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Han C, Kim S, Seo Y, Lim M, Kwon Y, Yi J, Oh S, Kang M, Jeon SG, Park J. Cell-engineered virus-mimetic nanovesicles for vaccination against enveloped viruses. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12438. [PMID: 38659363 PMCID: PMC11043678 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses pose a significant threat to human health, as evidenced by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Although current vaccine strategies have proven effective in preventing viral infections, the development of innovative vaccine technologies is crucial to fortify our defences against future pandemics. In this study, we introduce a novel platform called cell-engineered virus-mimetic nanovesicles (VNVs) and demonstrate their potential as a vaccine for targeting enveloped viruses. VNVs are generated by extruding plasma membrane-derived blebs through nanoscale membrane filters. These VNVs closely resemble enveloped viruses and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in size and morphology, being densely packed with plasma membrane contents and devoid of materials from other membranous organelles. Due to these properties, VNVs express viral membrane antigens more extensively and homogeneously than EVs expressing the same antigen. In this study, we produced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) VNVs expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) on their surfaces and assessed their preclinical efficacy as a COVID-19 vaccine in experimental animals. The administration of VNVs successfully stimulated the production of S-specific antibodies both systemically and locally, and immune cells isolated from vaccinated mice displayed cytokine responses to S stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungmin Han
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I‐Bio)Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I‐Bio)Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Seo
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I‐Bio)Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Minyeob Lim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I‐Bio)Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Kwon
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Johan Yi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Ik Oh
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I‐Bio)Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I‐Bio)Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Jaesung Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I‐Bio)Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
- Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems, College of EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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2
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Afaloniati H, Aindelis G, Spyridopoulou K, Lagou MK, Tsingotjidou A, Chlichlia K, Erdman SE, Poutahidis T, Angelopoulou K. Peri-weaning cholera toxin consumption suppresses chemically-induced carcinogenesis in mice. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1097-1110. [PMID: 38095490 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal bacteria are known to have an impact on local and systemic immunity, and consequently either promote or suppress cancer development. Following the notion that perinatal bacterial exposure might confer immune system competency for life, we investigated whether early-life administration of cholera-toxin (CT), a protein exotoxin of the small intestine pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae, may shape local and systemic immunity to impart a protective effect against tumor development in epithelia distantly located from the gut. For that, newborn mice were orally treated with low non-pathogenic doses of CT and later challenged with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), known to cause mainly mammary, but also skin, lung and stomach cancer. Our results revealed that CT suppressed the overall incidence and multiplicity of tumors, with varying efficiencies among cancer types, and promoted survival. Harvesting mouse tissues at an earlier time-point (105 instead of 294 days), showed that CT does not prevent preneoplastic lesions per se but it rather hinders their evolution into tumors. CT pretreatment universally increased apoptosis in the cancer-prone mammary, lung and nonglandular stomach, and altered the expression of several cancer-related molecules. Moreover, CT had a long-term effect on immune system cells and factors, the most prominent being the systemic neutrophil decrease. Finally, CT treatment significantly affected gut bacterial flora composition, leading among others to a major shift from Clostridia to Bacilli class abundance. Overall, these results support the notion that early-life CT consumption is able to affect host's immune, microbiome and gene expression profiles toward the prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hara Afaloniati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Aindelis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Katerina Spyridopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria K Lagou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Suzan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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3
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Prior JT, Limbert VM, Horowitz RM, D'Souza SJ, Bachnak L, Godwin MS, Bauer DL, Harrell JE, Morici LA, Taylor JJ, McLachlan JB. Establishment of isotype-switched, antigen-specific B cells in multiple mucosal tissues using non-mucosal immunization. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:80. [PMID: 37258506 PMCID: PMC10231862 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most pathogens infect the human body via mucosal surfaces, very few injectable vaccines can specifically target immune cells to these tissues where their effector functions would be most desirable. We have previously shown that certain adjuvants can program vaccine-specific helper T cells to migrate to the gut, even when the vaccine is delivered non-mucosally. It is not known whether this is true for antigen-specific B cell responses. Here we show that a single intradermal vaccination with the adjuvant double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) induces a robust endogenous, vaccine-specific, isotype-switched B cell response. When the vaccine was intradermally boosted, we detected non-circulating vaccine-specific B cell responses in the lamina propria of the large intestines, Peyer's patches, and lungs. When compared to the TLR9 ligand adjuvant CpG, only dmLT was able to drive the establishment of isotype-switched resident B cells in these mucosal tissues, even when the dmLT-adjuvanted vaccine was administered non-mucosally. Further, we found that the transcription factor Batf3 was important for the full germinal center reaction, isotype switching, and Peyer's patch migration of these B cells. Collectively, these data indicate that specific adjuvants can promote mucosal homing and the establishment of activated, antigen-specific B cells in mucosal tissues, even when these adjuvants are delivered by a non-mucosal route. These findings could fundamentally change the way future vaccines are formulated and delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Prior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vanessa M Limbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rebecca M Horowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Louay Bachnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew S Godwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David L Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jaikin E Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lisa A Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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Naidu A, Lulu S S. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to Vibrio cholerae infection and oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) in humans: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1307-1318. [PMID: 36255170 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholera is an enteric disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, a water-borne pathogen, and characterized by severe diarrhea. Vaccines have been recommended for use by the WHO in resource-limited settings. Efficacies of the currently licensed cholera vaccines are not optimal in endemic settings and low in children below the age of five, a section of the population most susceptible to the disease. Development of next generation of cholera vaccines would require a detailed understanding of the required protective immune responses. AREA COVERED In this review, we revisit clinical trials which are focused on the early transcriptional mucosal responses elicited during Vibrio cholerae infection and upon vaccination along with summarizing various components of the effector immune response against Vibrio cholerae. EXPERT OPINION The inability of currently licensed killed/inactivated vaccines to elicit key inflammatory pathways locally may explain their restricted efficacy in endemic settings. More studies are required to understand the immunogenicity of the live attenuated cholera vaccine in these regions. Various extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence anti-cholera immunity and need to be considered to develop region-specific next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshayata Naidu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sajitha Lulu S
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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5
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Farr DA, Nag D, Withey JH. Characterization of the Immune Response to Vibrio cholerae Infection in a Natural Host Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722520. [PMID: 34888255 PMCID: PMC8650610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae causes the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera, which is spread through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Cholera epidemics occur largely in developing countries that lack proper infrastructure to treat sewage and provide clean water. Numerous vertebrate fish species have been found to be natural V. cholerae hosts. Based on these findings, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been developed as a natural host model for V. cholerae. Diarrheal symptoms similar to those seen in humans are seen in zebrafish as early as 6 hours after exposure. Our understanding of basic zebrafish immunology is currently rudimentary, and no research has been done to date exploring the immune response of zebrafish to V. cholerae infection. In the present study, zebrafish were infected with either pandemic El Tor or non-pandemic, environmental V. cholerae strains and select immunological markers were assessed to determine cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Significant increases in the gene expression of two transcription factors, T-bet and GATA3, were observed in response to infection with both V. cholerae strains, as were levels of mucosal related antibodies. Additionally, the cytokine IL-13 was shown to be significantly elevated and paralleled the mucin output in zebrafish excretions, strengthening our knowledge of IL-13 induced mucin production in cholera. The data presented here further solidify the relevancy of the zebrafish model in studying V. cholerae, as well as expanding its utility in the field of cholera immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Farr
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Withey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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6
