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Inhibition of contact-mediated activation of factor XI protects baboons against S aureus-induced organ damage and death. Blood Adv 2020; 3:658-669. [PMID: 30808684 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018029983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections can produce systemic bacteremia and inflammation in humans, which may progress to severe sepsis or septic shock, even with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Sepsis may be associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and consumptive coagulopathy. In some types of mouse infection models, the plasma coagulation protein factor XI (FXI) contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis. We hypothesize that FXI also contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis in primates, and that pharmacological interference with FXI will alter the outcome of Staphylococcus aureus-induced lethality in a baboon model. Pretreatment of baboons with the anti-FXI antibody 3G3, a humanized variant of the murine monoclonal 14E11 that blocks FXI activation by FXIIa, substantially reduced the activation of coagulation, as reflected by clotting times and plasma complexes of coagulation proteases (FXIIa, FXIa, FIXa, FXa, FVIIa, and thrombin) with serpins (antithrombin or C1 inhibitor) following infusion of heat-inactivated S aureus 3G3 treatment reduced fibrinogen and platelet consumption, fibrin deposition in tissues, neutrophil activation and accumulation in tissues, cytokine production, kininogen cleavage, cell death, and complement activation. Overall, 3G3 infusion protected the structure and function of multiple vital organs, including lung, heart, liver, and kidney. All treated animals reached the end point survival (7 days), whereas all nontreated animals developed terminal organ failure within 28 hours. We conclude that FXI plays a role in the pathogenesis of S aureus-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation and lethality in baboons. The results provide proof of concept for future therapeutic interventions that may prevent sepsis-induced organ failure and save lives in certain forms of sepsis.
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Liu W, Hashimoto T, Yamashita T, Hirano K. Coagulation factor XI induces Ca 2+ response and accelerates cell migration in vascular smooth muscle cells via proteinase-activated receptor 1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C377-C392. [PMID: 30566391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00426.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated coagulation factor XI (FXIa) is a serine proteinase that plays a key role in the intrinsic coagulation pathway. The analysis of FXI-knockout mice has indicated the contribution of FXI to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that FXIa exerts vascular smooth muscle effects via proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Fura-2 fluorometry revealed that FXIa elicited intracellular Ca2+ signal in rat embryo aorta smooth muscle A7r5 cells. The influx of extracellular Ca2+ played a greater role in generating Ca2+ signal than the Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The FXIa-induced Ca2+ signal was abolished by the pretreatment with atopaxar, an antagonist of PAR1, or 4-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (p-APMSF), an inhibitor of proteinase, while it was also lost in embryonic fibroblasts derived from PAR1-/- mice. FXIa cleaved the recombinant protein containing the extracellular region of PAR1 at the same site (R45/S46) as that of thrombin, a canonical PAR1 agonist. The FXIa-induced Ca2+ influx was inhibited by diltiazem, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, and by siRNA targeted to CaV1.2. The FXIa-induced Ca2+ influx was also inhibited by GF109203X and rottlerin, inhibitors of protein kinase C. In a wound healing assay, FXIa increased the rate of cell migration by 2.46-fold of control, which was partly inhibited by atopaxar or diltiazem. In conclusion, FXIa mainly elicits the Ca2+ signal via the PAR1/CaV1.2-mediated Ca2+ influx and accelerates the migration in vascular smooth muscle cells. The present study provides the first evidence that FXIa exerts a direct cellular effect on vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
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3
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Factor XI contributes to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Blood Adv 2019; 2:85-88. [PMID: 29365314 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Inhibiting contact activation of factor XI during reperfusion of acute myocardial ischemia reduces infarct size in mice. Factor XII/XI contact axis inhibition may improve the outcome of coronary artery recanalization in acute myocardial infarction.
