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Anthony WE, Geng W, Diao J, Carr RR, Wang B, Ning J, Moon TS, Dantas G, Zhang F. Increased triacylglycerol production in Rhodococcus opacus by overexpressing transcriptional regulators. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:83. [PMID: 38898475 PMCID: PMC11186279 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is currently underutilized, but it offers promise as a resource for the generation of commercial end-products, such as biofuels, detergents, and other oleochemicals. Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is an oleaginous, Gram-positive bacterium with an exceptional ability to utilize recalcitrant aromatic lignin breakdown products to produce lipid molecules such as triacylglycerols (TAGs), which are an important biofuel precursor. Lipid carbon storage molecules accumulate only under growth-limiting low nitrogen conditions, representing a significant challenge toward using bacterial biorefineries for fuel precursor production. In this work, we screened overexpression of 27 native transcriptional regulators for their abilities to improve lipid accumulation under nitrogen-rich conditions, resulting in three strains that accumulate increased lipids, unconstrained by nitrogen availability when grown in phenol or glucose. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the best strain (#13) enhanced FA production via activation of the β-ketoadipate pathway. Gene deletion experiments confirm that lipid accumulation in nitrogen-replete conditions requires reprogramming of phenylalanine metabolism. By generating mutants decoupling carbon storage from low nitrogen environments, we move closer toward optimizing R. opacus for efficient bioproduction on lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston E Anthony
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Earth and Biological Systems Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, USA
| | - Weitao Geng
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jinjin Diao
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Rhiannon R Carr
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jie Ning
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tae Seok Moon
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Fuzhong Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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2
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Fu X, Zhang S, Liu P. Co-immunoprecipitation for identifying protein-protein interaction on lipid droplets. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2024; 10:102-110. [PMID: 38774355 PMCID: PMC11103721 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2024.240007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet (LD) is a conserved organelle that exists in almost all organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals. Dysfunctions in LDs are linked to a range of human metabolic syndromes. The formation of protein complexes on LDs is crucial for maintaining their function. Investigating how proteins interact on LDs is essential for understanding the role of LDs. We have developed an effective method to uncover protein-protein interactions and protein complexes specifically on LDs. In this method, we conduct co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments using LD proteins extracted directly from isolated LDs, rather than utilizing proteins from cell lysates. To elaborate, we begin by purifying LDs with high-quality and extracting LD-associated proteins. Subsequently, the co-IP experiment is performed on these LD-associated proteins directly, which would enhance the co-IP experiment specificity of LD-associated proteins. This method enables researchers to directly unveil protein complexes on LDs and gain deeper insights into the functional roles of proteins associated with LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Fu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Hernández MA, Ledesma AE, Moncalián G, Alvarez HM. MLDSR, the transcriptional regulator of the major lipid droplets protein MLDS, is controlled by long-chain fatty acids and contributes to the lipid-accumulating phenotype in oleaginous Rhodococcus strains. FEBS J 2024; 291:1457-1482. [PMID: 38135896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Microorganism lipid droplet small regulator (MLDSR) is a transcriptional regulator of the major lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein MLDS in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and Rhodococcus opacus PD630. In this study, we investigated the role of MLDSR on lipid metabolism and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in R. jostii RHA1 at physiological and molecular levels. MLDSR gene deletion promoted a significant decrease of TAG accumulation, whereas inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by the addition of cerulenin significantly repressed the expression of the mldsr-mlds cluster under nitrogen-limiting conditions. In vitro and in vivo approaches revealed that MLDSR-DNA binding is inhibited by fatty acids and acyl-CoA residues through changes in the oligomeric or conformational state of the protein. RNAseq analysis indicated that MLDSR not only controls the expression of its own gene cluster but also of several genes involved in central, lipid, and redox metabolism, among others. We also identified putative MLDSR-binding sites on the upstream regions of genes coding for lipid catabolic enzymes and validated them by EMSA assays. Overexpression of mldsr gene under nitrogen-rich conditions promoted an increase of TAG accumulation, and further cell lysis with TAG release to the culture medium. Our results suggested that MLDSR is a fatty acid-responsive regulator that plays a dual role in cells by repression or activation of several metabolic genes in R. jostii RHA1. MLDSR seems to play an important role in the fine-tuning regulation of TAG accumulation, LD formation, and cellular lipid homeostasis, contributing to the oleaginous phenotype of R. jostii RHA1 and R. opacus PD630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín A Hernández
- INBIOP (Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Ana E Ledesma
- CIBAAL (Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Moncalián
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Héctor M Alvarez
- INBIOP (Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
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4