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Knapp MPA, Johnson TA, Ritter MK, Rainer RO, Fiester SE, Grier JT, Connell TD, Arce S. Immunomodulatory regulation by heat-labile enterotoxins and potential therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:975-987. [PMID: 34148503 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1945449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) and their cognate ganglioside receptors have been extensively studied because of their therapeutic potential. Gangliosides play arole in modulating effector cells of the immune system, and HLTs provide a novel means for stimulating ganglioside-mediated responses in immunocompetent cells.Areas covered: To evaluate the mechanisms of HLT adjuvanticity, a systemic literature review was performed using relevant keyword searches of the PubMed database, accessing literature published as recently as late 2020. Since HLTs bind to specific ganglioside receptors on immunocytes, they can act as regulators via stimulation or tapering of immune responses from associated signal transduction events. Binding of HLTs to gangliosides can increase proliferation of T-cells, increase cytokine release, augment mucosal/systemic antibody responses, and increase the effectiveness of antigen presenting cells. Subunit components also independently stimulate certain immune responses. Mutant forms of HLTs have potent immunomodulatory effects without the toxicity associated with holotoxins.Expert opinion: HLTs have been the subject of abundant research exploring their use as vaccine adjuvants, in the treatment of autoimmune conditions, in cancer therapy, and for weight loss, proving that these molecules are promising tools in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Peyton A Knapp
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Taylor A Johnson
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Madison K Ritter
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Robert O Rainer
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA.,Prisma Health, Department of Pathology, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Steven E Fiester
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA.,Prisma Health, Department of Pathology, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Jennifer T Grier
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Terry D Connell
- University of Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and the Witebsky Center of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sergio Arce
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA.,Prisma Health, Cancer Institute, Greenville, SC, USA
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O’Connor EB, Muñoz-Wolf N, Leon G, Lavelle EC, Mills KHG, Walsh PT, Porter RK. UCP3 reciprocally controls CD4+ Th17 and Treg cell differentiation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239713. [PMID: 33211703 PMCID: PMC7676685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are members of the mitochondrial anion carrier superfamily that can mediate the transfer of protons into the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space. We have previously reported UCP3 expression in thymocytes, mitochondria of total splenocytes and splenic lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate that Ucp3 is expressed in peripheral naive CD4+ T cells at the mRNA level before being markedly downregulated following activation. Non-polarized, activated T cells (Th0 cells) from Ucp3-/- mice produced significantly more IL-2, had increased expression of CD25 and CD69 and were more proliferative than Ucp3+/+ Th0 cells. The altered IL-2 expression observed between T cells from Ucp3+/+ and Ucp3-/- mice may be a factor in determining differentiation into Th17 or induced regulatory (iTreg) cells. When compared to Ucp3+/+, CD4+ T cells from Ucp3-/- mice had increased FoxP3 expression under iTreg conditions. Conversely, Ucp3-/- CD4+ T cells produced a significantly lower concentration of IL-17A under Th17 cell-inducing conditions in vitro. These effects were mirrored in antigen-specific T cells from mice immunized with KLH and CT. Interestingly, the altered responses of Ucp3-/- T cells were partially reversed upon neutralisation of IL-2. Together, these data indicate that UCP3 acts to restrict the activation of naive T cells, acting as a rheostat to dampen signals following TCR and CD28 co-receptor ligation, thereby limiting early activation responses. The observation that Ucp3 ablation alters the Th17:Treg cell balance in vivo as well as in vitro suggests that UCP3 is a potential target for the treatment of Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma B. O’Connor
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gemma Leon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ed C. Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kingston H. G. Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick T. Walsh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard K. Porter
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Zheng G, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Ji J. Association of post-diagnostic use of cholera vaccine with survival outcome in breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:506-512. [PMID: 33024264 PMCID: PMC7852596 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expensive cancer treatment calls for alternative ways such as drug repurposing to develop effective drugs. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of post-diagnostic use of cholera vaccine on survival outcome in breast cancer patients. Methods Cancer diagnosis and cholera vaccination were obtained by linkage of several Swedish national registries. One vaccinated patient was matched with maximum two unvaccinated individuals based on demographic, clinical and socioeconomic factors. We performed proportional Cox regression model to analyse the differences in overall and disease-specific survivals between the matched patients. Results In total, 617 patients received cholera vaccine after breast cancer diagnosis. The median (interquartile range) time from diagnosis to vaccination was 30 (15–51) months and from vaccination to the end of follow-up it was 62 (47–85) months. Among them, 603 patients were matched with 1194 unvaccinated patients. Vaccinated patients showed favourable overall survival (hazard ratio (HR): 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37–0.79) and disease-specific survival (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.33–0.84), compared to their unvaccinated counterpart. The results were still significant in multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Post-diagnostic use of cholera vaccine is associated with a favourable survival rate in breast cancer patients; this provides evidence for repurposing it against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiao Zheng
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
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9
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Adjuvants for swine vaccines: Mechanisms of actions and adjuvant effects. Vaccine 2020; 38:6659-6681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Varian BJ, Poutahidis T, Haner G, Hardas A, Lau V, Erdman SE. Consuming cholera toxin counteracts age-associated obesity. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5497-5509. [PMID: 31565184 PMCID: PMC6756858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past forty years there has been an inexplicable increase in chronic inflammatory disorders, including obesity. One theory, the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, involves dysregulated immunity arising after too few beneficial early life microbe exposures. Indeed, earlier studies have shown that gut microbe-immune interactions contribute to smoldering inflammation, adiposity, and weight gain. Here we tested a safe and well-established microbe-based immune adjuvant to restore immune homeostasis and counteract inflammation-associated obesity in animal models. We found that consuming Vibrio cholerae exotoxin subunit B (ctB) was sufficient to inhibit age-associated obesogenic outcomes in wild type mice, including reduced crown-like structures (CLS) and granulomatous necrosis histopathology in fat depots. Administration of cholera toxin reduced weight gain irrespective of age during administration; however, exposure during youth imparted greater slenderizing effects when compared with animals receiving ctB for the first time during adulthood. Beneficial effects were transplantable to other obesity-prone animals using immune cells alone, demonstrating an immune-mediated mechanism. Taken together, we concluded that oral vaccination with cholera toxin B helps stimulate health-protective immune responses that counteract age-associated obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.,Department of infectious Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Gordon Haner
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alex Hardas
- Department of infectious Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Vanessa Lau
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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12
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Kim MS, Yi EJ, Kim YI, Kim SH, Jung YS, Kim SR, Iwawaki T, Ko HJ, Chang SY. ERdj5 in Innate Immune Cells Is a Crucial Factor for the Mucosal Adjuvanticity of Cholera Toxin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1249. [PMID: 31275300 PMCID: PMC6593289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is one of most strong mucosal adjuvants, but it cannot be clinically used owing to its toxicity. The cytosolic A1 subunit of CT (CTA1) is the molecule responsible for its immunostimulatory activity, which increases the concentration of cyclic AMP and causes the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in innate immune cells. However, the importance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecules involved in CTA1 retro-translocation to induce immune responses remained to be investigated. ERdj5 is an ER protein which is expected to transfer CTA1 to the Hrd1 complex for the retro-translocation of CTA1. In this study, we investigated the physiological relevance of ERdj5 in immune stimulation by CT. ERdj5-knockout (ERdj5 KO) mice had decreased production of antigen-specific IgG in the serum and IgA in the mucosal secretion after intranasal immunization with Ag and CT. Especially, IgG2c isotypes were specifically reduced in the absence of ERdj5. ERdj5 KO dendritic cells (DCs) failed to full activation with decreased expression of costimulatory molecules, such as MHC class II, CD80, and CD 86. In ERdj5 KO DCs, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, was reduced. The cytokine signatures of several helper T cells were reduced in ERdj5 KO mice following intranasal CT immunization. The absence of ERdj5 affects the immunostimulatory properties of CT but does not affect the response to the CTB pentamer, the response to alum, total antibody production, or cytokine release from DCs exposed to CpG. Interestingly, CT enhanced the expression of ER stress proteins in ERdj5 KO innate immune cells. These results suggested that ERdj5 contributed as a decisive factor to the immunostimulatory capacity of CT via CTA1 retro-translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Eun-Je Yi
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Young-In Kim
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - So Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ryeol Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
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13
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Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Association between post-diagnostic use of cholera vaccine and risk of death in prostate cancer patients. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2367. [PMID: 29915319 PMCID: PMC6006429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that cholera toxin might have multiple functions regarding the ability to regulate the immune system. However, it is unknown whether subsequent administration of cholera vaccine might affect the mortality rate in patients with prostate cancer. Here we report that patients in Sweden, who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between July 2005 and December 2014 and used cholera vaccine, have a decreased risk of death from prostate cancer (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) as compared to patients with prostate cancer but without cholera vaccine use, adjusted for a range of confounding factors. In addition, patients using cholera vaccine show a decreased risk of death overall (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.69). The decreased mortality rate is largely consistent, irrespective of patients' age or tumor stage at diagnosis. In this population-based study, we suggest that subsequent administration of cholera vaccine after prostate cancer diagnosis might reduce the mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, 20502, Sweden.