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4
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Gailani D, Mohammed B, Cheng Q. Factor XI and pulmonary infections. Haemophilia 2018; 24:519-521. [PMID: 29808936 PMCID: PMC6278932 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bassem Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiufang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Carr JA. Role of Fish Oil in Post-Cardiotomy Bleeding: A Summary of the Basic Science and Clinical Trials. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 105:1563-1567. [PMID: 29627068 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 fatty acids are widely used. This article reviews the coagulopathic effects of fish oil. METHODS A review was performed of all English articles that addressed the topic from 1980 to 2017. RESULTS Fish oil induces an in vitro coagulopathy in humans due to inhibitory effects in platelet-to-platelet adhesion and platelet-stimulated thrombin generation. The effect from fish oil alone is weak, but it is enhanced and may become clinically noticeable in patients taking antiplatelet therapy, and, to a lesser extent, in patients on factor Xa inhibitors and warfarin. In the absence of other anticoagulants, fish oil alone is not capable of producing a clinically significant coagulopathy that would induce or contribute to surgical bleeding. CONCLUSIONS Patients who are taking fish oil without other anticoagulants do not have an increased risk of bleeding surgical complications. Because of the highly variable amounts of actual eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in commercially available supplements, thromboelastography with platelet mapping would allow a surgeon to know if a coagulopathic effect is present in a patient taking fish oil, especially if the patient was also taking other anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alfred Carr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan.
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6
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Salomon O, Preis M, Abu Shtaya A, Kotler A, Stein N, Saliba W. Factor XI deficiency is not associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and pneumonia-related mortality. Haemophilia 2018; 24:634-640. [PMID: 29608015 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drugs targeting factor XI (FXI) shows promising results in reducing postoperative VTE. Recently, researchers have shown that FXI knockout mice had a worse outcome when infected with pathogens for pneumonia, raising concerns about the safety of these drugs. AIM To investigate the effect of FXI deficiency on the incidence of pneumonia and outcomes of pneumonia in humans. METHODS Using the computerized database of the largest healthcare provider in Israel, we identified adults who were tested for FXI activity between January of 2002 and December of 2014 (n = 10 193). Patients were followed up until December of 2016 for the occurrence of pneumonia and pneumonia requiring hospitalization as a proxy of severe pneumonia. RESULTS A total of 8958 (87.9%) had normal FXI activity, 804 (7.9%) had partial deficiency and 431 (4.2%) had severe deficiency; 722 individuals had pneumonia during 70 881 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate: 10.2 per 1000 person-years). Compared to those with normal FXI activity, the adjusted HR for pneumonia was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.67-1.14), and 0.95 (0.69-1.30) for those with partial and severe FXI deficiency, respectively. Overall, 256 individuals were hospitalized for pneumonia during 72 209 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate: 3.5 per 1000 person-years). The corresponding HR for severe pneumonia was 1.0 (0.70-1.48) and 0.86 (0.53-1.40) in those with partial and severe FXI deficiency, respectively. FXI deficiency was not significantly associated with 30-day and 90-day mortality among patients with pneumonia. CONCLUSION FXI deficiency was not associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, pneumonia severity or short-term mortality among patients with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Salomon
- Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel- Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Preis
- Institute of Hematology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Abu Shtaya
- Department of Internal Medicine "B", Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Kotler
- Institute of Hematology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - N Stein
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - W Saliba
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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7
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Stavrou EX, Fang C, Bane KL, Long AT, Naudin C, Kucukal E, Gandhi A, Brett-Morris A, Mumaw MM, Izadmehr S, Merkulova A, Reynolds CC, Alhalabi O, Nayak L, Yu WM, Qu CK, Meyerson HJ, Dubyak GR, Gurkan UA, Nieman MT, Sen Gupta A, Renné T, Schmaier AH. Factor XII and uPAR upregulate neutrophil functions to influence wound healing. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:944-959. [PMID: 29376892 PMCID: PMC5824869 DOI: 10.1172/jci92880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XII (FXII) deficiency is associated with decreased neutrophil migration, but the mechanisms remain uncharacterized. Here, we examine how FXII contributes to the inflammatory response. In 2 models of sterile inflammation, FXII-deficient mice (F12-/-) had fewer neutrophils recruited than WT mice. We discovered that neutrophils produced a pool of FXII that is functionally distinct from hepatic-derived FXII and contributes to neutrophil trafficking at sites of inflammation. FXII signals in neutrophils through urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-mediated (uPAR-mediated) Akt2 phosphorylation at S474 (pAktS474). Downstream of pAkt2S474, FXII stimulation of neutrophils upregulated surface expression of αMβ2 integrin, increased intracellular calcium, and promoted extracellular DNA release. The sum of these activities contributed to neutrophil cell adhesion, migration, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps in a process called NETosis. Decreased neutrophil signaling in F12-/- mice resulted in less inflammation and faster wound healing. Targeting hepatic F12 with siRNA did not affect neutrophil migration, whereas WT BM transplanted into F12-/- hosts was sufficient to correct the neutrophil migration defect in F12-/- mice and restore wound inflammation. Importantly, these activities were a zymogen FXII function and independent of FXIIa and contact activation, highlighting that FXII has a sophisticated role in vivo that has not been previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi X. Stavrou
- Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kara L. Bane
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andy T. Long
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clément Naudin
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erdem Kucukal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Agharnan Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adina Brett-Morris
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michele M. Mumaw
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alona Merkulova
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cindy C. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Omar Alhalabi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lalitha Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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8
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Prochemerin processing by factor XIa. Blood 2018; 131:275-276. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-12-818989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Hess R, Wujak L, Hesse C, Sewald K, Jonigk D, Warnecke G, Fieguth HG, de Maat S, Maas C, Bonella F, Preissner KT, Weiss B, Schaefer L, Kuebler WM, Markart P, Wygrecka M. Coagulation factor XII regulates inflammatory responses in human lungs. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1896-1907. [PMID: 28816340 DOI: 10.1160/th16-12-0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Increased procoagulant activity in the alveolar compartment and uncontrolled inflammation are hallmarks of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we investigated whether the contact phase system of coagulation is activated and may regulate inflammatory responses in human lungs. Components of the contact phase system were characterized in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from 54 ARDS patients and 43 controls, and their impact on cytokine/chemokine expression in human precision cut lung slices (PCLS) was assessed by a PCR array. Activation of the contact system, associated with high levels of coagulation factor XIIa (Hageman factor, FXIIa), plasma kallikrein and bradykinin, occurred rapidly in ARDS lungs after the onset of the disease and virtually normalized within one week from time of diagnosis. FXII levels in BALF were higher in ARDS non-survivors than survivors and were positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration. FXII induced the production and release of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), CXCL5 and TNF-α in human PCLS in a kallikrein-kinin-independent manner. In conclusion, accumulation of FXII in ARDS lungs may contribute to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and is associated with clinical outcome. FXII inhibition may thus offer a novel and promising therapeutic approach to antagonize overwhelming inflammatory responses in ARDS lungs without interfering with vital haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Malgorzata Wygrecka, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany, Tel.: +49 641 99 47482, Fax: +49 641 99 47509, E-mail:
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10
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Stroo I, Zeerleder S, Ding C, Luken BM, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer OJ, Meijers JCM, Castellino FJ, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Coagulation factor XI improves host defence during murine pneumonia-derived sepsis independent of factor XII activation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1601-1614. [PMID: 28492700 DOI: 10.1160/th16-12-0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia, the most common cause of sepsis, is associated with activation of coagulation. Factor XI (FXI), the key component of the intrinsic pathway, can be activated via factor XII (FXII), part of the contact system, or via thrombin. To determine whether intrinsic coagulation is involved in host defence during pneumonia and whether this is dependent on FXII activation, we infected in parallel wild-type (WT), FXI knockout (KO) and FXII KO mice with two different clinically relevant pathogens, the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae and the Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae, via the airways. FXI deficiency worsened survival and enhanced bacterial outgrowth in both pneumonia models. This was accompanied with enhanced inflammatory responses in FXI KO mice. FXII KO mice were comparable with WT mice in Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. On the contrary, FXII deficiency improved survival and reduced bacterial outgrowth following infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. In both pneumonia models, local coagulation was not impaired in either FXI KO or FXII KO mice. The capacity to phagocytose bacteria was impaired in FXI KO neutrophils and in human neutrophils where activation of FXI was inhibited. Deficiency for FXII or blocking activation of FXI via FXIIa had no effect on phagocytosis. Taken together, these data suggest that FXI protects against sepsis derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae or Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia at least in part by enhancing the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils by a mechanism that is independent of activation via FXIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Stroo
- Ingrid Stroo, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, G2-1051105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5666034, E-mail:
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11
