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Wu X, Niu J, Shi Y. Exosomes target HBV-host interactions to remodel the hepatic immune microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:315. [PMID: 38840207 PMCID: PMC11151510 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B poses a significant global burden, modulating immune cells, leading to chronic inflammation and long-term damage. Due to its hepatotropism, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) cannot infect other cells. The mechanisms underlying the intercellular communication among different liver cells in HBV-infected individuals and the immune microenvironment imbalance remain elusive. Exosomes, as important intercellular communication and cargo transportation tools between HBV-infected hepatocytes and immune cells, have been shown to assist in HBV cargo transportation and regulate the immune microenvironment. However, the role of exosomes in hepatitis B has only gradually received attention in recent years. Minimal literature has systematically elaborated on the role of exosomes in reshaping the immune microenvironment of the liver. This review unfolds sequentially based on the biological processes of exosomes: exosomes' biogenesis, release, transport, uptake by recipient cells, and their impact on recipient cells. We delineate how HBV influences the biogenesis of exosomes, utilizing exosomal covert transmission, and reshapes the hepatic immune microenvironment. And based on the characteristics and functions of exosomes, potential applications of exosomes in hepatitis B are summarized and predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Ghosh M, McGurk F, Norris R, Dong A, Nair S, Jellison E, Murphy P, Verma R, Shapiro LH. The Implant-Induced Foreign Body Response Is Limited by CD13-Dependent Regulation of Ubiquitination of Fusogenic Proteins. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:663-676. [PMID: 38149920 PMCID: PMC10828181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Implanted medical devices, from artificial heart valves and arthroscopic joints to implantable sensors, often induce a foreign body response (FBR), a form of chronic inflammation resulting from the inflammatory reaction to a persistent foreign stimulus. The FBR is characterized by a subset of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) formed by macrophage fusion, the foreign body giant cells (FBGCs), accompanied by inflammatory cytokines, matrix deposition, and eventually deleterious fibrotic implant encapsulation. Despite efforts to improve biocompatibility, implant-induced FBR persists, compromising the utility of devices and making efforts to control the FBR imperative for long-term function. Controlling macrophage fusion in FBGC formation presents a logical target to prevent implant failure, but the actual contribution of FBGCs to FBR-induced damage is controversial. CD13 is a molecular scaffold, and in vitro induction of CD13KO bone marrow progenitors generates many more MGCs than the wild type, suggesting that CD13 regulates macrophage fusion. In the mesh implant model of FBR, CD13KO mice produced significantly more peri-implant FBGCs with enhanced TGF-β expression and increased collagen deposition versus the wild type. Prior to fusion, increased protrusion and microprotrusion formation accompanies hyperfusion in the absence of CD13. Expression of fusogenic proteins driving cell-cell fusion was aberrantly sustained at high levels in CD13KO MGCs, which we show is due to a novel CD13 function, to our knowledge, regulating ubiquitin/proteasomal protein degradation. We propose CD13 as a physiologic brake limiting aberrant macrophage fusion and the FBR, and it may be a novel therapeutic target to improve the success of implanted medical devices. Furthermore, our data directly implicate FBGCs in the detrimental fibrosis that characterizes the FBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Ghosh
- Centers for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Fraser McGurk
- Centers for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Rachael Norris
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Andy Dong
- Centers for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Sreenidhi Nair
- Centers for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Evan Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Patrick Murphy
- Centers for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Linda H. Shapiro
- Centers for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
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3
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Nguyen JN, Mohan EC, Pandya G, Ali U, Tan C, Kofler JK, Shapiro L, Marrelli SP, Chauhan A. CD13 facilitates immune cell migration and aggravates acute injury but promotes chronic post-stroke recovery. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:232. [PMID: 37817190 PMCID: PMC10566099 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute stroke leads to the activation of myeloid cells. These cells express adhesion molecules and transmigrate to the brain, thereby aggravating injury. Chronically after stroke, repair processes, including angiogenesis, are activated and enhance post-stroke recovery. Activated myeloid cells express CD13, which facilitates their migration into the site of injury. However, angiogenic blood vessels which play a role in recovery also express CD13. Overall, the specific contribution of CD13 to acute and chronic stroke outcomes is unknown. METHODS CD13 expression was estimated in both mice and humans after the ischemic stroke. Young (8-12 weeks) male wild-type and global CD13 knockout (KO) mice were used for this study. Mice underwent 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. For acute studies, the mice were euthanized at either 24- or 72 h post-stroke. For chronic studies, the Y-maze, Barnes maze, and the open field were performed on day 7 and day 28 post-stroke. Mice were euthanized at day 30 post-stroke and the brains were collected for assessment of inflammation, white matter injury, tissue loss, and angiogenesis. Flow cytometry was performed on days 3 and 7 post-stroke to quantify infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils and CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling. RESULTS Brain CD13 expression and infiltrated CD13+ monocytes and neutrophils increased acutely after the stroke. The brain CD13+lectin+ blood vessels increased on day 15 after the stroke. Similarly, an increase in the percentage area CD13 was observed in human stroke patients at the subacute time after stroke. Deletion of CD13 resulted in reduced infarct volume and improved neurological recovery after acute stroke. However, CD13KO mice had significantly worse memory deficits, amplified gliosis, and white matter damage compared to wild-type animals at chronic time points. CD13-deficient mice had an increased percentage of CXCL12+cells but a reduced percentage of CXCR4+cells and decreased angiogenesis at day 30 post-stroke. CONCLUSIONS CD13 is involved in the trans-migration of monocytes and neutrophils after stroke, and acutely, led to decreased infarct size and improved behavioral outcomes. However, loss of CD13 led to reductions in post-stroke angiogenesis by reducing CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Nguyen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric C Mohan
