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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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2
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Slusarczyk P, Mleczko-Sanecka K. The Multiple Facets of Iron Recycling. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091364. [PMID: 34573346 PMCID: PMC8469827 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of around 2.5 million red blood cells (RBCs) per second in erythropoiesis is one of the most intense activities in the body. It continuously consumes large amounts of iron, approximately 80% of which is recycled from aged erythrocytes. Therefore, similar to the “making”, the “breaking” of red blood cells is also very rapid and represents one of the key processes in mammalian physiology. Under steady-state conditions, this important task is accomplished by specialized macrophages, mostly liver Kupffer cells (KCs) and splenic red pulp macrophages (RPMs). It relies to a large extent on the engulfment of red blood cells via so-called erythrophagocytosis. Surprisingly, we still understand little about the mechanistic details of the removal and processing of red blood cells by these specialized macrophages. We have only started to uncover the signaling pathways that imprint their identity, control their functions and enable their plasticity. Recent findings also identify other myeloid cell types capable of red blood cell removal and establish reciprocal cross-talk between the intensity of erythrophagocytosis and other cellular activities. Here, we aimed to review the multiple and emerging facets of iron recycling to illustrate how this exciting field of study is currently expanding.
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3
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Pfefferlé M, Ingoglia G, Schaer CA, Hansen K, Schulthess N, Humar R, Schaer DJ, Vallelian F. Acute Hemolysis and Heme Suppress Anti-CD40 Antibody-Induced Necro-Inflammatory Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680855. [PMID: 34054870 PMCID: PMC8149790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of red blood cells and hemoproteins is a key metabolic function of macrophages during hemolytic disorders and following tissue injury. Through this archetypical phagocytic function, heme is detoxified and iron is recycled to support erythropoiesis. Reciprocal interaction of heme metabolism and inflammatory macrophage functions may modify disease outcomes in a broad range of clinical conditions. We hypothesized that acute hemolysis and heme induce acute anti-inflammatory signals in liver macrophages. Using a macrophage-driven model of sterile liver inflammation, we showed that phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-mediated acute erythrophagocytosis blocked the anti-CD40 antibody-induced pathway of macrophage activation. This process attenuated the inflammatory cytokine release syndrome and necrotizing hepatitis induced by anti-CD40 antibody treatment of mice. We further established that administration of heme-albumin complexes specifically delivered heme to liver macrophages and replicated the anti-inflammatory effect of hemolysis. The anti-inflammatory heme-signal was induced in macrophages by an increased intracellular concentration of the porphyrin independently of iron. Overall, our work suggests that induction of heme-signaling strongly suppresses inflammatory macrophage function, providing protection against sterile liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pfefferlé
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giada Ingoglia
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kerstin Hansen
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Schulthess
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rok Humar
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J Schaer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florence Vallelian
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Ogłuszka M, Lipiński P, Starzyński RR. Interaction between iron and omega-3 fatty acids metabolisms: where is the cross-link? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3002-3022. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
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5
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Interplay of Heme with Macrophages in Homeostasis and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030740. [PMID: 31979309 PMCID: PMC7036926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an integral part of the mononuclear phagocyte system that is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis. They play a key role for initiation and modulation of immunological responses in inflammation and infection. Moreover, macrophages exhibit a wide spectrum of tissue-specific phenotypes in steady-state and pathophysiological conditions. Recent clinical and experimental evidence indicates that the ubiquitous compound heme is a crucial regulator of these cells, e.g., in the differentiation of monocytes to tissue-resident macrophages and/ or in activation by inflammatory stimuli. Notably, heme, an iron containing tetrapyrrole, is essential as a prosthetic group of hemoproteins (e.g., hemoglobin and cytochromes), whereas non-protein bound free or labile heme can be harmful via pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. In this review, it will be discussed how the complex interplay of heme with macrophages regulates homeostasis and inflammation via modulating macrophage inflammatory characteristics and/ or hematopoiesis. A particular focus will be the distinct roles of intra- and extracellular labile heme and the regulation of its availability by heme-binding proteins. Finally, it will be addressed how heme modulates macrophage functions via specific transcriptional factors, in particular the nuclear repressor BTB and CNC homologue (BACH)1 and Spi-C.