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Stroo I, Yang J, de Boer JD, Roelofs JJTH, van 't Veer C, Castellino FJ, Zeerleder S, van der Poll T. Factor XI deficiency enhances the pulmonary allergic response to house dust mite in mice independent of factor XII. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L163-L171. [PMID: 27913422 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00320.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is associated with activation of coagulation in the airways. The coagulation system can be initiated via the extrinsic tissue factor-dependent pathway or via the intrinsic pathway, in which the central player factor XI (FXI) can be either activated via active factor XII (FXIIa) or via thrombin. We aimed to determine the role of the intrinsic coagulation system and its possible route of activation in allergic lung inflammation induced by the clinically relevant human allergen house dust mite (HDM). Wild-type (WT), FXI knockout (KO), and FXII KO mice were subjected to repeated exposure to HDM via the airways, and inflammatory responses were compared. FXI KO mice showed increased influx of eosinophils into lung tissue, accompanied by elevated local levels of the main eosinophil chemoattractant eotaxin. Although gross lung pathology and airway mucus production did not differ between groups, FXI KO mice displayed an impaired endothelial/epithelial barrier function, as reflected by elevated levels of total protein and IgM in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. FXI KO mice had a stronger systemic IgE response with an almost completely absent HDM-specific IgG1 response. The phenotype of FXII KO mice was, except for a higher HDM-specific IgG1 response, similar to that of WT mice. In conclusion, FXI attenuates part of the allergic response to repeated administration of HDM in the airways by a mechanism that is independent of activation via FXII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Stroo
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; .,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jack Yang
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Daan de Boer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and.,Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Zilberman-Rudenko J, Itakura A, Maddala J, Baker-Groberg SM, Vetter R, Tucker EI, Gruber A, Gerdes C, McCarty OJT. Biorheology of platelet activation in the bloodstream distal to thrombus formation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 9:496-508. [PMID: 28083075 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombus growth at the site of vascular injury is mediated by the sequential events of platelet recruitment, activation and aggregation concomitant with the initiation of the coagulation cascade, resulting in local thrombin generation and fibrin formation. While the biorheology of a localized thrombus formation has been well studied, it is unclear whether local sites of thrombin generation propagate platelet activation within the bloodstream. In order to study the physical biology of platelet activation downstream of sites of thrombus formation, we developed a platform to measure platelet activation and microaggregate formation in the bloodstream. Our results show that thrombi formed on collagen and tissue factor promote activation and aggregation of platelets in the bloodstream in a convection-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of the coagulation factors (F) X, XI or thrombin dramatically reduced the degree of distal platelet activation and microaggregate formation in the bloodstream without affecting the degree of local platelet deposition and aggregation on a surface of immobilized collagen. Herein we describe the development and an example of the utility of a platform to study platelet activation and microaggregate formation in the bloodstream (convection-limited regime) relative to the local site of thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevgenia Zilberman-Rudenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Asako Itakura
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA; Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jeevan Maddala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Sandra M Baker-Groberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ralf Vetter
- Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Erik I Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology / Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology / Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Aronora Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Hematology / Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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13
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Gailani D, Gruber A. Factor XI as a Therapeutic Target. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1316-22. [PMID: 27174099 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIa is a plasma serine protease that contributes to thrombin generation primarily through proteolytic activation of factor IX. Traditionally considered part of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, several lines of evidence now suggest that factor XIa serves as an interface between the vitamin-K-dependent thrombin generation mechanism and the proinflammatory kallikrein-kinin system, allowing the 2 systems to influence each other. Work with animal models and results from epidemiological surveys of human populations support a role for factor XIa in thromboembolic disease. These data and the clinical observation that deficiency of factor XI, the zymogen of factor XIa, produces a relatively mild bleeding disorder suggest that drugs targeting factor XI or XIa could produce an antithrombotic effect while leaving hemostasis largely intact. Results of a recent trial comparing antisense-induced factor XI reduction to standard-dose low molecular-weight heparin as prophylaxis for venous thrombosis during knee replacement are encouraging in this regard. Here, we discuss recent findings on the biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of factor XI as they relate to thromboembolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gailani
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (D.G.); and Aronora, Inc, Portland, OR (A.G.).
