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Carse S, Reid T, Madsen J, Clark H, Kirjakulov A, Bergant Marušič M, Schäfer G. Functional Characterisation of Surfactant Protein A as a Novel Prophylactic Means against Oncogenic HPV Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7712. [PMID: 39062960 PMCID: PMC11277218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection poses a significant health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where limited healthcare access and awareness hinder vaccine accessibility. To identify alternative HPV targeting interventions, we previously reported on surfactant protein A (SP-A) as a novel molecule capable of recognising HPV16 pseudovirions (HPV16-PsVs) and reducing infection in a murine cervicovaginal HPV challenge model. Building on these findings, our current study aimed to assess SP-A's suitability as a broad-spectrum HPV-targeting molecule and its impact on innate immune responses. We demonstrate SP-A's ability to agglutinate and opsonise multiple oncogenic HPV-PsVs types, enhancing their uptake and clearance by RAW264.7 murine macrophages and THP-1 human-derived immune cells. The SP-A opsonisation of HPV not only led to increased lysosomal accumulation in macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes but also resulted in a decreased infection of HaCaT cells, which was further decreased when co-cultured with innate immune cells. An analysis of human innate immune cell cytokine profiles revealed a significant inflammatory response upon SP-A exposure, potentially contributing to the overall inhibition of HPV infection. These results highlight the multi-layered impact of SP-A on HPV, innate immune cells and keratinocytes and lay the basis for the development of alternative prophylactic interventions against diverse HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Carse
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Tim Reid
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Jens Madsen
- Targeted Lung Immunotherapy, Neonatology, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Howard Clark
- Targeted Lung Immunotherapy, Neonatology, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Artur Kirjakulov
- Infection, Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Martina Bergant Marušič
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia;
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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2
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Yamaguchi M, Nakao S, Arima M, Little K, Singh A, Wada I, Kaizu Y, Zandi S, Garweg JG, Matoba T, Shiraishi W, Yamasaki R, Shibata K, Go Y, Ishibashi T, Uemura A, Stitt AW, Sonoda KH. Heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06215-3. [PMID: 38977459 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by neuroinflammation that drives neuronal and vascular degenerative pathology, which in many individuals can lead to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Infiltrating macrophages and activated retina-resident microglia have been implicated in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, although the distinct roles of these immune cells remain ill-defined. Our aim was to clarify the distinct roles of macrophages/microglia in the pathogenesis of proliferative ischaemic retinopathies. METHODS Murine oxygen-induced retinopathy is commonly used as a model of ischaemia-induced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We evaluated the phenotype macrophages/microglia by immunostaining, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry and scRNA-seq analysis. In clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. RESULTS Immunostaining, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry showed expression levels of M1-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD80, CD68 and nitric oxide synthase 2) and M2-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD206, CD163 and macrophage scavenger receptor 1) were upregulated in areas of retinal ischaemia and around neo-vessels, respectively. scRNA-seq analysis of the ischaemic retina revealed distinct ischaemia-related clusters of macrophages/microglia that express M1 markers as well as C-C chemokine receptor 2. Inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) suppressed CCL2 expression and reduced CCR2-positive M1-like macrophages/microglia in areas of ischaemia. Furthermore, the area of retinal ischaemia was reduced by suppressing blood macrophage infiltration not only by ROCK inhibitor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 antibody but also by GdCl3. Clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy using OCT indicated potential involvement of macrophages/microglia represented by hyperreflective foci in areas of reduced perfusion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results collectively indicated that heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation in retinal vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. This adds important new information that could provide a basis for a more targeted, cell-specific therapeutic approach to prevent progression to sight-threatening PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneo Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Karis Little
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aditi Singh
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Iori Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Souska Zandi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Justus G Garweg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Gan D, Zhu Y, Lu X, Li J. SCIPAC: quantitative estimation of cell-phenotype associations. Genome Biol 2024; 25:119. [PMID: 38741183 PMCID: PMC11089691 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous algorithms have been proposed to identify cell types in single-cell RNA sequencing data, yet a fundamental problem remains: determining associations between cells and phenotypes such as cancer. We develop SCIPAC, the first algorithm that quantitatively estimates the association between each cell in single-cell data and a phenotype. SCIPAC also provides a p-value for each association and applies to data with virtually any type of phenotype. We demonstrate SCIPAC's accuracy in simulated data. On four real cancerous or noncancerous datasets, insights from SCIPAC help interpret the data and generate new hypotheses. SCIPAC requires minimum tuning and is computationally very fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dailin Gan
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, USA
| | - Yini Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, USA.
