The systemic cellular immune response against allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells is influenced by inflammation, differentiation and MHC compatibility: in vivo study in the horse. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1391872. [PMID: 38957800 PMCID: PMC11217187 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1391872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of allogeneic mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can be affected by patient's immune recognition. Thus, MSC immunogenicity and their immunomodulatory properties are crucial aspects for therapy. Immune responses after allogeneic MSC administration have been reported in different species, including equine. Interactions of allogenic MSCs with the recipient's immune system can be influenced by factors like matching or mismatching for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between donor-recipient, and by the levels of MHC expression in MSCs. The latter can vary upon MSC inflammatory exposure or differentiation, such as chondrogenic induction, making both priming and differentiation interesting therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the systemic in vivo immune cellular response against allogeneic equine MSCs in these situations. Either MSCs in basal conditions (MSC-naïve), pro-inflammatory primed (MSC-primed) or chondrogenically differentiated (MSC-chondro) were repeatedly administered subcutaneously into autologous, MHC-matched or MHC-mismatched allogeneic equine recipients. At different time-points after each administration, lymphocytes were obtained from recipient horses and exposed in vitro to the same type of MSCs to assess the proliferative response of different T cell subsets (cytotoxic, helper, regulatory), B cells, and interferon gamma (IFNγ) secretion. Higher proliferative response of helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and IFNγ secretion was observed in response to all types of MHC-mismatched MSCs over MHC-matched ones. MSC-primed produced the highest immune response, followed by MSC-naïve, and MSC-chondro. However, MSC-primed activated Treg and had a mild effect on B cells, and the response after their second administration was similar to the first one. On the other hand, both MSC-chondro and MSC-naïve barely induced Treg response but promoted B lymphocyte activation, and proportionally induced a higher cell response after the second administration. In conclusion, both the type of MSC conditioning and the MHC compatibility influenced systemic immune recognition of equine MSCs after single and repeated administrations, but the response was different. Selecting MHC-matched donors would be particularly recommended for MSC-primed and repeated MSC-naïve administrations. While MHC-mismatching in MSC-chondro would be less critical, B cell response should not be ignored. Comprehensively investigating the in vivo immune response against equine allogeneic MSCs is crucial for advancing veterinary cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cequier
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco José Vázquez
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arantza Vitoria
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elvira Bernad
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Fuente
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Belén Serrano
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Pilar Zaragoza
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Barrachina
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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2
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Iribarne A, Palma MB, Andrini L, Riccillo F, Rodriguez D, Casella M, Garay F, Zabala JS, Mazza L, Muro A, Buero G, Miriuka SG, Carosella E, García MN. Therapeutic Potential in Wound Healing of Allogeneic Use of Equine Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2350. [PMID: 38397024 PMCID: PMC10889822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound healing after skin injury is a complex process, particularly in equines where leg wounds are prevalent and their repair is complicated due to the anatomical characteristics. Conventional treatments are not effective enough. The umbilical cord offers an unlimited source of adult mesenchymal stem cells (ucMSCs) from Wharton's jelly tissue. The present study aims to demonstrate the safety and therapeutic potential of the allogeneic use of equine ucMSCs (e-ucMSCs) in the healing of severe equine leg wounds. The methods employed were the isolation, culture and expansion of e-ucMSCs. Flow cytometry and a PCR assay were used for cell characterization. This study included an immunomodulation assay, a murine pre-clinical trial and the first phase of an equine clinical trial. Our results showed that e-ucMSCs express a functional HLA-G homolog, EQMHCB2. In the immunomodulation assay, the e-ucMSCs inhibited the proliferation of activated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (e-PBMCs). In the murine pre-clinical trial, e-ucMSCs reduced healing time by 50%. In the equine clinical trial, the injection of e-ucMSCs into severe leg lesions improved the closure time and quality of the tissues involved, regenerating them without fibrous tissue scar formation. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that e-ucMSCs can be used allogeneically for wound healing by creating a tolerogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailén Iribarne
- Cátedra de Citología, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires CP 1900, Argentina; (A.I.); (M.B.P.); (L.A.); (F.R.)
| | - María Belén Palma
- Cátedra de Citología, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires CP 1900, Argentina; (A.I.); (M.B.P.); (L.A.); (F.R.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias (INEU), Fundación para la Lucha contra Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (FLENI-CONICET) Escobar, Buenos Aires CP B1625, Argentina;
| | - Laura Andrini
- Cátedra de Citología, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires CP 1900, Argentina; (A.I.); (M.B.P.); (L.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Fernando Riccillo
- Cátedra de Citología, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires CP 1900, Argentina; (A.I.); (M.B.P.); (L.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Delfina Rodriguez
- Centro de Reproducción Equina La Adela, Chascomús, Buenos Aires CP 7130, Argentina
| | - Martín Casella
- División Remonta Haras La Teruca, Buenos Aires B1900, Argentina
| | - Felipe Garay
- División Remonta Haras La Teruca, Buenos Aires B1900, Argentina
- Dirección Veterinaria, Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires B1904, Argentina
| | - Julieta Spoto Zabala
- División Remonta Haras La Teruca, Buenos Aires B1900, Argentina
- Dirección Veterinaria, Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires B1904, Argentina
| | - Leandro Mazza
- Cátedra de Anatomía B, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires CP 1900, Argentina;
| | - Adriana Muro
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos Veterinarios, La Plata, Buenos Aires CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Buero
- Sanatorio Mater Dei, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires CP C1425, Argentina;
| | - Santiago G. Miriuka
- Instituto de Neurociencias (INEU), Fundación para la Lucha contra Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (FLENI-CONICET) Escobar, Buenos Aires CP B1625, Argentina;
| | - Edgardo Carosella
- Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France;
- Hopital Saint-Louis, IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Marcela N. García
- Cátedra de Citología, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires CP 1900, Argentina; (A.I.); (M.B.P.); (L.A.); (F.R.)