| | - Andras Gruber
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (D.G.); and Aronora, Inc, Portland, OR (A.G.)
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14
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Salloum-Asfar S, Teruel-Montoya R, Arroyo AB, García-Barberá N, Chaudhry A, Schuetz E, Luengo-Gil G, Vicente V, González-Conejero R, Martínez C. Regulation of coagulation factor XI expression by microRNAs in the human liver. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111713. [PMID: 25379760 PMCID: PMC4224396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of factor XI (FXI) increase the risk of thromboembolic disease. However, the genetic and environmental factors regulating FXI expression are still largely unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate the regulation of FXI by microRNAs (miRNAs) in the human liver. In silico prediction yielded four miRNA candidates that might regulate FXI expression. HepG2 cells were transfected with miR-181a-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-16-5p and miR-195-5p. We used mir-494, which was not predicted to bind to F11, as a negative control. Only miR-181a-5p caused a significant decrease both in FXI protein and F11 mRNA levels. In addition, transfection with a miR-181a-5p inhibitor in PLC/PRF/5 hepatic cells increased both the levels of F11 mRNA and extracellular FXI. Luciferase assays in human colon cancer cells deficient for Dicer (HCT-DK) demonstrated a direct interaction between miR-181a-5p and 3′untranslated region of F11. Additionally, F11 mRNA levels were inversely and significantly correlated with miR-181a-5p levels in 114 healthy livers, but not with miR-494. This study demonstrates that FXI expression is directly regulated by a specific miRNA, miR-181a-5p, in the human liver. Future studies are necessary to further investigate the potential consequences of miRNA dysregulation in pathologies involving FXI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Teruel-Montoya
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana B. Arroyo
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Barberá
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amarjit Chaudhry
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erin Schuetz
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ginés Luengo-Gil
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío González-Conejero
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail: (RG-C); (CM)
| | - Constantino Martínez
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail: (RG-C); (CM)
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15
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van Montfoort ML, Kuijpers MJE, Knaup VL, Bhanot S, Monia BP, Roelofs JJTH, Heemskerk JWM, Meijers JCM. Factor XI regulates pathological thrombus formation on acutely ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1668-73. [PMID: 24947525 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coagulation factor XI is proposed as therapeutic target for anticoagulation. However, it is still unclear whether the antithrombotic properties of factor XI inhibitors influence atherosclerotic disease and atherothrombosis. Our aim is to investigate whether factor XI antisense oligonucleotides could prevent thrombus formation on acutely ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. APPROACH AND RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries of Apoe(-/-) mice were acutely ruptured using ultrasound. The subsequent thrombus formation was visualized and quantified by intravital microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Mice were pretreated with either factor XI antisense or nonsense oligonucleotides (50 mg/kg) to lower factor XI plasma levels. A tail bleeding assay was used to determine the safety. On plaque rupture, initial platelet adhesion and platelet plug formation were not impaired in animals treated with factor XI antisense oligonucleotides. However, the ensuing thrombus formation and fibrin deposition were significantly lower after 5 to 10 minutes (P<0.05) in factor XI antisense oligonucleotide-treated animals without inducing a bleeding tendency. Furthermore, thrombi from antisense-treated animals were less stable than thrombi from placebo-treated animals. Moreover, macrophage infiltration and collagen deposition were lower in the carotid arteries of factor XI antisense-treated animals. No neutrophils were present. CONCLUSIONS Factor XI antisense oligonucleotides safely prevent thrombus formation on acutely ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in mice. Furthermore, perturbed carotid arteries from factor XI antisense-treated animals show a less severe inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits L van Montfoort
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Véronique L Knaup
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Sanjay Bhanot
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Brett P Monia
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.).