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Frederick DR, Goggins JA, Sabbagh LM, Freytag LC, Clements JD, McLachlan JB. Adjuvant selection regulates gut migration and phenotypic diversity of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells following parenteral immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:549-561. [PMID: 28792004 PMCID: PMC6252260 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years, making vaccines against these diseases a high priority. It is known that certain vaccine adjuvants, chiefly bacterial ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins, can induce mucosal antibodies when delivered parenterally. Based on this, we reasoned vaccine-specific mucosal cellular immunity could be induced via parenteral immunization with these adjuvants. Here, we show that, in contrast to the Toll-like receptor-9 agonist CpG, intradermal immunization with non-toxic double-mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli drove endogenous, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells to expand and upregulate the gut-homing integrin α4β7. This was followed by T-cell migration into gut-draining lymph nodes and both small and large intestines. We also found that dmLT produces a balanced T-helper 1 and 17 (Th1 and Th17) response, whereas T cells from CpG immunized mice were predominantly Th1. Immunization with dmLT preferentially engaged CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) compared with CpG, and mice deficient in CD103+ DCs were unable to fully license antigen-specific T-cell migration to the intestinal mucosae following parenteral immunization. This work has the potential to redirect the design of existing and next generation vaccines to elicit pathogen-specific immunity in the intestinal tract with non-mucosal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Frederick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - J. Alan Goggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - Leila M. Sabbagh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - Lucy C. Freytag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - John D. Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - James B. McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
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15
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Tsai HC, Velichko S, Lee S, Wu R. Cholera toxin enhances interleukin-17A production in both CD4 + and CD8 + cells via a cAMP/protein kinase A-mediated interleukin-17A promoter activation. Immunology 2018; 154:500-509. [PMID: 29377102 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a bacterial component that increases intracellular cAMP levels in host cells and suppresses T-cell activation. Recently, CT was reported to induce T helper type 17-skewing dendritic cells and activate interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production in CD4+ T cells through a cAMP-dependent pathway. However, the underlying mechanism by which cAMP regulates IL-17A production in T cells is not completely defined. In this study, we took advantage of a small molecule protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (H89) and different cAMP analogues: a PKA-specific activator (N6-benzoyl-adenosine-cAMP), an exchange protein activated by cAMP-specific activator (Rp-8-chlorophenylthio-2'-O-methyl cAMP), and a PKA inhibitor (Rp-8-bromo-cAMP), to elucidate the signalling cascade of cAMP in IL-17A regulation in T cells. We found that CT induced IL-17A production and IL-17A promoter activity in activated CD4+ T cells through a cAMP/PKA pathway. Moreover, this regulation was via cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) -mediated transcriptional activation by using the transfection of an IL-17A promoter-luciferase reporter construct and CREB small interfering RNA in Jurkat cells. Also, we showed that CREB bound to the CRE motif located at -183 of the IL-17A promoter in vitro. Most interestingly, not only in CD4+ T cells, CT also enhanced cAMP/PKA-dependent IL-17A production and CREB phosphorylation in CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that CT induces an IL-17A-dominated immune microenvironment through the cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling pathway. Our study also highlights the potentials of CT and cAMP in modulating T helper type 17 responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chuan Tsai
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sharlene Velichko
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shanshan Lee
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Reen Wu
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Cavaillon JM. Exotoxins and endotoxins: Inducers of inflammatory cytokines. Toxicon 2017; 149:45-53. [PMID: 29056305 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins and exotoxins are among the most potent bacterial inducers of cytokines. During infectious processes, the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), gamma interferon (IFNγ) and chemokines orchestrates the anti-infectious innate immune response. However, an overzealous production, leading up to a cytokine storm, can be deleterious and contributes to mortality consecutive to sepsis or toxic shock syndrome. Endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) are particularly inflammatory because they generate auto-amplificatory loops after activation of monocytes/macrophages. LPS and numerous pore-forming exotoxins also activate the inflammasome, the molecular platform that allows the release of mature IL-1β and IL-18. Among exotoxins, some behave as superantigens, and as such activate the release of cytokines by T-lymphocytes. In most cases, pre-exposure to exotoxins enhances the cytokine production induced by LPS and its lethality, whereas pre-exposure to endotoxin usually results in tolerance. In this review we recall the various steps, which, from the very early discovery of pyrogenicity induced by bacterial products, ended to the discovery of the endogenous pyrogen. Furthermore, we compare the specific characteristics of endotoxins and exotoxins in their capacity to induce inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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17
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Immunization with Salmonella Enteritidis secreting mucosal adjuvant labile toxin confers protection against wild type challenge via augmentation of CD3 + CD4 + T-cell proliferation and enhancement of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 expressions in chicken. Vaccine 2017; 35:767-773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Tsai HC, Wu R. Mechanisms of Cholera Toxin in the Modulation of TH17 Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 35:135-52. [PMID: 26351147 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2015012295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that TH17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17A are critical to host defense against various bacterial and fungal infections. The protective responses mediated by TH17 cells and IL-17A include the recruitment of neutrophils, release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, and enhanced tight junction of epithelial cells. Due to the importance of TH17 cells in infections, efforts have been made to develop TH17-based vaccines. The goal of vaccination is to establish a protective immunological memory. Most currently approved vaccines are antibody-based and have limited protection against stereotypically different strains. Studies show that T-cell-based vaccines may overcome this limitation and protect hosts against infection of different strains. Two main strategies are used to develop TH17 vaccines: identification of TH17-specific antigens and TH17-skewing adjuvants. Studies have revealed that cholera toxin (CT) induces a potent Th17 response following vaccination. Antigen vaccination along with CT induces a robust TH17 response, which is sometimes accompanied by TH1 responses. Due to the toxicity of CT, it is hard to apply CT in a clinical setting. Thus, understanding how CT modulates TH17 responses may lead to the development of successful TH17-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Reen Wu
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, USA
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19
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Wiedinger K, Romlein H, Bitsaktsis C. Cholera toxin B induced activation of murine macrophages exposed to a fixed bacterial immunogen. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2015; 3:155-63. [PMID: 26668753 DOI: 10.1177/2051013615613473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have demonstrated that intranasal administration of inactivated (fixed) Francisella tularensis (iFt) live vaccine strain (LVS) in conjunction with the mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin B (CTB), provides full protection against subsequent lethal challenge with Ft LVS and partial protection against the more virulent Ft SchuS4 strain. Understanding the mechanisms of CTB-induced immune stimulation that confer protection against Ft will be valuable to the development of an effective vaccine against this highly virulent fatal pathogen. In this study, an in vitro system was utilized to further elucidate the immunologic adjuvant effect of CTB when administered with the fixed bacterial immunogen iFt. METHODS The murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) was treated with combinations of iFt and CTB. The treated RAW264.7 cells and their supernatants were collected and assessed for cell surface marker expression and cytokine secretion. In addition, the ability of RAW264.7 cells to present bacterial antigens (iFt or LVS) to an Ft-specific T-cell hybridoma cell line, following exposure to CTB, was analyzed. RESULTS We found that RAW264.7 cells responded to treatment with iFt + CTB by an increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α and upregulation of the surface expression of toll-like receptor 4 and the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. Furthermore, the experimental vaccine treatment iFt + CTB enhanced the ability of macrophages to present iFt antigens to an FT-specific T-cell hybridoma cell line, although they failed to do so with LVS. CONCLUSION The adjuvant CTB administered in conjunction with iFt showed evidence of enhancing an antigen-specific proinflammatory response in vitro. These observations allow us to define, in part, the mechanisms of immune activation conferred by mucosal administration of iFt + CTB against lethal F. tularensis challenge.
