1
|
Vourdoumpa A, Paltoglou G, Charmandari E. The Genetic Basis of Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:1416. [PMID: 36986146 PMCID: PMC10058966 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence represents one of the most challenging public health problems of our century owing to its epidemic proportions and the associated significant morbidity, mortality, and increase in public health costs. The pathogenesis of polygenic obesity is multifactorial and is due to the interaction among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. More than 1100 independent genetic loci associated with obesity traits have been currently identified, and there is great interest in the decoding of their biological functions and the gene-environment interaction. The present study aimed to systematically review the scientific evidence and to explore the relation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) with changes in body mass index (BMI) and other measures of body composition in children and adolescents with obesity, as well as their response to lifestyle interventions. Twenty-seven studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, which consisted of 7928 overweight/obese children and adolescents at different stages of pubertal development who underwent multidisciplinary management. The effect of polymorphisms in 92 different genes was assessed and revealed SNPs in 24 genetic loci significantly associated with BMI and/or body composition change, which contribute to the complex metabolic imbalance of obesity, including the regulation of appetite and energy balance, the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and adipose tissue, as well as their interactions. The decoding of the genetic and molecular/cellular pathophysiology of obesity and the gene-environment interactions, alongside with the individual genotype, will enable us to design targeted and personalized preventive and management interventions for obesity early in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Vourdoumpa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Paltoglou
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
PPARγ-A Factor Linking Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity with Placental Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313167. [PMID: 34884974 PMCID: PMC8658556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a known factor in the development of preeclampsia. This paper links adipose tissue pathologies with aberrant placental development and the resulting preeclampsia. PPARγ, a transcription factor from the ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptor family, appears to be one common aspect of both pathologies. It is the master regulator of adipogenesis in humans. At the same time, its aberrantly low activity has been observed in placental pathologies. Overweight and obesity are very serious health problems worldwide. They have negative effects on the overall mortality rate. Very importantly, they are also conducive to diseases linked to impaired placental development, including preeclampsia. More and more people in Europe are suffering from overweight (35.2%) and obesity (16%) (EUROSTAT 2021 data), some of them young women planning pregnancy. As a result, we will be increasingly encountering obese pregnant women with a considerable risk of placental development disorders, including preeclampsia. An appreciation of the mechanisms shared by these two conditions may assist in their prevention and treatment. Clearly, it should not be forgotten that health education concerning the need for a proper diet and physical activity is of utmost importance here.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ott TL. Symposium review: Immunological detection of the bovine conceptus during early pregnancy. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3766-3777. [PMID: 30712941 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infertility and subfertility reduce the economic viability of dairy production. Inflammation reduces conception rates in dairy cattle, but surprisingly little information exists about the populations and the functions of immune cells at the conceptus-maternal interface during the periattachment period in dairy cattle. Early pregnancy is accompanied by immune stimulation at insemination and conceptus secretion of IFN-τ, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins, prostaglandins, and other molecules whose effects on immune function during early pregnancy have not been determined. Our working hypothesis is that pregnancy induces changes in immune cell populations and functions that are biased toward immunological tolerance, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge, starting with insemination and proceeding through early pregnancy, as this is the period of maximal embryo loss. Results indicated that early pregnancy is accompanied by a marked increase in the proportion of endometrial immune cells expressing markers for natural killer (CD335) cells and cytotoxic T cells (CD8) along with an increase in cells expressing major histocompatibility class II antigens (macrophages and dendritic cells). This is accompanied by increased abundance of mRNA for IL-15, a natural killer growth factor, and IL-10 in the endometrium during early pregnancy. Furthermore, expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase was 15-fold greater in pregnant compared with cyclic heifers at d 17, but then declined by d 20. This enzyme converts tryptophan to kynurenine, which alters immune function by creating a localized tryptophan deficiency and by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and induction of downstream tolerogenic mediators. Expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is abundant in the bovine uterus, but its temporal and spatial regulation during early pregnancy have not been characterized. Pregnancy is also associated with increased expression of proteins known to inhibit immune activation, including programed cell death ligand-1 (CD274), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (CD223), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CD152). These molecules interact with receptors on antigen-presenting cells and induce lymphocyte tolerance. Current results support the hypothesis that early pregnancy signaling in dairy heifers involves changes in the proportions of immune cells in the endometrium as well as induction of molecules known to mediate tolerance. These changes are likely essential for uterine wall remodeling, placentation, and successful pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Ott