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16
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Vian AM, Higgins AZ. Membrane permeability of the human granulocyte to water, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. Cryobiology 2014; 68:35-42. [PMID: 24269528 PMCID: PMC4388235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Granulocytes are currently transfused as soon as possible after collection because they rapidly deteriorate after being removed from the body. This short shelf life complicates the logistics of granulocyte collection, banking, and safety testing. Cryopreservation has the potential to significantly increase shelf life; however, cryopreservation of granulocytes has proven to be difficult. In this study, we investigate the membrane permeability properties of human granulocytes, with the ultimate goal of using membrane transport modeling to facilitate development of improved cryopreservation methods. We first measured the equilibrium volume of human granulocytes in a range of hypo- and hypertonic solutions and fit the resulting data using a Boyle-van't Hoff model. This yielded an isotonic cell volume of 378 μm(3) and an osmotically inactive volume of 165 μm(3). To determine the permeability of the granulocyte membrane to water and cryoprotectant (CPA), cells were injected into well-mixed CPA solution while collecting volume measurements using a Coulter Counter. These experiments were performed at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C for exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol. The best-fit water permeability was similar in the presence of all of the CPAs, with an average value at 21°C of 0.18 μmatm(-1)min(-1). The activation energy for water transport ranged from 41 to 61 kJ/mol. The CPA permeability at 21°C was 6.4, 1.0, 8.4, and 4.0 μm/min for dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol, respectively, and the activation energy for CPA transport ranged between 59 and 68 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Vian
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2702, USA
| | - Adam Z Higgins
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2702, USA.
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17
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Itakura A, Aslan JE, Kusanto BT, Phillips KG, Porter JE, Newton PK, Nan X, Insall RH, Chernoff J, McCarty OJT. p21-Activated kinase (PAK) regulates cytoskeletal reorganization and directional migration in human neutrophils. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73063. [PMID: 24019894 PMCID: PMC3760889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils serve as a first line of defense in innate immunity owing in part to their ability to rapidly migrate towards chemotactic factors derived from invading pathogens. As a migratory function, neutrophil chemotaxis is regulated by the Rho family of small GTPases. However, the mechanisms by which Rho GTPases orchestrate cytoskeletal dynamics in migrating neutrophils remain ill-defined. In this study, we characterized the role of p21-activated kinase (PAK) downstream of Rho GTPases in cytoskeletal remodeling and chemotactic processes of human neutrophils. We found that PAK activation occurred upon stimulation of neutrophils with f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), and PAK accumulated at the actin-rich leading edge of stimulated neutrophils, suggesting a role for PAK in Rac-dependent actin remodeling. Treatment with the pharmacological PAK inhibitor, PF3758309, abrogated the integrity of RhoA-mediated actomyosin contractility and surface adhesion. Moreover, inhibition of PAK activity impaired neutrophil morphological polarization and directional migration under a gradient of fMLP, and was associated with dysregulated Ca(2+) signaling. These results suggest that PAK serves as an important effector of Rho-family GTPases in neutrophil cytoskeletal reorganization, and plays a key role in driving efficient directional migration of human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Itakura
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Aslan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Branden T. Kusanto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Juliana E. Porter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Newton
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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18
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Itakura A, McCarty OJT. Pivotal role for the mTOR pathway in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps via regulation of autophagy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C348-54. [PMID: 23720022 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00108.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular mechanism for cell homeostasis and survival by which damaged cellular proteins are sequestered in autophagosomal vesicles and cleared through lysosomal machinery. The autophagy pathway also plays an important role in immunity and inflammation via pathogen clearance mechanisms mediated by immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. In particular, recent studies have revealed that autophagic activity is required for the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), representing a distinct form of active neutrophil death, namely NETosis. Although NET formation is beneficial during host defense against invading pathogens, the mechanisms that promote excessive NETosis under pathological conditions remain ill defined. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in NETosis. As mTOR kinase is known as a key regulator of autophagy in many mammalian cells including neutrophils, we hypothesized that mTOR may play a regulatory role in NET release by regulating autophagic activity. Our data show that the pharmacological inhibition of the mTOR pathway accelerated the rate of NET release following neutrophil stimulation with the bacteria-derived peptide formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), while autophagosome formation was enhanced by mTOR inhibitors. This increased mTOR-dependent NET release was sensitive to inhibition of respiratory burst or blockade of cytoskeletal dynamics. Overall, this study demonstrates a pivotal role for the mTOR pathway in coordinating intracellular signaling events downstream of neutrophil activation leading to NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Itakura
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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19
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Herlihy SE, Pilling D, Maharjan AS, Gomer RH. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a human and murine neutrophil chemorepellent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6468-77. [PMID: 23677473 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In Dictyostelium discoideum, AprA is a secreted protein that inhibits proliferation and causes chemorepulsion of Dictyostelium cells, yet AprA has little sequence similarity to any human proteins. We found that a predicted structure of AprA has similarity to human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). DPPIV is a serine protease present in extracellular fluids that cleaves peptides with a proline or alanine in the second position. In Insall chambers, DPPIV gradients below, similar to, and above the human serum DPPIV concentration cause movement of human neutrophils away from the higher concentration of DPPIV. A 1% DPPIV concentration difference between the front and back of the cell is sufficient to cause chemorepulsion. Neutrophil speed and viability are unaffected by DPPIV. DPPIV inhibitors block DPPIV-mediated chemorepulsion. In a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome, aspirated bleomycin induces a significant increase in the number of neutrophils in the lungs after 3 d. Oropharyngeal aspiration of DPPIV inhibits the bleomycin-induced accumulation of mouse neutrophils. These results indicate that DPPIV functions as a chemorepellent of human and mouse neutrophils, and they suggest new mechanisms to inhibit neutrophil accumulation in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Herlihy
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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20
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Borgel D, Lerolle N. Quel avenir pour les médicaments de l’hémostase dans le traitement du sepsis sévère après le Xigris® ? MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-013-0665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Larson MK, Tormoen GW, Weaver LJ, Luepke KJ, Patel IA, Hjelmen CE, Ensz NM, McComas LS, McCarty OJT. Exogenous modification of platelet membranes with the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA reduces platelet procoagulant activity and thrombus formation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C273-9. [PMID: 23174566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00174.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have implicated the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in inhibition of normal platelet function, suggesting a role for platelets in EPA- and DHA-mediated cardioprotection. However, it is unclear whether the cardioprotective mechanisms arise from alterations to platelet-platelet, platelet-matrix, or platelet-coagulation factor interactions. Our previous results led us to hypothesize that EPA and DHA alter the ability of platelets to catalyze the generation of thrombin. We tested this hypothesis by exogenously modifying platelet membranes with EPA and DHA, which resulted in compositional changes analogous to increased dietary EPA and DHA intake. Platelets treated with EPA and DHA showed reductions in the rate of thrombin generation and exposure of platelet phosphatidylserine. In addition, treatment of platelets with EPA and DHA decreased thrombus formation and altered the processing of thrombin precursor proteins. Furthermore, treatment of whole blood with EPA and DHA resulted in increased occlusion time and a sharply reduced accumulation of fibrin under flow conditions. These results demonstrate that EPA and DHA inhibit, but do not eliminate, the ability of platelets to catalyze thrombin generation in vitro. The ability of EPA and DHA to reduce the procoagulant function of platelets provides a possible mechanism behind the cardioprotective phenotype in individuals consuming high levels of EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Larson
- Department of Biology, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD 57197, USA.