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Dargham T, Mallick I, Kremer L, Santucci P, Canaan S. Intrabacterial lipid inclusion-associated proteins: a core machinery conserved from saprophyte Actinobacteria to the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:2306-2323. [PMID: 37872001 PMCID: PMC10699116 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the aetiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), stores triacylglycerol (TAG) in the form of intrabacterial lipid inclusions (ILI) to survive and chronically persist within its host. These highly energetic molecules represent a major source of carbon to support bacterial persistence and reactivation, thus playing a leading role in TB pathogenesis. However, despite its physiological and clinical relevance, ILI metabolism in Mtb remains poorly understood. Recent discoveries have suggested that several ILI-associated proteins might be widely conserved across TAG-producing prokaryotes, but still very little is known regarding the nature and the biological functions of these proteins. Herein, we performed an in silico analysis of three independent ILI-associated proteomes previously reported to computationally define a potential core ILI-associated proteome, referred to as ILIome. Our investigation revealed the presence of 70 orthologous proteins that were strictly conserved, thereby defining a minimal ILIome core. We further narrowed our analysis to proteins involved in lipid metabolism and discuss here their putative biological functions, along with their molecular interactions and dynamics at the surface of these bacterial organelles. We also highlight the experimental limitations of the original proteomic investigations and of the present bioinformatic analysis, while describing new technological approaches and presenting biological perspectives in the field. The in silico investigation presented here aims at providing useful datasets that could constitute a scientific resource of broad interest for the mycobacterial community, with the ultimate goal of enlightening ILI metabolism in prokaryotes with a special emphasis on Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Dargham
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionAix‐Marseille Univ.France
| | - Ivy Mallick
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM)Université de MontpellierFrance
- INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de MontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre Santucci
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
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5
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Pan H, Qin Y, Zhu J, Wang W, Liu Z, Huang X, Lam SM, Shui G, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Huang X. Centrins control chicken cone cell lipid droplet dynamics through lipid-droplet-localized SPDL1. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2528-2544.e8. [PMID: 37699389 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
As evolutionarily conserved organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) carry out numerous functions and have various subcellular localizations in different cell types and species. In avian cone cells, there is a single apically localized LD. We demonstrated that CIDEA (cell death inducing DFFA like effector a) and microtubules promote the formation of the single LD in chicken cone cells. Centrins, which are well-known centriole proteins, target to the cone cell LD via their C-terminal calcium-binding domains. Centrins localize on cone cell LDs with the help of SPDL1-L (spindle apparatus coiled-coil protein 1-L), a previously uncharacterized isoform of the kinetochore-associated dynein adaptor SPDL1. The loss of CETN3 or overexpression of a truncated CETN1 abrogates the apical localization of the cone cell LD. Simulation analysis showed that multiple LDs or a single mispositioned LD reduces the light sensitivity. Collectively, our findings identify a role of centrins in the regulation of cone cell LD localization, which is important for the light sensitivity of cone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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6
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Livieri AL, Colaccini F, Hernández MA, Gago G, Alvarez HM, Gramajo H, Rodriguez E. Genetic analysis of acyl-CoA carboxylases involved in lipid accumulation in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12674-2. [PMID: 37439834 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
In actinomycetes, the acyl-CoA carboxylases, including the so-called acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs), are biotin-dependent enzymes that exhibit broad substrate specificity and diverse domain and subunit arrangements. Bioinformatic analyses of the Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 genome found that this microorganism contains a vast arrange of putative acyl-CoA carboxylases domains and subunits. From the thirteen putative carboxyltransferase domains, only the carboxyltransferase subunit RO01202 and the carboxyltransferase domain present in the multidomain protein RO04222 are highly similar to well-known essential ACC subunits from other actinobacteria. Mutant strains in each of these genes showed that none of these enzymes is essential for R. jostii growth in rich or in minimal media with high nitrogen concentration, presumably because of their partial overlapping activities. A mutant strain in the ro04222 gene showed a decrease in triacylglycerol and mycolic acids accumulation in rich and minimal medium, highlighting the relevance of this multidomain ACC in the biosynthesis of these lipids. On the other hand, RO01202, a carboxyltransferase domain of a putative ACC complex, whose biotin carboxylase and biotin carboxyl carrier protein domain were not yet identified, was found to be essential for R. jostii growth only in minimal medium with low nitrogen concentration. The results of this study have identified a new component of the TAG-accumulating machinery in the oleaginous R. jostii RHA1. While non-essential for growth and TAG biosynthesis in RHA1, the activity of RO04222 significantly contributes to lipogenesis during single-cell oil production. Furthermore, this study highlights the high functional diversity of ACCs in actinobacteria, particularly regarding their essentiality under different environmental conditions. KEY POINTS: • R. jostii possess a remarkable heterogeneity in their acyl-carboxylase complexes. • RO04222 is a multidomain acetyl-CoA carboxylase involved in lipid accumulation. • RO01202 is an essential carboxyltransferase only at low nitrogen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Livieri