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6
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Tomay F, Marinelli A, Leoni V, Caccia C, Matros A, Mock HP, Tonelli C, Petroni K. Purple corn extract induces long-lasting reprogramming and M2 phenotypic switch of adipose tissue macrophages in obese mice. J Transl Med 2019; 17:237. [PMID: 31337415 PMCID: PMC6651915 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disorder and an important risk factor for the onset of several chronic syndromes. Adipose tissue (AT) plays a crucial role in the development of obesity, promoting the infiltration and accumulation of leukocytes in the tissue and sustaining adipocyte expansion. Anthocyanins exert a broad range of health benefits, but their effect in improving obesity-related inflammation in vivo has been poorly characterized. We examined the effects of a purple corn cob extract in the context of AT inflammation in a murine diet-induced obesity (DIO) model. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to control diet (CTR + H2O), high fat diet (HF + H2O) or high fat diet plus purple corn extract (HF + RED) for 12 weeks. Blood glucose, AT, and liver gene expression, metabolism, biochemistry, and histology were analysed and flow cytometry was performed on AT leukocytes and Kupffer cells. Results RED extract intake resulted in lower MCP-1 mediated recruitment and proliferation of macrophages into crown-like structures in the AT. AT macrophages (ATM) of HF + RED group upregulated M2 markers (ArgI, Fizz1, TGFβ), downregulating inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2) thanks to the suppression of NF-kB signalling. ATM also increased the expression of iron metabolism-related genes (FABP4, Hmox1, Ferroportin, CD163, TfR1, Ceruloplasmin, FtL1, FtH1) associated with a reduction in iron storage and increased turnover. ATM from HF + RED mice did not respond to LPS treatment ex vivo, confirming the long-lasting effects of the treatment on M2 polarization. Adipocytes of HF + RED group improved lipid metabolism and displayed a lower inflammation grade. Liver histology revealed a remarkable reduction of steatosis in the HF + RED group, and Kupffer cell profiling displayed a marked switch towards the M2 phenotype. Conclusions RED extract attenuated AT inflammation in vivo, with a long-lasting reprogramming of ATM and adipocyte profiles towards the anti-inflammatory phenotype, therefore representing a valuable supplement in the context of obesity-associated disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1972-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tomay
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Human Genetics, Foundation IRCCS Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Katia Petroni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Donegan RK, Moore CM, Hanna DA, Reddi AR. Handling heme: The mechanisms underlying the movement of heme within and between cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:88-100. [PMID: 30092350 PMCID: PMC6363905 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule required for virtually all aerobic life. However, excess heme is cytotoxic. Therefore, heme must be safely transported and trafficked from the site of synthesis in the mitochondria or uptake at the cell surface, to hemoproteins in most subcellular compartments. While heme synthesis and degradation are relatively well characterized, little is known about how heme is trafficked and transported throughout the cell. Herein, we review eukaryotic heme transport, trafficking, and mobilization, with a focus on factors that regulate bioavailable heme. We also highlight the role of gasotransmitters and small molecules in heme mobilization and bioavailability, and heme trafficking at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Courtney M Moore
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - David A Hanna
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
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8
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Ebbing M, Vieira S, Stefanello C, Berwanger E, Mayer A, Maria D, Fireman A. An investigation on iron sources fed to broiler breeder hens and the corresponding color of laid eggshells on the performance of the resulting progeny. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Sukhbaatar N, Weichhart T. Iron Regulation: Macrophages in Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040137. [PMID: 30558109 PMCID: PMC6316009 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are sentinel cells of the innate immune system and have important functions in development, tissue homeostasis, and immunity. These phylogenetically ancient cells also developed a variety of mechanisms to control erythropoiesis and the handling of iron. Red pulp macrophages in the spleen, Kupffer cells in the liver, and central nurse macrophages in the bone marrow ensure a coordinated metabolism of iron to support erythropoiesis. Phagocytosis of senescent red blood cells by macrophages in the spleen and the liver provide a continuous delivery of recycled iron under steady-state conditions and during anemic stress. Central nurse macrophages in the bone marrow utilize this iron and provide a cellular scaffold and niche to promote differentiation of erythroblasts. This review focuses on the role of the distinct macrophage populations that contribute to efficient iron metabolism and highlight important cellular and systemic mechanisms involved in iron-regulating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamdelger Sukhbaatar
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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10
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Singh B, Singh SS, Sundar S. Hepcidin mediated iron homoeostasis as immune regulator in visceral leishmaniasis patients. Parasite Immunol 2018; 41:e12601. [PMID: 30402883 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Iron is key ingredient for immunosurveillance and host-pathogen interaction. Intracellular pathogen steals the iron from the host, but how parasite orchestrates iron acquisition and affects immune responses remains controversial. We aimed to study the iron homoeostasis in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and its influence on immune machinery. METHODS AND RESULTS This study was performed on purified monocytes and T cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenic aspirates for transcriptional analyses of iron homoeostasis (hepcidin, DMT1, transferrin receptor, ferroportin) and immune modulations (IFN-γ, HLA-DR, IL-10, iNOS, IL-6). Serum/plasma was used for determination of iron, total/transferrin iron-binding capacity and anti-leishmania antibody titres in cases. We report that VL-induced perturbation in iron homoeostasis may cause immune dysfunctions. VL cases had decreased iron uptake by transferrin-dependent and transferrin-independent routes while elevated hepcidin, degraded sole iron exporter ferroportin. Therefore, it appears that perturbation in iron homoeostasis has essential role in HLA-DR mediated antigen presentation and innate armoury by downregulating iNOS as well as altering IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 profiles. CONCLUSION The iron homoeostasis by hepcidin can serve as one of the crucial determinants for regulating immune cell signalling; therefore, targeting iron metabolism, specifically hepcidin alone or in combination with agonists, can serve to clear infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Siddharth Sankar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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11
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Bhattacharya S, Aggarwal A. M2 macrophages and their role in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 2018; 39:769-780. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Li H, Zhang C, Shen H, Shen Z, Wu L, Mo F, Li M. Physiological stress-induced corticosterone increases heme uptake via KLF4-HCP1 signaling pathway in hippocampus neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5745. [PMID: 28720846 PMCID: PMC5515979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload has attracted much attention because of its adverse effect in increasing the risk of developing several neurodegenerative disorders. Under various pathologic conditions, a lot of heme are released. The aggregation of heme is more neurotoxic than that of iron released from the heme breakdown. Our previous studies demonstrated that psychological stress (PS) is a risk factor of cerebral iron metabolism disorders, thus causing iron accumulation in rat brains. In the present study, we found PS could increase heme uptake via heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) in rat brains. We demonstrated that Glucocorticoid (GC), which is largely secreted under stress, could up-regulate HCP1 expression, thus promoting heme uptake in neurons. We also ascertained that HCP1 expression can be induced by GC through a transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). These results may gain new insights into the etiology of heme uptake and iron accumulation in PS rats, and find new therapeutic targets of iron accumulation in Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Nursing, People's Libration Army of 266 Hospital, Chengde City, Hubei, 067000, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhilei Shen
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lusha Wu
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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13
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Developmental Control of NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) Expression in Professional Phagocytes. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020028. [PMID: 28467369 PMCID: PMC5485475 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) is a professional phagocyte membrane importer of divalent metals that contributes to iron recycling at homeostasis and to nutritional immunity against infection. Analyses of data generated by several consortia and additional studies were integrated to hypothesize mechanisms restricting NRAMP1 expression to mature phagocytes. Results from various epigenetic and transcriptomic approaches were collected for mesodermal and hematopoietic cell types and compiled for combined analysis with results of genetic studies associating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with variations in NRAMP1 expression (eQTLs). Analyses establish that NRAMP1 is part of an autonomous topologically associated domain delimited by ubiquitous CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) sites. NRAMP1 locus contains five regulatory regions: a predicted super-enhancer (S-E) key to phagocyte-specific expression; the proximal promoter; two intronic areas, including 3' inhibitory elements that restrict expression during development; and a block of upstream sites possibly extending the S-E domain. Also the downstream region adjacent to the 3' CTCF locus boundary may regulate expression during hematopoiesis. Mobilization of the locus 14 predicted transcriptional regulatory elements occurs in three steps, beginning with hematopoiesis; at the onset of myelopoiesis and through myelo-monocytic differentiation. Basal expression level in mature phagocytes is further influenced by genetic variation, tissue environment, and in response to infections that induce various epigenetic memories depending on microorganism nature. Constitutively associated transcription factors (TFs) include CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPb), purine rich DNA binding protein (PU.1), early growth response 2 (EGR2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) while hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) may stimulate iron acquisition in pro-inflammatory conditions. Mouse orthologous locus is generally conserved; chromatin patterns typify a de novo myelo-monocytic gene whose expression is tightly controlled by TFs Pu.1, C/ebps and Irf8; Irf3 and nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p 65 subunit (RelA) regulate expression in inflammatory conditions. Functional differences in the determinants identified at these orthologous loci imply that species-specific mechanisms control gene expression.