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Oral agents used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus include sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, metglitinides, and/or α -glucosidase inhibitors. These medication classes can be further classified as hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic agents. Hypoglycemia is a major symptom of toxicity of these agents, particularly with the sulfonylureas, including combination medications that include sulfonylureas. In overdose situations, metformin, a biguanide, can lead to considerable gastrointestinal adverse effects and potentially lactic acidosis in severe cases. Data on the management of toxicities of the other classes are limited. This article will review the treatment modalities that have been used for treating symptomatic hypoglycemia and metformin-induced lactic acidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lada
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mouse models and type 2 diabetes: translational opportunities. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:390-400. [PMID: 21713584 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide. Treatments are available, but glycaemic control is not always effective in many patients. Better models are needed to create new and improved therapies and to expand our understanding of how type 2 diabetes begins and progresses. Translational research involves the transformation of knowledge from basic scientific discoveries to impacting on public health. This can allow identification of novel molecular mechanisms underlying the disease which can lead to preventative measures, biomarkers for diagnosis, or future therapies. Generation of genetically modified mice has allowed us to investigate the function of genes and develop reproducible models in which the phenotype of the animal can be tested. Mouse models have already given us insight into glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, identified novel pathways, and have been used to confirm genome-wide association studies. In this review we discuss the use of the mouse to clarify human genome-wide association study loci, understand genes and pathways involved in type 2 diabetes, and uncover novel targets for drug discovery.
Collapse
|
6
|
Seto S, Okada K, Kiyota K, Isogai S, Iwago M, Shinozaki T, Kitamura Y, Kohno Y, Murakami K. Design, Synthesis, and Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of Novel 2,4,6-Trisubstituted-5-pyrimidinecarboxylic Acids as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) Partial Agonists with Comparable Antidiabetic Efficacy to Rosiglitazone. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5012-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100443s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Seto
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Kyoko Okada
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Koichi Kiyota
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Shigeki Isogai
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Maki Iwago
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Takehiro Shinozaki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kohno
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Koji Murakami
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2399-1, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rőszer T, Ricote M. PPARs in the Renal Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:698730. [PMID: 20613959 PMCID: PMC2896854 DOI: 10.1155/2010/698730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has revealed roles for the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family of transcription factors in blood pressure regulation, expanding the possible therapeutic use of PPAR ligands. PPARalpha and PPARgamma modulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a major regulator of systemic blood pressure and interstitial fluid volume by transcriptional control of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT-R1). Blockade of RAAS is an important therapeutic target in hypertension management and attenuates microvascular damage, glomerular inflammation and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients and also show antidiabetic effects. The mechanisms underlying the benefits of RAAS inhibition appear to involve PPARgamma-regulated pathways. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of PPARs in the transcriptional control of the RAAS and the possible use of PPAR ligands in the treatment of RAAS dependent hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Rőszer