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gargee Pandya
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Uzma Ali
- Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julia K Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Linda Shapiro
- Center for Vascular Biology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Díaz-Alvarez L, Martínez-Sánchez ME, Gray E, Pérez-Figueroa E, Ortega E. Aminopeptidase N/CD13 Crosslinking Promotes the Activation and Membrane Expression of Integrin CD11b/CD18. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1488. [PMID: 37892170 PMCID: PMC10604325 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The β2 integrin CD11b/CD18, also known as complement receptor 3 (CR3), and the moonlighting protein aminopeptidase N (CD13), are two myeloid immune receptors with overlapping activities: adhesion, migration, phagocytosis of opsonized particles, and respiratory burst induction. Given their common functions, shared physical location, and the fact that some receptors can activate a selection of integrins, we hypothesized that CD13 could induce CR3 activation through an inside-out signaling mechanism and possibly have an influence on its membrane expression. We revealed that crosslinking CD13 on the surface of human macrophages not only activates CR3 but also influences its membrane expression. Both phenomena are affected by inhibitors of Src, PLCγ, Syk, and actin polymerization. Additionally, after only 10 min at 37 °C, cells with crosslinked CD13 start secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines like interferons type 1 and 2, IL-12p70, and IL-17a. We integrated our data with a bioinformatic analysis to confirm the connection between these receptors and to suggest the signaling cascade linking them. Our findings expand the list of features of CD13 by adding the activation of a different receptor via inside-out signaling. This opens the possibility of studying the joint contribution of CD13 and CR3 in contexts where either receptor has a recognized role, such as the progression of some leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Díaz-Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Eleanor Gray
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Erandi Pérez-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Kalinichenko EO, Akhmatova NK, Makarenkova ID, Erohova AS, Mikhailova NA. The study of NF-κB transcription factor activation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cell culture. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:165-173. [PMID: 37384908 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236903165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is a key factor in the activation of immune responses; it is in turn activated by pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR and NLR receptors. The search for ligands activating innate immunity receptors is an important scientific problem due to the possibility of their use as adjuvants and immunomodulators. In this study the effect of recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF proteins and a toxoid (a deletion atoxic form of exotoxin A) on the activation of TLR4, TLR9, NOD1, and NOD2 receptors has been investigated. The study was carried out using free and co-adsorbed on Al(OH)₃ P. aeruginosa proteins and eukaryotic cells encoding these receptors and having NF-κB-dependent reporter genes. The enzymes encoded by the reported genes are able to cleave the substrate with the formation of a colored product, the concentration of which indicates the degree of receptor activation. It was found that free and adsorbed forms of the toxoid were able to activate the TLR4 surface receptor for lipopolysaccharide. OprF and the toxoid activated the intracellular NOD1 receptor, but only in the free form. This may be due to the fact that the cell lines used were not able to phagocytize aluminum hydroxide particles with protein adsorbed on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Kalinichenko
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - N K Akhmatova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - I D Makarenkova
- G.P. Somov Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - A S Erohova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Mikhailova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010174. [PMID: 36680018 PMCID: PMC9862439 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to infect cells. Even if the known protein receptors for these viruses have no evolutionary relationships, they do share ontological commonalities that the virus might leverage to exacerbate the pathophysiology. ANPEP/CD13, DPP IV/CD26, and ACE2 are the three protein receptors that are known to be exploited by several human coronaviruses. These receptors are moonlighting enzymes involved in several physiological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation; moreover, the three proteins are expressed in kidney, intestine, endothelium, and other tissues/cell types. Here, we spot the commonalities between the three enzymes, the physiological functions of the enzymes are outlined, and how blocking either enzyme results in systemic deregulations and multi-organ failures via viral infection or therapeutic interventions is addressed. It can be difficult to pinpoint any coronavirus as the target when creating a medication to fight them, due to the multiple processes that receptors are linked to and their extensive expression.