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20
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Cholera toxin adjuvant promotes a balanced Th1/Th2/Th17 response independently of IL-12 and IL-17 by acting on Gsα in CD11b⁺ DCs. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:815-27. [PMID: 25425266 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite an extensive literature on the mechanism of action of cholera toxin (CT), we still lack critical information about how the toxin acts as an adjuvant and, especially, which dendritic cells (DCs) are the target cells. Although a T helper type 2 (Th2)-skewing effect of CT is most commonly reported, effective priming of Th17 cells as well as suppression of Th1 responses are well documented. However, the ability of CT to block interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) function and interleukin (IL)-12 production in DCs, which blocks CD8α DC and Th1 cell development, is inconsistent with priming of Th1 and CD8 T cells in many other reports. This prompted us to investigate the adjuvant effect of CT in wild-type, IL-12p40-/-, Batf3-/-, and IL-17A-/- mice and in mice that selectively lack the Gsα target protein for CT adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation in DCs. We found that CT promoted Th1 priming independently of IL-12, and whereas Th2 and also Th17 responses were augmented, the gut IgA responses did not require IL-17A. Adjuvanticity was intact in Batf3-/- mice, lacking CD8α(+) DCs, but completely lost in mice with Gsα-deficient CD11c cells. Thus, our data demonstrate that the adjuvant effect requires Gsα expression in CD11b(+) DCs, and that priming of mucosal IgA and CD4 T cells appears unbiased and is independent of IL-12 and IL-17A.
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21
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Ji J, Griffiths KL, Milburn PJ, Hirst TR, O'Neill HC. The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin alters the development and antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2019-31. [PMID: 26130503 PMCID: PMC4549052 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli's heat-labile enterotoxin (Etx) and its non-toxic B subunit (EtxB) have been characterized as adjuvants capable of enhancing T cell responses to co-administered antigen. Here, we investigate the direct effect of intravenously administered EtxB on the size of the dendritic and myeloid cell populations in spleen. EtxB treatment appears to enhance the development and turnover of dendritic and myeloid cells from precursors within the spleen. EtxB treatment also gives a dendritic cell (DC) population with higher viability and lower activation status based on the reduced expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86. In this respect, the in vivo effect of EtxB differs from that of the highly inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide. In in vitro bone marrow cultures, EtxB treatment was also found to enhance the development of DC from precursors dependent on Flt3L. In terms of the in vivo effect of EtxB on CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in mice, the interaction of EtxB directly with DC was demonstrated following conditional depletion of CD11c(+) DC. In summary, all results are consistent with EtxB displaying adjuvant ability by enhancing the turnover of DC in spleen, leading to newly mature myeloid and DC in spleen, thereby increasing DC capacity to perform as antigen-presenting cells on encounter with T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristin L Griffiths
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter J Milburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen C O'Neill
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4229, Australia
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22
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Doulberis M, Angelopoulou K, Kaldrymidou E, Tsingotjidou A, Abas Z, Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Cholera-toxin suppresses carcinogenesis in a mouse model of inflammation-driven sporadic colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:280-90. [PMID: 25550315 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies and clues from animal models have provided important links between gastrointestinal (GI) tract bacteria and colon cancer. Gut microbiota antigenic stimuli play an important role in shaping the intestinal immune responses. Therefore, especially in the case of inflammation-associated colon cancer, gut bacteria antigens may affect tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the oral administration of a bacterial product with known immunomodulatory properties on inflammation-driven colorectal neoplasmatogenesis. For that, we used cholera-toxin and a well-established mouse model of colon cancer in which neoplasia is initiated by a single dose of the genotoxic agent azoxymethane (AOM) and subsequently promoted by inflammation caused by the colitogenic substance dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). We found that a single, low, non-pathogenic dose of CT, given orally at the beginning of each DSS treatment cycle downregulated neutrophils and upregulated regulatory T-cells and IL-10 in the colonic mucosa. The CT-induced disruption of the tumor-promoting character of DSS-induced inflammation led to the reduction of the AOM-initiated colonic polypoidogenesis. This result adds value to the emerging notion that certain GI tract bacteria or their products affect the immune system and render the microenvironment of preneoplastic lesions less favorable for promoting their evolution to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doulberis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology and Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada 68200, Greece and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Eleni Kaldrymidou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology and Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada 68200, Greece and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Zaphiris Abas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada 68200, Greece and
| | - Suzan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology and Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada 68200, Greece and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Gamazo C, Gastaminza G, Ferrer M, Sanz ML, Irache JM. Nanoparticle based-immunotherapy against allergy. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:885-97. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are one of the most prevalent diseases, reaching epidemic proportions in developed countries. An allergic reaction occurs after contact with an environmental protein, such as inhalants allergens (pollen, animal dander, house dust mites), or food proteins. This response is known as part of the type 2 immunity that is counterbalanced by Type 1 immunity and Tregs. Widely used allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) is a long term treatment to induce such switch from Th2 to Th1 response. However, conventional IT requires multiple allergen injections over a long period of time and is not free of risk of producing allergic reactions. As a consequence, new safer and faster immunotherapeutic methods are required. This review deals with allergen IT using nanoparticles as allergen delivery system that will allow a different way of administration, reduce dose and diminish allergen exposure to IgE bound to mast cells or basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gamazo
- University of Navarra Dept. Microbiology C/Irunlarrea, 1; 31080 - Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gastaminza
- Department Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra Av. Pio XII 36, 31008 – Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ferrer
- Department Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra Av. Pio XII 36, 31008 – Pamplona, Spain
| | - María L Sanz
- Department Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra Av. Pio XII 36, 31008 – Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan M Irache
- University of Navarra Dept. Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology C/Irunlarrea, 1; 31080 – Pamplona, Spain
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24
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Ng THS, Britton GJ, Hill EV, Verhagen J, Burton BR, Wraith DC. Regulation of adaptive immunity; the role of interleukin-10. Front Immunol 2013; 4:129. [PMID: 23755052 PMCID: PMC3668291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the 1980s, a large body of work has led to its recognition as a pleiotropic immunomodulatory cytokine that affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems. IL-10 is produced by a wide range of cell types, but for the purposes of this review we shall focus on IL-10 secreted by CD4(+) T cells. Here we describe the importance of IL-10 as a mediator of suppression used by both FoxP3(+) and FoxP3(-) T regulatory cells. Moreover, we discuss the molecular events leading to the induction of IL-10 secretion in T helper cell subsets, where it acts as a pivotal negative feedback mechanism. Finally we discuss how a greater understanding of this principle has allowed for the design of more efficient, antigen-specific immunotherapy strategies to exploit this natural phenomenon clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Sky Ng
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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25
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Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2013; 3:1-15. [PMID: 23888251 PMCID: PMC3680635 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-013-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents which increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) may have an antagonistic effect on pro-inflammatory molecule production so that inhibitors of the cAMP degrading phosphodiesterases have been identified as promising drugs in chronic inflammatory disorders. Although many such inhibitors have been developed, their introduction in the clinic has been hampered by their narrow therapeutic window with side effects such as nausea and emesis occurring at sub-therapeutic levels. The latest generation of inhibitors selective for phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), such as apremilast and roflumilast, seems to have an improved therapeutic index. While roflumilast has been approved for the treatment of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), apremilast shows promising activity in dermatological and rheumatological conditions. Studies in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis have demonstrated clinical activity of apremilast. Efficacy in psoriasis is probably equivalent to methotrexate but less than that of monoclonal antibody inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor (TNFi). Similarly, in psoriatic arthritis efficacy is less than that of TNF inhibitors. PDE4 inhibitors hold the promise to broaden the portfolio of anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in a range of chronic inflammatory diseases which may include granulomatous skin diseases, some subtypes of chronic eczema and probably cutaneous lupus erythematosus. In this review, the authors highlight the mode of action of PDE4 inhibitors on skin and joint inflammatory responses and discuss their future role in clinical practice. Current developments in the field including the development of topical applications and the development of PDE4 inhibitors which specifically target the subform PDE4B will be discussed.