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Daghan B, Cinar F, Yalcin CE, Aydin SY, Acun O, Celik U, Baghaki S, Turkmen A. Morphological, histological and biomechanical comparison of bone marrow aspirate concentrate, micro-fragmented adipose tissue and platelet-rich plasma in prevention of tendon adhesion. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 87:1-9. [PMID: 37802016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexor tendon repair often leads to peritendinous adhesions, reducing finger motion and hand function. This study compares the effects of stromal cells from different sources and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on adhesion formation after tendon repair. METHODS Forty rabbits had their flexor digitorum profundus tendons transected and repaired with a modified Kessler suture technique. The control group received an isotonic solution. PRP, bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), and micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) were injected in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Rabbits wore casts for 2 weeks. Assessments included morphology, histopathology, range of motion (ROM), and biomechanical testing at the 3rd and 8th weeks. RESULTS At 3 weeks, the BMAC group had the thickest and longest adhesions, the highest Tang Score, and inflammation score. However, at 8 weeks, the BMAC group had the lowest Tang Score and inflammation score. ROM was higher in the PRP group at 3 weeks and BMAC group at 8 weeks. No significant differences were found between BMAC and MFAT groups in adhesion measurements. Biomechanical parameters were higher in BMAC and MFAT groups at 8 weeks compared to control. CONCLUSION BMAC therapy after primary flexor tendon repair improves adhesion formation and maintains ROM. It also enhances the biomechanical properties of the flexor tendon during the later stages of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Daghan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Burdur State Hospital, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Fatih Cinar
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Ege Yalcin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Servet Yekta Aydin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Acun
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Celik
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Haseki Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semih Baghaki
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jammes M, Cassé F, Velot E, Bianchi A, Audigié F, Contentin R, Galéra P. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Priming and Purification Method Modulate the Impact of Exosomes Derived from Equine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Equine Articular Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14169. [PMID: 37762473 PMCID: PMC10531906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread osteoarticular pathology characterized by progressive hyaline cartilage degradation, exposing horses to impaired well-being, premature career termination, alongside substantial financial losses for horse owners. Among the new therapeutic strategies for OA, using mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) appears to be a promising option for conveying MSC therapeutic potential, yet avoiding the limitations inherent to cell therapy. Here, we first purified and characterized exosomes from MSCs by membrane affinity capture (MAC) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). We showed that intact MSC-exos are indeed internalized by equine articular chondrocytes (eACs), and then evaluated their functionality on cartilaginous organoids. Compared to SEC, mRNA and protein expression profiles revealed that MAC-exos induced a greater improvement of eAC-neosynthesized hyaline-like matrix by modulating collagen levels, increasing PCNA, and decreasing Htra1 synthesis. However, because the MAC elution buffer induced unexpected effects on eACs, an ultrafiltration step was included to the isolation protocol. Finally, exosomes from MSCs primed with equine pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, or IFN-γ) further improved the eAC hyaline-like phenotype, particularly IL-1β and TNF-α. Altogether, these findings indicate the importance of the exosome purification method and further demonstrate the potential of pro-inflammatory priming in the enhancement of the therapeutic value of MSC-exos for equine OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Jammes
- BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, Normandie University, 14000 Caen, France; (M.J.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Frédéric Cassé
- BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, Normandie University, 14000 Caen, France; (M.J.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Emilie Velot
- Molecular Engineering and Articular Physiopathology (IMoPA), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France; (E.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Arnaud Bianchi
- Molecular Engineering and Articular Physiopathology (IMoPA), French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France; (E.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabrice Audigié
- Center of Imaging and Research in Locomotor Affections on Equines, Veterinary School of Alfort, 14430 Goustranville, France;
| | - Romain Contentin
- BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, Normandie University, 14000 Caen, France; (M.J.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Philippe Galéra
- BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, Normandie University, 14000 Caen, France; (M.J.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
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5
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Jammes M, Contentin R, Cassé F, Galéra P. Equine osteoarthritis: Strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1115774. [PMID: 36846261 PMCID: PMC9950114 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that eventually leads to the complete degradation of articular cartilage. Articular cartilage has limited intrinsic capacity for self-repair and, to date, there is no curative treatment for OA. Humans and horses have a similar articular cartilage and OA etiology. Thus, in the context of a One Health approach, progress in the treatment of equine OA can help improve horse health and can also constitute preclinical studies for human medicine. Furthermore, equine OA affects horse welfare and leads to significant financial losses in the equine industry. In the last few years, the immunomodulatory and cartilage regenerative potentials of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated, but have also raised several concerns. However, most of MSC therapeutic properties are contained in their secretome, particularly in their extracellular vesicles (EVs), a promising avenue for acellular therapy. From tissue origin to in vitro culture methods, various aspects must be taken into consideration to optimize MSC secretome potential for OA treatment. Immunomodulatory and regenerative properties of MSCs can also be enhanced by recreating a pro-inflammatory environment to mimic an in vivo pathological setting, but more unusual methods also deserve to be investigated. Altogether, these strategies hold substantial potential for the development of MSC secretome-based therapies suitable for OA management. The aim of this mini review is to survey the most recent advances on MSC secretome research with regard to equine OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Jammes
- BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, Normandie University, Caen, France
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Smith EJ, Beaumont RE, McClellan A, Sze C, Palomino Lago E, Hazelgrove L, Dudhia J, Smith RKW, Guest DJ. Tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta and interferon gamma have detrimental effects on equine tenocytes that cannot be rescued by IL-1RA or mesenchymal stromal cell-derived factors. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:523-544. [PMID: 36543895 PMCID: PMC9974687 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries occur commonly in both human and equine athletes, and poor tendon regeneration leads to functionally deficient scar tissue and an increased frequency of re-injury. Despite evidence suggesting inadequate resolution of inflammation leads to fibrotic healing, our understanding of the inflammatory pathways implicated in tendinopathy remains poorly understood, meaning successful targeted treatments are lacking. Here, we demonstrate IL-1β, TNFα and IFN-γ work synergistically to induce greater detrimental consequences for equine tenocytes than when used individually. This includes altering tendon associated and matrix metalloproteinase gene expression and impairing the cells' ability to contract a 3-D collagen gel, a culture technique which more closely resembles the in vivo environment. Moreover, these adverse effects cannot be rescued by direct suppression of IL-1β using IL-1RA or factors produced by BM-MSCs. Furthermore, we provide evidence that NF-κB, but not JNK, P38 MAPK or STAT 1, is translocated to the nucleus and able to bind to DNA in tenocytes following TNFα and IL-1β stimulation, suggesting this signalling cascade may be responsible for the adverse downstream consequences of these inflammatory cytokines. We suggest a superior approach for treatment of tendinopathy may therefore be to target specific signalling pathways such as NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Ross E Beaumont
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Alyce McClellan
- Centre for Preventative Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Cheryl Sze
- Centre for Preventative Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Esther Palomino Lago
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Liberty Hazelgrove
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
- Kingston University, River House, 53-57 High Street, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 1LQ, UK
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Roger K W Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Deborah J Guest
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
