1
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Wang S, Liu J, Zhao W, Wang G, Gao S. Selection of candidate genes for differences in fat metabolism between cattle subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue based on RNA-seq. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34693889 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1991937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The site of fat deposition plays an important role in meat quality and body health. Biologically, the perirenal visceral fat (PF) and back subcutaneous fat (BF) are distinct. Angus and Simmental cattle (Bos taurus) were used as models. HE staining, triglyceride assay kit and RNA-seq were used to analyze the differences in tissue morphology and lipid accumulation, co-genes, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two tissues. According to the findings, BF has a smaller cell area and greater lipid deposition ability than PF. RNA-seq generated approximately 10.99 Gb of data in each library, and 23,472 genes were identified. The genes FABP4, ADIRF, and SCD that are related to adipose deposition were highly expressed in four tissues. There were 1678 DEGs and 1955 DEGs between BF and PF in Angus and Simmental cattle respectively. Gene Ontology function analysis identified several DEGs involved in metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis showed that four pathways related to fat metabolism were enriched. In the BF, seven genes (COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL2A1, RXRA, C1QTNF7, and MOGAT2) were up-regulated. Five genes (ADRB3, ABHD5, CPT1B, CD36, LPIN1) were down-regulated. This study identified candidate genes that led to differences in fat metabolism, which could be useful in cattle breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Domestic Fowls Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guofu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shuxin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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2
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Bononi G, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F, Granchi C. α/β-Hydrolase Domain (ABHD) Inhibitors as New Potential Therapeutic Options against Lipid-Related Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9759-9785. [PMID: 34213320 PMCID: PMC8389839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Much of the experimental evidence in the literature has linked altered lipid metabolism to severe diseases such as cancer, obesity, cardiovascular pathologies, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting key effectors of the dysregulated lipid metabolism may represent an effective strategy to counteract these pathological conditions. In this context, α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD) enzymes represent an important and diversified family of proteins, which are involved in the complex environment of lipid signaling, metabolism, and regulation. Moreover, some members of the ABHD family play an important role in the endocannabinoid system, being designated to terminate the signaling of the key endocannabinoid regulator 2-arachidonoylglycerol. This Perspective summarizes the research progress in the development of ABHD inhibitors and modulators: design strategies, structure-activity relationships, action mechanisms, and biological studies of the main ABHD ligands will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bononi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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3
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Kintscher U, Foryst-Ludwig A, Haemmerle G, Zechner R. The Role of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase and Cytosolic Lipolysis in Cardiac Function and Heart Failure. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100001. [PMID: 33205054 PMCID: PMC7659492 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. New therapeutic concepts are urgently required to lower the burden of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the two major forms of heart failure. Lipolytic processes are induced during the development of heart failure and occur in adipose tissue and multiple organs, including the heart. Increasing evidence suggests that cellular lipolysis, in particular, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) activity, has an important function in cardiac (patho)physiology. This review summarizes the crucial role of cellular lipolysis for normal cardiac function and for the development of HFrEF and HFpEF. We discuss the most relevant pre-clinical studies and elaborate on the cardiac consequences of non-myocardial and myocardial lipolysis modulation. Finally, we critically analyze the therapeutic importance of pharmacological ATGL inhibition as a potential treatment option for HFrEF and/or HFpEF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kintscher