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14
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Millot S, Delaby C, Moulouel B, Lefebvre T, Pilard N, Ducrot N, Ged C, Lettéron P, de Franceschi L, Deybach JC, Beaumont C, Gouya L, De Verneuil H, Lyoumi S, Puy H, Karim Z. Hemolytic anemia repressed hepcidin level without hepatocyte iron overload: lesson from Günther disease model. Haematologica 2016; 102:260-270. [PMID: 28143953 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.151621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolysis occurring in hematologic diseases is often associated with an iron loading anemia. This iron overload is the result of a massive outflow of hemoglobin into the bloodstream, but the mechanism of hemoglobin handling has not been fully elucidated. Here, in a congenital erythropoietic porphyria mouse model, we evaluate the impact of hemolysis and regenerative anemia on hepcidin synthesis and iron metabolism. Hemolysis was confirmed by a complete drop in haptoglobin, hemopexin and increased plasma lactate dehydrogenase, an increased red blood cell distribution width and osmotic fragility, a reduced half-life of red blood cells, and increased expression of heme oxygenase 1. The erythropoiesis-induced Fam132b was increased, hepcidin mRNA repressed, and transepithelial iron transport in isolated duodenal loops increased. Iron was mostly accumulated in liver and spleen macrophages but transferrin saturation remained within the normal range. The expression levels of hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor CD163 and hemopexin receptor CD91 were drastically reduced in both liver and spleen, resulting in heme- and hemoglobin-derived iron elimination in urine. In the kidney, the megalin/cubilin endocytic complex, heme oxygenase 1 and the iron exporter ferroportin were induced, which is reminiscent of significant renal handling of hemoglobin-derived iron. Our results highlight ironbound hemoglobin urinary clearance mechanism and strongly suggest that, in addition to the sequestration of iron in macrophages, kidney may play a major role in protecting hepatocytes from iron overload in chronic hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Millot
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service Odontologie, Hôpital Universitaire, Université de Montpellier, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaby
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie-Hôpital Saint Eloi CHU Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Boualem Moulouel
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Thibaud Lefebvre
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Nathalie Pilard
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ducrot
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Ged
- INSERM, Biothérapies des Maladies Génétiques et Cancers, U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Lettéron
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France
| | - Lucia de Franceschi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Jean Charles Deybach
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie-Hôpital Saint Eloi CHU Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Beaumont
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Hubert De Verneuil
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Saïd Lyoumi
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - Hervé Puy
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France .,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre, 75018 Paris, France .,Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
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15
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Bose PP, Kumar P, Dwivedi MK. Hemoglobin guided nanocarrier for specific delivery of amphotericin B to Leishmania infected macrophage. Acta Trop 2016; 158:148-159. [PMID: 26945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani being an intracellular parasite poses many challenges against the attempted chemotherapy. After the resistance towards the first line of antileishmanial drug, Amphotericin B has been the treatment of choice against visceral leishmaniasis, a fatal tropical disease. However, unfavorable toxicity profile, severe side effects, prolonged parenteral administration procedure limits the use of Amphotericin B. Lack of available specific delivery system also makes this drug unsafe for the prolonged use. In this current study, a chitosan-chondroitin sulfate based nanodelivery vehicle has been introduced. Hemoglobin has been attached on the surface of the delivery system for specifically targeting the leishmania infected macrophage taking the advantage of Leishmania being highly auxotrophic for heme. This cheap and biodegradable delivery vehicle has improved the toxicity profile and lowered LD50 value of the drug significantly compared to traditional way of its direct administration.