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4
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Hey J, Halperin C, Hartmann M, Mayer S, Schönung M, Lipka DB, Scherz-Shouval R, Plass C. DNA methylation landscape of tumor-associated macrophages reveals pathways, transcription factors and prognostic value relevant to triple-negative breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1226-1242. [PMID: 36408934 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of myeloid cells, particularly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), characterizes the tumor microenvironment (TME) of many solid cancers, including breast cancer. Compared to healthy tissue-resident macrophages, TAMs acquire distinct transcriptomes and tumor-promoting functions by largely unknown mechanisms. Here, we hypothesize the involvement of TME signaling and subsequent epigenetic reprogramming of TAMs. Using the 4T1 mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer, we demonstrate that the presence of cancer cells significantly alters the DNA methylation landscape of macrophages and, to a lesser extent, bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs). TAM methylomes, dissected into BMDM-originating and TAM-specific epigenetic programs, implicated transcription factors (TFs) and signaling pathways involved in TAM reprogramming, correlated with cancer-specific gene expression patterns. Utilizing published single-cell gene expression data, we linked microenvironmentally-derived signals to the cancer-specific DNA methylation landscape of TAMs. These integrative analyses highlighted the role of altered cytokine production in the TME (eg, TGF-β, IFN-γ and CSF1) on the induction of specific TFs (eg, FOSL2, STAT1 and RUNX3) responsible for the epigenetic reprogramming of TAMs. DNA methylation deconvolution identified a TAM-specific signature associated with the identified signaling pathways and TFs, corresponding with severe tumor grade and poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Similarly, immunosuppressive TAM functions were identified, such as induction of the immune inhibitory receptor-ligand PD-L1 by DNA hypomethylation of Cd274. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that the epigenetic landscapes of macrophages and monocytes are perturbed by the presence of breast cancer, pointing to molecular mechanisms of TAM reprogramming, impacting patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joschka Hey
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Coral Halperin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark Hartmann
- Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shimrit Mayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maximilian Schönung
- Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Lipka
- Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Scherz-Shouval
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Liu M, Yang X, Zeng C, Zhao H, Li J, Hou Z, Wen H. Transcriptional Signatures of Immune, Neural, and Endocrine Functions in the Brain and Kidney of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Aeromonas salmonicida Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031340. [PMID: 35163263 PMCID: PMC8835788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) serves as one of the most important commercial fish with an annual production of around 800,000 tonnes. However, infectious diseases, such as furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida infection, results in great economic loss in trout culture. The brain and kidney are two important organs associated with “sickness behaviors” and immunomodulation in response to disease. Therefore, we worked with 60 trout and investigated transcriptional responses and enrichment pathways between healthy and infected trout. We observed that furunculosis resulted in the activation of toll-like receptors with neuroinflammation and neural dysfunction in the brain, which might cause the “sickness behaviors” of infected trout including anorexia and lethargy. We also showed the salmonid-specific whole genome duplication contributed to duplicated colony stimulating factor 1 (csf-1) paralogs, which play an important role in modulating brain immunomodulation. Enrichment analyses of kidneys showed up-regulated immunomodulation and down-regulated neural functions, suggesting an immune-neural interaction between the brain and kidney. Moreover, the kidney endocrine network was activated in response to A. salmonicida infection, further convincing the communications between endocrine and immune systems in regulating internal homeostasis. Our study provided a foundation for pathophysiological responses of the brain and kidney in response to furunculosis and potentially offered a reference for generating disease-resistant trout strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhishuai Hou
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
| | - Haishen Wen
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
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6