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7
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Yue Q, Huang C, Song P, Wang S, Chen H, Wang D, Li F, Zhou R. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast differentiation in the estrogen-deficient pullets. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102453. [PMID: 36621102 PMCID: PMC9841284 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous reports have suggested that estrogen (E2) is a vital signal responsible for the regulation of skeletal homeostasis and bone remodeling in mammals. E2 could efficiently accelerate the growth of medullary bone in pullets during sexual maturity. Furthermore, the low E2 level can strengthen the mechanical bone functions in female hens. However, mechanistic studies to describe the effects of E2 on bone in pullets during the initiation of the puberty period are remaining elusive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effect of inhibiting E2 biosynthesis on the biomechanical properties and its molecular mechanism during sexual maturity of pullets. In this study, a total of 90 Hy-line Sonia pullets with comparable body weight at 13 wk of age were selected and categorized into 2 separate groups. Daily, 0.5 mg/4 mL of letrozole (LZ) was orally administered to the treatment (TRT) group and 4 mL of saline to the control (CON) group of pullets for 6 wk. Compared with the CON group, a lower plasma E2 level was observed in the TRT group. Furthermore, plasma P, Gla protein (BGP), and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) levels were markedly suppressed, whereas the plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels were significantly elevated. Moreover, the cortical bone thickness and breaking strength of the tibia and femur, the bone mineral density of the humerus, and the bone mineral content of the humerus as well as the femur were increased significantly. The expression levels of 340 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) differed significantly between the CON and TRT group in the tibia at 19 wk of age. Among them, 32 genes were up-regulated, whereas 308 were down-regulated in the TRT group. The variations in candidate genes associated with osteoclast differentiation and cell adhesion may indicate that LZ inhibits E2 biosynthesis, consequently, reduces osteoclast differentiation by suppressing inter-cellular communication and cells attaching to extracellular matrix components. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that inhibiting E2 synthesis during sexual maturity of pullets decreased osteoclast differentiation and considerably enhanced bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxian Yue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Chenxuan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China,Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Pengyan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China,Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Dehe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 25000, China
| | - Rongyan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Pérez-Figueroa E, Álvarez-Carrasco P, Ortega E. Crosslinking of membrane CD13 in human neutrophils mediates phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps and proinflammatory cytokines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994496. [PMID: 36439182 PMCID: PMC9686367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N, or CD13, is a cell membrane ectopeptidase highly expressed in myeloid cells. Through its enzymatic activity, CD13 regulates the activity of several bioactive peptides, such as endorphins and enkephalins, chemotactic peptides like MCP-1 and IL-8, angiotensin III, bradikinin, etc. In recent years, it has been appreciated that independently of its peptidase activity, CD13 can activate signal transduction pathways and mediate effector functions such as phagocytosis and cytokine secretion in monocytes and macrophages. Although neutrophils are known to express CD13 on its membrane, it is currently unknown if CD13 can mediate effector functions in these cells. Here, we show that in human neutrophils CD13 can mediate phagocytosis, which is dependent on a signaling pathway that involves Syk, and PI3-K. Phagocytosis mediated by CD13 is associated with production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The level of phagocytosis and ROS production mediated by CD13 are similar to those through FcγRIII (CD16b), a widely studied receptor of human neutrophils. Also, CD13 ligation induces the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as well as cytokine secretion from neutrophils. These results support the hypothesis that CD13 is a membrane receptor able to activate effector functions in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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9
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Aminopeptidase N Inhibitors as Pointers for Overcoming Antitumor Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179813. [PMID: 36077208 PMCID: PMC9456425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN), also known as CD13 antigen or membrane alanyl aminopeptidase, belongs to the M1 family of the MA clan of zinc metallopeptidases. In cancer cells, the inhibition of aminopeptidases including APN causes the phenomenon termed the amino acid deprivation response (AADR), a stress response characterized by the upregulation of amino acid transporters and synthetic enzymes and activation of stress-related pathways such as nuclear factor kB (NFkB) and other pro-apoptotic regulators, which leads to cancer cell death by apoptosis. Recently, APN inhibition has been shown to augment DR4-induced tumor cell death and thus overcome resistance to cancer treatment with DR4-ligand TRAIL, which is available as a recombinant soluble form dulanermin. This implies that APN inhibitors could serve as potential weapons for overcoming cancer treatment resistance. In this study, a series of basically substituted acetamidophenones and the semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones derived from them were prepared, for which APN inhibitory activity was determined. In addition, a selective anti-proliferative activity against cancer cells expressing APN was demonstrated. Our semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones are the first compounds of these structural types of Schiff bases that were reported to inhibit not only a zinc-dependent aminopeptidase of the M1 family but also a metalloenzyme.
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10
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Gong T, Zhang X, Peng Z, Ye Y, Liu R, Yang Y, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Hu H, Yin S, Xu Y, Tang J, Liu Y. Macrophage-derived exosomal aminopeptidase N aggravates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating necroptosis of lung epithelial cell. Commun Biol 2022; 5:543. [PMID: 35668098 PMCID: PMC9170685 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious sepsis complication and the prevailing cause of death. Circulating plasma exosomes might exert a key role in regulating intercellular communication between immunological and structural cells, as well as contributing to sepsis-related organ damage. However, the molecular mechanisms by which exosome-mediated intercellular signaling exacerbate ALI in septic infection remains undefined. Therefore, we investigated the effect of macrophage-derived exosomal APN/CD13 on the induction of epithelial cell necrosis. Exosomal APN/CD13 levels in the plasma of septic mice and patients with septic ALI were found to be higher. Furthermore, increased plasma exosomal APN/CD13 levels were associated with the severity of ALI and fatality in sepsis patients. We found remarkably high expression of APN/CD13 in exosomes secreted by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, c-Myc directly induced APN/CD13 expression and was packed into exosomes. Finally, exosomal APN/CD13 from macrophages regulated necroptosis of lung epithelial cells by binding to the cell surface receptor TLR4 to induce ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-κB activation. These results demonstrate that macrophage-secreted exosomal APN/CD13 can trigger epithelial cell necroptosis in an APN/CD13-dependent manner, which provides insight into the mechanism of epithelial cell functional disorder in sepsis-induced ALI. Necroptosis of lung epithelial cells is regulated by aminopeptidase N levels in circulating plasma exosomes in patients and mice with sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