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paliwal S, Yadav D, Yadav R, Paliwal S. In silico structure-based drug design approach to develop novel pharmacophore model of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Acton JJ, Akiyama TE, Chang CH, Colwell L, Debenham S, Doebber T, Einstein M, Liu K, McCann ME, Moller DE, Muise ES, Tan Y, Thompson JR, Wong KK, Wu M, Xu L, Meinke PT, Berger JP, Wood HB. Discovery of (2R)-2-(3-{3-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl}phenoxy)butanoic Acid (MK-0533): A Novel Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulator for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with a Reduced Potential to Increase Plasma and Extracellular Fluid Volume. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3846-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900097m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Acton
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Taro E. Akiyama
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Ching H. Chang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Lawrence Colwell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Sheryl Debenham
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Thomas Doebber
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Monica Einstein
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Kun Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Margaret E. McCann
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - David E. Moller
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Eric S. Muise
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Yugen Tan
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - John R. Thompson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Kenny K. Wong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Margaret Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Libo Xu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Joel P. Berger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Harold B. Wood
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., RY800-C114, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lauer B, Tuschl G, Kling M, Mueller SO. Species-specific toxicity of diclofenac and troglitazone in primary human and rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 179:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Otero MP, Pérez Santín E, Rodríguez-Barrios F, Vaz B, de Lera AR. Selective, potent PPARgamma agonists with cyclopentenone core structure. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1883-6. [PMID: 19275963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogues of the PPARgamma ligand 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) have been synthesized by functionalization of a 5-alkyl-4-hydroxycyclopentenone core structure obtained by Piancatelli rearrangement of precursor furylcarbinol. Transient transactivation assays indicate that analogues 18 and 20 are selective nanomolar agonists of PPARgamma. This subtype selectivity is lost in derivatives (23, 24) with an alkynyl (oct-1-yn) chain at the C3 position, although the cyclopentenone derivative with cis relative configuration (23) showed greater affinity for PPARalpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Paz Otero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Debenham SD, Chan A, Lau FW, Liu W, Wood HB, Lemme K, Colwell L, Habulihaz B, Akiyama TE, Einstein M, Doebber TW, Sharma N, Wang CF, Wu M, Berger JP, Meinke PT. Highly functionalized 7-azaindoles as selective PPARγ modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4798-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Tuschl G, Lauer B, Mueller SO. Primary hepatocytes as a model to analyze species-specific toxicity and drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:855-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.7.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
14
|
Yoon EK, Lee WK, Lee JH, Yu SM, Hwang SG, Kim SJ. ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase oppositely regulate 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandinJ(2)-Induced PPAR-gamma activation that mediates dedifferentiation but not cyclooxygenase-2 expression in articular chondrocytes. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:1015-21. [PMID: 18162716 PMCID: PMC2694644 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.6.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and plays an important role in growth, differentiation, and inflammation in different tissues. In this study, we investigated the effects of 15d-PGJ(2), a high-affinity ligand of PPAR-gamma, on dedifferentiation and on inflammatory responses such as COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production in rabbit articular chondrocytes with a focus on ERK-1/-2, p38 kinase, and PPAR-gamma activation. We report here that 15d-PGJ(2) induced dedifferentiation and/or COX-2 expression and subsequent PGE(2) production. 15d-PGJ(2) treatment stimulated activation of ERK-1/-2, p38 kinase, and PPAR-gamma. Inhibition of ERK-1/-2 with PD98059 recovered 15d-PGJ(2)-induced dedifferentiation and enhanced PPAR-gamma activation, whereas inhibition of p38 kinase with SB203580 potentiated dedifferentiation and partially blocked PPAR-gamma activation. Inhibition of ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase abolished 15d-PGJ(2)-induced COX-2 expression and subsequent PGE(2) production. Our findings collectively suggest that ERK-1/-2 and p38 kinase oppositely regulate 15d-PGJ(2)-induced dedifferentiation through a PPAR-gamma-dependent mechanism, whereas COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production is regulated by ERK-1/-2 through a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism but not p38 kinase in articular chondrocytes. Additionally, these data suggest that targeted modulation of the PPAR-gamma and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway may offer a novel approach for therapeutic inhibition of joint tissue degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Won-Kil Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Seon-Mi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Laboratory of Radiation Experimental