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Zhang L, Xu H, Cheng Z, Wei Y, Sun R, Liang Z, Hu Y, Zhao L, Lian X, Li X, Huang D. Human Cancer Cell Membrane-Cloaked Fe 3O 4 Nanocubes for Homologous Targeting Improvement. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7417-7426. [PMID: 34185527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of nanoparticles with cellular protein components is a new biomimetic modification strategy, which utilizes the inherent affinity between homologous cells to introduce the same surface molecules into nanoparticles to improve the targeting performance. In this study, oleic acid (OA)-coated Fe3O4 nanocubes were prepared by a high-temperature thermal decomposition method and modified by 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (DHCA); then, HeLa cell membranes were introduced onto the surface of the nanocubes through mixed coextrusion to try to endow them with the targeting function of natural cells. The results show that the prepared Fe3O4 nanocubes have high monodispersity, excellent water solubility, and biocompatibility. Moreover, the Fe3O4 nanocubes encapsulated by cellular protein show an obvious core-shell structure and the specific targeting property to HeLa cells is improved significantly, which is expected to be used in clinical targeted diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Ruize Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Ziwei Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Yinchun Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Xiaojie Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
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7
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Vierhout M, Ayoub A, Naiel S, Yazdanshenas P, Revill SD, Reihani A, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Shi W, Ask K. Monocyte and macrophage derived myofibroblasts: Is it fate? A review of the current evidence. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:548-562. [PMID: 34107123 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the myofibroblast over 50 years ago, much has been learned about its role in wound healing and fibrosis. Its origin, however, remains controversial, with a number of progenitor cells being proposed. Macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) is a recent term coined in 2014 that describes the mechanism through which macrophages, derived from circulating monocytes originating in the bone marrow, transformed into myofibroblasts and contributed to kidney fibrosis. Over the past years, several studies have confirmed the existence of MMT in various systems, suggesting that MMT could potentially occur in all fibrotic conditions and constitute a reasonable therapeutic target to prevent progressive fibrotic disease. In this perspective, we examined recent evidence supporting the notion of MMT in both human disease and experimental models across organ systems. Mechanistic insight from these studies and information from in vitro studies is provided. The findings substantiating plausible MMT showcased the co-expression of macrophage and myofibroblast markers, including CD68 or F4/80 (macrophage) and α-SMA (myofibroblast), in fibroblast-like cells. Furthermore, fate-mapping experiments in murine models exhibiting myeloid-derived myofibroblasts in the tissue further provide direct evidence for MMT. Additionally, we provide some evidence from single cell RNA sequencing experiments confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation studies, showing monocyte/macrophage and myofibroblast markers co-expressed in lung tissue from patients with fibrotic lung disease. In conclusion, MMT is likely a significant contributor to myofibroblast formation in wound healing and fibrotic disease across organ systems. Circulating precursors including monocytes and the molecular mechanisms governing MMT could constitute valid targets and provide insight for the development of novel antifibrotic therapies; however, further understanding of these processes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anmar Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parichehr Yazdanshenas
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer D Revill
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amir Reihani
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Chuang YC, Chang HM, Li CY, Cui Y, Lee CL, Chen CS. Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammatory Responses of Macrophages to Substrates with Physiological Stiffness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48432-48441. [PMID: 33064443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play essential roles in innate immunity and their functions can be activated by different signals at pathological sites. Concerning changes in the rigidity of the microenvironment as a disease progresses, the influence of stiffened substrates on macrophage physiology remains elusive. In this study, to evaluate the effect of stiffened substrates on macrophages, we used J774A.1 cells as the macrophage model to investigate its mechanoinflammation responses using engineered polymeric substrates with various physiological rigidities (approximately 0.6 to 100 kPa). Under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stress, approximately 4-fold higher cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were triggered in cells on the softer substrate, compared with cells on the stiff substrates. The enhanced ROS response was found to be regulated mainly by NADPH oxidase. Moreover, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), a crucial intracellular ROS source, are produced in response to substrate rigidity. The results showed higher mtROS production when cells were grown on a soft substrate with LPS/ATP stimuli, and the mechano-mtROS alteration was eliminated by Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. We suggest that substrate rigidity can coincide with LPS/ATP in regulating the ROS generation of macrophages. As a result of the pivotal role of ROS in regulating inflammation, increased NLRP-3 inflammasome formation and higher NO secretion (an approximately 300% increase) were observed with macrophages grown on soft