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Zhu J, Inomata T, Fujimoto K, Uchida K, Fujio K, Nagino K, Miura M, Negishi N, Okumura Y, Akasaki Y, Hirosawa K, Kuwahara M, Eguchi A, Shokirova H, Yanagawa A, Midorikawa-Inomata A, Murakami A. Ex Vivo-Induced Bone Marrow-Derived Myeloid Suppressor Cells Prevent Corneal Allograft Rejection in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:3. [PMID: 34061951 PMCID: PMC8185403 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.7.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of ex vivo-induced bone marrow myeloid-derived suppressor cells (BM-MDSCs) on allogeneic immune responses in corneal transplantation. Methods Bone marrow cells from C57BL/6J (B6) mice were cultured with IL-6 and GM-CSF for four days. The ex vivo induction of the BM-MDSCs was assessed using flow cytometry, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and nitric oxide (NO) production in allogeneic stimulation. T-cell proliferation and regulatory T-cell (Treg) expansion were investigated on allogeneic stimulation in the presence of ex vivo-induced BM-MDSCs. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β1 protein levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. After subconjunctival injection of ex vivo-induced BM-MDSCs, the migration of the BM-MDSCs into corneal grafts, allogeneic corneal graft survival, neovascularization, and lymphangiogenesis were assessed using flow cytometry, slit-lamp microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Results The combination of GM-CSF and IL-6 significantly induced BM-MDSCs with increased iNos mRNA expression. The ex vivo-induced BM-MDSCs promoted NO release in allogeneic stimulation in vitro. The ex vivo-induced BM-MDSCs inhibited T-cell proliferation and promoted Treg expansion. Decreased IFN-γ and increased IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β1 production was observed in coculture of ex vivo-induced BM-MDSCs. Injected ex vivo-induced BM-MDSCs were confirmed to migrate into the grafts. The injected BM-MDSCs also prolonged corneal graft survival and prevented angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Conclusions The ex vivo-induced BM-MDSCs have suppressive effects on allogeneic immune responses and prolong corneal allograft survival via the iNOS pathway, indicating that they may be a potential therapeutic tool for corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Subei People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Strategic Operating Room Management and Improvement, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Uchida
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Fujio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nagino
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Negishi
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Indoor Environment Neurophysiology Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Okumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Strategic Operating Room Management and Improvement, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Akasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hirosawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizu Kuwahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Eguchi
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hurramhon Shokirova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Yanagawa
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Midorikawa-Inomata
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Oberholtzer N, Atkinson C, Nadig SN. Adoptive Transfer of Regulatory Immune Cells in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631365. [PMID: 33737934 PMCID: PMC7960772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft rejection remains a significant barrier to solid organ transplantation as a treatment for end-organ failure. Patients receiving organ transplants typically require systemic immunosuppression in the form of pharmacological immunosuppressants for the duration of their lives, leaving these patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections, malignancies, and other use-restricting side-effects. In recent years, a substantial amount of research has focused on the use of cell-based therapies for the induction of graft tolerance. Inducing or adoptively transferring regulatory cell types, including regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and IL-10 secreting B cells, has the potential to produce graft-specific tolerance in transplant recipients. Significant progress has been made in the optimization of these cell-based therapeutic strategies as our understanding of their underlying mechanisms increases and new immunoengineering technologies become more widely available. Still, many questions remain to be answered regarding optimal cell types to use, appropriate dosage and timing, and adjuvant therapies. In this review, we summarize what is known about the cellular mechanisms that underly the current cell-based therapies being developed for the prevention of allograft rejection, the different strategies being explored to optimize these therapies, and all of the completed and ongoing clinical trials involving these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Oberholtzer
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Satish N Nadig
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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3
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Zhang J, Hodges A, Chen SH, Pan PY. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as cellular immunotherapy in transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Cell Immunol 2021; 362:104300. [PMID: 33582607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, which have been characterized for their immunosuppressive capacity through multiple mechanisms. These cells have been extensively studied in the field of tumor immunity. Emerging evidence has highlighted its essential role in maintaining immune tolerance in transplantation and autoimmunity. Because of their robust immune inhibitory activities, there has been growing interest in MDSC-based cellular therapy. Various pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of MDCS represented a promising therapeutic strategy for immune-related disorders. In this review, we summarize relevant studies of MDSC-based cell therapy in transplantation and autoimmune diseases and discuss the challenges and future directions for clinical application of MDSC-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilu Zhang
- Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Alan Hodges
- Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States; Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States; Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Ping-Ying Pan
- Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States; Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States.