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Facundo Colaccini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martin A Hernández
- Instituto de Biociencias de La Patagonia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gago
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Alvarez
- Instituto de Biociencias de La Patagonia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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7
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Hammoudeh N, Soukkarieh C, Murphy DJ, Hanano A. Mammalian lipid droplets: structural, pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological roles. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101233. [PMID: 37156444 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs) are specialized cytosolic organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a membrane made up of a phospholipid monolayer and a specific population of proteins that varies according to the location and function of each LD. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the understanding of LD biogenesis and functions. LDs are now recognized as dynamic organelles that participate in many aspects of cellular homeostasis plus other vital functions. LD biogenesis is a complex, highly-regulated process with assembly occurring on the endoplasmic reticulum although aspects of the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain elusive. For example, it is unclear how many enzymes participate in the biosynthesis of the neutral lipid components of LDs and how this process is coordinated in response to different metabolic cues to promote or suppress LD formation and turnover. In addition to enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of neutral lipids, various scaffolding proteins play roles in coordinating LD formation. Despite their lack of ultrastructural diversity, LDs in different mammalian cell types are involved in a wide range of biological functions. These include roles in membrane homeostasis, regulation of hypoxia, neoplastic inflammatory responses, cellular oxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and protection against potentially toxic intracellular fatty acids and lipophilic xenobiotics. Herein, the roles of mammalian LDs and their associated proteins are reviewed with a particular focus on their roles in pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Hammoudeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, Wales, United Kingdom..
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria..
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8
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Sun Y, Heng J, Liu F, Zhang S, Liu P. Isolation and proteomic study of fish liver lipid droplets. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2023; 9:120-133. [PMID: 38028150 PMCID: PMC10648235 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2023.230004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are a neutral lipid storage organelle that is conserved in almost all species. Excessive storage of neutral lipids in LDs is directly associated with many metabolic syndromes. Zebrafish is a better model animal for the study of LD biology due to its transparent embryonic stage compared to other organisms. However, the study of LDs in fish has been difficult due to the lack of specific LD marker proteins and the limitation of purification technology. In this paper, the purification and proteomic analysis of liver LDs of fish including zebrafish and Carassius auratus were performed for the first time. 259 and 267 proteins were identified respectively. Besides most of the identified proteins were reported in previous LD proteomes of mammals, indicating the similarity between mammal and fish LDs. We also identified many unique proteins of liver LDs in fish that are involved in the regulation of LD dynamics. Through morphological and biochemical analysis, we found that the marker protein Plin2 of zebrafish LD was located on LDs in Huh7 cells. These results will facilitate further study of LDs in fish and liver metabolic diseases using fish as a model animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Liao CC, Chen CH, Shin JW, Lin WC, Chen CC, Chu CT. Lipid Accumulation in Blastocystis Increases Cell Damage in Co-Cultured Cells. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1582. [PMID: 37375084 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis hominis is an intestinal protozoan that is often neglected, despite causing abdominal pain and diarrhea. Previous research has demonstrated that lipids can be synthesized by B. hominis or can accumulate in growth medium, but their function and mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Blastocystis remain unclear. Our study found that lipid-rich Blastocystis ST7-B can increase inflammation and disrupt Caco-2 cells more than the same parasite without the lipovenoes supplement. Additionally, the cysteine protease of Blastocystis, a virulence factor, is upregulated and has higher activity in lipid-rich Blastocystis. In order to better understand the effects of lipids on Blastocystis pathogenesis, we treated lipid-lowering pravastatin during Blastocystis ST7-B culturing with a lipovenoes supplement, which decreased the lipid levels of the Blastocystis and reduced the Blastocystis-induced inflammation and cell disruption of Caco-2 cells. We also analyzed the fatty acid composition and possible synthesis pathway in Blastocystis ST7-B, finding significantly higher ratios of arachidonic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid than in the other lipid components in lipid-rich Blastocystis ST7-B. These results suggest that lipids play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Blastocystis and provide important information on the molecular mechanisms of and potential treatments for Blastocystis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Wei Shin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Chu
- Division of ColoRectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
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10