substrates. Although no substantial genomic distinction was identified in our experiments, based on the phenotypic and functional results, softer substrates prime macrophages toward the proinflammatory (M1)-like phenotype. In summary, this study demonstrated the mechanosensitive inflammatory response of macrophages and the alteration of ROS, as secondary inflammation signals, may contribute to the functional status of macrophages. These findings not only provide an alternative interpretation of the functional transitions of macrophages influenced by substrate rigidity but may also support the manipulation of the inflammatory responses of macrophages via physical microenvironment modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsaio-Ming Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yujia Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Shuo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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9
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Karagianni AE, Lisowski ZM, Hume DA, Scott Pirie R. The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:231-249. [PMID: 32881079 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is a family of cells of related function that includes bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes and resident tissue macrophages. Macrophages are effector cells in both innate and acquired immunity. They are a major resident cell population in every organ and their numbers increase in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Their function is highly regulated by a wide range of agonists, including lymphokines, cytokines and products of microorganisms. Macrophage biology has been studied most extensively in mice, yet direct comparisons of rodent and human macrophages have revealed many functional differences. In this review, we provide an overview of the equine MPS, describing the variation in the function and phenotype of macrophages depending on their location and the similarities and differences between the rodent, human and equine immune response. We discuss the use of the horse as a large animal model in which to study macrophage biology and pathological processes shared with humans. Finally, following the recent update to the horse genome, facilitating further comparative analysis of regulated gene expression between the species, we highlight the importance of future transcriptomic macrophage studies in the horse, the findings of which may also be applicable to human as well as veterinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - R Scott Pirie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Frye MD, Ryan AF, Kurabi A. Inflammation associated with noise-induced hearing loss. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:4020. [PMID: 31795714 PMCID: PMC7480080 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response to harmful stimuli including infection, tissue damage, and toxins. Thus, it is not surprising that cochlear damage by noise includes an inflammatory component. One mechanism by which inflammation is generated by tissue damage is the activation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Many of the cellular receptors for DAMPS, including Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and DNA receptors, are also receptors for pathogens, and function in the innate immune system. DAMP receptors are known to be expressed by cochlear cells, and binding of molecules released by damaged cells to these receptors result in the activation of cell stress pathways. This leads to the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit pro-inflammatory leukocytes. Extensive evidence indicates pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF alpha and interleukin 1 beta, and chemokines including CCL2, are induced in the cochlea after noise exposure. The recruitment of macrophages into the cochlea has also been demonstrated. These provide substrates for noise damage to be enhanced by inflammation. Evidence is provided by the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs in ameliorating noise-induced hearing loss. Involvement of inflammation provides a wide variety of additional anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution agents as potential pharmacological interventions in noise-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Frye
- Callier Center for Communication Disorders, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Arwa Kurabi
- Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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11
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Waddell LA, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Raper A, Young R, Lisowski ZM, McCulloch MEB, Muriuki C, Sauter KA, Clark EL, Irvine KM, Pridans C, Hope JC, Hume DA. ADGRE1 (EMR1, F4/80) Is a Rapidly-Evolving Gene Expressed in Mammalian Monocyte-Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2246. [PMID: 30327653 PMCID: PMC6174849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The F4/80 antigen, encoded by the Adgre1 locus, has been widely-used as a monocyte-macrophage marker in mice, but its value as a macrophage marker in other species is unclear, and has even been questioned. ADGRE1 is a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor with an extracellular domain containing repeated Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like calcium binding domains. Using a new monoclonal antibody, we demonstrated that ADGRE1 is a myeloid differentiation marker in pigs, absent from progenitors in bone marrow, highly-expressed in mature granulocytes, monocytes, and