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Cequier A, Vázquez FJ, Romero A, Vitoria A, Bernad E, García-Martínez M, Gascón I, Barrachina L, Rodellar C. The immunomodulation-immunogenicity balance of equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is differentially affected by the immune cell response depending on inflammatory licensing and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957153. [PMID: 36337202 PMCID: PMC9632425 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important for their therapeutic potential and for their facilitating role in their escape from immune recognition, which may also be influenced by donor-recipient major histocompatibility complex (MHC) matching/mismatching and MHC expression level. Factors such as inflammation can modify the balance between regulatory and immunogenic profiles of equine MSCs, but little is known about how the exposure to the immune system can affect these properties in equine MSCs. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression and secretion of molecules related to the immunomodulation and immunogenicity of equine MSCs, either non-manipulated (MSC-naive) or stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (MSC-primed), before and after their exposure to autologous or allogeneic MHC-matched/-mismatched lymphocytes, either activated or resting. Cytokine priming induced the immunomodulatory profile of MSCs at the baseline (MSCs cultured alone), and the exposure to activated lymphocytes further increased the expression of interleukin 6 (IL6), cyclooxygenase 2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and IL6 secretion. Activated lymphocytes were also able to upregulate the regulatory profile of MSC-naive to levels comparable to cytokine priming. On the contrary, resting lymphocytes did not upregulate the immunomodulatory profile of equine MSCs, but interestingly, MSC-primed exposed to MHC-mismatched lymphocytes showed the highest expression and secretion of these mediators, which may be potentially linked to the activation of lymphocytes upon recognition of foreign MHC molecules. Cytokine priming alone did not upregulate the immunogenic genes, but MSC-primed exposed to activated or resting lymphocytes increased their MHC-I and MHC-II expression, regardless of the MHC-compatibility. The upregulation of immunogenic markers including CD40 in the MHC-mismatched co-culture might have activated lymphocytes, which, at the same time, could have promoted the immune regulatory profile aforementioned. In conclusion, activated lymphocytes are able to induce the equine MSC regulatory profile, and their effects seem to be additive to the priming action. Importantly, our results suggest that the lymphocyte response against MHC-mismatched MSC-primed would promote further activation of their immunomodulatory ability, which eventually might help them evade this reaction. Further studies are needed to clarify how these findings might have clinical implications in vivo, which will help developing safer and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cequier
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco José Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arantza Vitoria
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elvira Bernad
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mirta García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Gascón
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Barrachina
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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Rosa GDS, Krieck AMT, Padula ET, Stievani FDC, Rossi MC, Pfeifer JPH, Basso RM, Braz AMM, Golim MDA, Alves ALG. Production of Cytotoxic Antibodies After Intra-Articular Injection of Allogeneic Synovial Membrane Mesenchymal Stem Cells With and Without LPS Administration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871216. [PMID: 35572507 PMCID: PMC9091817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are widely used in clinical routine due to the shorter expansion time and reliability of its quality. However, some recipients can produce alloantibodies that recognize MSCs and activate the immune system, resulting in cell death. Although antibody production was already described after MSC injection, no previous studies described the immune response after intra-articular MSC injection in acute synovitis. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of inflammation on immune response after single and repeated intra-articular injections of synovial membrane MSC (SMMSC). Horses were divided in three groups: control group (AUTO) received autologous synovial membrane MSCs; whereas group two (ALLO) received allogeneic SMMSCs and group three (ALLO LPS) was submitted to acute experimental synovitis 8 h before SMMSCs injection. The procedure was repeated for all groups for 28 days. Physical and lameness evaluations and synovial fluid analysis were performed. Sera from all animals were obtained before and every 7 days after each injection up to 4 weeks, to perform microcytotoxicity assays incubating donor SMMSCs with recipients' sera. The first injection caused a mild and transient synovitis in all groups, becoming more evident and longer in ALLO and ALLO LPS groups after the second injection. Microcytotoxicity assays revealed significant antibody production as soon as 7 days after SMMSC injection in ALLO and ALLO LPS groups, and cytotoxicity scores of both groups showed no differences at any time point, being equally different from AUTO group. Although inflammation is capable of inducing MHC expression in MSCs, which enhances immune recognition, cytotoxicity scores were equally high in ALLO and ALLO LPS groups, making it difficult to determine the potentiation effect of inflammation on antibody production. Our findings suggest that inflammation does not display a pivotal role in immune recognition on first allogeneic MSC injection. In a translational way, since specific antibodies were produced against MSCs, patients that need more than one MSC injection may benefit from a first allogeneic injection followed by subsequent autologous injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo dos Santos Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Regenerative Medicine Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - André Massahiro Teramoto Krieck
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Regenerative Medicine Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Enrico Topan Padula
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Regenerative Medicine Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Castro Stievani
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Regenerative Medicine Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mariana Correa Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Regenerative Medicine Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Hübbe Pfeifer
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Regenerative Medicine Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Roberta Martins Basso
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Aline Márcia Marques Braz
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Márjorie de Assis Golim
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Research and Development (Medical Biotechnology), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Liz Garcia Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Regenerative Medicine Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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9
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Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influence the Proliferative Response of Lymphocytes: Effect of Inflammation, Differentiation and MHC-Compatibility. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080984. [PMID: 35454231 PMCID: PMC9031781 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mesenchymal stem cells are investigated for therapy because of their ability to regulate the immune response to an injury. Cell therapy is increasingly important in veterinary patients such as horses, which are also valuable as a model. Therefore, what is learned in these animals can benefit both them and people. However, the patient’s immune system could recognize and destroy mesenchymal stem cells, impairing effectiveness and potentially leading to adverse effects. In this study, we analysed how equine mesenchymal stem cells interact with immune cells in different scenarios. We tested the effect of inflammation and differentiation of these cells, and how they acted depending on donor–patient compatibility. As we expected, inflammation activated the regulatory ability of equine mesenchymal stem cells, but also increased the risk of immune recognition. We anticipated that, after differentiation, these cells would lose their regulatory ability and would be more easily targeted by the immune system. However, they maintained similar features after differentiating into cartilage cells. The balance between the ability of mesenchymal stem cells to stimulate and to regulate an immune response is of the utmost importance to develop safe and effective cell therapies for animals and people. Abstract Immunomodulation and immunogenicity are pivotal aspects for the therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Since the horse is highly valuable as both a patient and translational model, further knowledge on equine MSC immune properties is required. This study analysed how inflammation, chondrogenic differentiation and compatibility for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influence the MSC immunomodulatory–immunogenicity balance. Equine MSCs in basal conditions, pro-inflammatory primed (MSC-primed) or chondrogenically differentiated (MSC-chondro) were co-cultured with either autologous or allogeneic MHC-matched/mismatched lymphocytes in immune-suppressive assays (immunomodulation) and in modified one-way mixed leukocyte reactions (immunogenicity). After co-culture, frequency and proliferation of T cell subsets and B cells were assessed by flow cytometry and interferon-ɣ (IFNɣ) secretion by ELISA. MSC-primed showed higher regulatory potential by decreasing proliferation of cytotoxic and helper T cells and B cells. However, MHC-mismatched MSC-primed can also activate lymphocytes (proliferative response and IFNɣ secretion), likely due to increased MHC-expression. MSC-chondro maintained their regulatory ability and did not increase their immunogenicity, but showed less capacity than MSC-primed to induce regulatory T cells and further stimulated B cells. Subsequent in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between MSCs and the recipient immune system, which is critical to develop safe and effective therapies.
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10
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Depuydt E, Broeckx SY, Chiers K, Patruno M, Da Dalt L, Duchateau L, Saunders J, Pille F, Martens A, Van Hecke L, Spaas JH. Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity Investigation of Single and Repeated Allogeneic Tenogenic Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatments in Horses Suffering From Tendon Injuries. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:789293. [PMID: 35281431 PMCID: PMC8907452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.789293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of equine tendon disease is widely investigated because of their regenerative and immunomodulatory potential. However, questions have been raised concerning the immunogenic properties of allogeneic MSCs. Therefore, two studies were conducted to assess the safety of equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived tenogenic primed MSCs (tpMSCs). The objective was to evaluate if a single and repeated tpMSC administration induced a cellular and humoral immune response in horses suffering from tendon injuries. Horses enrolled in the first study (n = 8) had a surgically induced superficial digital flexor tendon core lesion and were treated intralesionally with tpMSCs. Before and after treatment the cellular immunogenicity was assessed by modified mixed lymphocyte reactions. The humoral immune response was investigated using a crossmatch assay. Presence of anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibodies was detected via ELISA. Horses enrolled in the second study (n = 6) suffered from a naturally occurring tendon injury and were treated twice with tpMSCs. Blood was collected after the second treatment for the same immunological assays. No cellular immune response was found in any of the horses. One out of eight horses in the first study and none of the horses in the second study had anti-tpMSC antibodies. This particular horse had an equine sarcoid and further investigation revealed presence of antibodies against sarcoid cells and epithelial-like stem cells before treatment, which increased after treatment. Additionally, formation of antibodies against BSA was observed. These findings might indicate a non-specific immune response generated after treatment. Serum from the other horses revealed no such antibody formation. These two studies showed that the administration of tpMSCs did not induce a cellular or humoral immune response following an intralesional single or repeated (two consecutive) allogeneic tpMSC treatment in horses with tendon injury, except for one horse. Therefore, a larger field study should confirm these findings and support the safe use of tpMSCs as a therapeutic for horses suffering from tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Depuydt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medicine Belgium, Evergem, Belgium