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Anna Foryst-Ludwig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Einstein BIH Visiting Fellow, Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Caron A, Dungan Lemko HM, Castorena CM, Fujikawa T, Lee S, Lord CC, Ahmed N, Lee CE, Holland WL, Liu C, Elmquist JK. POMC neurons expressing leptin receptors coordinate metabolic responses to fasting via suppression of leptin levels. eLife 2018. [PMID: 29528284 PMCID: PMC5866097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is critical for energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and for metabolic and neuroendocrine adaptations to starvation. A prevalent model predicts that leptin’s actions are mediated through pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that express leptin receptors (LEPRs). However, previous studies have used prenatal genetic manipulations, which may be subject to developmental compensation. Here, we tested the direct contribution of POMC neurons expressing LEPRs in regulating energy balance, glucose homeostasis and leptin secretion during fasting using a spatiotemporally controlled Lepr expression mouse model. We report a dissociation between leptin’s effects on glucose homeostasis versus energy balance in POMC neurons. We show that these neurons are dispensable for regulating food intake, but are required for coordinating hepatic glucose production and for the fasting-induced fall in leptin levels, independent of changes in fat mass. We also identify a role for sympathetic nervous system regulation of the inhibitory adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A) in regulating leptin production. Collectively, our findings highlight a previously unrecognized role of POMC neurons in regulating leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | | | - Carlos M Castorena
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Caleb C Lord
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Newaz Ahmed
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Charlotte E Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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5
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Rondini EA, Mladenovic-Lucas L, Roush WR, Halvorsen GT, Green AE, Granneman JG. Novel Pharmacological Probes Reveal ABHD5 as a Locus of Lipolysis Control in White and Brown Adipocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:367-376. [PMID: 28928121 PMCID: PMC5698943 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge regarding acute regulation of adipocyte lipolysis is largely based on receptor-mediated activation or inhibition of pathways that influence intracellular levels of cAMP, thereby affecting protein kinase A (PKA) activity. We recently identified synthetic ligands of α-β-hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) that directly activate adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by dissociating ABHD5 from its inhibitory regulator, perilipin-1 (PLIN1). In the current study, we used these novel ligands to determine the direct contribution of ABHD5 to various aspects of lipolysis control in white (3T3-L1) and brown adipocytes. ABHD5 ligands stimulated adipocyte lipolysis without affecting PKA-dependent phosphorylation on consensus sites of PLIN1 or hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Cotreatment of adipocytes with synthetic ABHD5 ligands did not alter the potency or maximal lipolysis efficacy of the β-adrenergic receptor (ADRB) agonist isoproterenol (ISO), indicating that both target a common pool of ABHD5. Reducing ADRB/PKA signaling with insulin or desensitizing ADRB suppressed lipolysis responses to a subsequent challenge with ISO, but not to ABHD5 ligands. Lastly, despite strong treatment differences in PKA-dependent phosphorylation of HSL, we found that ligand-mediated activation of ABHD5 led to complete triglyceride hydrolysis, which predominantly involved ATGL, but also HSL. These results indicate that the overall pattern of lipolysis controlled by ABHD5 ligands is similar to that of isoproterenol, and that ABHD5 plays a central role in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. As lipolysis is critical for adaptive thermogenesis and in catabolic tissue remodeling, ABHD5 ligands may provide a means of activating these processes under conditions where receptor signaling is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - Ljiljana Mladenovic-Lucas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - William R Roush
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - Geoff T Halvorsen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - Alex E Green
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.A.R., L.M.-L., J.G.G.); Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (W.R.R., G.T.H.); and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.E.G.)