tissue macrophages and induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) treatment in vivo. Based upon these observations, we utilized RNA-Seq to assess the expression of ADGRE1 mRNA in bone marrow or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and alveolar macrophages from 8 mammalian species including pig, human, rat, sheep, goat, cow, water buffalo, and horse. ADGRE1 mRNA was expressed by macrophages in each species, with inter-species variation both in expression level and response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Analysis of the RNA-Seq data also revealed additional exons in several species compared to current Ensembl annotations. The ruminant species and horses appear to encode a complete duplication of the 7 EGF-like domains. In every species, Sashimi plots revealed evidence of exon skipping of the EGF-like domains, which are highly-variable between species and polymorphic in humans. Consistent with these expression patterns, key elements of the promoter and a putative enhancer are also conserved across all species. The rapid evolution of this molecule and related ADGRE family members suggests immune selection and a role in pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Waddell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C. Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Ruytinx P, Proost P, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Chemokine-Induced Macrophage Polarization in Inflammatory Conditions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1930. [PMID: 30245686 PMCID: PMC6137099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a heterogeneous cell population and are known to display a remarkable plasticity. In response to distinct micro-environmental stimuli, e.g., tumor stroma vs. infected tissue, they polarize into different cell subtypes. Originally, two subpopulations were defined: classically activated macrophages or M1, and alternatively activated macrophages or M2. Nowadays, the M1/M2 classification is considered as an oversimplified approach that does not adequately cover the total spectrum of macrophage phenotypes observed in vivo. Especially in pathological circumstances, macrophages behave as plastic cells modifying their expression and transcription profile along a continuous spectrum with M1 and M2 phenotypes as extremes. Here, we focus on the effect of chemokines on macrophage differentiation and polarization in physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, we discuss chemokine-induced macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases, including obesity, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Ruytinx
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, REGA Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Mehrabi M, Amini F, Mehrabi S. Active Role of the Necrotic Zone in Desensitization of Hypoxic Macrophages and Regulation of CSC-Fate: A hypothesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:235. [PMID: 29988496 PMCID: PMC6026632 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast-proliferating cancer cells in the hypoxic region face a shortage of oxygen and nutrients, undergo necrotic cell death, and release numerous signaling components. Hypoxia-induced chemo-attractants signal for macrophages/monocytes to clear debris and return the system to steady state. Accordingly, macrophages arrange into pre-necrotic positions, where they are continuously exposed to stress signals. It can thus be hypothesized that gradual alteration of gene expression in macrophages eventually turns off their phagocytic machinery. Uncleared cell corpses within the hypoxic region potentially provide a rich source of building blocks for anaerobic metabolism of cancer stem cells via macropinocytosis, and are conceivably implicated in tumor progression and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Amini
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shima Mehrabi
- Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Wikstrom ME, Khong A, Fleming P, Kuns R, Hertzog PJ, Frazer IH, Andoniou CE, Hill GR, Degli-Esposti MA. The early monocytic response to cytomegalovirus infection is MyD88 dependent but occurs independently of common inflammatory cytokine signals. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:409-19. [PMID: 24166710 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus latently infects myeloid cells; however, the acute effects of the virus on this cell subset are poorly characterised. We demonstrate that systemic cytomegalovirus infection induced rapid activation of monocytes in the bone marrow, characterised by upregulation of CD69, CD11c, Ly6C and M-CSF receptor. Activated bone marrow monocytes were more sensitive to M-CSF and less sensitive to granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor in vitro, resulting in the generation of more macrophages and fewer dendritic cells, respectively. Monocyte activation was also observed in the periphery and resulted in significant accumulation of monocytes in the spleen. MyD88 expression was required within the haematopoietic compartment to initiate monocyte activation and recruitment. However, monocytes lacking MyD88 were activated and recruited in the presence of MyD88-sufficient cells in mixed bone marrow chimeras, indicating that once initiated, the process was MyD88 independent. Interestingly, we found that monocyte activation occurred in the absence of the common inflammatory cytokines, namely type I interferons (IFNs), IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1 as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome adaptor protein, ASC. We also excluded a role for the chemokine-like protein MCK-2 (m131/129) expressed by murine CMV. Taken together, these results challenge the notion that a single inflammatory cytokine mediates activation and recruitment of monocytes in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wikstrom