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Eva Depuydt
| | - Sarah Y. Broeckx
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medicine Belgium, Evergem, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Da Dalt
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pille
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lore Van Hecke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medicine Belgium, Evergem, Belgium
| | - Jan H. Spaas
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medicine Belgium, Evergem, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Rowland AL, Burns ME, Levine GJ, Watts AE. Preparation Technique Affects Recipient Immune Targeting of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:724041. [PMID: 34595230 PMCID: PMC8478329 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.724041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is used for MSC preparation in pre-clinical animal models and veterinary applications, recently in US clinical trials, and for MSC products with current foreign market authorizations. The effect of anti-bovine titers, which are common in animals and humans, has not been investigated. In the equine model, where anti-bovine titers are universally high due to routine vaccination, we evaluated the recipient immune response to autologous MSCs prepared with and without FBS. Preparation of MSCs with FBS resulted in post injection inflammation and antibody mediated cytotoxicity of MSCs when compared to MSCs prepared without FBS. Importantly, synovial MSC concentrations were reduced and LPS induced pain was higher, when FBS was used to prepare MSCs, demonstrating reduced efficacy of FBS prepared MSCs. Fetal bovine serum should no longer be utilized for MSC preparation in pre-clinical study, clinical study, or veterinary applications. The use of FBS in previously reported studies, and in MSC therapeutics with current foreign market authorization, should be considered when interpreting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen L Rowland
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Madison E Burns
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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12
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Shahsavari A, Weeratunga P, Ovchinnikov DA, Whitworth DJ. Pluripotency and immunomodulatory signatures of canine induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are similar to harvested mesenchymal stromal cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3486. [PMID: 33568729 PMCID: PMC7875972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With a view towards harnessing the therapeutic potential of canine mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs) as modulators of inflammation and the immune response, and to avoid the issues of the variable quality and quantity of harvested cMSCs, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of cMSCs derived from canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciMSCs), and compared them to cMSCs harvested from adipose tissue (cAT-MSC) and bone marrow (cBM-MSC). A combination of deep sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR of the ciMSC transcriptome confirmed that ciMSCs express more genes in common with cBM-MSCs and cAT-MSCs than with the ciPSCs from which they were derived. Both ciMSCs and harvested cMSCs express a range of pluripotency factors in common with the ciPSCs including NANOG, POU5F1 (OCT-4), SOX-2, KLF-4, LIN-28A, MYC, LIF, LIFR, and TERT. However, ESRRB and PRDM-14, both factors associated with naïve, rather than primed, pluripotency were expressed only in the ciPSCs. CXCR-4, which is essential for the homing of MSCs to sites of inflammation, is also detectable in ciMSCs, cAT- and cBM-MSCs, but not ciPSCs. ciMSCs constitutively express the immunomodulatory factors iNOS, GAL-9, TGF-β1, PTGER-2α and VEGF, and the pro-inflammatory mediators COX-2, IL-1β and IL-8. When stimulated with the canine pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (cTNF-α), interferon-γ (cIFN-γ), or a combination of both, ciMSCs upregulated their expression of IDO, iNOS, GAL-9, HGF, TGF-β1, PTGER-2α, VEGF, COX-2, IL-1β and IL-8. When co-cultured with mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, ciMSCs downregulated their expression of iNOS, HGF, TGF-β1 and PTGER-2α, while increasing their expression of COX-2, IDO and IL-1β. Taken together, these findings suggest that ciMSCs possess similar immunomodulatory capabilities as harvested cMSCs and support further investigation into their potential use for the management of canine immune-mediated and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Shahsavari
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
| | - Prasanna Weeratunga
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
| | - Dmitry A. Ovchinnikov
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067 Australia
| | - Deanne J. Whitworth
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067 Australia
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13
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Paterson YZ, Cribbs A, Espenel M, Smith EJ, Henson FMD, Guest DJ. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals equine embryonic stem cell-derived tenocytes resemble fetal, not adult tenocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:184. [PMID: 32430075 PMCID: PMC7238619 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendon injuries occur frequently in human and equine athletes. Treatment options are limited, and the prognosis is often poor with functionally deficient scar tissue resulting. Fetal tendon injuries in contrast are capable of healing without forming scar tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may provide a potential cellular therapeutic to improve adult tendon regeneration; however, whether they can mimic the properties of fetal tenocytes is unknown. To this end, understanding the unique expression profile of normal adult and fetal tenocytes is crucial to allow validation of ESC-derived tenocytes as a cellular therapeutic. METHODS Equine adult, fetal and ESC-derived tenocytes were cultured in a three-dimensional environment, with histological, morphological and transcriptomic differences compared. Additionally, the effects on gene expression of culturing adult and fetal tenocytes in either conventional two-dimensional monolayer culture or three-dimensional culture were compared using RNA sequencing. RESULTS No qualitative differences in three-dimensional tendon constructs generated from adult, fetal and ESCs were found using histological and morphological analysis. However, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed that ESC-derived tenocytes' transcriptomic profile more closely resembled fetal tenocytes as opposed to adult tenocytes. Furthermore, this study adds to the growing evidence that monolayer cultured cells' gene expression profiles converge, with adult and fetal tenocytes having only 10 significantly different genes when cultured in this manner. In contrast, when adult and fetal tenocytes were cultured in 3D, large distinctions in gene expression between these two developmental stages were found, with 542 genes being differentially expressed. CONCLUSION The information provided in this study makes a significant contribution to the investigation into the differences between adult reparative and fetal regenerative cells and supports the concept of using ESC-derived tenocytes as a cellular therapy. Comparing two- and three-dimensional culture also indicates three-dimensional culture as being a more physiologically relevant culture system for determining transcriptomic difference between the same cell types from different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Z. Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES UK
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU UK
| | - A. Cribbs
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
| | - M. Espenel
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU UK
| | - E. J. Smith
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU UK
| | - F. M. D. Henson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES UK
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU UK
| | - D. J. Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU UK
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14
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Homing and Engraftment of Intravenously Administered Equine Cord Blood-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Surgically Created Cutaneous Wound in Horses: A Pilot Project. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051162. [PMID: 32397125 PMCID: PMC7290349 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb wounds on horses are often slow to heal and are prone to developing exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) and close primarily through epithelialization, which results in a cosmetically inferior and non-durable repair. In contrast, wounds on the body heal rapidly and primarily through contraction and rarely develop EGT. Intravenous (IV) multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising. They home and engraft to cutaneous wounds and promote healing in laboratory animals, but this has not been demonstrated in horses. Furthermore, the clinical safety of administering >1.00 × 108 allogeneic MSCs IV to a horse has not been determined. A proof-of-principle pilot project was performed with two horses that were administered 1.02 × 108 fluorescently labeled allogeneic cord blood-derived MSCs (CB-MSCs) following wound creation on the forelimb and thorax. Wounds and contralateral non-wounded skin were sequentially biopsied on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 33 and evaluated with confocal microscopy to determine presence of homing and engraftment. Results confirmed preferential homing and engraftment to wounds with persistence of CB-MSCs at 33 days following wound creation, without clinically adverse reactions to the infusion. The absence of overt adverse reactions allows further studies to determine effects of IV CB-MSCs on equine wound healing.