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11
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Wurlitzer JM, Stanišić A, Ziethe S, Jordan PM, Günther K, Werz O, Kries H, Gressler M. Macrophage-targeting oligopeptides from Mortierella alpina. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9091-9101. [PMID: 36091214 PMCID: PMC9365243 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00860b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The realm of natural products of early diverging fungi such as Mortierella species is largely unexplored. Herein, the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) MalA catalysing the biosynthesis of the surface-active biosurfactants, malpinins, has been identified and biochemically characterised. The investigation of the substrate specificity of respective adenylation (A) domains indicated a substrate-tolerant enzyme with an unusual, inactive C-terminal NRPS module. Specificity-based precursor-directed biosynthesis yielded 20 new congeners produced by a single enzyme. Moreover, MalA incorporates artificial, click-functionalised amino acids which allowed postbiosynthetic coupling to a fluorophore. The fluorescent malpinin conjugate penetrates mammalian cell membranes via an phagocytosis-mediated mechanism, suggesting Mortierella oligopeptides as carrier peptides for directed cell targeting. The current study demonstrates substrate-specificity testing as a powerful tool to identify flexible NRPS modules and highlights basal fungi as reservoir for chemically tractable compounds in pharmaceutical applications. Specificity profiling of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase of an early diverging fungus revealed high substrate flexibility. Feeding studies with click-functionalised amino acids enabled the production of fluorescent peptides targeting macrophages.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Wurlitzer
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans-Knöll-Institute), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Aleksa Stanišić
- Junior Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans-Knöll-Institute), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ziethe
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans-Knöll-Institute), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry at the Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Kerstin Günther
- Department Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry at the Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry at the Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Hajo Kries
- Junior Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans-Knöll-Institute), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans-Knöll-Institute), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, Jena 07745, Germany
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12
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López-Cortés GI, Díaz-Alvarez L, Ortega E. Leukocyte Membrane Enzymes Play the Cell Adhesion Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742292. [PMID: 34887854 PMCID: PMC8650063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, proteins with enzymatic activity have not been usually considered to carry out other functions different from catalyzing chemical reactions within or outside the cell. Nevertheless, in the last few years several reports have uncovered the participation of numerous enzymes in other processes, placing them in the category of moonlighting proteins. Some moonlighting enzymes have been shown to participate in complex processes such as cell adhesion. Cell adhesion plays a physiological role in multiple processes: it enables cells to establish close contact with one another, allowing communication; it is a key step during cell migration; it is also involved in tightly binding neighboring cells in tissues, etc. Importantly, cell adhesion is also of great importance in pathophysiological scenarios like migration and metastasis establishment of cancer cells. Cell adhesion is strictly regulated through numerous switches: proteins, glycoproteins and other components of the cell membrane. Recently, several cell membrane enzymes have been reported to participate in distinct steps of the cell adhesion process. Here, we review a variety of examples of membrane bound enzymes participating in adhesion of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina I López-Cortés
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Díaz-Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
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14
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Liu X, Zhang D, Wang H, Ren Q, Li B, Wang L, Zheng G. MiR-451a enhances the phagocytosis and affects both M1 and M2 polarization in macrophages. Cell Immunol 2021; 365:104377. [PMID: 34004369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia associated macrophages (LAMs), which are different from tumor-associated macrophages as well as classical M1 and M2 macrophages, are specifically activated by leukemic microenvironment. We have reported the heterogeneity of gene expression profiles in LAMs. However, the expression profiles of microRNA (miRNA) in LAMs and their regulatory mechanisms have not been established. Here, the expression profiles of miRNA in LAMs from bone marrow and spleen of acute myeloid leukemia mice were analyzed. Then, the effects of miR-451a, which was upregulated in LAMs, on macrophages were studied by transfecting miRNA mimic to peritoneal macrophages. The results showed that overexpression of miR-451a altered the morphology, enhanced the phagocytic ability of macrophages, and promotes the expression of differentiation marker CD11b in macrophages. Furthermore, miR-451a increased the proliferation capacity of both M1- and M2-polarized macrophages, but not M0 macrophages. Moreover, miR-451a further enhanced the expression of iNOS upon M1 activation. Therefore, our results reveal the miRNA expression profiles in LAMs, and broaden the knowledge about miRNA regulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Dongyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Guoguang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.
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15
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Rennick JJ, Johnston APR, Parton RG. Key principles and methods for studying the endocytosis of biological and nanoparticle therapeutics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:266-276. [PMID: 33712737 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a critical step in the process by which many therapeutic nanomedicines reach their intracellular targets. Our understanding of cellular uptake mechanisms has developed substantially in the past five years. However, these advances in cell biology have not fully translated to the nanoscience and therapeutics literature. Misconceptions surrounding the role of different endocytic pathways and how to study these pathways are hindering progress in developing improved nanoparticle therapies. Here, we summarize the latest insights into cellular uptake mechanisms and pathways. We highlight limitations of current systems to study endocytosis, particularly problems with non-specific inhibitors. We also summarize alternative genetic approaches to robustly probe these pathways and discuss the need to understand how cells endocytose particles in vivo. We hope that this critical assessment of the current methods used in studying nanoparticle uptake will guide future studies at the interface of cell biology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Rennick