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Ishikawa T, Takano S, Tanikawa R, Fujihara T, Atsuzawa K, Kaneko Y, Hihara Y. Acylated plastoquinone is a novel neutral lipid accumulated in cyanobacteria. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad092. [PMID: 37152674 PMCID: PMC10156143 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although cyanobacteria do not possess bacterial triacylglycerol (TAG)-synthesizing enzymes, the accumulation of TAGs and/or lipid droplets has been repeatedly reported in a wide range of species. In most cases, the identification of TAG has been based on the detection of the spot showing the mobility similar to the TAG standard in thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of neutral lipids. In this study, we identified monoacyl plastoquinol (acyl PQH) as the predominant molecular species in the TAG-like spot from the unicellular Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (S.6803) as well as the filamentous Nostocales sp., Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102, and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. In S.6803, the accumulation level of acyl PQH but not TAG was affected by deletion or overexpression of slr2103, indicating that acyl PQH is the physiological product of Slr2103 having homology with the eukaryotic diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2). Electron microscopy revealed that cyanobacterial strains used in this study do not accumulate lipid droplet structures such as those observed in oleaginous microorganisms. Instead, they accumulate polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules and/or aggregates of alkane, free C16 and C18 saturated fatty acids, and low amounts of TAG in the cytoplasmic area, which can be detected by staining with a fluorescent dye specific to neutral lipids. Unlike these lipophilic materials, acyl PQH is exclusively localized in the membrane fraction. There must be DGAT2-like enzymatic activity esterifying de novo-synthesized C16 and C18 fatty acids to PQH2 in the thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Ishikawa
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shunya Takano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Riko Tanikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujihara
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kimie Atsuzawa
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Education, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Zhang K, Zhou C, Li Z, Li X, Zhou Z, Cheng L, Mirza AH, Shi Y, Chen B, Zhang M, Cui L, Zhang C, Wei T, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liu P. Identification of lipid droplets in gut bacteria. Protein Cell 2023; 14:143-148. [PMID: 36929002 PMCID: PMC10019568 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ziyun Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linjia Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ahmed Hammad Mirza
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | | | - Mengwei Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liujuan Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taotao Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Deng S, Wang R, Tao C, Li L, Wang S, Jia C, Liu Y, Du R, Du L, Yang J. Genome-wide analysis of CtNF-YB and lipid synthesis regulation of CtNF-YB12 in Carthamus tinctorius L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:57-72. [PMID: 36309876 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear Factor YB of Carthamus tinctorius L. increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids by regulating the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil is rich in linoleic acid and is widely used in food and medicine. Therefore, key genes regulating oil synthesis were mined through genetic engineering to provide genetic resources for improving oil content. Based on the conserved domain of the NF-YB, we screened and identified 14 CtNF-YB transcription factors in the safflower genome and divided them into three subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. Regulatory motif analysis of the CtNF-YB promoter revealed specific cis-regulatory elements related to abiotic stress, growth, and development. Expression analysis of CtNF-YB family genes showed that non-Leafy Cotyledon 1(non-LEC1) genes were highly expressed in roots, leaves, and flowers; Leafy Cotyledon 1(LEC1) genes were highly expressed during early seed development; and Dr1-like genes were highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves. CtNF-YB12 was identified as a LEC1 transcription factor based on phylogeny and BLAST alignment. Heterologous CtNF-YB12 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana increased seed pod length and seed size. Moreover, CtNF-YB12 overexpression increased the oil content of seeds, upregulated genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and glycolysis, and altered the content of unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3), as well as of sucrose, fructose, and glucose. CtNF-YB12 may increase the oil content by regulating key enzyme genes of oil synthesis, so it can be used as a reliable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Deng
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ruinan Wang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chenlu Tao
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chang Jia
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ruo Du
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Linna Du
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Santoscoy MC, Jarboe LR. Production of cholesterol-like molecules impacts Escherichia coli robustness, production capacity, and vesicle trafficking. Metab Eng 2022; 73:134-143. [PMID: 35842218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The economic viability of bioprocesses is constrained by the limited range of operating conditions that can be tolerated by the cell factory. Engineering of the microbial cell membrane is one strategy that can increase robustness and thus alter this range. In this work, we targeted cellular components that contribute to maintenance of appropriate membrane function, such as: flotillin-like proteins, membrane structural proteins, and membrane lipids. Specifically, we exploited the promiscuity of squalene hopene cyclase (SHC) to produce polycyclic terpenoids with properties analogous to cholesterol. Strains producing these cholesterol-like molecules were visualized by AFM and height features were observed. Production of these cholesterol-like molecules was associated with increased tolerance towards a diversity of chemicals, particularly alcohols, and membrane trafficking processes such as lipid droplet accumulation and production of extracellular vesicles. This engineering approach improved the production titers for wax-esters and ethanol by 80- and 10-fold, respectively. Expression of SHC resulted in the production of steroids. Strains engineered to also express truncated squalene synthase (tERG9) produced diplopterol and generally did not perform as well. Increased expression of several membrane-associated proteins, such as YqiK, was observed to impact vesicle trafficking and further improve tolerance relative to SHC alone, but did not improve bio-production. Deletion of YbbJ increased lipid droplet accumulation as well as production of intracellular wax esters. This work serves as a proof of concept for engineering strategies targeting membrane physiology and trafficking to expand the production capacity of microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Santoscoy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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14