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15
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Chen YR, Yan X, Yuan FZ, Ye J, Xu BB, Zhou ZX, Mao ZM, Guan J, Song YF, Sun ZW, Wang XJ, Chen ZY, Wang DY, Fan BS, Yang M, Song ST, Jiang D, Yu JK. The Use of Peripheral Blood-Derived Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration In Vivo: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:404. [PMID: 32308625 PMCID: PMC7145972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral blood (PB) is a potential source of chondrogenic progenitor cells that can be used for cartilage repair and regeneration. However, the cell types, isolation and implantation methods, seeding dosage, ultimate therapeutic effect, and in vivo safety remain unclear. Methods PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science databases were systematically searched for relevant reports published from January 1990 to December 2019. Original articles that used PB as a source of stem cells to repair cartilage in vivo were selected for analysis. Results A total of 18 studies were included. Eight human studies used autologous nonculture-expanded PB-derived stem cells (PBSCs) as seed cells with the blood cell separation isolation method, and 10 animal studies used autologous, allogenic or xenogeneic culture-expanded PB-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PB-MSCs), or nonculture-expanded PBSCs as seed cells. Four human and three animal studies surgically implanted cells, while the remaining studies implanted cells by single or repeated intra-articular injections. 121 of 130 patients (in 8 human clinical studies), and 230 of 278 animals (in 6 veterinary clinical studies) using PBSCs for cartilage repair achieved significant clinical improvement. All reviewed articles indicated that using PB as a source of seed cells enhances cartilage repair in vivo without serious adverse events. Conclusion Autologous nonculture-expanded PBSCs are currently the most commonly used cells among all stem cell types derived from PB. Allogeneic, autologous, and xenogeneic PB-MSCs are more widely used in animal studies and are potential seed cell types for future applications. Improving the mobilization and purification technology, and shortening the culture cycle of culture-expanded PB-MSCs will obviously promote the researchers' interest. The use of PBSCs for cartilage repair and regeneration in vivo are safe. PBSCs considerably warrant further investigations due to their superiority and safety in clinical settings and positive effects despite limited evidence in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Rong Chen
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Zhen Yuan
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Bing Xu
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Xing Zhou
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Mu Mao
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Song
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Wen Sun
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xin-Jie Wang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Yi Chen
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ding-Yu Wang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Shi Fan
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shi-Tang Song
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Kuo Yu
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Colbath AC, Dow SW, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of musculoskeletal disease in horses: Relative merits of allogeneic versus autologous stem cells. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:654-663. [PMID: 31971273 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used for treatment of musculoskeletal diseases in horses, but there is ongoing debate regarding the relative safety and efficacy of allogeneic MSCs, compared with autologous equine MSCs. This review summarises the currently available published data regarding the therapeutic use of autologous and allogeneic MSCs in horses. Arguments that have been advanced against the use of allogeneic MSCs include higher risk of immunological reactions and shorter cell survival times following injection. Arguments favouring the use of allogeneic MSCs include the ability to bank cells and reduce the time to treatment, to collect MSCs from younger donor animals and the ability to manipulate banked cells prior to administration. In vitro studies and a limited set of experimental in vivo studies have indicated that adverse immunological reactions may occur when allogeneic MSCs are administered to horses. However, newer studies lack evidence of inflammatory reactions or adverse clinical responses when allogeneic MSCs are administered and compared with autologous MSCs. Thus, while the relative merits of allogeneic vs autologous MSCs for treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in horses have not been fully established, accumulating evidence from studies in horses suggests that allogeneic MSCs maybe a safe alternative to autologous MSCs. Large, properly designed, randomised trials in addition to careful immunological evaluation of short-term and long-term, local and systemic immune responses are needed to more fully resolve the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée C Colbath
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven W Dow
- C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laurie R Goodrich
- C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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17
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Iaquinta MR, Mazzoni E, Bononi I, Rotondo JC, Mazziotta C, Montesi M, Sprio S, Tampieri A, Tognon M, Martini F. Adult Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:268. [PMID: 31799249 PMCID: PMC6863062 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of bone fractures, resulting from trauma, osteoporosis or tumors, is a major problem in our super-aging society. Bone regeneration is one of the main topics of concern in regenerative medicine. In recent years, stem cells have been employed in regenerative medicine with interesting results due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Moreover, stem cells are able to secrete bioactive molecules and regulate the behavior of other cells in different host tissues. Bone regeneration process may improve effectively and rapidly when stem cells are used. To this purpose, stem cells are often employed with biomaterials/scaffolds and growth factors to accelerate bone healing at the fracture site. Briefly, this review will describe bone structure and the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. In addition, the role of mesenchymal stem cells for bone repair/regrowth in the tissue engineering field and their recent progress in clinical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Iaquinta
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Montesi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Faenza, Italy
| | - Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Faenza, Italy
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Faenza, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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18
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McClellan A, Paterson YZ, Paillot R, Guest DJ. Equine Fetal, Adult, and Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Tenocytes Are All Immune Privileged but Exhibit Different Immune Suppressive Properties In Vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1413-1423. [PMID: 31507234 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In horses and humans, tendon injuries are a significant problem. Not only can they occur in both athletes and nonathletes, they require lengthy periods of recuperation and undergo poor natural regeneration, which leads to high reinjury rates. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may provide a renewable source of allogeneic cells to use in clinical applications to aid tissue regeneration. Equine ESCs can undergo tenocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro, but the immune properties of tenocytes isolated from either ESCs or tissues have not previously been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that equine tenocytes derived from fetal and adult tendon tissue and ESCs express robust levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I but no MHC II in response to inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ). However, MHC expression does not affect their allorecognition by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Adult and fetal tenocytes remain immune privileged and strongly immune suppressive in both the presence and absence of exogenously applied IFNγ. In contrast, ESC-derived tenocytes are immune privileged even in the presence of IFNγ, but they are only weakly immune suppressive in the presence but not in the absence of exogenously applied IFNγ. This is despite ESC-tenocytes expressing a number of genes involved in immune modulation at significantly higher levels than those expressed by adult and fetal tenocytes when in standard, nonstimulated monolayer culture. Together, this work suggests that, similar to other fibroblasts, tenocytes have immune modulatory properties, and that culture-expanded tenocytes derived from primary tissues or ESCs may be safe to use in clinical transplantations to injured tendons of unrelated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce McClellan
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Z Paterson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie University, UniCaen, Biotargen, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Deborah Jane Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
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19
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Colbath AC, Dow SW, Hopkins LS, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Allogeneic vs. autologous intra‐articular mesenchymal stem cell injection within normal horses: Clinical and cytological comparisons suggest safety. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:144-151. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Colbath
- Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University, School of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - S. W. Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University, School of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - L. S. Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University, School of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - J. N. Phillips
- Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University, School of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University, School of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University, School of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University, School of Veterinary Medicine Fort Collins Colorado USA
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20
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Intra-Articular Injection of 2 Different Dosages of Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Marrow- and Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Triggers a Variable Inflammatory Response of the Fetlock Joint on 12 Sound Experimental Horses. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9431894. [PMID: 31191689 PMCID: PMC6525957 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9431894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a significant and costly cause of pain for both humans and horses. The horse has been identified as a suitable model for human osteoarthritis. Regenerative therapy with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising treatment, but the safety of this procedure continues to be debated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of intra-articular injections of allogeneic MSCs on healthy joints by comparing two different dosages and two different tissue sources, namely, bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, with a placebo treatment on the same individuals. We also assessed the influence of autologous versus allogeneic cells for bone marrow-derived MSC treatment. Twelve clinically sound horses were subjected to injections in their 4 fetlock joints. Each of the three fetlocks was administered a different MSC type, and the remaining fetlock was injected with phosphate-buffered saline as a control. Six horses received 10 million cells per joint, and the 6 other horses received 20 million cells per joint. Clinical and ultrasound monitoring revealed that allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs induced significantly more synovial effusion compared to umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs but no significant difference was noted within the synovial fluid parameters. The administration of 10 million cells in horses triggered significantly more inflammatory signs than the administration of 20 million cells. Mesenchymal stem cell injections induced mild to moderate local inflammatory signs compared to the placebo, with individual variability in the sensitivity to the same line of MSCs. Understanding the behavior of stem cells when injected alone is a step towards the safer use of new strategies in stem cell therapy, where the use of either MSC secretome or MSCs combined with biomaterials could enhance their viability and metabolic activity.
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21
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A novel mechanism for the protection of embryonic stem cell derived tenocytes from inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2755. [PMID: 30808942 PMCID: PMC6391488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is upregulated following tendon injury. Here we demonstrate that in adult and fetal tenocytes IL-1β increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, tenascin-C and Sox9 and decreases the expression of scleraxis and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. When cultured in 3-dimensional collagen gels adult and fetal tenocytes exposed to IL-1β have reduced contraction ability and generate tendon-like constructs with a lower storage modulus. In contrast, equine embryonic stem cell (ESC) derived tenocytes exposed to IL-1β exhibit no changes in gene expression and generate identical tendon-like constructs. We propose that ESC-derived tenocytes do not respond to IL-1β due to their low expression of interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor 1 and high expression of the decoy receptor IL-1 receptor 2 and IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL1Ra). This may make ESC-derived tenocytes an advantageous source of cells for tissue regeneration and allow the development of novel pharmaceutical interventions to protect endogenous cells from inflammation.