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Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Tate MD, Price JD, Pearse M, Wijburg OLC. Increased antigen specific T cell numbers in the absence of altered migration or division rates as a result of mucosal cholera toxin administration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59934. [PMID: 23544110 PMCID: PMC3609821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a mucosal adjuvant capable of inducing strong immune responses to co-administered antigens following oral or intranasal immunization of mice. To date, the direct effect of CT on antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell migration and proliferation profiles in vivo is not well characterized. In this study, the effect of CT on the migration pattern and proliferative responses of adoptively transferred, CD4(+) TCR transgenic T cells in orally or intranasally vaccinated mice, was analyzed by flow cytometry. GFP-expressing or CFSE-labeled OT-II lymphocytes were adoptively transferred to naïve C57BL/6 mice, and mice were subsequently vaccinated with OVA with or without CT via the oral or intranasal route. CT did not alter the migration pattern of antigen-specific T cells, regardless of the route of immunization, but increased the number of transgenic CD4(+) T cells in draining lymphoid tissue. This increase in the number of transgenic CD4(+) T cells was not due to cells undergoing more rounds of cellular division in vivo, suggesting that CT may exert an indirect adjuvant effect on CD4(+) T cells. The findings reported here suggest that CT functions as a mucosal adjuvant by increasing the number of antigen specific CD4(+) T cells independent of their migration pattern or kinetics of cellular division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason D. Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Odilia L. C. Wijburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hajishengallis G, Connell TD. Type II heat-labile enterotoxins: structure, function, and immunomodulatory properties. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 152:68-77. [PMID: 23137790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae are classified into two major types on the basis of genetic, biochemical, and immunological properties. Type I and Type II HLT have been intensively studied for their exceptionally strong adjuvant activities. Despite general structural similarities, these molecules, in intact or derivative (non-toxic) forms, display notable differences in their mode of immunomodulatory action. The molecular basis of these differences has remained largely uncharacterized until recently. This review focuses on the Type II HLTs and their immunomodulatory properties which depend largely on interactions with unique gangliosides and Toll-like receptors that are not utilized by the Type I HLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Macrophage-targeted therapy: CD64-based immunotoxins for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:676-94. [PMID: 23105975 PMCID: PMC3475223 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by chronic inflammation (e.g., arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetic ulcers) are multicausal, thus making treatment difficult and inefficient. Due to the age-associated nature of most of these disorders and the demographic transition towards an overall older population, efficient therapeutic intervention strategies will need to be developed in the near future. Over the past decades, elimination of activated macrophages using CD64-targeting immunotoxins has proven to be a promising way of resolving inflammation in animal models. More recent data have shown that the M1-polarized population of activated macrophages in particular is critically involved in the chronic phase. We recapitulate the latest progress in the development of IT. These have advanced from full-length antibodies, chemically coupled to bacterial toxins, into single chain variants of antibodies, genetically fused with fully human enzymes. These improvements have increased the range of possible target diseases, which now include chronic inflammatory diseases. At present there are no therapeutic strategies focusing on macrophages to treat chronic disorders. In this review, we focus on the role of different polarized macrophages and the potential of CD64-based IT to intervene in the process of chronic inflammation.
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Yu X, Song B, Huang C, Xiao Y, Fang M, Feng J, Wang P, Zhang G. Prolonged survival time of allografts by the oral administration of RDP58 linked to the cholera toxin B subunit. Transpl Immunol 2012; 27:122-7. [PMID: 22709942 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration, which has been identified as a tool for boosting physiological immunoregulatory mechanisms in an antigen-specific manner, is a more convenient way than classical parenteral injection methods. RDP58 is derived from specific regions of class-I MHC molecules and is known to have immunomodulatory effects after intraperitoneal injection or intravenous administration. To determine whether the oral administration of RDP58 conjugated to the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) can better induce peripheral tolerance than the use of traditional methods, we used various feeding regimens and methods of administration using equivalent doses of antigen during rat kidney transplantation. The results showed that RDP58-GC/CTB treatment increased the activity of Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in vivo and significantly improved the survival and histopathology of allograft kidney tissue relative to the oral administration of RDP58 alone. These results suggest that the administration of RDP58 linked to CTB outweighs the benefits of oral administration of RDP58 alone for prolonging the survival time of kidney transplantation. This study supports the potential therapeutic use of oral administration of RDP58 linked to CTB as a platform molecule in the treatment of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Yu
- Urological Research Institute of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400036, China
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30
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Brereton CF, Sutton CE, Ross PJ, Iwakura Y, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Lavelle EC, Mills KHG. Escherichia coliHeat-Labile Enterotoxin Promotes Protective Th17 Responses against Infection by Driving Innate IL-1 and IL-23 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5896-906. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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31
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Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. Microbial manipulation of receptor crosstalk in innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:187-200. [PMID: 21350579 DOI: 10.1038/nri2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the arms race of host-microbe co-evolution, successful microbial pathogens have evolved ingenious ways to evade host immune responses. In this Review, we focus on 'crosstalk manipulation' - the microbial strategies that instigate, subvert or disrupt the molecular signalling crosstalk between receptors of the innate immune system. This proactive interference undermines host defences and contributes to microbial adaptive fitness and persistent infections. Understanding how pathogens exploit host receptor crosstalk mechanisms and infiltrate the host signalling network is essential for developing interventions to redirect the host response and achieve protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- University of Louisville, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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32
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Lycke N. Is the choice of vaccine adjuvant critical for long-term memory development? Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 9:1357-61. [PMID: 21105771 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Direct immunization of the abomasum or rectum of goats induces local lymph node responses against Haemonchus contortus mucosal antigens. Vaccine 2011; 29:2938-46. [PMID: 21333770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated several methods to immunize the abomasum (fourth and gastric stomach) of kid goats by direct (abomasal) or distal (rectal or nasal) routes utilizing mucosal antigens isolated from the abomasal parasite, Haemonchus contortus. Direct (ultrasound guided), immunization of the abomasal mucosa together with rectal immunization established lymphocyte proliferation responses in abomasal lymph nodes (ALNs), while distal methods, alone, produced equivocal results. The differential responses (cellular and antibody) induced by alternative immunization methods demonstrated an experimental system that can facilitate advances in mucosal immunization against H. contortus and other gastrointestinal pathogens of food animals.