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Robert G Parton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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16
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Romp E, Arakandy V, Fischer J, Wolz C, Siegmund A, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L, Werz O, Garscha U. Exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus activate 5-lipoxygenase and induce leukotriene biosynthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3841-3858. [PMID: 31807813 PMCID: PMC11105070 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Massive neutrophil infiltration is an early key event in infectious inflammation, accompanied by chemotactic leukotriene (LT)B4 generation. LTB4 biosynthesis is mediated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), but which pathogenic factors cause 5-LOX activation during bacterial infections is elusive. Here, we reveal staphylococcal exotoxins as 5-LOX activators. Conditioned medium of wild-type Staphylococcus aureus but not of exotoxin-deficient strains induced 5-LOX activation in transfected HEK293 cells. Two different staphylococcal exotoxins mimicked the effects of S. aureus-conditioned medium: (1) the pore-forming toxin α-hemolysin and (2) amphipathic α-helical phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides. Interestingly, in human neutrophils, 5-LOX activation was exclusively evoked by PSMs, which was prevented by the selective FPR2/ALX receptor antagonist WRW4. 5-LOX activation by PSMs was confirmed in vivo as LT formation in infected paws of mice was impaired in response to PSM-deficient S. aureus. Conclusively, exotoxins from S. aureus are potent pathogenic factors that activate 5-LOX and induce LT formation in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Romp
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Vandana Arakandy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anke Siegmund
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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17
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Lillico DME, Pemberton JG, Niemand R, Stafford JL. Selective recruitment of Nck and Syk contribute to distinct leukocyte immune-type receptor-initiated target interactions. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109443. [PMID: 31626955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability of phagocytes to recognize, immobilize, and engulf extracellular targets are fundamental immune cell processes that allow for the destruction of a variety of microbial intruders. The phagocytic process depends onsignalling events that initiate dynamic changes in the plasma membrane architecture that are required to accommodate the internalization of large particulate targets. To better understand fundamental molecular mechanisms responsible for facilitating phagocytic receptor-mediated regulation of cytoskeletal networks, our research has focused on investigating representative immunoregulatory proteins from the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptor family (IpLITRs). Specifically, we have shown that a specific IpLITR-type can regulate the constitutive deployment of filopodial-like structures to actively capture and secure targets to the phagocyte surface, which is followed by F-actin mediated membrane dynamics that are associated with the formation of phagocytic cup-like structures that precede target engulfment. In the present study, we use confocal imaging to examine the recruitment of mediators of the F-actin cytoskeleton during IpLITR-mediated regulation of membrane dynamics. Our results provide novel details regarding the dynamic recruitment of the signaling effectors Nck and Syk during classical as well as atypical IpLITR-induced phagocytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Rikus Niemand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Yao H, Coppola K, Schweig JE, Crawford F, Mullan M, Paris D. Distinct Signaling Pathways Regulate TREM2 Phagocytic and NFκB Antagonistic Activities. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:457. [PMID: 31649511 PMCID: PMC6795686 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic variants of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 (TREM2) have been shown to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) supporting a role of microglia and immune cells in the pathobiology of AD. We have employed an ectopic model of TREM2 and DAP12 expression in HEK293 cells to study selectively TREM2 dependent signaling and phagocytic functions and evaluated the effects of some of the TREM2 mutations associated with AD. We show that shedding of the TREM2 N-terminal domain does not affect the inhibition of NFκB activation induced by TREM2 while it completely blocks phagocytosis suggesting that TREM2 anti-inflammatory properties can be mediated by the TREM2 C-terminal fragment while the phagocytic activity requires the full-length receptor. In addition, we confirm in that model that apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a ligand for TREM2 and triggers TREM2 signaling. In particular, we show that APOE4 stimulates spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) activation more potently than APOE2 in a TREM2 dependent manner. Interestingly, TREM2 appears to antagonize NFκB activation induced by phorbol ester but is unable to prevent TNFα induction of NFκB activation suggesting that TREM2 antagonizes inflammatory events triggered downstream of PKC. TREM2 mutations drastically impact TREM2 phagocytosis as well as its ability to antagonize NFκB activation and notably prevent the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway observed with wild-type TREM2. Overall our data suggest that TREM2 dependent phagocytosis requires an activation of the SYK/PI3K/AKT/PLCγ pathways while the suppression of NFκB activation by TREM2 is independent of SYK, PI3K, and PLCγ activities. This model of ectopic TREM2-DAP12 co-expression appears suitable to study TREM2 signaling as several biological functions of TREM2 and TREM2 mutations that have been previously described in myeloid and microglial cells were also replicated in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Yao
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kyle Coppola
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jonas Elias Schweig
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
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19
