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Chen XD, Xie J, Wei Y, Yu JF, Cao Y, Xiao L, Wu XJ, Mao CJ, Kang RM, Ye YG. Immune modulation of Th1/Th2/Treg/Th17/Th9/Th21 cells in rabbits infected with Eimeria stiedai. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1230689. [PMID: 37593762 PMCID: PMC10431940 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1230689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite long-term integrated control programs for Eimeria stiedai infection in China, hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits persists. Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Th9, and Th21 cells are involved in immune responses during pathogen infection. It is unclear whether Th cell subsets are also involved in E. stiedai infection. Their roles in the immunopathology of this infection remain unknown. Therefore, monitoring these T-cell subsets' immune responses during primary infection of E. stiedai at both transcriptional (mRNA) and protein (cytokines) levels is essential. Methods In experimentally infected New Zealand white rabbits, mRNA expression levels of their transcript-TBX2 (Th1), GATA3 (Th2), RORC (Th17), Foxp3 (Treg), SPI1 (Th9), and BCL6 (Th21)-were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), whereas Th1 (IFN-g and TNF-a), Th2 (IL4), Th17 (IL17A and IL6), Treg (IL10 and TGF-b1), Th9 (IL9), and Th21 (IL21) cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results We found that levels of TBX2, GATA3, RORC, SPI1, and BCL6 in the livers of infected rabbits were elevated on days 5 and 15 post-infection (PI). The concentrations of their distinctive cytokines IFN-g and TNF-a for Th1, IL4 for Th2, IL17A for Th17, IL9 for Th9, IL21 for Th21, and IL10 for Treg IL10 were also significantly increased on days 5 and 15 PI, respectively (p < 0.05). On day 23 PI, GATA3 with its cytokine IL4, RORC with IL17A, Foxp3 with IL10 and TGF-b1, and SPI1 with IL9 were significantly decreased, but TBX2 with IFN-g and IL6 remained elevated. Discussion Our findings are the first evidence of Th1/Th2/Treg/Th17/Th9/Th21 changes in E. stiedai-infected rabbits and provide insights into immune regulation mechanisms and possible vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji-Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong-Jian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Run-Min Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Gang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Breeding of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
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Gatto M, Oliveira LRC, De Nuzzi Dias F, Araújo Júnior JP, Lima CRG, Lordelo EP, Dos Santos RM, Kurokawa CS. Benznidazole affects expression of Th1, Th17 and Treg cytokines during acute experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:47. [PMID: 29255475 PMCID: PMC5727918 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study evaluated the effect of treatment with benznidazole on mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β and FoxP3 in spleen and heart tissue of BALB/c mice in the acute phase of an experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, strains JLP or Y. Methods The mRNA expression of cytokines and parasite load were assessed by q-PCR. Dependent groups were compared using Student's paired t-test and independent groups were compared using Student's unpaired t-test. Results Infection with the JLP or Y strains increased expression of IFN-γ in the heart and of IL-10 and IL-17 in the spleen and heart compared to uninfected animals. Treatment increased the expression of IFN-γ and decreased the expression of IL-17, IL-10, TGF- β and Foxp3 in spleen and heart tissue compared to untreated infected animals. Conclusion Benznidazole can induce Th1 profile in the initial of the acute phase. The treatment decreased the parasite load in both organs, although the number of parasites in Y-strain-infected mice remained high. The data suggest that benznidazole may modulate cytokine expression in infection and can be dependent of the strain. However, treatment was not fully effective in the infection provoked by Y strain, probably due to the characteristics of the strain itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gatto
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
| | - Larissa Ragozo Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda De Nuzzi Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara, SP Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Gonçalves Lima
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
| | - Eliana Peresi Lordelo
- Department of Immunology, University of Western São Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mattos Dos Santos
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
| | - Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. Professor Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, 18.6186-87 SP Brazil