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22
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Broeckx SY, Seys B, Suls M, Vandenberghe A, Mariën T, Adriaensen E, Declercq J, Van Hecke L, Braun G, Hellmann K, Spaas JH. Equine Allogeneic Chondrogenic Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are an Effective Treatment for Degenerative Joint Disease in Horses. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:410-422. [PMID: 30623737 PMCID: PMC6441287 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative joint disease is one of the main causes of equine early retirement from pleasure riding or a performance career. The disease is initially triggered by an abnormal loading of normal cartilage or a normal loading of abnormal cartilage. This primary insult is accompanied with joint inflammation, which leads to further progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage and changes in the surrounding tissues. Therefore, in search for an effective treatment, 75 adult horses with early signs of degenerative fetlock joint disease were enrolled in a randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study. Fifty animals were injected intra-articularly with the investigational veterinary product (IVP) consisting of allogeneic chondrogenic induced mesenchymal stem cells (ciMSCs) with equine allogeneic plasma, and 25 horses were injected with 0.9% NaCl (saline) control product. From week 3 to 18 after treatment, lameness scores (P < 0.001), flexion test responses (P < 0.034), and joint effusion scores (P < 0.001) were remarkably superior in IVP-treated horses. Besides nasal discharge in both treatment groups, no adverse events were observed during the entire study period. On long-term follow-up (1 year), significantly more investigational product-treated horses were working at training level or were returned to their previous level of work (P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Broeckx
- 1 Global Stem cell Technology NV, Anacura Group, Evergem, Belgium
| | - Bert Seys
- 2 Equine Veterinary Practice Dr Suls, SP Weert, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Suls
- 2 Equine Veterinary Practice Dr Suls, SP Weert, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tom Mariën
- 4 Equitom Equine Hospital, Meldert, Belgium
| | - Edouard Adriaensen
- 3 Equine Veterinary Service Adriaensen-Vandenberghe, Waasmunster, Belgium.,4 Equitom Equine Hospital, Meldert, Belgium
| | | | - Lore Van Hecke
- 1 Global Stem cell Technology NV, Anacura Group, Evergem, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan H Spaas
- 1 Global Stem cell Technology NV, Anacura Group, Evergem, Belgium
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23
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Rowland AL, Xu JJ, Joswig AJ, Gregory CA, Antczak DF, Cummings KJ, Watts AE. In vitro MSC function is related to clinical reaction in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:295. [PMID: 30409211 PMCID: PMC6225557 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently demonstrated that intracellular xenogen-contaminated autologous MSCs (FBS) and non-xenogen-contaminated allogeneic (ALLO) MSCs caused an adverse clinical response after repeated intra-articular injection in horses, whereas autologous (AUTO) MSCs did not. Our current objective was to use clinical data from the previous study to compare MSC stemness against adverse response indicated by synovial total nucleated cell count (TNCC) following intra-articular MSC injection. Methods Stemness, quantified by a trilineage differentiation (TLD) score; immunomodulation, quantified by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs); and degree of MHCI expression, quantified by mean fluorescent intensity (MFI); were correlated to the synovial TNCC 24 h after naïve and primed injection. Results There was a trend of a negative correlation (p = 0.21, r = − 0.44) between TLD score and TNCC after primed injection in the ALLO group. Within the ALLO group only, there was a significant positive correlation (p = 0.05, r = 0.77) between MHCI MFI and TNCC after naïve injection and a trend (p = 0.16, r = 0.49) of a positive association of MHCI MFI to TNCC after primed injection. Within the FBS group only, there was a positive correlation (p = 0.04, r = 1) between TNCC and lymphocyte proliferation after both injections. Conclusions The trend of a negative correlation of TLD score and TNCC in the ALLO, but not the FBS group, together with the association of MHCI expression and TNCC in the ALLO group, indicates that improved stemness is associated with reduced MSC immunogenicity. When inflammation was incited by xenogen, there was a strong correlation of lymphocyte activation in vitro to adverse response in vivo, confirming that MLRs in vitro reflect MSC immunomodulatory activity in vivo. The relationship of stemness in vitro, suppression of lymphocyte activation in vitro, MHCI expression in vitro, and clinical response in vivo should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen L Rowland
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jiajie Jessica Xu
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Jo Joswig
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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24
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Zayed M, Adair S, Ursini T, Schumacher J, Misk N, Dhar M. Concepts and challenges in the use of mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for cartilage damage in the horse. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:317-323. [PMID: 29601969 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of joint disease affecting humans and horses, is characterized by the advance and decline of cartilage and loss of function of the affected joint. The progression of OA is steadily accompanied with biochemical events, which interfere with the cytokines and proteolytic enzymes responsible for progress of the disease. Recently, regenerative therapies have been used with an assumption that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the potential to prevent the advancement of cartilage damage and potentially regenerate the injured tissue with an ultimate goal of preventing OA. We believe that despite various challenges, the use of allogenic versus autologous MSCs in cartilage regeneration, is a major issue which can directly or indirectly affect the other factors including, the timing of implantation, dose or cell numbers for implantation, and the source of MSCs. Current knowledge reporting some of these challenges that the clinicians might face in the treatment of cartilage damage in horses are presented. In this regard we conducted two independent studies. In the first study we compared donor matched bone marrow and synovial fluid - derived equine MSCs in vitro, and showed that the SFMSCs were similar to the BMMSCs in their proliferation, expression of CD29, CD44 and CD90, but, exhibited a significantly different chondrogenesis. Additionally, 3.2-21% of all SFMSCs were positive for MHC II, whereas, BMMSCs were negative. In the second study we observed that injection of both the autologous and allogenic SFMSCs into the tarsocrural joint resulted in elevated levels of total protein and total nucleated cell counts. Further experiments to evaluate the in vivo acute or chronic response to allogenic or autologous MSCs are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zayed
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Steve Adair
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tena Ursini
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - James Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Nabil Misk
- Department of Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, 71526 Assuit, Egypt
| | - Madhu Dhar
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease marked by ectopic growth of endometrial cells. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have immunosuppressive properties that have been suggested as a treatment for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the aim herein was to examine effects of allogeneic MSC on endometriosis-derived cells in vitro as a potential therapy for endometriosis. MSC from allogeneic adipose tissue (Ad-MSC) and stromal cells from endometrium (ESCendo) and endometriotic ovarian cysts (ESCcyst) from women with endometriosis were isolated. The effects of Ad-MSC on ESCendo and ESCcyst were investigated using in vitro proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, tube formation, migration, and invasion assays. Ad-MSC significantly increased proliferation of ESC compared to untreated controls. Moreover, Ad-MSC significantly decreased apoptosis and increased survival of ESC. Ad-MSC significantly increased adhesion of ESCendo and not ESCcyst on fibronectin. Conditioned medium from cocultures of Ad-MSC and ESC significantly increased tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on matrigel. Ad-MSC may significantly increase migration of ESCcyst and did not increase invasion of both cell types. The data suggest that allogeneic Ad-MSC should not be considered as a potential therapy for endometriosis, because they may support the pathology by maintaining and increasing growth of ectopic endometrial tissue.