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16
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Wegiel B, Hauser CJ, Otterbein LE. Heme as a danger molecule in pathogen recognition. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:651-61. [PMID: 26456060 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate control of redox mechanisms are critical for and effective innate immune response, which employs multiple cell types, receptors and molecules that recognize danger signals when they reach the host. Recognition of pathogen-associated pattern molecules (PAMPs) is a fundamental host survival mechanism for efficient elimination of invading pathogens and resolution of the infection and inflammation. In addition to PAMPs, eukaryotic cells contain a plethora of intracellular molecules that are normally secured within the confines of the plasma membrane, but if liberated and encountered in the extracellular milieu can provoke rapid cell activation. These are known as Alarmins or Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) and can be released actively by cells or passively as a result of sterile cellular injury after trauma, ischemia, or toxin-induced cell rupture. Both PAMPs and DAMPs are recognized by a series of cognate receptors that increase the generation of free radicals and activate specific signaling pathways that result in regulation of a variety of stress response, redox sensitive genes. Multiple mediators released, as cells die include, but are not limited to ATP, hydrogen peroxide, heme, formyl peptides, DNA or mitochondria provide the second signal to amplify immune responses. In this review, we will focus on how sterile and infective stimuli activate the stress response gene heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1, HO-1), a master gene critical to an appropriate host response that is now recognized as one with enormous therapeutic potential. HO-1 gene expression is regulated in large part by redox-sensitive proteins including but not limited to nrf2. Both PAMPs and DAMPs increase the activation of nrf2 and HO-1. Heme is a powerful pro-oxidant and as such should be qualified as a DAMP. With its degradation by HO-1a molecule of carbon monoxide (CO) is generated that in turn serves as a bioactive signaling molecule. PAMPs such as bacterial endotoxin activate HO-1, and the CO that is generated diffuses into the extracellular milieu where it interacts with bacteria, altering their behavior to increase production of ATP, which then functions as a second signal danger molecule. This two-hit cycle scenario results in efficient and effective activation of host leukocytes to attack and clear bacteria in part via enhanced reactive oxygen species generation. We discuss this intimate communication that occurs between host and bacteria and how these molecules serve as critical regulators of the acute inflammatory response, the overall redox status of the cell, and survival of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wegiel
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Carl J Hauser
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
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17
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Zimring JC, Spitalnik SL. Pathobiology of Transfusion Reactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:83-110. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Zimring
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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18
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Vallelian F, Deuel JW, Opitz L, Schaer CA, Puglia M, Lönn M, Engelsberger W, Schauer S, Karnaukhova E, Spahn DR, Stocker R, Buehler PW, Schaer DJ. Proteasome inhibition and oxidative reactions disrupt cellular homeostasis during heme stress. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:597-611. [PMID: 25301065 PMCID: PMC4356336 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual control of cellular heme levels by extracellular scavenger proteins and degradation by heme oxygenases is essential in diseases associated with increased heme release. During severe hemolysis or rhabdomyolysis, uncontrolled heme exposure can cause acute kidney injury and endothelial cell damage. The toxicity of heme was primarily attributed to its pro-oxidant effects; however additional mechanisms of heme toxicity have not been studied systematically. In addition to redox reactivity, heme may adversely alter cellular functions by binding to essential proteins and impairing their function. We studied inducible heme oxygenase (Hmox1)-deficient mouse embryo fibroblast cell lines as a model to systematically explore adaptive and disruptive responses that were triggered by intracellular heme levels exceeding the homeostatic range. We extensively characterized the proteome phenotype of the cellular heme stress responses by quantitative mass spectrometry of stable isotope-labeled cells that covered more than 2000 individual proteins. The most significant signals specific to heme toxicity were consistent with oxidative stress and impaired protein degradation by the proteasome. This ultimately led to an activation of the response to unfolded proteins. These observations were explained mechanistically by demonstrating binding of heme to the proteasome that was linked to impaired proteasome function. Oxidative heme reactions and proteasome inhibition could be differentiated as synergistic activities of the porphyrin. Based on the present data a novel model of cellular heme toxicity is proposed, whereby proteasome inhibition by heme sustains a cycle of oxidative stress, protein modification, accumulation of damaged proteins and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vallelian
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J W Deuel
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C A Schaer
- 1] Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland [2] Institute of Anesthesiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Puglia
- 1] Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland [2] Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Lönn
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Engelsberger
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Schauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Karnaukhova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D R Spahn
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Stocker
- 1] School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P W Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D J Schaer
- 1] Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland [2] Center of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Boretti FS, Baek JH, Palmer AF, Schaer DJ, Buehler PW. Modeling hemoglobin and hemoglobin:haptoglobin complex clearance in a non-rodent species-pharmacokinetic and therapeutic implications. Front Physiol 2014; 5:385. [PMID: 25346694 PMCID: PMC4191077 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Haptoglobin (Hp) prevents hemoglobin (Hb) extravasation and attenuates Hb induced tissue oxidation and vasoconstriction. Small animal models such as mouse, rat and guinea pig appear to demonstrate proof-of-concept for Hb neutralization by Hp in diverse pre-clinical conditions. However, these species differ significantly from humans in the clearance of Hb:Hp and demonstrate long persistence of circulating Hb:Hp complexes. Objective: The focus of this study is to understand Hb:Hp clearance in a non-rodent species. In contrast to rodents, dogs maintain high plasma Hp concentrations comparable to humans and demonstrate more rapid clearance of Hb:Hp when compared to rodent species, therefore dogs may represent a relevant species to evaluate Hb:Hp pharmacokinetics and cellular clearance. Results: In this study we show, that like human macrophages, dog peripheral blood monocyte derived macrophages express a glucocorticoid inducible endocytic clearance pathways with a high specificity for the Hb:Hp complex. Evaluating the Beagle dog as a non-rodent model species we provide the first pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of free Hb and Hb:Hp complexes. The data demonstrate a significantly reduced volume of distribution (Vc) for Hb:Hp compared to free Hb, increased maximum plasma concentrations and areas under plasma concentration time curves (Cmax and AUC). Significantly reduced total body clearance (CL) and a longer terminal half-life (t1/2) of approximately 12 h were also observed for the Hb:Hp complex. Distribution and clearance were identical for dimeric and multimeric Hb:Hp complexes. We found no significant effect of a high-dose glucocorticoid treatment protocol on Hb:Hp pharmacokinetic parameter estimates. Conclusion: Collectively, our study supports the dog as a non-rodent animal model to study pharmacological and pharmacokinetic aspects of Hb clearance systems and apply the model to studying Hp as a therapeutic in diseases of hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas S Boretti