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Kitada S, Kayama H, Okuzaki D, Koga R, Kobayashi M, Arima Y, Kumanogoh A, Murakami M, Ikawa M, Takeda K. BATF2 inhibits immunopathological Th17 responses by suppressing Il23a expression during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1313-1331. [PMID: 28356392 PMCID: PMC5413328 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate IL-17 responses are implicated in chronic tissue inflammation. IL-23 contributes to Trypanosoma cruzi-specific IL-17 production, but the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of the IL-23-IL-17 axis during T. cruzi infection are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate a novel function of BATF2 as a negative regulator of Il23a in innate immune cells. IL-17, but not IFN-γ, was more highly produced by CD4+ T cells from spleens and livers of T. cruzi-infected Batf2-/- mice than by those of wild-type mice. In this context, Batf2-/- mice showed severe multiorgan pathology despite reduced parasite burden. T. cruzi-induced IL-23 production was increased in Batf2-/- innate immune cells. The T. cruzi-induced enhanced Th17 response was abrogated in Batf2-/-Il23a-/- mice. The interaction of BATF2 with c-JUN prevented c-JUN-ATF-2 complex formation, inhibiting Il23a expression. These results demonstrate that IFN-γ-inducible BATF2 in innate immune cells controls Th17-mediated immunopathology by suppressing IL-23 production during T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kitada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- DNA-Chip Developmental Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Koga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masao Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Arima
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Stahl P, Schwarz RT, Debierre-Grockiego F, Meyer T. Trypanosoma cruzi parasites fight for control of the JAK-STAT pathway by disarming their host. JAKSTAT 2015; 3:e1012964. [PMID: 26413423 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1012964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Chagas' disease is caused by infections with the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) which is endemic in Latin America. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, the underlying molecular processes involved in host-parasite interactions are only poorly understood. In particular, the mechanisms for parasite persistence in host cells remain largely unknown. Cytokine-driven transcription factors from the family of STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins appear to play a central role in the fight against T. cruzi infection. However, amastigotes proliferating in the cytoplasm of infected host cells develop effective strategies to circumvent the attack executed by STAT proteins. This review highlights the interactions between T. cruzi parasites and human host cells in terms of cytokine signaling and, in particular, discusses the impact of STATs on the balance between parasite invasion and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stahl
- Institute of Virology; Parasitology Unit; University of Marburg ; Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schwarz
- Institute of Virology; Parasitology Unit; University of Marburg ; Marburg, Germany ; Laboratory for Structural and Functional Glycobiology; University of Lille 1 for Sciences and Technologies ; Lille, France
| | - Françoise Debierre-Grockiego
- Mixed Research Unit 1282; François Rabelais University of Tours-INRA; Infectious Diseases and Public Health ; Tours, France
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; University of Göttingen ; Göttingen, Germany ; German Center for Cardiovascular Research ; Göttingen, Germany
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T-bet regulates immunity to Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain infection, particularly in lungs. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1477-90. [PMID: 24421047 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01545-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of the transcription factor T-bet is correlated with the strength of protection against secondary challenge with the live vaccine strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis. Thus, to determine if this mediator had direct consequences in immunity to LVS, we examined its role in infection. Despite substantial in vivo gamma interferon (IFN-γ) levels, T-bet-knockout (KO) mice infected intradermally (i.d.) or intranasally (i.n.) with LVS succumbed to infection with doses 2 log units less than those required for their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and exhibited significantly increased bacterial burdens in the lung and spleen. Lungs of LVS-infected T-bet-KO mice contained fewer lymphocytes and more neutrophils and interleukin-17 than WT mice. LVS-vaccinated T-bet-KO mice survived lethal LVS intraperitoneal secondary challenge but not high doses of LVS i.n. challenge, independently of the route of vaccination. Immune T lymphocytes from the spleens of i.d. LVS-vaccinated WT or KO mice controlled intracellular bacterial replication in an in vitro coculture system, but cultures with T-bet-KO splenocyte supernatants contained less IFN-γ and increased amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha. In contrast, immune T-bet-KO lung lymphocytes were greatly impaired in controlling intramacrophage growth of LVS; this functional defect is the likely mechanism underpinning the lack of respiratory protection. Taken together, T-bet is important in host resistance to primary LVS infection and i.n. secondary challenge. Thus, T-bet represents a true, useful correlate for immunity to LVS.