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Cholera toxin impairs the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells, inducing professional antigen-presenting myeloid cells. Infect Immun 2010; 79:1300-10. [PMID: 21149590 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01181-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent adjuvant for mucosal vaccination; however, its mechanism of action has not been clarified completely. It is well established that peripheral monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) both in vitro and in vivo and that monocytes are the in vivo precursors of mucosal CD103(-) proinflammatory DCs. In this study, we asked whether CT had any effects on the differentiation of monocytes into DCs. We found that CT-treated monocytes, in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), failed to differentiate into classical DCs (CD14(low) CD1a(high)) and acquired a macrophage-like phenotype (CD14(high) CD1a(low)). Cells differentiated in the presence of CT expressed high levels of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II and CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules and produced larger amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 but smaller amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-12 than did monocytes differentiated into DCs in the absence of CT. The enzymatic activity of CT was found to be important for the skewing of monocytes toward a macrophage-like phenotype (Ma-DCs) with enhanced antigen-presenting functions. Indeed, treatment of monocytes with scalar doses of forskolin (FSK), an activator of adenylate cyclase, induced them to differentiate in a dose-dependent manner into a population with phenotype and functions similar to those found after CT treatment. Monocytes differentiated in the presence of CT induced the differentiation of naïve T lymphocytes toward a Th2 phenotype. Interestingly, we found that CT interferes with the differentiation of monocytes into DCs in vivo and promotes the induction of activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) following systemic immunization.
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Mucosal adjuvants and long-term memory development with special focus on CTA1-DD and other ADP-ribosylating toxins. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:556-66. [PMID: 20844480 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal for vaccination is to stimulate protective immunological memory. Protection against infectious diseases not only relies on the magnitude of the humoral immune response, but more importantly on the quality and longevity of it. Adjuvants are critical components of most non-living vaccines. Although little attention has been given to qualitative aspects of the choice of vaccine adjuvant, emerging data demonstrate that this function may be central to vaccine efficacy. In this review we describe efforts to understand more about how adjuvants influence qualitative aspects of memory development. We describe recent advances in understanding how vaccines induce long-lived plasma and memory B cells, and focus our presentation on the germinal center reaction. As mucosal vaccination requires powerful adjuvants, we have devoted much attention to the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylating cholera toxin and the CTA1-DD adjuvants as examples of how mucosal adjuvants can influence induction of long-term memory.
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Suppression of dendritic cell activation by diabetes autoantigens linked to the cholera toxin B subunit. Immunobiology 2010; 216:447-56. [PMID: 20956025 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells, specifically dendritic cells (DCs) are a focal point in the delicate balance between T cell tolerance and immune responses contributing to the onset of type I diabetes (T1D). Weak adjuvant proteins like the cholera toxin B subunit when linked to autoantigens may sufficiently alter the balance of this initial immune response to suppress the development of autoimmunity. To assess adjuvant enhancement of autoantigen mediated immune suppression of Type 1 diabetes, we examined the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-proinsulin fusion protein (CTB-INS) activation of immature dendritic cells (iDC) at the earliest detectable stage of the human immune response. In this study, Incubation of human umbilical cord blood monocyte-derived immature DCs with CTB-INS autoantigen fusion protein increased the surface membrane expression of DC Toll-like receptor (TLR-2) while no significant upregulation in TLR-4 expression was detected. Inoculation of iDCs with CTB stimulated the biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 co-stimulatory factors demonstrating an immunostimulatory role for CTB in both DC activation and maturation. In contrast, incubation of iDCs with proinsulin partially suppressed CD86 co-stimulatory factor mediated DC activation, while incubation of iDCs with CTB-INS fusion protein completely suppressed iDC biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 costimulatory factors. The incubation of iDCs with increasing amounts of insulin did not increase the level of immune suppression but rather activated DC maturation by stimulating increased biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 costimulatory factors. Inoculation of iDCs with CTB-INS fusion protein dramatically increased secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 and suppressed synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL12/23 p40 subunit protein suggesting that linkage of CTB to insulin (INS) may play an important role in mediating DC guidance of cognate naïve Th0 cell development into immunosuppressive T lymphocytes. Taken together, the experimental data suggests Toll like receptor 2 (TLR-2) plays a dominant role in CTB mediated INS inhibition of DC induced type 1 diabetes onset in human Type 1 diabetes autoimmunity. Further, fusion of CTB to the autoantigen was found to be essential for enhancement of immune suppression as co-delivery of CTB and insulin did not significantly inhibit DC costimulatory factor biosynthesis. The experimental data presented supports the hypotheses that adjuvant enhancement of autoantigen mediated suppression of islet beta cell inflammation is dependent on CTB stimulation of dendritic cell TLR2 receptor activation and co-processing of both CTB and the autoantigen in the same dendritic cell.
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37
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Gauthier S, Tremblay MJ. Cholera toxin inhibits HIV-1 replication in human colorectal epithelial HT-29 cells through adenylate cyclase activation. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:207-16. [PMID: 20816895 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mixed feeding, combining breast milk and nonhuman milk and/or solid food, is a common practice in developing countries that increases the risk of vertical HIV-1 transmission. It also enhances the risk of infection by waterborne microorganisms such as Vibrio cholerae, a diarrhoea-causing pathogen that frequently infects children below 18 months of age. Although both HIV-1 and V. cholerae affect young children and target intestinal epithelial cells, no information is currently available on possible interactions between these two pathogens. In this study, we show for the first time that cholera toxin (CTx), at a concentration as low as 100 pg/ml, inhibits HIV-1 infection of HT-29, a human colorectal epithelial cell line. The CTx-mediated inhibitory effect does not result from a down-regulation of receptor/co-receptor expression or a modulation of viral transcription. Nevertheless, additional experiments indicate that a yet to be identified early step in the virus life cycle is targeted by CTx since the enterotoxin similarly reduces infection of HT-29 cells with AMLV-I, HTLV-I and HIV-1 pseudotyped viruses while exerting no effect on infection with VSV-G pseudotypes. Furthermore, our results indicate that the CTx-dependent suppression is not due to the cholera toxin subunit B but linked instead to the action of cholera toxin subunit A (CTA). Altogether our data indicate that the CTA subunit of CTx is negatively affecting an early event in HIV-1 replication in human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gauthier
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Cholera-like enterotoxins and Regulatory T cells. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1774-95. [PMID: 22069660 PMCID: PMC3153266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) and the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (LT), as well as their non toxic mutants, are potent mucosal adjuvants of immunization eliciting mucosal and systemic responses against unrelated co-administered antigens in experimental models and in humans (non toxic mutants). These enterotoxins are composed of two subunits, the A subunit, responsible for an ADP-ribosyl transferase activity and the B subunit, responsible for cell binding. Paradoxically, whereas the whole toxins have adjuvant properties, the B subunits of CT (CTB) and of LT (LTB) have been shown to induce antigen specific tolerance when administered mucosally with antigens in experimental models as well as, recently, in humans, making them an attractive strategy to prevent or treat autoimmune or allergic disorders. Immunomodulation is a complex process involving many cell types notably antigen presenting cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this review, we focus on Treg cells and cholera-like enterotoxins and their non toxic derivates, with regard to subtype, in vivo/in vitro effects and possible role in the modulation of immune responses to coadministered antigens.