- Division of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jin Hyen Baek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dominik J Schaer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Demetz E, Tancevski I, Theurl I, Weiss G. 'Ride on the ferrous wheel'--the cycle of iron in macrophages in health and disease. Immunobiology 2014; 220:280-94. [PMID: 25240631 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis and macrophage biology are closely interconnected. On the one hand, iron exerts multiple effects on macrophage polarization and functionality. On the other hand, macrophages are central for mammalian iron homeostasis. The phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes and their degradation by macrophages enable efficient recycling of iron and the maintenance of systemic iron balance. Macrophages express multiple molecules and proteins for the acquisition and utilization of iron and many of these pathways are affected by inflammatory signals. Of note, iron availability within macrophages has significant effects on immune effector functions and metabolic pathways within these cells. This review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of macrophage iron metabolism and highlights its relevant consequences on immune function and in common diseases such as infection and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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21
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Hull TD, Agarwal A, George JF. The mononuclear phagocyte system in homeostasis and disease: a role for heme oxygenase-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1770-88. [PMID: 24147608 PMCID: PMC3961794 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a potential therapeutic target in many diseases, especially those mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. HO-1 expression appears to regulate the homeostatic activity and distribution of mononuclear phagocytes (MP) in lymphoid tissue under physiological conditions. It also regulates the ability of MP to modulate the inflammatory response to tissue injury. RECENT ADVANCES The induction of HO-1 within MP-particularly macrophages and dendritic cells-modulates the effector functions that they acquire after activation. These effector functions include cytokine production, surface receptor expression, maturation state, and polarization toward a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. The importance of HO-1 in MP is emphasized by their expression of specific receptors that primarily function to ingest heme-containing substrate and deliver it to HO-1. CRITICAL ISSUES MP are the first immunological responders to tissue damage. They critically affect the outcome of injury to many organ systems, yet few therapies are currently available to specifically target MP during disease pathogenesis. Elucidation of the role of HO-1 expression in MP may help to direct broadly applicable therapies to clinical use that are based on the immunomodulatory capabilities of HO-1. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Unraveling the complexities of HO-1 expression specifically within MP will more completely define how HO-1 provides cytoprotection in vivo. The use of models in which HO-1 expression is specifically modulated in bone marrow-derived cells will allow for a more complete characterization of its immunoregulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D. Hull
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James F. George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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22
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Chiabrando D, Vinchi F, Fiorito V, Mercurio S, Tolosano E. Heme in pathophysiology: a matter of scavenging, metabolism and trafficking across cell membranes. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:61. [PMID: 24782769 PMCID: PMC3986552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) is an essential co-factor involved in multiple biological processes: oxygen transport and storage, electron transfer, drug and steroid metabolism, signal transduction, and micro RNA processing. However, excess free-heme is highly toxic due to its ability to promote oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, thus leading to membrane injury and, ultimately, apoptosis. Thus, heme metabolism needs to be finely regulated. Intracellular heme amount is controlled at multiple levels: synthesis, utilization by hemoproteins, degradation and both intracellular and intercellular trafficking. This review focuses on recent findings highlighting the importance of controlling intracellular heme levels to counteract heme-induced oxidative stress. The contributions of heme scavenging from the extracellular environment, heme synthesis and incorporation into hemoproteins, heme catabolism and heme transport in maintaining adequate intracellular heme content are discussed. Particular attention is put on the recently described mechanisms of heme trafficking through the plasma membrane mediated by specific heme importers and exporters. Finally, the involvement of genes orchestrating heme metabolism in several pathological conditions is illustrated and new therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling heme metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Vinchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Sonia Mercurio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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23
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Samaniego R, Palacios BS, Domiguez-Soto Á, Vidal C, Salas A, Matsuyama T, Sánchez-Torres C, de la Torre I, Miranda-Carús ME, Sánchez-Mateos P, Puig-Kröger A. Macrophage uptake and accumulation of folates are polarization-dependent in vitro and in vivo and are regulated by activin A. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:797-808. [PMID: 24399840 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0613345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B9, commonly known as folate, is an essential cofactor for one-carbon metabolism that enters cells through three major specialized transporter molecules (RFC, FR, and PCFT), which differ in expression pattern, affinity for substrate, and ligand-binding pH dependency. We now report that the expression of the folate transporters differs between macrophage subtypes and explains the higher accumulation of 5-MTHF-the major folate form found in serum-in M2 macrophages in vitro and in vivo. M1 macrophages display a higher expression of RFC, whereas FRβ and PCFT are preferentially expressed by anti-inflammatory and homeostatic M2 macrophages. These differences are also seen in macrophages from normal tissues involved in folate transit (placenta, liver, colon) and inflamed tissues (ulcerative colitis, RA), as M2-like macrophages from normal tissues express FRβ and PCFT, whereas TNF-α-expressing M1 macrophages from inflamed tissues are RFC+. Besides, we provide evidences that activin A is a critical factor controlling the set of folate transporters in macrophages, as it down-regulates FRβ, up-regulates RFC expression, and modulates 5-MTHF uptake. All of these experiments support the notion that folate handling is dependent on the stage of macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Samaniego
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Metabolismo, Unidad de Microscopía Confocal
| | | | | | | | - Azucena Salas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Sánchez-Torres
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico Distrito Federal, Mexico; and
| | - Inmaculada de la Torre
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Thakur AK, Bimal S, Singh SK, Gupta AK, Das V, Das P, Narayan S. Degree of anemia correlates with increased utilization of heme by Leishmania donovani parasites in visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:595-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Hemarthrosis in hemophilic mice results in alterations in M1-M2 monocyte/macrophage polarization. Thromb Res 2013; 133:390-5. [PMID: 24252538 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Joint bleedings result in iron-mediated synovitis and cartilage destruction. Monocyte/macrophage polarization affects their role in iron homeostasis. This study evaluates the effects of hemarthrosis on monocyte/macrophage polarization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a murine hemophilia model of acute joint bleeding and flow cytometry, we evaluated monocyte/macrophage polarization in blood, spleen, synovium, and knee lavage at day 1, 2, and 7 following the induction of hemarthrosis. RESULTS Induction of hemarthrosis resulted in a transient shift of blood monocytes towards a M1 type (control 13 vs. 1847 counted cells at day 1; p<0.01), a temporary decrease of spleen M1 monocytes (control 2841 vs. 1086 counted cells at day 1; p=0.02), and a sustained decrease of spleen M2 red pulp macrophages (control 1853 vs. 673 counted cells at day 7; p=0.01). In addition, an increase in M1 (control 119 vs. 592 counted cells at day 1; p=0.04) and M2 (control 247 vs. 650 counted cells at day 1; p=0.02) synovial macrophages was noted. In the joint lavage, a temporary increase in M1 monocytes (control 20 vs. 125 counted cells at day 1; p=0.04) and a more sustained increase in M2 monocytes (control 73 vs. 186 counted cells at day 2; p<0.01) was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates alterations in monocyte/macrophage polarization following hemarthrosis resulting in a blood monocyte M1 phenotype and a combined M1-M2 monocyte/macrophage phenotype in the joint. Based on the different capabilities of M1 and M2 cells, modulating polarization of distinct monocyte/macrophage populations might represent interesting prophylactic or therapeutic approaches for joint bleedings.