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6
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Lord CC, Ferguson D, Thomas G, Brown AL, Schugar RC, Burrows A, Gromovsky AD, Betters J, Neumann C, Sacks J, Marshall S, Watts R, Schweiger M, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Lathia JD, Sakaguchi TF, Lehner R, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Brown JM. Regulation of Hepatic Triacylglycerol Metabolism by CGI-58 Does Not Require ATGL Co-activation. Cell Rep 2016; 16:939-949. [PMID: 27396333 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) are critical regulators of triacylglycerol (TAG) turnover. CGI-58 is thought to regulate TAG mobilization by stimulating the enzymatic activity of ATGL. However, it is not known whether this coactivation function of CGI-58 occurs in vivo. Moreover, the phenotype of human CGI-58 mutations suggests ATGL-independent functions. Through direct comparison of mice with single or double deficiency of CGI-58 and ATGL, we show here that CGI-58 knockdown causes hepatic steatosis in both the presence and absence of ATGL. CGI-58 also regulates hepatic diacylglycerol (DAG) and inflammation in an ATGL-independent manner. Interestingly, ATGL deficiency, but not CGI-58 deficiency, results in suppression of the hepatic and adipose de novo lipogenic program. Collectively, these findings show that CGI-58 regulates hepatic neutral lipid storage and inflammation in the genetic absence of ATGL, demonstrating that mechanisms driving TAG lipolysis in hepatocytes differ significantly from those in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Lord
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gwynneth Thomas
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amy Burrows
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jenna Betters
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA
| | - Chase Neumann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Russell Watts
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Takuya F Sakaguchi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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7
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Miao H, Ou J, Peng Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Hao L, Xie G, Wang Z, Pang X, Ruan Z, Li J, Yu L, Xue B, Shi H, Shi C, Liang H. Macrophage ABHD5 promotes colorectal cancer growth by suppressing spermidine production by SRM. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11716. [PMID: 27189574 PMCID: PMC4873969 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming in stromal cells plays an essential role in regulating tumour growth. The metabolic activities of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) are incompletely characterized. Here, we identify TAM-derived factors and their roles in the development of CRC. We demonstrate that ABHD5, a lipolytic co-activator, is ectopically expressed in CRC-associated macrophages. We demonstrate in vitro and in mouse models that macrophage ABHD5 potentiates growth of CRC cells. Mechanistically, ABHD5 suppresses spermidine synthase (SRM)-dependent spermidine production in macrophages by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species-dependent expression of C/EBPɛ, which activates transcription of the srm gene. Notably, macrophage-specific ABHD5 transgene-induced CRC growth in mice can be prevented by an additional SRM transgene in macrophages. Altogether, our results show that the lipolytic factor ABHD5 suppresses SRM-dependent spermidine production in TAMs and potentiates the growth of CRC. The ABHD5/SRM/spermidine axis in TAMs might represent a potential target for therapy. ABHD5 is a co-activator of lipolysis. Here the authors show that in tumour-associated macrophages ABHD5 inhibits ROS-dependent induction of C/EBPɛ, which transcriptionally activates spermidine synthase, and that blocking ABHD5 delays colorectal cancer growth in mice by inhibiting spermidine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Miao
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juanjuan Ou
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yujuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lijun Hao
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ganfeng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xueli Pang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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8
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Targeted inhibition of galectin 1 by thiodigalactoside dramatically reduces body weight gain in diet-induced obese rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Xie P, Zeng X, Xiao J, Sun B, Yang D. Transgenic CGI-58 expression in macrophages alleviates the atherosclerotic lesion development in ApoE knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1841:1683-90. [PMID: 25178844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58), as an adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) activator, strongly in- creases ATGL-mediated triglyceride (TG) catabolism. Previous studies have shown that CGI-58 affects intestinal cholesterol homeostasis independently of ATGL activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that CGI-58 was involved in macrophage cholesterol metabolism and consequently atherosclerotic lesion formation. Here, we generated macrophage-specific CGI-58 transgenic mice (Mac-CGI-58 Tg) using an SRA promoter, which was further mated with ApoE-/- mice to create litters of CGI-58 Tg/ApoE-/- mice. These CGI-58 Tg/ApoE-/- mice exhibited an anti-atherosclerosis phenotype compared with wild type (WT) controls (CGI-58 WT/ApoE-/-), illustrated by less plaque area in aortic roots. Moreover, macrophage-specific CGI-58 overexpression in mice resulted in upregulated levels of plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Consequently, higher expression levels of PPARa, PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1, and ABCG1 were detected in macrophages from CGI-58 Tg/ApoE-/- mice compared to CGI-58 WT/ApoE-/- counterparts, which were accompanied by elevated macrophage cholesterol efflux toward HDL and Apo A1. Nevertheless, serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced by macrophage-specific CGI-58 overexpression. Finally, bone marrow (BM) transplantation experiments further revealed that ApoE-/- mice reconstituted with Mac-CGI-58 Tg BM cells (ApoE-/-Tg-BM chimera) displayed a significant reduction of atherosclerosis lesions compared with control mice reconstituted with Mac-CGI-58 WT BM cells (ApoE-/-/WT-BM chimera). Collectively, these data strongly suggest that CGI-58 overexpression in macrophages may protect against atherosclerosis development in mice.