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Chen G, Harwood JL, Lemieux MJ, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: Properties, physiological roles, metabolic engineering and intentional control. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101181. [PMID: 35820474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in membrane-bound DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of livestock traits is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada
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15
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Ilias N, Hamzah H, Ismail IS, Mohidin TBM, Idris MF, Ajat M. An insight on the future therapeutic application potential of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112207. [PMID: 34563950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a native plant to Paraguay. The extracts have been used as a famous sweetening agent, and the bioactive components derived from stevia possess a broad spectrum of therapeutical potential for various illnesses. Among its medicinal benefits are anti-hypertensive, anti-tumorigenic, anti-diabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemia. Statins (3-hydro-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor) are a class of drugs used to treat atherosclerosis. Statins are explicitly targeting the HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme in the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Despite being widely used in regulating plasma cholesterol levels, the adverse effects of the drug are a significant concern among clinicians and patients. Hence, steviol glycosides derived from stevia have been proposed as an alternative in replacing statins. Diterpene glycosides from stevia, such as stevioside and rebaudioside A have been evaluated for their efficacy in alleviating cholesterol levels. These glycosides are a potential candidate in treating and preventing atherosclerosis provoked by circulating lipid retention in the sub-endothelial lining of the artery. The present review is an effort to integrate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, involvement of lipid droplets biogenesis and its associated proteins in atherogenesis, current approaches to treat atherosclerosis, and pharmacological potential of stevia in treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazhan Ilias
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia; Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Taznim Begam Mohd Mohidin
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Faiz Idris
- Pusat Bahasa dan Pengajian Umum, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia; Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
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16
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Parada C, Neri-Badillo IC, Vallecillo AJ, Segura E, Silva-Miranda M, Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, Ortega PA, Coronado-Aceves EW, Cancino-Villeda L, Torres-Larios A, Aceves Sánchez MDJ, Flores Valdez MA, Espitia C. New Insights into the Methylation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Heparin Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin Expressed in Rhodococcus erythropolis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091139. [PMID: 34578171 PMCID: PMC8467707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, knowledge of the role that protein methylation is playing on the physiopathogenesis of bacteria has grown. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methylation of the heparin binding hemagglutinin adhesin modulates the immune response, making this protein a subunit vaccine candidate. Through its C-terminal lysine-rich domain, this surface antigen interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans present in non-phagocytic cells, leading to extrapulmonary dissemination of the pathogen. In this study, the adhesin was expressed as a recombinant methylated protein in Rhodococcus erythropolis L88 and it was found associated to lipid droplets when bacteria were grown under nitrogen limitation. In order to delve into the role methylation could have in host–pathogen interactions, a comparative analysis was carried out between methylated and unmethylated protein produced in Escherichia coli. We found that methylation had an impact on lowering protein isoelectric point, but no differences between the proteins were found in their capacity to interact with heparin and A549 epithelial cells. An important finding was that HbhA is a Fatty Acid Binding Protein and differences in the conformational stability of the protein in complex with the fatty acid were observed between methylated and unmethylated protein. Together, these results suggest that the described role for this mycobacteria protein in lipid bodies formation could be related to its capacity to transport fatty acids. Obtained results also provide new clues about the role HbhA methylation could have in tuberculosis and point out the importance of having heterologous expression systems to obtain modified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parada
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Isabel Cecilia Neri-Badillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Antonio J. Vallecillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Erika Segura
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Mayra Silva-Miranda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACyT, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Silvia Laura Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACyT, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Paola A. Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Enrique Wenceslao Coronado-Aceves
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Laura Cancino-Villeda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.d.J.A.S.); (M.A.F.V.)