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26
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Veale MF, Healey G, Sparrow RL. Longer storage of red blood cells is associated with increased in vitro erythrophagocytosis. Vox Sang 2013; 106:219-26. [PMID: 24117950 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Refrigerated storage of red blood cells (RBCs) induces numerous changes that may target the cells for erythrophagocytosis following transfusion. The influence of storage upon the phagocytosis of unseparated and fractionated young and old stored RBCs was investigated using two in vitro quantitative phagocytosis assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leucocyte-depleted RBC units were sampled at day 1 or 42 of storage. Young and old RBCs were fractionated at day 1 by density centrifugation and stored in paediatric packs for up to 42 days. RBCs were labelled with the fluorescent dye PKH26 and incubated with the human monocytic cell line THP-1. Erythrophagocytosis was quantified by flow cytometry and plate fluorometric assays. RESULTS A higher proportion of THP-1 cells phagocytosed RBCs stored for 42 days compared with 1 day (41% and 24% respectively; P<0·0001). This was associated with an increased mean number of RBCs phagocytosed per THP-1 cell (5·2±0·6 and 3·3±0·2 respectively; P<0·002). Erythrophagocytosis of fractionated young and old RBCs increased with longer storage duration up to 28 days (P<0·05). However, no significant differences were observed between erythrophagocytosis of young and old RBCs. CONCLUSION The susceptibility of stored RBCs to erythrophagocytosis significantly increased with longer storage time of the RBC units. Storage duration of RBCs had a greater influence on in vitro erythrophagocytosis than the chronological age of the RBCs at donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Veale
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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27
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Nieuwenhuizen L, Schutgens RE, van Asbeck BS, Wenting MJ, van Veghel K, Roosendaal G, Biesma DH, Lafeber FP. Identification and expression of iron regulators in human synovium: evidence for upregulation in haemophilic arthropathy compared to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and healthy controls. Haemophilia 2013; 19:e218-27. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. E.G. Schutgens
- Hematology/Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - B. S. van Asbeck
- Internal Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - M. J. Wenting
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - K. van Veghel
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - G. Roosendaal
- Hematology/Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - D. H. Biesma
- Hematology/Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - F. P.J.G. Lafeber
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
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28
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Jude C, Dejica D, Samasca G, Balacescu L, Balacescu O. Soluble CD163 serum levels are elevated and correlated with IL-12 and CXCL10 in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:1031-7. [PMID: 23011084 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CD163, a membrane glycoprotein restricted to monocyte-macrophage cell lineage, is released in the terminal phase of acute inflammation and during chronic inflammation, with anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic role. The proteolytically detached ectodomain of CD163 is the soluble component sCD163. A few studies were performed regarding circulating sCD163 in human diseases. Only two were accomplished in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our concern was (1) to evaluate sCD163 serum concentrations in active RA patients with long-standing evolution, (2) to correlate them with clinical parameters, laboratory markers, disease activity, and (3) to search possible relationships with some cytokines (IL-12, IL-17) and chemokine (CXCL10), involved in RA pathogenesis. First and third topics were not achieved until now, and the second one points out discordant findings and unspecified aspects. It was achieved immunoassay of serum sCD163, IL-12, IL-17, CXCL10 and traditional methods for RA laboratory markers. The mean sCD163 level of 33 patients was significantly higher than in 20 normal controls (p = 0.0001), 59.3 % of them with concentrations above normal cut-off value. sCD163 levels were weakly correlated with CRP and RF but not with ERS and disease activity. IL-12 and CXCL10 serum levels strongly correlated with sCD163 concentrations, while IL-17 positively but insignificantly correlated. In conclusion, serum sCD163 levels are significantly elevated in long-standing RA patients, but sCD163 has no role as a biomarker of disease activity. High correlation of sCD163 with IL-12 and CXCL10 suggests the association of their well-known anti-inflammatory function in long-standing RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jude
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str.Plopilor No. 44, Cluj Napoca, Romania
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29
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Subcellular localization of iron and heme metabolism related proteins at early stages of erythrophagocytosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42199. [PMID: 22860081 PMCID: PMC3408460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Senescent red blood cells (RBC) are recognized, phagocytosed and cleared by tissue macrophages. During this erythrophagocytosis (EP), RBC are engulfed and processed in special compartments called erythrophagosomes. We previously described that following EP, heme is rapidly degraded through the catabolic activity of heme oxygenase (HO). Extracted heme iron is then either exported or stored by macrophages. However, the cellular localization of the early steps of heme processing and iron extraction during EP remains to be clearly defined. Methodology/Principal Findings We took advantage of our previously described cellular model of EP, using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). The subcellular localization of both inducible and constitutive isoforms of HO (HO-1 and HO-2), of the divalent metal transporters (Nramp1, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn), and of the recently identified heme transporter HRG-1, was followed by fluorescence and electron microscopy during the earliest steps of EP. We also looked at some ER [calnexin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity] and lysosomes (Lamp1) markers during EP. In both quiescent and LPS-activated BMDM, Nramp1 and Lamp1 were shown to be strong markers of the erythrophagolysosomal membrane. HRG-1 was also recruited to the erythrophagosome. Furthermore, we observed calnexin labeling and G6Pase activity at the erythrophagosomal membrane, indicating the contribution of ER in this phagocytosis model. In contrast, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn, HO-1 and HO-2 were not detected at the membrane of erythrophagosomes. Conclusions/Significance Our study highlights the subcellular localization of various heme- and iron-related proteins during early steps of EP, thereby suggesting a model for heme catabolism occurring outside the phagosome, with heme likely being transported into the cytosol through HRG1. The precise function of Nramp1 at the phagosomal membrane in this model remains to be determined.