Therapeutics, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song-Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ekins S, Shimada J, Chang C. Application of data mining approaches to drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1409-30. [PMID: 17081647 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Computational approaches play a key role in all areas of the pharmaceutical industry from data mining, experimental and clinical data capture to pharmacoeconomics and adverse events monitoring. They will likely continue to be indispensable assets along with a growing library of software applications. This is primarily due to the increasingly massive amount of biology, chemistry and clinical data, which is now entering the public domain mainly as a result of NIH and commercially funded projects. We are therefore in need of new methods for mining this mountain of data in order to enable new hypothesis generation. The computational approaches include, but are not limited to, database compilation, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacophores, network visualization models, decision trees, machine learning algorithms and multidimensional data visualization software that could be used to improve drug delivery after mining public and/or proprietary data. We will discuss some areas of unmet needs in the area of data mining for drug delivery that can be addressed with new software tools or databases of relevance to future pharmaceutical projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- ACT LLC, 1 Penn Plaza-36th Floor, New York, NY 10119, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mahindroo N, Huang CF, Peng YH, Wang CC, Liao CC, Lien TW, Chittimalla SK, Huang WJ, Chai CH, Prakash E, Chen CP, Hsu TA, Peng CH, Lu IL, Lee LH, Chang YW, Chen WC, Chou YC, Chen CT, Goparaju CMV, Chen YS, Lan SJ, Yu MC, Chen X, Chao YS, Wu SY, Hsieh HP. Novel Indole-Based Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists: Design, SAR, Structural Biology, and Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2005; 48:8194-208. [PMID: 16366601 DOI: 10.1021/jm0506930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of novel indole derivatives as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are reported. Indole, a drug-like scaffold, was studied as a core skeleton for the acidic head part of PPAR agonists. The structural features (acidic head, substitution on indole, and linker) were optimized first, by keeping benzisoxazole as the tail part, based on binding and functional activity at PPARgamma protein. The variations in the tail part, by introducing various heteroaromatic ring systems, were then studied. In vitro evaluation led to identification of a novel series of indole compounds with a benzisoxazole tail as potent PPAR agonists with the lead compound 14 (BPR1H036) displaying an excellent pharmacokinetic profile in BALB/c mice and an efficacious glucose lowering activity in KKA(y) mice. Structural biology studies of 14 showed that the indole ring contributes strong hydrophobic interactions with PPARgamma and could be an important moiety for the binding to the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Mahindroo
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu K, Black RM, Acton JJ, Mosley R, Debenham S, Abola R, Yang M, Tschirret-Guth R, Colwell L, Liu C, Wu M, Wang CF, MacNaul KL, McCann ME, Moller DE, Berger JP, Meinke PT, Jones AB, Wood HB. Selective PPARγ modulators with improved pharmacological profiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2437-40. [PMID: 15863293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of metabolically robust N-benzyl-indole selective PPARgamma modulators with either a 3-benzoyl or 3-benzisoxazoyl moiety have been identified. In vitro, these compounds are partial agonists and exhibit reduced adipogenesis in human adipocytes. In vivo, these SPPARgammaMs result in potent glucose lowering in db/db mice and attenuate increases in heart weight and brown adipose tissue that is typically observed in rats upon treatment with PPARgamma full agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Coort SLM, Coumans WA, Bonen A, van der Vusse GJ, Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP. Divergent effects of rosiglitazone on protein-mediated fatty acid uptake in adipose and in muscle tissues of Zucker rats. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1295-302. [PMID: 15772429 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400426-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) increase tissue insulin sensitivity in diabetes. Here, we hypothesize that, in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and heart, alterations in protein-mediated FA uptake are involved in the effect of TZDs. As a model, we used obese Zucker rats, orally treated for 16 days with 5 mg rosiglitazone (Rgz)/kg body mass/day. In adipose tissue from Rgz-treated rats, FA uptake capacity increased by 2.0-fold, coinciding with increased total contents of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36; 2.3-fold) and fatty acid transport protein 1 (1.7-fold) but not of plasmalemmal fatty acid binding protein, whereas only the plasmalemmal content of FAT/CD36 was changed (increase of 1.7-fold). The increase in FA uptake capacity of adipose tissue was associated with a decline in plasma FA and triacylglycerols (TAGs), suggesting that Rgz treatment enhanced plasma FA extraction by adipocytes. In obese hearts, Rgz treatment had no effect on the FA transport system, yet the total TAG content decreased, suggesting enhanced insulin sensitivity. Also, in skeletal muscle, the FA transport system was not changed. However, the TAG content remained unaltered in skeletal muscle, which coincided with increased cytoplasmic adipose-type FABP content, suggesting that increased extramyocellular TAGs mask the decline of intracellular TAG in muscle. In conclusion, our study implicates FAT/CD36 in the mechanism by which Rgz increases tissue insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L M Coort