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10
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Lord CC, Brown JM. Distinct roles for alpha-beta hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2) in lipid metabolism and signaling. Adipocyte 2014; 1:123-131. [PMID: 23145367 PMCID: PMC3492958 DOI: 10.4161/adip.20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Catabolism of stored triacylglycerol (TAG) from cytoplasmic lipid droplets is critical for providing energy substrates, membrane building blocks and signaling lipids in most cells of the body. However, the lipolytic machinery dictating TAG hydrolysis varies greatly among different cell types. Within the adipocyte, TAG hydrolysis is dynamically regulated by hormones to ensure appropriate metabolic adaptation to nutritional and physiologic cues. In other cell types such as hepatocytes, myocytes and macrophages, mobilization of stored TAG is regulated quite differently. Within the last decade, mutations in two key genes involved in TAG hydrolysis, α-β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2), were found to cause two distinct neutral lipid storage diseases (NLSD) in humans. These genetic links, along with supporting evidence in mouse models, have prompted a number of studies surrounding the biochemical function(s) of these proteins. Although both CGI-58 and ATGL have been clearly implicated in TAG hydrolysis in multiple tissues and have even been shown to physically interact with each other, recent evidence suggests that they may also have distinct roles. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent insights into how CGI-58 and ATGL regulate lipid metabolism and signaling.
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11
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Zhang J, Xu D, Nie J, Han R, Zhai Y, Shi Y. Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) promotes autophagy as a putative lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33044-53. [PMID: 25315780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CGI-58 is a lipid droplet-associated protein that, when mutated, causes Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome in humans, which is characterized by excessive storage of triglyceride in various tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defect remain elusive. CGI-58 was previously reported to catalyze the resynthesis of phosphatidic acid as a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. In addition to triglyceride, phosphatidic acid is also used a substrate for the synthesis of various mitochondrial phospholipids. In this report, we investigated the propensity of CGI-58 in the remodeling of various phospholipids. We found that the recombinant CGI-58 overexpressed in mammalian cells or purified from Sf9 insect cells catalyzed efficiently the reacylation of lysophosphatidylglycerol to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which requires acyl-CoA as the acyl donor. In contrast, the recombinant CGI-58 was devoid of acyltransferase activity toward other lysophospholipids. Accordingly, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected the endogenous PG level in C2C12 cells. PG is a substrate for the synthesis of cardiolipin, which is required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitophagy. Consequently, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected autophagy and mitophagy in C2C12 cells. In support for a key role of CGI-58 in mitophagy, overexpression of CGI-58 significantly stimulated mitochondrial fission and translocation of PINK1 to mitochondria, key steps involved in mitophagy. Furthermore, overexpression of CGI-58 promoted mitophagic initiation through activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibition of mTORC1 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling, the positive and negative regulators of autophagy, respectively. Together, these findings identified novel molecular mechanisms by which CGI-58 regulates lipid homeostasis, because defective autophagy is implicated in dyslipidemia and fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Dan Xu
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Jia Nie
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Ruili Han
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Yuguang Shi
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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12
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Huang J, Wang Y, Xie Z, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wan X. The anti-obesity effects of green tea in human intervention and basic molecular studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1075-87. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Jin D, Sun J, Huang J, He Y, Yu A, Yu X, Yang Z. TNF-α reduces g0s2 expression and stimulates lipolysis through PPAR-γ inhibition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cytokine 2014; 69:196-205. [PMID: 24993166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine that acts as a mediator of obesity-linked insulin resistance (IR). It is commonly accepted that macrophage-derived TNF-α acts in a paracrine manner on adjacent adipocytes, induces lipolysis, which contributes to obesity-linked hyperglycemia. Several studies suggested that G0/G1 switch gene 2 (g0s2) was up-regulated during adipogenesis, and its protein could be degraded in response to TNF-α stimulation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the transcriptional regulation of g0s2 by TNF-α stimulation. In this study, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were differentiated, and treated with TNF-α for 24h. The effects of TNF-α on lipolysis and lipase expression were