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30
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Le Blanc S, Garrick MD, Arredondo M. Heme carrier protein 1 transports heme and is involved in heme-Fe metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1780-5. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00080.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heme-Fe is an important source of dietary iron in humans; however, the mechanism for heme-Fe uptake by enterocytes is poorly understood. Heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) was originally identified as mediating heme-Fe transport although it later emerged that it was a folate transporter. We asked what happened to heme-Fe and folate uptake and the relative abundance of hcp1 and ho1 mRNA in Caco-2 cells after knockdown by transfection with HCP1-directed short hairpin (sh)RNA. Control Caco-2 cells were cultured in bicameral chambers with 0–80 μM heme-Fe for selected times. Intracellular Fe and heme concentration increased in Caco-2 cells reflecting higher external heme-Fe concentrations. Maximum Fe, heme, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) expression and activity were observed between 12 and 24 h of incubation. Quantitative RT-PCR for hcp1 revealed that its mRNA decreased at 20 μM heme-Fe while ho1 mRNA and activity increased. When shRNA knocked down hcp1 mRNA, heme-55Fe uptake and [3H]folate transport mirrored the mRNA decrease, ho1 mRNA increased, and flvcr mRNA was unchanged. These data argue that HCP1 is involved in low-affinity heme-Fe uptake not just in folate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Le Blanc
- Micronutrient Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Michael D. Garrick
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Miguel Arredondo
- Micronutrient Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
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31
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Khan AA, Quigley JG. Control of intracellular heme levels: heme transporters and heme oxygenases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1813:668-82. [PMID: 21238504 PMCID: PMC3079059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heme serves as a co-factor in proteins involved in fundamental biological processes including oxidative metabolism, oxygen storage and transport, signal transduction and drug metabolism. In addition, heme is important for systemic iron homeostasis in mammals. Heme has important regulatory roles in cell biology, yet excessive levels of intracellular heme are toxic; thus, mechanisms have evolved to control the acquisition, synthesis, catabolism and expulsion of cellular heme. Recently, a number of transporters of heme and heme synthesis intermediates have been described. Here we review aspects of heme metabolism and discuss our current understanding of heme transporters, with emphasis on the function of the cell-surface heme exporter, FLVCR. Knockdown of Flvcr in mice leads to both defective erythropoiesis and disturbed systemic iron homeostasis, underscoring the critical role of heme transporters in mammalian physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
| | - John G. Quigley
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
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32
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Cairo G, Recalcati S, Mantovani A, Locati M. Iron trafficking and metabolism in macrophages: contribution to the polarized phenotype. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:241-7. [PMID: 21514223 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation, proinflammatory macrophages sequester iron as a well known bacteriostatic mechanism. Alternative activation of macrophages is linked to tissue repair, and during this process the expression pattern of genes important for iron homeostasis is distinct from that in proinflammatory macrophages. This leads to an increased capacity of the alternatively activated macrophages for heme uptake, via scavenger receptors, and for production of anti-inflammatory mediators via heme-oxygenase-dependent heme catabolism. Alternatively activated macrophages also release non-heme iron into tissues via ferroportin. Here, we propose that the iron-release-associated phenotype of alternatively activated macrophages significantly contributes to their role in various conditions, including tissue repair and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Cairo
- Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences Città Studi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Glucocorticoid treatment skews human monocyte differentiation into a hemoglobin-clearance phenotype with enhanced heme-iron recycling and antioxidant capacity. Blood 2010; 116:5347-56. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-277319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are used extensively to treat autoimmune hemolytic anemias. Some beneficial effects of glucocorticoid pulse therapy have also been reported in sickle cell disease and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Based on established concepts of hemoglobin (Hb) toxicity and physiologic Hb scavenger systems, we evaluated whether glucocorticoids could support an adaptive response to extracellular Hb independently of their immunosuppressive activities. Using global proteome and transcriptome analysis with mass-spectrometry (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and gene-array experiments, we found that glucocorticoid treatment in vitro and in patients on glucocorticoid-pulse therapy polarized monocytes into a M2/alternatively activated phenotype with high Hb-scavenger receptor (CD163) expression and enhanced Hb-clearance and detoxification capability. Monocytes concurrently exposed to the interactive activity of glucocorticoids and extracellular Hb were characterized by high expression of a group of antioxidant enzymes known to be regulated by the conserved oxidative response transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor. Further, suppressed transferrin receptor, together with high ferroportin expression, pointed to a shift in iron homeostasis directed toward an increased cellular export of heme-derived iron. Therefore, stimulating Hb-endocytosis by CD163 and enhancing antioxidative homeostasis and iron recycling may be an essential activity of glucocorticoids that helps alleviate the adverse effects of extracellular Hb.
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34
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Recalcati S, Locati M, Marini A, Santambrogio P, Zaninotto F, De Pizzol M, Zammataro L, Girelli D, Cairo G. Differential regulation of iron homeostasis during human macrophage polarized activation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:824-35. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Heme, the functional group of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other hemoproteins, is a highly toxic substance when it appears in the extracellular milieu. To circumvent potential harmful effects of heme from hemoproteins released during physiological or pathological cell damage (such as hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis), specific high capacity scavenging systems have evolved in the mammalian organism. Two major systems, which essentially function in a similar way by means of a circulating latent plasma carrier protein that upon ligand binding is recognized by a receptor, are represented by a) the hemoglobin-binding haptoglobin and the receptor CD163, and b) the heme-binding hemopexin and the receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/CD91. Apart from the disclosure of the molecular basis for these important heme scavenging systems by identifying the functional link between the carrier proteins and the respective receptors, research over the last decade has shown how these systems, and the metabolic pathways they represent, closely relate to inflammation and other biological events.