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Ghosh M, Lo R, Ivic I, Aguilera B, Qendro V, Devarakonda C, Shapiro LH. CD13 tethers the IQGAP1-ARF6-EFA6 complex to the plasma membrane to promote ARF6 activation, β1 integrin recycling, and cell migration. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/579/eaav5938. [PMID: 31040262 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) requires a balance between integrin internalization and recycling to the surface that is mediated by numerous proteins, emphasizing the complexity of these processes. Upon ligand binding in various cells, the β1 integrin is internalized, traffics to early endosomes, and is returned to the plasma membrane through recycling endosomes. This trafficking process depends on the cyclical activation and inactivation of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) by their specific guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and their GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In this study, we found that the cell surface antigen CD13, a multifunctional transmembrane molecule that regulates cell-cell adhesion and receptor-mediated endocytosis, also promoted cell migration and colocalized with β1 integrin at sites of cell adhesion and at the leading edge. A lack of CD13 resulted in aberrant trafficking of internalized β1 integrin to late endosomes and its ultimate degradation. Our data indicate that CD13 promoted ARF6 GTPase activity by positioning the ARF6-GEF EFA6 at the cell membrane. In migrating cells, a complex containing phosphorylated CD13, IQGAP1, GTP-bound (active) ARF6, and EFA6 at the leading edge promoted the ARF6 GTPase cycling and cell migration. Together, our findings uncover a role for CD13 in the fundamental cellular processes of receptor recycling, regulation of small GTPase activities, cell-ECM interactions, and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Ghosh
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Robin Lo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Ivan Ivic
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Brian Aguilera
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Veneta Qendro
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Charan Devarakonda
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Linda H Shapiro
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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20
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Orsó E, Robenek H, Boettcher A, Wolf Z, Liebisch G, Kramer W, Schmitz G. Nonglucuronidated Ezetimibe Disrupts CD13- and CD64-Coassembly in Membrane Microdomains and Decreases Cellular Cholesterol Content in Human Monocytes/Macrophages. Cytometry A 2019; 95:869-884. [PMID: 30994973 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ezetimibe (EZE) and glucuronidated EZE (EZE-Glu) differentially target Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) and CD13 (aminopeptidase-N) to inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption and cholesterol processing in other cells, although the precise molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Cellular effects of EZE, EZE-Glu, and the low-absorbable EZE-analogue S6130 were investigated on human monocyte-derived macrophages upon loading with atherogenic lipoproteins. EZE and S6130, but not EZE-Glu disturbed the colocalization of CD13 and its coreceptor CD64 (Fcγ receptor I) in membrane microdomains, and decreased the presence of both receptors in detergent-resistant membrane fractions. Biotinylated cholesterol absorption inhibitor C-5 (i.e., derivative of EZE) was rapidly internalized to perinuclear tubular structures of cells, resembling endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but CD13 was detected on extracellular sites of the plasma membrane and endolysosomal vesicles. Administration of EZE, but not of EZE-Glu or S6130, was associated with decreased cellular cholesteryl ester content, indicating the sterol-O acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1)-inhibition by EZE. Furthermore, EZE decreased the expression of molecules involved in cholesterol uptake and synthesis, in parallel with increased apolipoprotein A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux and upregulation of efflux-effectors. However, NPC1L1 the other claimed molecular target of EZE, was not detected in macrophages, thereby excluding this protein as target for EZE in macrophages. Thus, EZE is very likely a CD13-linked microdomain-disruptor and SOAT1-inhibitor in macrophages leading to in vitro anti-atherosclerotic effects through a decrease of net cellular cholesterol content. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Orsó
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Horst Robenek
- Leibniz Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Alfred Boettcher
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Wolf
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Kramer
- Biomedical and Scientific Consulting, 55130 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Forrester MA, Wassall HJ, Hall LS, Cao H, Wilson HM, Barker RN, Vickers MA. Similarities and differences in surface receptor expression by THP-1 monocytes and differentiated macrophages polarized using seven different conditioning regimens. Cell Immunol 2018; 332:58-76. [PMID: 30077333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key in orchestrating immune responses to micro-environmental stimuli, sensed by a complex set of surface receptors. The human cell line THP-1 has a monocytic phenotype, including the ability to differentiate into macrophages, providing a tractable, standardised surrogate for human monocyte-derived macrophages. Here we assessed the expression of 49 surface markers including Fc, complement, C-type lectin and scavenger receptors; TIMs; Siglecs; and co-stimulatory molecules by flow cytometry on both THP-1 monocytes and macrophages and following macrophage activation with seven standard conditioning/polarizing stimuli. Of the 34 surface markers detected on macrophages, 18 altered expression levels on activation. From these, expression of 9 surface markers were consistently altered by all conditioning regimens, while 9 were specific to individual polarizing stimuli. This study provides a resource for the study of macrophages and highlights that macrophage polarization states share much in common and the differences do not easily fit a simple classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Forrester
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Heather J Wassall
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lindsay S Hall
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Huan Cao
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Heather M Wilson
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Robert N Barker
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark A Vickers
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK.
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22
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Distinct Epitopes on CD13 Mediate Opposite Consequences for Cell Adhesion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4093435. [PMID: 29789790 PMCID: PMC5896358 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4093435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD13 is a membrane glycoprotein with aminopeptidase activity, expressed on several cell types, including myeloid cells (dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, etc.). CD13 participates in several functions such as proteolytic regulation of bioactive peptides, viral receptor, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. CD13 has also been proposed to participate in cell adhesion, as crosslinking of CD13 by certain CD13-specific antibodies induces homotypic aggregation of monocytes and heterotypic adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. We generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs C and E) that block homotypic aggregation of U-937 monocytic cells induced by CD13-specific mAb 452. Moreover, the mAbs cause detachment of cells whose aggregation was induced by CD13 crosslinking. Both mAbs also inhibit heterotypic adhesion of U-937 monocytes to endothelial cells. mAbs C and E recognize membrane CD13 but bind to epitopes different from that recognized by mAb 452. Crosslinking of CD13 by mAb C or E is required to inhibit adhesion, as monovalent Fab fragments are not sufficient. Thus, C and E antibodies recognize a distinct epitope on CD13, and binding to this epitope interferes with both CD13-mediated cell adhesion and enzymatic activity. These antibodies may represent important tools to study cell-cell interactions mediated by CD13 in physiological and pathological conditions.