| | - Mario Alberto Flores Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.d.J.A.S.); (M.A.F.V.)
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (C.P.); (I.C.N.-B.); (A.J.V.); (E.S.); (M.S.-M.); (S.L.G.-G.); (P.A.O.); (E.W.C.-A.); (L.C.-V.)
- Correspondence:
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Alvarez HM, Hernández MA, Lanfranconi MP, Silva RA, Villalba MS. Rhodococcus as Biofactories for Microbial Oil Production. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164871. [PMID: 34443455 PMCID: PMC8401914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the Rhodococcus genus are frequent components of microbial communities in diverse natural environments. Some rhodococcal species exhibit the outstanding ability to produce significant amounts of triacylglycerols (TAG) (>20% of cellular dry weight) in the presence of an excess of the carbon source and limitation of the nitrogen source. For this reason, they can be considered as oleaginous microorganisms. As occurs as well in eukaryotic single-cell oil (SCO) producers, these bacteria possess specific physiological properties and molecular mechanisms that differentiate them from other microorganisms unable to synthesize TAG. In this review, we summarized several of the well-characterized molecular mechanisms that enable oleaginous rhodococci to produce significant amounts of SCO. Furthermore, we highlighted the ability of these microorganisms to degrade a wide range of carbon sources coupled to lipogenesis. The qualitative and quantitative oil production by rhodococci from diverse industrial wastes has also been included. Finally, we summarized the genetic and metabolic approaches applied to oleaginous rhodococci to improve SCO production. This review provides a comprehensive and integrating vision on the potential of oleaginous rhodococci to be considered as microbial biofactories for microbial oil production.
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18
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Mallick I, Santucci P, Poncin I, Point V, Kremer L, Cavalier JF, Canaan S. Intrabacterial lipid inclusions in mycobacteria: unexpected key players in survival and pathogenesis? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6283747. [PMID: 34036305 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rely on lipids to survive and chronically persist within their hosts. Upon infection, opportunistic and strict pathogenic mycobacteria exploit metabolic pathways to import and process host-derived free fatty acids, subsequently stored as triacylglycerols under the form of intrabacterial lipid inclusions (ILI). Under nutrient-limiting conditions, ILI constitute a critical source of energy that fuels the carbon requirements and maintain redox homeostasis, promoting bacterial survival for extensive periods of time. In addition to their basic metabolic functions, these organelles display multiple other biological properties, emphasizing their central role in the mycobacterial lifecycle. However, despite of their importance, the dynamics of ILI metabolism and their contribution to mycobacterial adaptation/survival in the context of infection has not been thoroughly documented. Herein, we provide an overview of the historical ILI discoveries, their characterization, and current knowledge regarding the micro-environmental stimuli conveying ILI formation, storage and degradation. We also review new biological systems to monitor the dynamics of ILI metabolism in extra- and intracellular mycobacteria and describe major molecular actors in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, maintenance and breakdown. Finally, emerging concepts regarding to the role of ILI in mycobacterial survival, persistence, reactivation, antibiotic susceptibility and inter-individual transmission are also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Mallick
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Point
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRIM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens Growth Pole Ring Protein: C Terminus and Internal Apolipoprotein Homologous Domains Are Essential for Function and Subcellular Localization. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00764-21. [PMID: 34006657 PMCID: PMC8262873 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00764-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Agrobacterium growth pole ring (GPR) protein forms a hexameric ring at the growth pole (GP) that is essential for polar growth. GPR is large (2,115 amino acids) and contains 1,700 amino acids of continuous α-helices. To dissect potential GPR functional domains, we created deletions of regions with similarity to human apolipoprotein A-IV (396 amino acids), itself composed of α-helical domains. We also tested deletions of the GPR C terminus. Deletions were inducibly expressed as green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins and tested for merodiploid interference with wild-type (WT) GPR function, for partial function in cells lacking GPR, and for formation of paired fluorescent foci (indicative of hexameric rings) at the GP. Deletion of domains similar to human apolipoprotein A-IV in GPR caused defects in cell