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4
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Lee YS, Zhang T, Saxena V, Li L, Piao W, Bromberg JS, Scalea JR. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells expand after transplantation and their augmentation increases graft survival. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2343-2355. [PMID: 32282980 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand in an inflammatory microenvironment such as cancer and autoimmunity. To study if transplantation induces MDSCs and these cells regulate allograft survival, C57BL/6 donor hearts were transplanted into BALB/c recipients and endogenous MDSCs were characterized. The effects of adoptive transfer of transplant (tx), tumor (tm), and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (g-csf)-expanded MDSCs or depletion of MDSC were assessed. MDSCs expanded after transplantation (1.7-4.6-fold) in the absence of immunosuppression, homed to allografts, and suppressed proliferation of CD4 T cells in vitro. Tx-MDSCs differed phenotypically from tm-MDSCs and g-csf-MDSCs. Among various surface markers, Rae-1 expression was notably low and TGF-β receptor II was high in tx-MDSCs when compared to tm-MDSCs and g-csf-MDSCs. Adoptive transfer of these three MDSCs led to differential graft survival: control (6 days), tx-MDSCs (7.5 days), tm-MDSCs (9.5 days), and g-csf-MDSCs (19.5 days). In combination with anti-CD154 mAb, MDSCs synergistically extended graft survival from 40 days (anti-CD154 alone) to 86 days with tm-MDSCs and 132 days with g-csf-MDSCs. Early MDSC depletion (day 0 or 20), however, abrogated graft survival, but late depletion (day 25) did not. In conclusion, MDSCs expanded following transplantation, migrated to cardiac allografts, prolonged graft survival, and were synergistic with anti-CD154 mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikas Saxena
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenji Piao
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Scalea
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Cao P, Sun Z, Feng C, Zhang J, Zhang F, Wang W, Zhao Y. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in transplantation tolerance induction. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106421. [PMID: 32217462 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of heterogeneous cells derived from bone marrow. These cells are developed from immature myeloid cells and have strong negative immunomodulatory effects. In the context of pathology (such as tumor, autoimmune disease, trauma, and burns), MDSCs accumulate around tumor and inflammatory tissues, where their main role is to inhibit the function of effector T cells and promote the recruitment of regulatory T cells. MDSCs can be used in organ transplantation to regulate the immune responses that participate in rejection of the transplanted organ. This effect is achieved by increasing the production of MDSCs in vivo or transfusion of MDSCs induced in vitro to establish immune tolerance and prolong the survival of the graft. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of MDSCs in a variety of transplantation studies as well as the induction of immune tolerance to prevent transplant rejection through the use of common clinical immunosuppressants combined with MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zejia Sun
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Chang Feng
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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6
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Lee HJ, Park SY, Jeong HJ, Kim HJ, Kim MK, Oh JY. Glucocorticoids induce corneal allograft tolerance through expansion of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:3029-3037. [PMID: 30019411 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most widely used drugs to prevent transplant rejection; however, it is not yet clear how GCs induce immune tolerance in transplantation. Here, we demonstrate that GCs induce tolerance to corneal allografts in mice through expansion of MHC class II- CD11b+ Ly6C+ monocytes in the bone marrow and mobilization of the cells to spleen, draining lymph nodes, and graft site. The GC-induced CD11b+ Ly6C+ monocytes inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro, and adoptive transfer of the cells improved the survival of corneal allografts. Depletion of CD11b+ Ly6C+ cells in mice during GC treatment abrogated the effects of GCs in prevention of immune rejection. Together, the results identify monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells as crucial mediators of the GC-induced tolerance in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Lee
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Park
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Budhwar S, Verma P, Verma R, Rai S, Singh K. The Yin and Yang of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2776. [PMID: 30555467 PMCID: PMC6280921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, most of our knowledge about myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) has come from cancer studies, which depicts Yin side of MDSCs. In cancer, inherent immunosuppressive action of MDSCs favors tumor progression by inhibiting antitumor immune response. However, recently Yang side of MDSCs has also been worked out and suggests the role in maintenance of homeostasis during non-cancer situations like pregnancy, obesity, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Continued work in this area has armored the biological importance of these cells as master regulators of immune system and prompted scientists all over the world to look from a different perspective. Therefore, explicating Yin and Yang arms of MDSCs is obligatory to use it as a double edged sword in a much smarter way. This review is an attempt toward presenting a synergistic coalition of all the facts and controversies that exist in understanding MDSCs, bring them on the same platform and approach their "Yin and Yang" nature in a more comprehensive and coherent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehil Budhwar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rachna Verma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sangeeta Rai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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8
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Wei C, Wang Y, Ma L, Wang X, Chi H, Zhang S, Liu T, Li Z, Xiang D, Dong Y, Wu X, Shi W, Gao H. Rapamycin Nano-Micelle Ophthalmic Solution Reduces Corneal Allograft Rejection by Potentiating Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells' Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2283. [PMID: 30349533 PMCID: PMC6186809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allograft rejection is the major cause of corneal allograft failure. Rapamycin (RAPA) has been reported as an effective and novel immunosuppressive agent for patients undergoing corneal transplantation. However, its high water insolubility and low bioavailability have strongly constrained its clinical application. In this study, we successfully developed a RAPA nano-micelle ophthalmic solution and found that corneal allograft survival in recipients treated with RAPA nano-micelle ophthalmic solution was significantly prolonged for more than 2 months, with less inflammatory infiltration, decreased production of pro-inflammatory factors, and elevated recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs from mice treated with RAPA nano-micelle ophthalmic solution could significantly inhibit the proliferation of CD4+T cells through increased expressions of inducible nitric oxidase (iNOS) and arginase-1 (Arg-1). The activity blockade of Arg-1 and iNOS pharmacologically reversed their immunosuppressive ability. Moreover, the effects of RAPA were antagonized by the administration of anti-Gr-1 antibody or by inhibiting the activity of iNOS pharmacologically. In addition, RAPA nano-micelle also effectively alleviated allograft rejection in high-risk rabbit penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) models with corneal vascularization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that RAPA nano-micelle ophthalmic solution could improve the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs through elevated expression of Arg-1 and iNOS, which highlights the possible therapeutic applications of RAPA against corneal allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Chi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Demeng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanling Dong
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianggen Wu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiyun Shi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
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