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36
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Dang TN, Bishop GM, Dringen R, Robinson SR. The putative heme transporter HCP1 is expressed in cultured astrocytes and contributes to the uptake of hemin. Glia 2010; 58:55-65. [PMID: 19533605 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hemin, which is toxic to brain cells, has been reported to be taken up by cultured astrocytes; however, the mechanism of uptake is currently unknown. The present study investigated the mechanism of hemin uptake by rat primary astrocyte cultures. In medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, cultured astrocytes failed to accumulate significant amounts of heme-iron, while in serum-free medium the accumulation of heme-iron was found to be time- and concentration-dependent. After 6 h of incubation with 24 muM hemin, cells contained 36.2 +/- 2.4 nmol heme-iron/mg protein, which was 21% of the applied hemin. These results suggest that the accumulation of hemin in astrocytes does not require serum proteins such as hemopexin. A potential mechanism of hemin uptake in astrocytes involves the heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1), which is reported to mediate hemin uptake into intestinal cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that astrocyte cultures contained HCP1 mRNA, and immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of HCP1 protein in cultured astrocytes. The functionality of HCP1 in astrocytes was demonstrated by incubating cells with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), which is known to be transported into cells via HCP1, and ZnPPIX autofluorescence was detected in HCP1-positive astrocytes. In addition, ZnPPIX was found to attenuate the accumulation of heme-iron by astrocytes. These results are the first to demonstrate that cultured astrocytes contain functional HCP1 and that this transporter contributes to hemin uptake by astrocytes. HCP1 may therefore provide a new target for reducing hemin-related toxicity in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Dang
- School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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37
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Hower V, Mendes P, Torti FM, Laubenbacher R, Akman S, Shulaev V, Torti SV. A general map of iron metabolism and tissue-specific subnetworks. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:422-43. [PMID: 19381358 PMCID: PMC2680238 DOI: 10.1039/b816714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is required for survival of mammalian cells. Recently, understanding of iron metabolism and trafficking has increased dramatically, revealing a complex, interacting network largely unknown just a few years ago. This provides an excellent model for systems biology development and analysis. The first step in such an analysis is the construction of a structural network of iron metabolism, which we present here. This network was created using CellDesigner version 3.5.2 and includes reactions occurring in mammalian cells of numerous tissue types. The iron metabolic network contains 151 chemical species and 107 reactions and transport steps. Starting from this general model, we construct iron networks for specific tissues and cells that are fundamental to maintaining body iron homeostasis. We include subnetworks for cells of the intestine and liver, tissues important in iron uptake and storage, respectively, as well as the reticulocyte and macrophage, key cells in iron utilization and recycling. The addition of kinetic information to our structural network will permit the simulation of iron metabolism in different tissues as well as in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Hower
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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38
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The rat antigen-presenting lectin-like receptor complex influences innate immunity and development of infectious diseases. Genes Immun 2009; 10:227-36. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Haptoglobin preserves the CD163 hemoglobin scavenger pathway by shielding hemoglobin from peroxidative modification. Blood 2009; 113:2578-86. [PMID: 19131549 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-174466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification and clearance of extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) have been attributed to its removal by the CD163 scavenger receptor pathway. However, even low-level hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) exposure irreversibly modifies Hb and severely impairs Hb endocytosis by CD163. We show here that when Hb is bound to the high-affinity Hb scavenger protein haptoglobin (Hp), the complex protects Hb from structural modification by preventing alpha-globin cross-links and oxidations of amino acids in critical regions of the beta-globin chain (eg, Trp15, Cys93, and Cys112). As a result of this structural stabilization, H(2)O(2)-exposed Hb-Hp binds to CD163 with the same affinity as nonoxidized complex. Endocytosis and lysosomal translocation of oxidized Hb-Hp by CD163-expressing cells were found to be as efficient as with nonoxidized complex. Hp complex formation did not alter Hb's ability to consume added H(2)O(2) by redox cycling, suggesting that within the complex the oxidative radical burden is shifted to Hp. We provide structural and functional evidence that Hp protects Hb when oxidatively challenged with H(2)O(2) preserving CD163-mediated Hb clearance under oxidative stress conditions. In addition, our data provide in vivo evidence that unbound Hb is oxidatively modified within extravascular compartments consistent with our in vitro findings.
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40
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Zhao R, Min SH, Wang Y, Campanella E, Low PS, Goldman ID. A role for the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT-SLC46A1) in folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4267-74. [PMID: 19074442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807665200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, this laboratory identified a proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), with optimal activity at low pH. PCFT is critical to intestinal folate absorption and transport into the central nervous system because there are loss-of-function mutations in this gene in the autosomal recessive disorder, hereditary folate malabsorption. The current study addresses the role PCFT might play in another transport pathway, folate receptor (FR)-mediated endocytosis. FRalpha cDNA was transfected into novel PCFT(+) and PCFT(-) HeLa sublines. FRalpha was shown to bind and trap folates in vesicles but with minimal export into the cytosol in PCFT(-) cells. Cotransfection of FRalpha and PCFT resulted in enhanced folate transport into cytosol as compared with transfection of FRalpha alone. Probenecid did not inhibit folate binding to FR, but inhibited PCFT-mediated transport at endosomal pH, and blocked FRalpha-mediated transport into the cytosol. FRalpha and PCFT co-localized to the endosomal compartment. These observations (i) indicate that PCFT plays a role in FRalpha-mediated endocytosis by serving as a route of export of folates from acidified endosomes and (ii) provide a functional role for PCFT in tissues in which it is expressed, such as the choroid plexus, where the extracellular milieu is at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbao Zhao
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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