then examined. Our results revealed that TNF-α exerted dose- and time-dependent lipolytic effects, which could be partially reversed by overexpression of g0s2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (ppar-γ). In addition, TNF-α treatment significantly reduced the expression of adiponectin, ppar-γ, hormone-sensitive Lipase (hsl), adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl) as well as ATGL co-factors. Interestingly, TNF-α significantly decreased adiponectin and PPAR-γ protein levels, while treatment with the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132 maintained PPAR-γ levels. Degradation of PPAR-γ almost completely abolished the binding of PPAR-γ to the g0s2 promoter in adipocytes treated with TNF-α. We propose that proteasomal degradation of PPAR-γ and the reduction of g0s2 content are permissive for prolonged TNF-α induced lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yiduo He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - An Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zaiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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14
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Lin YY, Chou CF, Giovarelli M, Briata P, Gherzi R, Chen CY. KSRP and MicroRNA 145 are negative regulators of lipolysis in white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2339-49. [PMID: 24732799 PMCID: PMC4054295 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00042-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) releases fatty acids from stored triacylglycerol for an energy source. Here, we report that targeted deletion of KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), an RNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression at multiple levels, enhances lipolysis in epididymal WAT (eWAT) because of the upregulation of genes promoting lipolytic activity. Expression of microRNA 145 (miR-145) is decreased because of impaired primary miR-145 processing in Ksrp(-/-) eWAT. We show that miR-145 directly targets and represses Foxo1 and Cgi58, activators of lipolytic activity, and forced expression of miR-145 attenuates lipolysis. This study reveals a novel in vivo function of KSRP in controlling adipose lipolysis through posttranscriptional regulation of miR-145 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chu-Fang Chou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Matteo Giovarelli
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Briata
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Gherzi
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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15
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Zierler KA, Zechner R, Haemmerle G. Comparative gene identification-58/α/β hydrolase domain 5: more than just an adipose triglyceride lipase activator? Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:102-9. [PMID: 24565921 PMCID: PMC4170181 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) is a lipid droplet-associated protein that controls intracellular triglyceride levels by its ability to activate adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Additionally, CGI-58 was described to exhibit lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase (LPAAT) activity. This review focuses on the significance of CGI-58 in energy metabolism in adipose and nonadipose tissue. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies with transgenic and CGI-58-deficient mouse strains underscored the importance of CGI-58 as a regulator of intracellular energy homeostasis by modulating ATGL-driven triglyceride hydrolysis. In accordance with this function, mice and humans that lack CGI-58 accumulate triglyceride in multiple tissues. Additionally, CGI-58-deficient mice develop an ATGL-independent severe skin barrier defect and die soon after birth. Although the premature death prevented a phenotypical characterization of adult global CGI-58 knockout mice, the characterization of mice with tissue-specific CGI-58 deficiency revealed new insights into its role in neutral lipid and energy metabolism. Concerning the ATGL-independent function of CGI-58, a recently identified LPAAT activity for CGI-58 was shown to be involved in the generation of signaling molecules regulating inflammatory processes and insulin action. SUMMARY Although the function of CGI-58 in the catabolism of cellular triglyceride depots via ATGL is well established, further studies are required to consolidate the function of CGI-58 as LPAAT and to clarify the involvement of CGI-58 in the metabolism of skin lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Zierler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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16
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Wang Y, Liu L, Du H, Nagaoka Y, Fan W, Lutfy K, Friedman TC, Jiang M, Liu Y. Transgenic overexpression of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue causes local glucocorticoid amplification and lipolysis in male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E543-51. [PMID: 24381005 PMCID: PMC3948972 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00491.