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ekins S, Kirillov E, Rakhmatulin EA, Nikolskaya T. A novel method for visualizing nuclear hormone receptor networks relevant to drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 33:474-81. [PMID: 15608136 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing generation of biological data represents a challenge to understanding the complexity of systems, resulting in scientists increasingly focused on a relatively narrow area of study, thereby limiting insight that can be gained from a broader perspective. In the field of drug metabolism and toxicology we are witnessing the characterization of many proteins. Most of the key enzymes and transporters are recognized as transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear hormone receptors such as pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and others. There is apparent cross talk in regulation, since multiple receptors may modulate expression of a single enzyme or transporter, representing one of many areas of active research interest. We have used published data on nuclear hormone receptors, enzymes, ligands, and other biological information to manually annotate an Oracle database, forming the basis of a platform for querying (MetaDrug). Using algorithms, we have demonstrated how nuclear hormone receptors alone can form a network of direct interactions, and when expanded, this network increases in complexity to describe the interactions with target genes as well as small molecules known to bind a receptor, enzyme, or transporter. We have also described how the database can be used for visualizing high-throughput microarray data derived from a published study of MCF-7 cells treated with 4-hydroxytamoxifen, to highlight potential downstream effects of molecule treatment. The database represents a novel knowledge mining and analytical tool that, to be relevant, requires continual updating to evolve alongside other key storage systems and sources of biological knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- Computational Biology, GeneGo, Inc, 500 Renaissance Drive, Suite 106, St. Joseph, MI 49085, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shan ZZ, Masuko-Hongo K, Dai SM, Nakamura H, Kato T, Nishioka K. A potential role of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 for induction of human articular chondrocyte apoptosis in arthritis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37939-50. [PMID: 15213234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402424200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclopentenone prostaglandin (PG) J2 is formed within the cyclopentenone ring of the endogenous prostaglandin PG D2 by a nonenzymatic reaction. The PG J family is involved in mediating various biological effects including the regulation of cell cycle progression and inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate the potential role of 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PG J2) in human articular chondrocyte apoptosis. 15d-PG J2 was released by human articular chondrocytes and found in joint synovial fluids taken from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis patients. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) up-regulated chondrocyte release of 15d-PG J2. PG D2 synthase mRNA expression was up-regulated by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or nitric oxide. 15d-PG J2 induced apoptosis of chondrocytes from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis patients as well as control nonarthritic subjects in a time- and dose-dependent manner and in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent manner. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression was up-regulated by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Inhibition of NF-kappaB, and the activation of p38 MAPK were also found to be involved in 15d-PG J2-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Such signal pathways led to the activation of the downstream pro-apoptotic molecule p53 and caspase cascades. Together, these results suggest that 15d-PGJ2 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arthritic joint destruction via a regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zheng Shan
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Toxicogenomics is the study of the structure and output of the genome as it responds to adverse xenobiotic exposure. Large-scale transcriptional analysis, made possible through microarray technologies, enables us to study and understand the complexity of the biological effects of drugs and chemicals, with the ultimate goal of separating wanted effects from adverse effects. Nuclear receptors are attractive targets for drug discovery because, as ligand-activated transcription factors, they coordinately regulate the expression of at least hundreds of genes that, in turn, control much of cellular metabolism. Through toxicogenomics, it is becoming possible to understand the therapeutic effects of agonists within the context of toxic effects, classify new chemicals as to their complete effects on biological systems, and identify environmental factors that may influence safety or efficacy of new and existing drugs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Toxicogenetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Xenobiotics/pharmacology
- Xenobiotics/toxicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Ulrich
- Rosetta Inpharmatics LLC, Merck Research Laboratories, 12040 115th Ave. NE, Kirkland, WA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|