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23
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Almeida VM, Paiva AE, Sena IFG, Mintz A, Magno LAV, Birbrair A. Pericytes Make Spinal Cord Breathless after Injury. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:440-447. [PMID: 29283016 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417731522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that leads to significant neurological deficits and reduced quality of life. Therapeutic interventions after spinal cord lesions are designed to address multiple aspects of the secondary damage. However, the lack of detailed knowledge about the cellular and molecular changes that occur after spinal cord injury restricts the design of effective treatments. Li and colleagues using a rat model of spinal cord injury and in vivo microscopy reveal that pericytes play a key role in the regulation of capillary tone and blood flow in the spinal cord below the site of the lesion. Strikingly, inhibition of specific proteins expressed by pericytes after spinal cord injury diminished hypoxia and improved motor function and locomotion of the injured rats. This work highlights a novel central cellular population that might be pharmacologically targeted in patients with spinal cord trauma. The emerging knowledge from this research may provide new approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani M Almeida
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana E Paiva
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora F G Sena
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- 2 Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luiz Alexandre V Magno
- 3 Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,4 Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,5 Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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24
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Mendoza-Coronel E, Ortega E. Macrophage Polarization Modulates FcγR- and CD13-Mediated Phagocytosis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Independently of Receptor Membrane Expression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:303. [PMID: 28396660 PMCID: PMC5366847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to microenvironmental cues, macrophages undergo a profound phenotypic transformation acquiring distinct activation phenotypes ranging from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2). To study how activation phenotype influences phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by receptors for IgG antibodies (Fcγ receptors) and by CD13, human monocyte-derived macrophages were polarized to distinct phenotypes using IFN-γ (Mϕ-IFN-γ), IL-4 (Mϕ-IL-4), or IL-10 (Mϕ-IL-10). Phenotypically, Mϕ-IFN-γ were characterized as CD14+CD80+CD86+ cells, Mϕ-IL-4 as CD209highCD206+CD11b+CD14low, and Mϕ-IL-10 as CD16+CD163+ cells. Compared to non-polarized macrophages, FcγRI expression increased in Mϕ-IFN-γ and Mϕ-IL-10 and FcγRIII expression increased in Mϕ-IL-10. None of the polarizing cytokines modified FcγRII or CD13 expression. Functionally, we found that cytokine-mediated activation significantly and distinctively affected FcγR- and CD13-mediated phagocytosis and ROS generation. Compared to non-polarized macrophages, FcγRI-, FcγRII-, and CD13-mediated phagocytosis was significantly increased in Mϕ-IL-10 and decreased in Mϕ-IFN-γ, although both cytokines significantly upregulated FcγRI expression. IL-10 also increased phagocytosis of Escherichia coli, showing that the effect of IL-10 on macrophage phagocytosis is not specific for a particular receptor. Interestingly, Mϕ-IL-4, which showed poor FcγR- and CD13-mediated phagocytosis, showed very high phagocytosis of E. coli and zymosan. Coupled with phagocytosis, macrophages produce ROS that contribute to microbial killing. As expected, Mϕ-IFN-γ showed significant production of ROS after FcγRI-, FcγRII-, or CD13-mediated phagocytosis. Unexpectedly, we found that Mϕ-IL-10 can also produce ROS after simultaneous stimulation through several phagocytic receptors, as coaggregation of FcγRI/FcγRII/CD13 induced a belated but significant ROS production. Together, these results demonstrate that activation of macrophages by each cytokine distinctly modulates expression of phagocytic receptors, FcγR- and CD13-mediated phagocytosis, and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mendoza-Coronel
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , Mexico City , Mexico
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Zwozdesky MA, Fei C, Lillico DME, Stafford JL. Imaging flow cytometry and GST pulldown assays provide new insights into channel catfish leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:126-138. [PMID: 27984101 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) control various innate immune cell effector responses including the phagocytic process. This large immunoregulatory receptor family also consists of multiple receptor-types with variable signaling abilities that is dependent on their inherent or acquired tyrosine-containing cytoplasmic tail (CYT) regions. For example, IpLITR 2.6b associates with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adaptor molecule IpFcRγ-L, and when expressed in mammalian cells it activates phagocytosis using a similar profile of intracellular signaling mediators that also regulate the prototypical mammalian Fc receptor (FcR) phagocytic pathway. Alternatively, IpLITR 1.1b contains a long tyrosine-containing CYT with multifunctional capabilities including both inhibitory and stimulatory actions. Recently, we demonstrated that IpLITR 1.1b activates a unique phagocytic pathway involving the generation of multiple plasma membrane extensions that rapidly capture extracellular targets and secure them on the cell surface in phagocytic cup-like structures. Occasionally, these captured targets are completely engulfed albeit at a significantly lower rate than what was observed for IpLITR 2.6b. While this novel IpLITR 1.1b phagocytic activity is insensitive to classical blockers of phagocytosis, its distinct target capture and engulfment actions depend on the engagement of the actin polymerization machinery. However, it is not known how this protein translates target recognition into intracellular signaling events during this atypical mode of phagocytosis. Using imaging flow cytometry and GST pulldown assays, the aims of this study were to specifically examine what regions of the IpLITR 1.1b CYT trigger phagocytosis and to establish what profile of intracellular signaling molecules likely participate in its actions. Our results show that in stably transfected AD293 cells, the membrane proximal and distal CYT segments of IpLITR 1.1b independently regulate its phagocytic activities. These CYT regions were also shown to differentially recruit various SH2 domain-containing intracellular mediators, which provides new information about the dynamic immunoregulatory abilities of IpLITR 1.1b. Overall, this work further advances our understanding of how certain immunoregulatory receptor-types link extracellular target binding events to the actin polymerization machinery during a non-classical mode of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron A Zwozdesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Monocyte-lymphocyte fusion induced by the HIV-1 envelope generates functional heterokaryons with an activated monocyte-like phenotype. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:9-19. [PMID: 28132881 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses induce cell-cell fusion when infected cells expressing viral envelope proteins interact with target cells, or through the contact of cell-free viral particles with adjoining target cells. CD4+ T lymphocytes and cells from the monocyte-macrophage lineage express receptors for HIV envelope protein. We have previously reported that lymphoid Jurkat T cells expressing the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) can fuse with THP-1 monocytic cells, forming heterokaryons with a predominantly myeloid phenotype. This study shows that the expression of monocytic markers in heterokaryons is stable, whereas the expression of lymphoid markers is mostly lost. Like THP-1 cells, heterokaryons exhibited FcγR-dependent phagocytic activity and showed an enhanced expression of the activation marker ICAM-1 upon stimulation with PMA. In addition, heterokaryons showed morphological changes compatible with maturation, and high expression of the differentiation marker CD11b in the absence of differentiation-inducing agents. No morphological change nor increase in CD11b expression were observed when an HIV-fusion inhibitor blocked fusion, or when THP-1 cells were cocultured with Jurkat cells expressing a non-fusogenic Env protein, showing that differentiation was not induced merely by cell-cell interaction but required cell-cell fusion. Inhibition of TLR2/TLR4 signaling by a TIRAP inhibitor greatly reduced the expression of CD11b in heterokaryons. Thus, lymphocyte-monocyte heterokaryons induced by HIV-1 Env are stable and functional, and fusion prompts a phenotype characteristic of activated monocytes via intracellular TLR2/TLR4 signaling.