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Sjöblom-Hallén A, Marklund U, Nerstedt A, Schön K, Ekman L, Bergqvist P, Löwenadler B, Lycke NY. Gene expression profiling identifies STAT3 as a novel pathway for immunomodulation by cholera toxin adjuvant. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:374-86. [PMID: 20375997 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have reported on both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities of cholera toxin (CT). As CT is a powerful adjuvant, we were interested in identifying genes with a possible involvement in these functions. A global gene expression analysis in mouse B cells showed that CT regulated <100 annotated genes, which encoded transcription factors, G proteins, cell-cycle regulators, and immunoregulating molecules. Interestingly, CT regulated the expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 gene and influenced the level and activation of both isoforms STAT3 alpha and STAT3 beta, in vitro in a B-cell line and in Peyer's patch (PP) B cells and in vivo in freshly isolated splenic B cells from CT-treated mice. This effect was cAMP dependent and was not seen with CTB. B cells pre-exposed to CT were significantly more susceptible to the activation of STAT3 by interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. This exerted a stronger inhibitory effect of IL-10 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated B-cell proliferation and cytokine production (IL-6). Moreover, IgG1 and IgA production induced by LPS and IL-10 were enhanced by the addition of CT to cultures of PP or splenic B cells. This is the first study to provide a molecular mechanism that can reconcile previous findings of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects by CT adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sjöblom-Hallén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Gothenburg, Sweden
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40
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Odumosu O, Nicholas D, Yano H, Langridge W. AB toxins: a paradigm switch from deadly to desirable. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1612-45. [PMID: 22069653 PMCID: PMC3153263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their survival, a number of bacterial and plant species have evolved a common strategy to capture energy from other biological systems. Being imperfect pathogens, organisms synthesizing multi-subunit AB toxins are responsible for the mortality of millions of people and animals annually. Vaccination against these organisms and their toxins has proved rather ineffective in providing long-term protection from disease. In response to the debilitating effects of AB toxins on epithelial cells of the digestive mucosa, mechanisms underlying toxin immunomodulation of immune responses have become the focus of increasing experimentation. The results of these studies reveal that AB toxins may have a beneficial application as adjuvants for the enhancement of immune protection against infection and autoimmunity. Here, we examine similarities and differences in the structure and function of bacterial and plant AB toxins that underlie their toxicity and their exceptional properties as immunomodulators for stimulating immune responses against infectious disease and for immune suppression of organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludare Odumosu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Dequina Nicholas
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Redlands, 1200 East Colton Ave, P.O. Box 3080, Redlands, CA 92373, USA; (H.Y.)
| | - William Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-909-558-1000 (81362); Fax: +1-909-558-0177
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Tinker JK, Davis CT, Arlian BM. Purification and characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis LcrV-cholera toxin A(2)/B chimeras. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:16-23. [PMID: 20438844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a virulent human pathogen and potential biological weapon. Despite a long history of research on this organism, there is no licensed vaccine to protect against pneumonic forms of Y. pestis disease. In the present study, plasmids were constructed to express cholera toxin A(2)/B chimeric molecules containing the LcrV protective antigen from Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pestis. These chimeras were expressed and purified to high yields from the supernatant of transformed Escherichia coli. Western and GM(1) ELISA assays were used to characterize the composition, receptor-binding and relative stability of the LcrV-CTA(2)/B chimera in comparison to cholera toxin. In addition, we investigated the ability of the Y. pestis LcrV-CTA(2)/B chimera to bind to and internalize into cultured epithelial cells and macrophages by confocal microscopy. These studies indicate that the uptake and trafficking of the LcrV antigen from the chimera is comparable to the trafficking of native toxin. Together these findings report that stable, receptor-binding, non-toxic LcrV-cholera toxin A(2)/B chimeras can be expressed at high levels in E. coli and purified from the supernatant. In addition, the internalization of antigen in vitro reported here supports the development of these molecules as novel mucosal vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette K Tinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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42
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Liang S, Hajishengallis G. Heat-Labile Enterotoxins as Adjuvants or Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:449-67. [DOI: 10.3109/08820130903563998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY, USA
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43
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Wang M, Krauss JL, Domon H, Hosur KB, Liang S, Magotti P, Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. Microbial hijacking of complement-toll-like receptor crosstalk. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra11. [PMID: 20159852 PMCID: PMC2824906 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) coordinates innate immunity. We report a previously unknown immune subversion mechanism involving microbial exploitation of communication between complement and TLRs. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major oral and systemic pathogen with complement C5 convertase-like activity, synergizes with C5a (fragment of complement protein C5) to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations, resulting in suppression of macrophage immune function and enhanced pathogen survival in vitro and in vivo. This synergy required TLR2 signaling, a pertussis toxin- and thapsigargin-sensitive C5a receptor pathway, with protein kinase A and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta as downstream effectors. Antagonistic blockade of the C5a receptor abrogated this evasive strategy and may thus have important therapeutic implications for periodontitis and atherosclerosis, diseases in which P. gingivalis is implicated. This first demonstration of complement-TLR crosstalk for immunosuppressive cAMP signaling indicates that pathogens may not simply undermine complement or TLRs (or both) as separate entities, but may also exploit their crosstalk pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Krauss
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY, USA
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hisanori Domon
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kavita B. Hosur
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Paola Magotti
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martha Triantafilou
- University of Sussex School of Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity Group, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Triantafilou
- University of Sussex School of Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity Group, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Lambris
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY, USA
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
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44
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Hasselberg A, Ekman L, Yrlid LF, Schön K, Lycke NY. ADP-ribosylation controls the outcome of tolerance or enhanced priming following mucosal immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2776-84. [PMID: 20142362 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the dichotomy between tolerance and active IgA immunity in mucosal immune responses is regulated at the APC level. Therefore, immunomodulation of the APC could be an effective mechanism to control the two response patterns. In this study, we demonstrate that ADP-ribosylation controls the outcome of tolerance or active effector T cell immunity to an internal peptide p323-339 from OVA inserted into the cholera toxin (CT)-derived CTA1-OVA-DD adjuvant. We found that a single point mutation, CTA1R7K-OVA-DD, resulting in lack of enzymatic activity, promoted peptide-specific tolerance in TCR transgenic CD4(+) T cells following a single intranasal (i.n.) treatment. The CTA1R7K-OVA-DD-induced tolerance was strong, long-lasting, and impaired the ability of adoptively transferred naive peptide-specific CD4(+) T cells to respond to Ag-challenge, irrespective if this was given i.p or i.n. The tolerance correlated with induction of regulatory T cells of the regulatory T type 1 characterized by CD25(-)Foxp3(-)CD4(+) T cells producing IL-10. In contrast, in IL-10-deficient mice, no peptide-specific tolerance was observed, and these mice exhibited unimpaired CD4(+) T cell responsiveness to recall Ag irrespective of if they were untreated (PBS) or treated i.n. with CTA1R7K-OVA-DD. Thus, for the first time, we can provide unequivocal proof that ADP-ribosylation can control the outcome of mucosal Ag exposure from tolerance to an enhanced effector CD4(+) T cell response. The exploitation of this system for clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Hasselberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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45
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Prophylactic administration of bacterially derived immunomodulators improves the outcome of influenza virus infection in a murine model. J Virol 2010; 84:2983-95. [PMID: 20053748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01805-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic or therapeutic immunomodulation is an antigen-independent strategy that induces nonspecific immune system activation, thereby enhancing host defense to disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of prophylactic immunomodulation on the outcome of influenza virus infection using three bacterially derived immune-enhancing agents known for promoting distinct immunological profiles. BALB/c mice were treated nasally with either cholera toxin (CT), a mutant form of the CT-related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin designated LT(R192G), or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Mice were subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus 24 h after the last immunomodulation treatment and either monitored for survival or sacrificed postchallenge for viral and immunological analysis. Treatment with the three immunomodulators prevented or delayed mortality and weight loss, but only CT and LT(R192G) significantly reduced initial lung viral loads as measured by plaque assay. Analysis performed 4 days postinfection indicated that prophylactic treatments with CT, LT(R192G), or CpG resulted in significantly increased numbers of CD4 T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells and altered costimulatory marker expression in the airways of infected mice, coinciding with reduced expression of pulmonary chemokines and the appearance of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue-like structures in the lungs. Collectively, these results suggest that, despite different immunomodulatory mechanisms, CT, LT(R192G), and CpG induce an initial inflammatory process and enhance the immune response to primary influenza virus challenge while preventing potentially damaging chemokine expression. These studies provide insight into the immunological parameters and immune modulation strategies that have the potential to enhance the nonspecific host response to influenza virus infection.