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26
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Retinoic acid-mediated anti-inflammatory responses in equine immune cells stimulated by LPS and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:225-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Jahandideh S, Maghsood F, Ghahhari NM, Lotfinia M, Mohammadi M, Johari B, Kadivar M. The effect of Trimetazidine and Diazoxide on immunomodulatory activity of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:597-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Wu CE, Yu CW, Chang KW, Chou WH, Lu CY, Ghelfi E, Wu FC, Jan PS, Huang MC, Allard P, Lin SP, Ho HN, Chen HF. Comparative global immune-related gene profiling of somatic cells, human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives: implication for human lymphocyte proliferation. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e376. [PMID: 28912571 PMCID: PMC5628273 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PSCs (iPSCs), represent potentially unlimited cell sources for clinical applications. Previous studies have suggested that hPSCs may benefit from immune privilege and limited immunogenicity, as reflected by the reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex class-related molecules. Here we investigated the global immune-related gene expression profiles of human ESCs, hiPSCs and somatic cells and identified candidate immune-related genes that may alter their immunogenicity. The expression levels of global immune-related genes were determined by comparing undifferentiated and differentiated stem cells and three types of human somatic cells: dermal papilla cells, ovarian granulosa cells and foreskin fibroblast cells. We identified the differentially expressed genes CD24, GATA3, PROM1, THBS2, LY96, IFIT3, CXCR4, IL1R1, FGFR3, IDO1 and KDR, which overlapped with selected immune-related gene lists. In further analyses, mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTOR) signaling was investigated in the differentiated stem cells following treatment with rapamycin and lentiviral transduction with specific short-hairpin RNAs. We found that the inhibition of mTOR signal pathways significantly downregulated the immunogenicity of differentiated stem cells. We also tested the immune responses induced in differentiated stem cells by mixed lymphocyte reactions. We found that CD24- and GATA3-deficient differentiated stem cells including neural lineage cells had limited abilities to activate human lymphocytes. By analyzing the transcriptome signature of immune-related genes, we observed a tendency of the hPSCs to differentiate toward an immune cell phenotype. Taken together, these data identify candidate immune-related genes that might constitute valuable targets for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Eng Wu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsi Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Lu
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Elisa Ghelfi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang-Chun Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Shynan Jan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Huang
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Allard
- Department of Environment Health Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Albareda J, Prades M, Ranera B, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. Inflammation affects the viability and plasticity of equine mesenchymal stem cells: possible implications in intra-articular treatments. J Vet Sci 2017; 18:39-49. [PMID: 27297420 PMCID: PMC5366301 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are gaining relevance for treating equine joint injuries because of their ability to limit inflammation and stimulate regeneration. Because inflammation activates MSC immunoregulatory function, proinflammatory priming could improve MSC efficacy. However, inflammatory molecules present in synovial fluid or added to the culture medium might have deleterious effects on MSCs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of inflammatory synovial fluid and proinflammatory cytokines priming on viability and plasticity of equine MSCs. Equine bone marrow derived MSCs (eBM-MSCs) from three animals were cultured for 72 h in media supplemented with: 20% inflammatory synovial fluid (SF); 50 ng/mL IFN-γ and TNF-α (CK50); and 20 ng/mL IFN-γ and TNF-α (CK20). Proliferation assay and expression of proliferation and apoptosis-related genes showed that SF exposed-eBM-MSCs maintained their viability, whereas the viability of CK primed-eBM-MSCs was significantly impaired. Tri-lineage differentiation assay revealed that exposure to inflammatory synovial fluid did not alter eBM-MSCs differentiation potential; however, eBM-MSCs primed with cytokines did not display osteogenic, adipogenic or chondrogenic phenotype. The inflammatory synovial environment is well tolerated by eBM-MSCs, whereas cytokine priming negatively affects the viability and differentiation abilities of eBM-MSCs, which might limit their in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barrachina
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.,Service of Equine Surgery and Medicine, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Remacha
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.,Service of Equine Surgery and Medicine, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco José Vázquez
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.,Service of Equine Surgery and Medicine, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Albareda
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.,Service of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Clinical Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Prades
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.,Service of Equine Surgery, Veterinary Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ranera
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics LAGENBIO, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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30
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Paterson YZ, Kafarnik C, Guest DJ. Characterization of companion animal pluripotent stem cells. Cytometry A 2017; 93:137-148. [PMID: 28678404 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to grow indefinitely in culture and differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These properties underpin their potential to be used in regenerative medicine. Originally derived from early embryos, pluripotent stem cells can now be derived by reprogramming an adult cell back to a pluripotent state. Companion animals such as horses, dogs, and cats suffer from many injuries and diseases for which regenerative medicine may offer new treatments. As many of the injuries and diseases are similar to conditions in humans the use of companion animals for the experimental and clinical testing of stem cell and regenerative medicine products would provide relevant animal models for the translation of therapies to the human field. In order to fully utilize companion animal pluripotent stem cells robust, standardized methods of characterization must be developed to ensure that safe and effective treatments can be delivered. In this review we discuss the methods that are available for characterizing pluripotent stem cells and the techniques that have been applied in cells from companion animals. We describe characteristics which have been described consistently across reports as well as highlighting discrepant results. Significant steps have been made to define the in vitro culture requirements and drive lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in companion animal species. However, additional basic research to compare pluripotent stem cell types and define characteristics of pluripotency in companion animal species is still required. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Paterson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Kafarnik
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D J Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
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Hill JA, Cassano JM, Goodale MB, Fortier LA. Antigenicity of mesenchymal stem cells in an inflamed joint environment. Am J Vet Res 2017. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.7.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saadeldin IM, Swelum AAA, Elsafadi M, Moumen AF, Alzahrani FA, Mahmood A, Alfayez M, Alowaimer AN. Isolation and characterization of the trophectoderm from the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Placenta 2017; 57:113-122. [PMID: 28863999 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized trophoblast from in vivo-derived camel embryos and compared with embryonic stem-like cells. Camel embryos were flushed on day 8 post-insemination and used to derive trophectoderm and embryonic stem-like cells under feeder-free culture conditions using a basement membrane matrix. Embryos were evaluated for the expression of POU5F1, MYC, KLF4, SOX2, CDX2, and KRT8 mRNA transcripts by relative quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Camel embryos grew and expanded to ∼4.5 mm and maintained their vesicular shape in vitro for 21 days post-insemination. Trophoblast and embryonic stem-like cell lines grew under feeder-free culture conditions and showed distinct morphological criteria and normal chromosomal counts. Embryonic stem-like cells showed positive staining in the alkaline phosphatase reaction. Trophoblast cells showed a significant increase in CDX2, KRT8, KLF4, and SOX2 expression compared with embryonic stem-like cells and whole embryos. Embryonic stem-like cells showed a significant decrease in CDX2 expression and increase in SOX2 and KRT8 expression compared to embryonic expression. POU5F1 and MYC expression showed no difference between embryos and both cell lines. We characterized embryo survival in vitro, particularly the derivation of trophectoderm and embryonic stem-like cells, providing a foundation for further analysis of early embryonic development and placentation in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Abdel-Aziz Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogeneology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona Elsafadi
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Moumen
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Branch, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Mahmood
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad Alfayez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Alowaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Colbath AC, Dow SW, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Autologous and Allogeneic Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exhibit Equivalent Immunomodulatory Properties In Vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:503-511. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aimée C. Colbath
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven W. Dow
- Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laurie R. Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Berglund AK, Schnabel LV. Allogeneic major histocompatibility complex-mismatched equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are targeted for death by cytotoxic anti-major histocompatibility complex antibodies. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:539-544. [PMID: 27862236 PMCID: PMC5425313 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for treating musculoskeletal injuries in horses. Controversy exists, however, over whether major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐mismatched MSCs are recognised by the recipient immune system and targeted for death by a cytotoxic antibody response. Objectives To determine if cytotoxic anti‐MHC antibodies generated in vivo following MHC‐mismatched MSC injections are capable of initiating complement‐dependent cytotoxicity of MSCs. Study design Experimental controlled study. Methods Antisera previously collected at Days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post‐injection from 4 horses injected with donor MHC‐mismatched equine leucocyte antigen (ELA)‐A2 haplotype MSCs and one control horse injected with donor MHC‐matched ELA‐A2 MSCs were utilised in this study. Antisera were incubated with ELA‐A2 MSCs before adding complement in microcytotoxicity assays and cell death was analysed via eosin dye exclusion. ELA‐A2 peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) were used in the assays as a positive control. Results Antisera from all 4 horses injected with MHC‐mismatched MSCs contained antibodies that caused the death of ELA‐A2 haplotype MSCs in the microcytotoxicity assays. In 2 of the 4 horses, antibodies were present as early as Day 7 post‐injection. MSC death was consistently equivalent to that of ELA‐A2 haplotype PBL death at all time points and antisera dilutions. Antisera from the control horse that was injected with MHC‐matched MSCs did not contain cytotoxic ELA‐A2 antibodies at any of the time points examined. Main limitations This study examined MSC death in vitro only and utilized antisera from a small number of horses. Conclusions The cytotoxic antibody response induced in recipient horses following injection with donor MHC‐mismatched MSCs is capable of killing donor MSCs in vitro. These results suggest that the use of allogeneic MHC‐mismatched MSCs must be cautioned against, not only for potential adverse events, but also for reduced therapeutic efficacy due to targeted MSC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - L V Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Dias MC, Landim-Alvarenga FDC, de Moraes CN, da Costa LD, Geraldini CM, de Vasconcelos Machado VM, Maia L. Intramuscular Transplantation of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Equine Umbilical Cord. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:239-249. [PMID: 27572709 PMCID: PMC5155720 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have great therapeutic potential, particularly in the process of tissue repair and immunomodulation through the secretion of biomolecules. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that intramuscular transplantation of allogeneic MSCs obtained from equine umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) is safe, demonstrating that this is a suitable source of stem cells for therapeutic use. Methods and Results For this, UC-MSCs were cultured, characterized and cryopreserved for future transplantation in six healthy mares. On day 0, transplantation of three million UC-MSCs diluted in Hank's Balanced Solution (HBSS) was performed on right and left sides of the rump muscle. As a control, HBSS injections were performed caudally in the same muscle. Muscle biopsies were obtained as a control 30 days before transplantation (D-30). The biopsies were collected again on day 2 (left side) and day 7 (right side) post transplantation and examined histologically. All procedures were preceded by ultrasound examination and blood sampling. Hematologic evaluation remained within normal limits and no differences were observed between time points (p>0.05). Ultrasound examination was suggestive of inflammation 48 hours after transplantation in both groups (control and treated). At histological evaluation it was found only discrete inflammation signals between D-30×D2 (p<0.05) in the treated group, without differences (p> 0.05) between the groups at different time points. Conclusions Equine UC-MSCs under the experimental conditions did not promote severe inflammation that causes tissue damage or lead to its rejection by the host organism and therefore has a good potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Camargos Dias
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nogueira de Moraes
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dourado da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Medeiros Geraldini
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vânia Maria de Vasconcelos Machado
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Maia
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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He M, Gan AWT, Lim AYT, Goh JCH, Hui JHP, Chong AKS. Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Augmentation of Rabbit Flexor Tendon Healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:421-9. [PMID: 26388004 DOI: 10.1142/s0218810415500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effect of mesenchymal stem cell implantation on flexor tendon healing using a rabbit model of flexor tendon repair. Specifically, we compared the difference between autologous and allogeneic stem cells. The influence of cell number on the outcome of flexor tendon healing was also investigated. METHODS Repaired tendons on the rear paws of rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups: control group, 1 million autologous cells, 1 million allogeneic cells, and 4 million allogeneic cells. Rabbits were sacrificed at 3 or 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Implantation of 4 million stem cells resulted in a significant increase in range of motion compared with control group at three weeks after surgery. The positive staining of collagen I in healing tendons was enhanced in stem cell treated groups three weeks after surgery. However, stem cells did not improve biomechanical properties of flexor tendons. CONCLUSIONS High dose stem cells attenuated adhesions in the early time point following flexor tendon repair. Further work is needed determine the value of stem cell therapy in flexor tendon healing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,† Department of Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Aaron Wei Tat Gan
- † Department of Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Aymeric Yu Tang Lim
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,† Department of Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - James Cho Hong Goh
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,‡ Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- † Department of Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Alphonsus Khin Sze Chong
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,† Department of Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System, Singapore
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Liu Z, Zhu Y, Zhu H, He X, Liu X. Enhancement of posterolateral lumbar spine fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and mesenchymal stem cells delivered in fibrin glue. J Biomater Appl 2016; 31:477-487. [PMID: 27059496 DOI: 10.1177/0885328216643854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have shown great potential for accelerating bone healing. In the present study, we evaluate the efficacy of fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite for posterolateral spinal fusion in a rabbit model. Forty adult rabbits underwent posterolateral intertransverse fusion at the L5–L6 level. The animals were randomly divided into four groups based on the implant material: fibrin glue, fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells composite, fibrin glue-recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (fibrin glue/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2) composite, and fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite. After six weeks, the rabbits were euthanized for manual palpation, radiographic examination, biomechanical testing, and histology. Manual palpation results showed that the fusion rate for fibrin glue, fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells, fibrin glue/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, and fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was 0, 0, 40%, and 70%, respectively. Moreover, fusion rate determined by radiographic examination for fibrin glue, fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells, fibrin glue/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, and fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was 0, 0, 40%, and 80%, respectively. Gray analysis showed that fibrin glue/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 group had higher ossification area and density than fibrin glue group; and fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 group had higher ossification area and density than fibrin glue/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 group. Formation of continuous bone masses between L5 and L6 level in mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/fibrin glue group was further confirmed by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction. Biomechanical testing demonstrated that the fusion strength (flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation) in fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 group is significantly higher than that in fibrin glue/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 group. The formation of mature bone tissues between transverse processes of the fused specimens from both fibrin glue/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, and fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 groups was confirmed by HE staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed the upregulation of CD31, type I collagen, osteocalcin, and osteonectin in the fibrin glue/mesenchymal stem cells/recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 group. In conclusion, our findings show that mesenchymal stem cells delivered with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 using fibrin glue as carrier are more effective in enhancing spine fusion than recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 without mesenchymal stem cells in the rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunpeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoning He
- Department of Stomatology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zayed MN, Schumacher J, Misk N, Dhar MS. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on chondrogenesis of equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow or synovial fluid. Vet J 2016; 217:26-32. [PMID: 27810206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as chondrocytes, and have potential for use in regeneration of equine articular cartilage. MSCs instilled intra-articularly would be exposed to the inflamed environment associated with equine osteoarthritis (OA), which may compromise their function and ability to heal a cartilaginous defect. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of equine adult MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes when stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. MSCs derived from equine bone marrow (BM) and from synovial fluid (SF) were cultured in chondrogenic induction medium containing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. BM-derived MSCs (BMMSCs) and SF-derived MSCs (SFMSCs) were stimulated with 100 ng/mL interferon (IFN)-γ and 10 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Chondrogenic differentiation was measured quantitatively with the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and qualitatively by immunofluorescence (IF) for SOX-9, TGF-β1, aggrecan and collagen II. The viability of equine MSCs was maintained in the presence of IFN-γ and TNF-α, but production of GAGs from both types of MSCs was decreased in stimulated medium. Exposure of BMMSCs to pro-inflammatory cytokines reduced the levels of SOX-9, TGF-β1, aggrecan and collagen II, whereas exposure of SFMSCs to these cytokines reduced the levels of aggrecan only. These data suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines do not affect proliferation of MSCs, but could inhibit chondrogenesis of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zayed
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive c247, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - J Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive c247, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - N Misk
- Department of Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71526, Egypt
| | - M S Dhar
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive c247, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Barrachina L, Remacha A, Romero A, Vázquez F, Albareda J, Prades M, Ranera B, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. Effect of inflammatory environment on equine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Bavin EP, Smith O, Baird AEG, Smith LC, Guest DJ. Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells have a Reduced Tendon Differentiation Capacity Compared to Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:55. [PMID: 26664982 PMCID: PMC4672282 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries occur commonly in horses and their repair through scar tissue formation predisposes horses to a high rate of re-injury. Pluripotent stem cells may provide a cell replacement therapy to improve tendon tissue regeneration and lower the frequency of re-injury. We have previously demonstrated that equine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiate into the tendon cell lineage upon injection into the damaged horse tendon and can differentiate into functional tendon cells in vitro to generate artificial tendons. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have now been derived from horses but, to date, there are no reports on their ability to differentiate into tendon cells. As iPSCs can be produced from adult cell types, they provide a more accessible source of cells than ESCs, which require the use of horse embryos. The aim of this study was to compare tendon differentiation by ESCs and iPSCs produced through two independent methods. In two-dimensional differentiation assays, the iPSCs expressed tendon-associated genes and proteins, which were enhanced by the presence of transforming growth factor-β3. However, in three-dimensional (3D) differentiation assays, the iPSCs failed to differentiate into functional tendon cells and generate artificial tendons. These results demonstrate the utility of the 3D in vitro tendon assay for measuring tendon differentiation and the need for more detailed studies to be performed on equine iPSCs to identify and understand their epigenetic differences from pluripotent ESCs prior to their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P Bavin
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Newmarket , UK
| | - Olivia Smith
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC , Canada
| | | | - Lawrence C Smith
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC , Canada
| | - Deborah J Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust , Newmarket , UK
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