morphology when expressed in trans to WT GPR and provided only partial complementation to cells lacking GPR. Agrobacterium-specific domains A-IV-1 and A-IV-4 contain predicted coiled coil (CC) regions of 21 amino acids; deletion of CC regions produced severe defects in cell morphology in the interference assay. Mutants that produced the most severe effects on cell shape also failed to form paired polar foci. Modeling of A-IV-1 and A-IV-4 reveals significant similarity to the solved structure of human apolipoprotein A-IV. GPR C-terminal deletions profoundly blocked complementation. Finally, peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis is abnormally localized circumferentially in cells lacking GPR. The results support the hypothesis that GPR plays essential roles as an organizing center for membrane and PG synthesis during polar growth.IMPORTANCE Bacterial growth and division are extensively studied in model systems (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Caulobacter crescentus) that grow by dispersed insertion of new cell wall material along the length of the cell. An alternative growth mode-polar growth-is used by some Actinomycetales and Proteobacteria species. The latter phylum includes the family Rhizobiaceae, in which many species, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, exhibit polar growth. Current research aims to identify growth pole (GP) factors. The Agrobacterium growth pole ring (GPR) protein is essential for polar growth and forms a striking hexameric ring structure at the GP. GPR is long (2,115 amino acids), and little is known about regions essential for structure or function. Genetic analyses demonstrate that the C terminus of GPR, and two internal regions with homology to human apolipoproteins (that sequester lipids), are essential for GPR function and localization to the GP. We hypothesize that GPR is an organizing center for membrane and cell wall synthesis during polar growth.
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Lanfranconi MP, Arabolaza A, Gramajo H, Alvarez HM. Insights into the evolutionary history of the virulent factor HBHA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2171-2182. [PMID: 33620522 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHAMT) has a relevant role in infection. It is also present in non-virulent mycobacteria and ancient actinobacteria, such as Rhodococcus opacus. To have a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that shaped the evolutionary divergence of these proteins, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the regulatory sequences that drive the expression of hbha in saprophytic and pathogenic mycobacterial species. The alignment of the hbha loci showed the appearance of intergenic sequences containing regulatory elements upstream the hbha gene; this sequence arrangement is present only in slow-growing pathogenic mycobacteria. The heterologous expression of HBHAMT in oleaginous R. opacus PD630 results in protein binding to lipid droplets, as it happens with HBHA proteins from saprophytic mycobacteria. We hypothesize that mycobacterial hbha gene cluster underwent functional divergence during the evolutionary differentiation of slow-growing pathogenic mycobacteria. We propose here an evolutionary scenario to explain the structural and functional divergence of HBHA in fast and slow-growing mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Lanfranconi
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, INBIOP (Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Ruta Provincial N° 1, Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Ana Arabolaza
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Alvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, INBIOP (Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Ruta Provincial N° 1, Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina.
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21
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Determinants of Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Lipid Droplet Protein Targeting. Dev Cell 2020; 54:471-487.e7. [PMID: 32730754 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) formation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is accompanied by the targeting and accumulation of specific hydrophobic, membrane-embedded proteins on LDs. The determinants of this process are unknown. Here, we study the hydrophobic membrane motifs of two Drosophila melanogaster proteins, GPAT4 and ALG14, that utilize this pathway, and we identify crucial sequence features that mediate LD accumulation. Molecular dynamics simulations and studies in cells reveal that LD targeting of these motifs requires deeply inserted tryptophans that have lower free energy in the LD oil phase and positively charged residues near predicted hairpin hinges that become less constrained in the LD environment. Analyzing hydrophobic motifs from similar LD-targeting proteins, it appears that the distribution of tryptophan and positively charged residues distinguishes them from non-LD-targeting membrane motifs. Our studies identify specific sequence features and principles of hydrophobic membrane motifs that mediate their accumulation on LDs.