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46
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la Sala A, He J, Laricchia-Robbio L, Gorini S, Iwasaki A, Braun M, Yap GS, Sher A, Ozato K, Kelsall B. Cholera toxin inhibits IL-12 production and CD8alpha+ dendritic cell differentiation by cAMP-mediated inhibition of IRF8 function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1227-35. [PMID: 19487420 PMCID: PMC2715075 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated that cholera toxin (CT) and other cAMP-inducing factors inhibit interleukin (IL)-12 production from monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). We show that CT inhibits Th1 responses in vivo in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. This correlated with low serum IL-12 levels and a selective reduction in the numbers of CD8α+ conventional DCs (cDCs) in lymphoid organs. CT inhibited the function of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF) 8, a transcription factor known to positively regulate IL-12p35 and p40 gene expression, and the differentiation of CD8α+ and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis showed that exposure to CT, forskolin, or dibutyryl (db) cAMP blocked LPS and IFN-γ–induced IRF8 binding to chromatin. Moreover, CT and dbcAMP inhibited the binding of IRF8 to the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)–like element in the mouse IL-12p40 promoter, likely by blocking the formation of ISRE-binding IRF1–IRF8 heterocomplexes. Furthermore, CT inhibited the differentiation of pDCs from fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand–treated bone marrow cells in vitro. Therefore, because IRF8 is essential for IL-12 production and the differentiation of CD8α+ cDCs and pDCs, these data suggest that CT and other Gs-protein agonists can affect IL-12 production and DC differentiation via a common mechanism involving IRF8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea la Sala
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy
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47
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Liang S, Hosur KB, Nawar HF, Russell MW, Connell TD, Hajishengallis G. In vivo and in vitro adjuvant activities of the B subunit of Type IIb heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-IIb-B5) from Escherichia coli. Vaccine 2009; 27:4302-8. [PMID: 19450646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pentameric B subunit of the Escherichia coli LT-IIb enterotoxin (LT-IIb-B(5)) activates TLR2 signaling in macrophages. Herein we demonstrate that LT-IIb-B(5), in contrast to a TLR2-nonbinding point mutant, induces functional activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and stimulates CD4(+) T cell proliferation, activities which suggested that LT-IIb-B(5) might function as an adjuvant in vivo. Indeed, in an intranasal mouse immunization model, LT-IIb-B(5) augmented specific mucosal and serum antibody responses to a co-administered immunogen, at levels which were almost comparable to those induced by intact LT-IIb holotoxin, a potent but toxic adjuvant. Therefore, LT-IIb-B(5) displays useful adjuvant properties which, combined with lack of enterotoxicity and relative stability against degradation, may find application in mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Periodontics/Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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48
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Maldonado-Arocho FJ, Bradley KA. Anthrax edema toxin induces maturation of dendritic cells and enhances chemotaxis towards macrophage inflammatory protein 3beta. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2036-42. [PMID: 19273556 PMCID: PMC2681763 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01329-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis secretes two bipartite toxins, edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT), which impair immune responses and contribute directly to the pathology associated with the disease anthrax. Edema factor, the catalytic subunit of ET, is an adenylate cyclase that impairs host defenses by raising cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Synthetic cAMP analogues and compounds that raise intracellular cAMP levels lead to phenotypic and functional changes in dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we demonstrate that ET induces a maturation state in human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) similar to that induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ET treatment results in downregulation of DC-SIGN, a marker of immature DCs, and upregulation of DC maturation markers CD83 and CD86. Maturation of DCs by ET is accompanied by an increased ability to migrate toward the lymph node-homing chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 3beta, like LPS-matured DCs. Interestingly, cotreating with LT differentially affects the ET-induced maturation of MDDCs while not inhibiting ET-induced migration. These findings reveal a mechanism by which ET impairs normal innate immune function and may explain the reported adjuvant effect of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Maldonado-Arocho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, 609 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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49
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Nandakumar NS, Pugazhendhi S, Madhu Mohan K, Jayakanthan K, Ramakrishna BS. Effect of Vibrio cholerae on chemokine gene expression in HT29 cells and its modulation by Lactobacillus GG. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:181-7. [PMID: 19281529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells participate in the innate immune response to pathogenic bacteria by elaborating chemokines. This study examined the effect of Vibrio cholerae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on inflammatory chemokine gene expression in the HT29 human intestinal epithelial cell line. HT29 cells were exposed to V. cholerae 0139, Lactobacillus or both for 2 h and cultured further thereafter for 4 h. RNA was extracted from the cells and expression of genes for chemokines and related molecules was quantitated by real time PCR using a pathway-focused PCR array. TLR4 was silenced using shRNA and output of interleukin-8 (IL-8) into the media quantitated with and without V. cholerae exposure. NFkappaB and p38 MAP kinase activation were determined by immunoblotting for IkappaBalpha and phosphorylated p38. Vibrio cholerae significantly upregulated gene expression for the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL chemokines, IL-8, CXCL and CXCL in HT29 cells, while downregulating the expression of macrophage-attracting C-C chemokines. TLR4 silencing did not reduce IL-8 output from HT29 cells in response to V. cholerae. IkappaBalpha degradation was noted in the HT29 cells soon after exposure to V. cholerae and this recovered over time after removal of bacteria. p38 MAP kinase activation was not noted. Vibrio cholerae upregulated the expression of neutrophil attractant chemokines, most prominently IL-8, in HT29 cells, but downregulated macrophage-attracting chemokines. Probiotic lactobacilli modulated the IL-8, but not the other chemokine gene changes, in response to V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Nandakumar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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50
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Sundling C, Schön K, Mörner A, Forsell MNE, Wyatt RT, Thorstensson R, Hedestam GBK, Lycke NY. CTA1-DD adjuvant promotes strong immunity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins following mucosal immunization. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:2954-2964. [PMID: 19008380 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/005470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to induce potent and broad antibody responses against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Env) at both systemic and mucosal sites represent a central goal for HIV-1 vaccine development. Here, we show that the non-toxic CTA1-DD adjuvant promoted mucosal and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following intranasal (i.n.) immunizations with trimeric or monomeric forms of HIV-1 Env in mice and in non-human primates. Env-specific IgG subclasses in the serum of immunized mice reflected a balanced Th1/Th2 type of response. Strikingly, i.n. immunizations with Env and the CTA1-DD adjuvant induced substantial levels of mucosal anti-Env IgA in bronchial alveolar lavage and also detectable levels in vaginal secretions. By contrast, parenteral immunizations of Env formulated in Ribi did not stimulate mucosal IgA responses, while the two adjuvants induced a similar distribution of Env-specific IgG-subclasses in serum. A single parenteral boost with Env in Ribi adjuvant into mice previously primed i.n. with Env and CTA1-DD, augmented the serum anti-Env IgG levels to similar magnitudes as those observed after three intraperitoneal immunizations with Env in Ribi. The augmenting potency of CTA1-DD was similar to that of LTK63 or CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). However, in contrast to CpG ODN, the effect of CTA1-DD and LTK63 appeared to be independent of MyD88 and toll-like receptor signalling. This is the first demonstration that CTA1-DD augments specific immune responses also in non-human primates, suggesting that this adjuvant could be explored further as a clinically safe mucosal vaccine adjuvant for humoral and cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1 Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sundling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Schön
- Mucosal Immunobiology & Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Mörner
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mattias N E Forsell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Gunilla B Karlsson Hedestam
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Nils Y Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology & Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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