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prereceptor activation of glucocorticoid production in adipose tissue by NADPH-dependent 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) has emerged as a potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is an endoplasmic reticulum lumen-resident enzyme that generates cofactor NADPH and thus mediates 11β-HSD1 activity. To determine the role of adipose H6PDH in the prereceptor modulation of 11β-HSD1 and metabolic phenotypes, we generated a transgenic (Tg) mouse model overexpressing H6PDH under the control of the enhancer-promoter region of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) gene (aP2/H6PDH Tg mice). Transgenic aP2/H6PDH mice exhibited relatively high expression of H6PDH and elevated corticosterone production with induction of 11β-HSD1 activity in adipose tissue. This increase in corticosterone production in aP2-H6PDH Tg mice resulted in mild abdominal fat accumulation with induction of C/EBP mRNA expression and slight weight gain. Transgenic aP2/H6PDH mice also exhibited fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance with insulin resistance. In addition, the aP2/H6PDH Tg mice have elevated circulating free fatty acid levels with a concomitant increased adipose lipolytic action associated with elevated HSL mRNA and Ser(660) HSL phosphorylation within abdominal fat. These results suggest that increased H6PDH expression specifically in adipose tissue is sufficient to cause intra-adipose glucocorticoid production and adverse metabolic phenotypes. These findings suggest that the aP2/H6PDH Tg mice may provide a favorable model for studying the potential impact of H6PDH in the pathogenesis of human metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California
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17
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Lord CC, Thomas G, Brown JM. Mammalian alpha beta hydrolase domain (ABHD) proteins: Lipid metabolizing enzymes at the interface of cell signaling and energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:792-802. [PMID: 23328280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism underlies many chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, understanding enzymatic mechanisms controlling lipid synthesis and degradation is imperative for successful drug discovery for these human diseases. Genes encoding α/β hydrolase fold domain (ABHD) proteins are present in virtually all reported genomes, and conserved structural motifs shared by these proteins predict common roles in lipid synthesis and degradation. However, the physiological substrates and products for these lipid metabolizing enzymes and their broader role in metabolic pathways remain largely uncharacterized. Recently, mutations in several members of the ABHD protein family have been implicated in inherited inborn errors of lipid metabolism. Furthermore, studies in cell and animal models have revealed important roles for ABHD proteins in lipid metabolism, lipid signal transduction, and metabolic disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary surrounding the current state of knowledge regarding mammalian ABHD protein family members. In particular, we will discuss how ABHD proteins are ideally suited to act at the interface of lipid metabolism and signal transduction. Although, the current state of knowledge regarding mammalian ABHD proteins is still in its infancy, this review highlights the potential for the ABHD enzymes as being attractive targets for novel therapies targeting metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Gwynneth Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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18
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Badin PM, Loubière C, Coonen M, Louche K, Tavernier G, Bourlier V, Mairal A, Rustan AC, Smith SR, Langin D, Moro C. Regulation of skeletal muscle lipolysis and oxidative metabolism by the co-lipase CGI-58. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:839-848. [PMID: 22383684 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m019182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated here the specific role of CGI-58 in the regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. We first examined CGI-58 protein expression in various muscle types in mice, and next modulated CGI-58 expression during overexpression and knockdown studies in human primary myotubes and evaluated the consequences on oxidative metabolism. We observed a preferential expression of CGI-58 in oxidative muscles in mice consistent with triacylglycerol hydrolase activity. We next showed by pulse-chase that CGI-58 overexpression increased by more than 2-fold the rate of triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis, as well as TAG-derived fatty acid (FA) release and oxidation. Oppositely, CGI-58 silencing reduced TAG hydrolysis and TAG-derived FA release and oxidation (-77%, P < 0.001), whereas it increased glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis. Interestingly, modulations of CGI-58 expression and FA release are reflected by changes in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 gene expression. This regulation involves the activation of the peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-δ (PPARδ) by lipolysis products. Altogether, these data reveal that CGI-58 plays a limiting role in the control of oxidative metabolism by modulating FA availability and the expression of PPARδ-target genes, and highlight an important metabolic function of CGI-58 in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Badin
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Loubière
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Maarten Coonen
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Katie Louche
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Bourlier
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Aline Mairal
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital and the Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Winter Park, FL
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- Inserm, 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
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