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Morgan RL, Behbahani-Nejad N, Endres J, Amin MA, Lepore NJ, Du Y, Urquhart A, Chung KC, Fox DA. Localization, Shedding, Regulation and Function of Aminopeptidase N/CD13 on Fibroblast like Synoviocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162008. [PMID: 27658265 PMCID: PMC5033571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N/CD13 is highly expressed by fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) and may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CD13 was previously detected in human synovial fluid where it was significantly increased in RA compared to osteoarthritis. In this study we found that CD13 in biological fluids (plasma, synovial fluid, FLS culture supernatant) is present as both a soluble molecule and on extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, as assessed by differential ultracentrifugation and density gradient separation. Having determined CD13 could be released as a soluble molecule from FLS, we examined potential mechanisms by which CD13 might be shed from the FLS membrane. The use of protease inhibitors revealed that CD13 is cleaved from the FLS surface by metalloproteinases. siRNA treatment of FLS revealed one of those proteases to be MMP14. We determined that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-17) upregulated CD13 mRNA in FLS, which may contribute to the increased CD13 in RA synovium and synovial fluid. Inhibition of CD13 function by either inhibitors of enzymatic activity or anti-CD13 antibodies resulted in decreased growth and diminished migration of FLS. This suggests that CD13 may be involved in the pathogenic hyperplasia of RA FLS. This data expands potential roles for CD13 in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Morgan
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nilofar Behbahani-Nejad
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Judith Endres
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - M. Asif Amin
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nick J. Lepore
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yuxuan Du
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew Urquhart
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Chung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David A. Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wallingford MC, Gammill HS, Giachelli CM. Slc20a2 deficiency results in fetal growth restriction and placental calcification associated with thickened basement membranes and novel CD13 and lamininα1 expressing cells. Reprod Biol 2016; 16:13-26. [PMID: 26952749 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The essential nutrient phosphorus must be taken up by the mammalian embryo during gestation. The mechanism(s) and key proteins responsible for maternal to fetal phosphate transport have not been identified. Established parameters for placental phosphate transport match those of the type III phosphate transporters, Slc20a1 and Slc20a2. Both members are expressed in human placenta, and their altered expression is linked to preeclampsia. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Slc20a2 is required for placental function. Indeed, complete deficiency of Slc20a2 in either the maternal or embryonic placental compartment results in fetal growth restriction. We found that Slc20a2 null mice can reproduce, but are subviable; ∼50% are lost prior to weaning age. We also observed that 23% of Slc20a2 deficient females develop pregnancy complications at full term, with tremors and placental abnormalities including abnormal vascular structure, increased basement membrane deposition, abundant calcification, and accumulation of novel CD13 and lamininα1 positive cells. Together these data support that Slc20a2 deficiency impacts both maternal and neonatal health, and Slc20a2 is required for normal placental function. In humans, decreased levels of placental Slc20a1 and Slc20a2 have been correlated with early onset preeclampsia, a disorder that can manifest from placental dysfunction. In addition, preterm placental calcification has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. We surveyed placental calcification in human preeclamptic placenta samples, and detected basement membrane-associated placental calcification as well as a comparable lamininα1 positive cell type, indicating that similar mechanisms may underlie both human and mouse placental calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Wallingford
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Hilary S Gammill
- University of Washington, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Sorrell TC, Juillard PG, Djordjevic JT, Kaufman-Francis K, Dietmann A, Milonig A, Combes V, Grau GER. Cryptococcal transmigration across a model brain blood-barrier: evidence of the Trojan horse mechanism and differences between Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii strain H99 and Cryptococcus gattii strain R265. Microbes Infect 2015; 18:57-67. [PMID: 26369713 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) and Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) cause neurological disease and cross the BBB as free cells or in mononuclear phagocytes via the Trojan horse mechanism, although evidence for the latter is indirect. There is emerging evidence that Cn and the North American outbreak Cg strain (R265) more commonly cause neurological and lung disease, respectively. We have employed a widely validated in vitro model of the BBB, which utilizes the hCMEC/D3 cell line derived from human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) and the human macrophage-like cell line, THP-1, to investigate whether transport of dual fluorescence-labelled Cn and Cg across the BBB occurs within macrophages. We showed that phagocytosis of Cn by non-interferon (IFN)-γ stimulated THP-1 cells was higher than that of Cg. Although Cn and Cg-loaded THP-1 bound similarly to TNF-activated HBECs under shear stress, more Cn-loaded macrophages were transported across an intact HBEC monolayer, consistent with the predilection of Cn for CNS infection. Furthermore, Cn exhibited a higher rate of expulsion from transmigrated THP-1 compared with Cg. Our results therefore provide further evidence for transmigration of both Cn and Cg via the Trojan horse mechanism and a potential explanation for the predilection of Cn to cause CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania C Sorrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Pierre-Georges Juillard
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julianne T Djordjevic
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Fungal Pathogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Anelia Dietmann
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alban Milonig
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Valery Combes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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