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Downs I, Liu J, Aw TY, Adegboyega PA, Ajuebor MN. The ROS scavenger, NAC, regulates hepatic Vα14iNKT cells signaling during Fas mAb-dependent fulminant liver failure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38051. [PMID: 22701598 PMCID: PMC3368940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled systemic activation of the immune system is an early initiating event that leads to development of acute fulminant liver failure (FLF) in mice after treatment with agonistic Fas mAb. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of mice with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger and glutathione (GSH) precursor, almost completely abolished Fas mAb-induced FLF through suppression of Vα14iNKT cell activation, IFN-γ signaling, apoptosis and nitrotyrosine formation in liver. In addition, enrichment of the liver with GSH due to Vα14iNKT cells deficiency, induced an anti-inflammatory response in the liver of Jα18(-/-) mice that inhibited apoptosis, nitrotyrosine formation, IFN-γ signaling and effector functions. In summary, we propose a novel and previously unrecognized pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic role for endogenous ROS in stimulating Th1 signaling in Vα14iNKT cells to promote the development of FLF. Therefore, our study provides critical new insights into how NAC, a ROS scavenger, regulates Th1 signaling in intrahepatic Vα14iNKT cells to impact inflammatory and pathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Downs
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tak Yee Aw
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick A. Adegboyega
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Maureen N. Ajuebor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cobb D, Smeltz RB. Regulation of proinflammatory Th17 responses during Trypanosoma cruzi infection by IL-12 family cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3766-73. [PMID: 22412196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the transcription factor T-bet (Tbx21) regulates Th17 responses to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an IFN-γ-independent manner. In an effort to further understand this regulation, we examined the development and plasticity of Th17 cells during T. cruzi infection. Th17 cells recovered from infected Tbx21(-/-) mice were amenable to the inhibitory effects of T-bet, as ectopic expression of T-bet reduced IL-17 expression. We subsequently addressed the role of IL-12 family cytokines IL-12 and IL-27 and report that IL-12p35(-/-) mice infected with T. cruzi exhibited a significant increase in Th17 cells and Th17-associated inflammation. Ex vivo culture of these cells with IL-12 led to a dramatic reduction in IL-17 production and concomitant increase in IFN-γ. Importantly, the ability of IL-12 to suppress IL-17 was independent of IFN-γ. Surprisingly, and contrary to results reported for other pathogens, IL-27 had no inhibitory effect on Th17 development, as Ebi-3(-/-) mice failed to show any increase in their T. cruzi-specific Th17 response. Furthermore, IL-27 could not compensate or synergize with IL-12 to suppress IL-17 production ex vivo. Thus, we have established that IL-12, not IL-27, is critical for regulating Th17 responses to T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Cobb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Jöhrens K, Dietel M, Anagnostopoulos I. Three different expression patterns of T-bet in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 53:152-5. [PMID: 21780995 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.606941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) exhibits a multifaceted clinical picture and distinct architectural patterns that correlate with disease progression and the number of neoplastic cells. In this study we investigated the expression of the transcription factor T-bet and correlated it with the architectural patterns in 29 cases of AITL. Double immunolabelings for T-bet, CD20, CD3 or PD1 revealed the following patterns: predominant T-bet expression by neoplastic T-cells (A), by aggregates of small B-cells (B) or by B-immunoblasts (C). The majority of cases of AITL pattern II showed a T-bet expression pattern B (6/8 cases), while the majority of those with pattern III exhibited the T-bet pattern A (11/21 cases). We propose that T-bet expression by B-cells represents a T-cell independent immune response trying to cope with opportunistic infections, while T-bet expression by neoplastic T-cells is linked to the introduction of a Th17 response responsible for the immunologic derangements characteristic of AITL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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