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Menegazzo L, Albiero M, Millioni R, Tolin S, Arrigoni G, Poncina N, Tessari P, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Circulating myeloid calcifying cells have antiangiogenic activity via thrombospondin-1 overexpression. FASEB J 2013; 27:4355-65. [PMID: 23901071 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-223719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid calcifying cells (MCCs) represent a subpopulation of human monocytes with procalcific potential and are characterized by coexpression of osteocalcin (OC) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP). Herein, an in-depth proteomic investigation of MCCs based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting, protein extraction and digestion, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation labeling, fractionation, and analysis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight and LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometers identified and quantified more than 700 proteins and revealed pathways activated in OC(+)BAP(+) MCCs compared with those in OC(-)BAP(-) cells. Among proteins referable to angiogenesis, the thrombospondin-1 pathway was markedly up-regulated in MCCs vs. control cells. Up-regulation of the thrombospondin-1 pathway was confirmed by a genome-wide transcriptional analysis. Using in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays, we found that freshly isolated MCCs and cultured MCCs display an antiangiogenic function by means of both paracrine activity (conditioned medium) and altered spatial localization in cocultures with endothelial cells. Thrombospondin-1 inhibition by antibody-mediated neutralization or gene knockdown restored the angiogenic activity of OC(+)BAP(+) MCCs toward normal values and abolished the antiangiogenic effects of MCC conditioned medium. These data indicate that circulating MCCs exert antiangiogenic activity by virtue of their overexpression of thrombospondin-1. The study highlights the successful identification and validation of a pathogenic pathway by a gold standard proteomic/transcriptomic analysis of blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Menegazzo
- 2Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy.
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16
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Ezquerra A, Revilla C, Alvarez B, Pérez C, Alonso F, Domínguez J. Porcine myelomonocytic markers and cell populations. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:284-298. [PMID: 18586052 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses in what is currently known about swine myeloid markers, the expression and function of these receptors in the biology of porcine myelomonocytic cells, the regulation of their expression along the different developmental stages of these cells and their utility to investigate the heterogeneity of monocyte and macrophage populations. Although the number of monoclonal antibodies recognizing surface antigens expressed on either swine granulocytes or monocytes is low compared with those available for human or mouse, they have contributed significantly to study the members of myeloid lineages in this species, allowing to discriminate different maturation stages of these cells in bone marrow and to reveal the heterogeneity of blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. Porcine myeloid cells share many similarities with humans, highlighting the relevance of the pig as a biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ezquerra
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Beckmann N, Cannet C, Babin AL, Blé F, Zurbruegg S, Kneuer R, Dousset V. In vivo
visualization of macrophage infiltration and activity in inflammation using magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:272-98. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Cannet
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Louise Babin
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - François‐Xavier Blé
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Stefan Zurbruegg
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kneuer
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dousset
- University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, EA 2966 Neurobiology of Myelin Disease Laboratory, CHU de Bordeaux, F‐33076 Bordeaux, France
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18
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Abstract
The innate immune system utilizes multiple receptors to recognize fungal pathogens, and the net inflammatory response is controlled by interactions between these receptors. Many fungi are recognized, at least in part, by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Dectin-1. Examination of the roles these receptors play together and on their own is a useful model for understanding the interplay between innate immune receptors. This review focuses on the role(s) of TLR2 and Dectin-1 in triggering inflammatory responses, transcription factor activation, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen production in response to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Goodridge
- Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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