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22
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Tormoen GW, Cianchetti FA, Bock PE, McCarty OJT. Development of coagulation factor probes for the identification of procoagulant circulating tumor cells. Front Oncol 2012; 2:110. [PMID: 22973554 PMCID: PMC3434442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is associated with a hypercoagulable state, and pathological venous thromboembolic disease is a significant source of morbidity and the second leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Here we aimed to develop a novel labeling strategy to detect and quantify procoagulant circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with metastatic cancer. We hypothesize that the enumeration of procoagulant CTCs may be prognostic for the development of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer. Our approach is based on the observation that cancer cells are capable of initiating and facilitating cell-mediated coagulation in vitro, whereby activated coagulation factor complexes assemble upon cancer cell membrane surfaces. Binding of fluorescently labeled, active site-inhibited coagulation factors VIIa, Xa, and IIa to the metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, non-metastatic colorectal cell line, SW480, or metastatic colorectal cell line, SW620, was characterized in a purified system, in anticoagulated blood and plasma, and in plasma under conditions of coagulation. We conclude that a CTC labeling strategy that utilizes coagulation factor-based fluorescent probes may provide a functional assessment of the procoagulant potential of CTCs, and that this strategy is amenable to current CTC detection platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth W Tormoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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23
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Inhibition of factor XI activation attenuates inflammation and coagulopathy while improving the survival of mouse polymicrobial sepsis. Blood 2012; 119:4762-8. [PMID: 22442348 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-386185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial sepsis often leads to a systemic procoagulant and proinflammatory condition that can manifest as disseminated intravascular coagulation, septic shock, and multiple organ failure. Because activation of the contact proteases factor XII (FXII), prekallikrein, and factor XI (FXI) can trigger coagulation and inflammatory responses, the contact factors have been considered potential targets for the treatment of sepsis. However, the pathogenic role of contact activation in severe infections has not been well defined. We therefore investigated whether an anticoagulant antibody (14E11) that selectively inhibits prothrombotic FXI activation by activated FXII (FXIIa) modifies the course of bowel perforation-induced peritoneal sepsis in mice. Early anticoagulation with 14E11 suppressed systemic thrombin- antithrombin complex formation, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, and reduced platelet consumption in the circulation and deposition in the blood vessels. Treatment with 14E11 within 12 hours after bowel perforation significantly improved survival compared with vehicle treatment, and the saturating dose did not increase tail bleeding. These data suggest that severe polymicrobial abdominal infection induces prothrombotic FXI activation, to the detriment of the host. Systemic anticoagulation by inhibiting FXI activation or FXIIa procoagulant activity during sepsis may therefore limit the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation without increasing bleeding risks.
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24
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Antisense inhibition of coagulation factor XI prolongs APTT without increased bleeding risk in cynomolgus monkeys. Blood 2012; 119:2401-8. [PMID: 22246038 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-387134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategy to produce sufficient anticoagulant properties with reduced risk of bleeding may be possible through inhibition of factor XI (FXI), a component of the intrinsic coagulation cascade. The objective of this work was to determine the safety profile of ISIS 416858, a 2'-methoxyethoxy (2'-MOE) antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of FXI, with focus on assessment of bleeding risk. Cynomolgus monkeys administered ISIS 416858 (4, 8, 12, and 40 mg/kg/wk, subcutaneous) for up to 13 weeks produced a dose-dependent reduction in FXI (mRNA in liver and plasma activity) and a concomitant increase in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). ISIS 416858 (20 or 40 mg/kg/wk) reduced plasma FXI activity by 80% at 4 weeks of treatment that resulted in a 33% increase in APTT by 13 weeks with no effects on PT, platelets, or increased bleeding following partial tail amputation or gum and skin laceration. The dose-dependent presence of basophilic granules in multiple tissues in ISIS 416858-treated animals was an expected histologic change for a 2'-MOE antisense oligonucleotide, and no toxicity was attributed to hepatic FXI reduction. Basophilic granules reflect cellular drug uptake and subsequent visualization on hematoxylin staining. These results suggest that ISIS 416858 has an acceptable preclinical safety profile and is a promising clinical candidate to treat thrombotic disease.
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