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Tian JJ, Zhang JM, Yu EM, Sun JH, Xia Y, Zhang K, Li ZF, Gong WB, Wang GJ, Xie J. Identification and analysis of lipid droplet-related proteome in the adipose tissue of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under fed and starved conditions. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100710. [PMID: 32659607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fat accumulation in the mesenteric adipose tissue is a serious problem in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) culture. Lipid droplet-related proteins (LDRPs) are involved in the formation, degradation, and biological functions of lipid droplets. In this study, we aimed to provide reference proteomics data to study lipid droplet regulation in fish. We isolated LDRPs from the mesenteric adipose tissue of grass carp (1-year-old) after normal feeding and 7 days of starvation, and identified and analysed them using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. Short-term starvation had no significant effect on the body weight, condition factor, visceral index, hepatopancreas index, intraperitoneal fat index, adipose tissue triglyceride content, and adipocyte size of grass carp. Nine hundred and fifty proteins were identified and annotated using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases; they are involved in a variety of metabolic and signalling pathways, including amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism, and the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. There were 296 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with 143 up-regulated and 153 down-regulated proteins. Three proteins involved in triglyceride and fatty acid syntheses and two proteins involved in autophagy were up-regulated, and six proteins involved in lipid catabolism were down-regulated. These results indicate that under short-term starvation, lipid droplets in the adipose tissue of grass carp may maintain their shape by promoting fat production and inhibiting lipolysis, and autophagy may be one of the main strategies for coping with short-term energy deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Jun-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Er-Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Jin-Hui Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Wang-Bao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Guang-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
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Tanaka M, Ishikawa T, Tamura S, Saito Y, Kawai-Yamada M, Hihara Y. Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of Triacylglycerol Production in the Wild-Type Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and the Strain Expressing AtfA from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 61:1537-1547. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although cyanobacteria do not possess wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT), the bacterial enzyme for triacylglycerol (TAG) production, there have been several studies reporting the accumulation of TAG-like compounds in cyanobacteria. In this study, we aimed to evaluate TAG productivity of the ΔrecJ::atfA strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 generated by inserting atfA encoding WS/DGAT from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 into recJ (sll1354), together with the wild type (WT) and the gene-disrupted strain of slr2103 having homology with eukaryotic DGAT2 gene family (Δ2103). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of neutral lipids or isolation of the neutral lipid-enriched fraction followed by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was employed for analyses. The ΔrecJ::atfA strain accumulated 0.508 nmol ml−1OD730−1 of TAG after a week of incubation at 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1. The saturated fatty acids C16:0 and C18:0 accounted for about 50% and 20% of the TAG fatty acids, respectively, suggesting that de novo-synthesized fatty acids were preferentially incorporated into TAG molecules. When the neutral lipid profile of the lipid extracts was examined by TLC, a spot located in a slightly lower position compared with the TAG standard was detected in WT but not in the Δ2103 strain. TAG accumulation levels of both strains was only 0.01–0.03 nmol ml−1OD730−1, but the fatty acid composition was substantially different from that of the background. These results suggest that trace amounts of TAG can be produced in Synechocystis cells by enzymes other than Slr2103, and major constituents of the TAG-like spot are unknown lipid species produced by Slr2103.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - So Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Yujiro Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Yukako Hihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
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Lundquist PK, Shivaiah KK, Espinoza-Corral R. Lipid droplets throughout the evolutionary tree. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 78:101029. [PMID: 32348789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets are utilized for lipid storage and metabolism in organisms as evolutionarily diverse as animals, fungi, plants, bacteria, and archaea. These lipid droplets demonstrate great diversity in biological functions and protein and lipid compositions, yet fundamentally share common molecular and ultrastructural characteristics. Lipid droplet research has been largely fragmented across the diversity of lipid droplet classes and sub-classes. However, we suggest that there is great potential benefit to the lipid community in better integrating the lipid droplet research fields. To facilitate such integration, we survey the protein and lipid compositions, functional roles, and mechanisms of biogenesis across the breadth of lipid droplets studied throughout the natural world. We depict the big picture of lipid droplet biology, emphasizing shared characteristics and unique differences seen between different classes. In presenting the known diversity of lipid droplets side-by-side it becomes necessary to offer for the first time a consistent system of categorization and nomenclature. We propose a division into three primary classes that reflect their sub-cellular location: i) cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CYTO-LDs), that are present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, ii) prokaryotic lipid droplets (PRO-LDs), that exist in the prokaryotic cytoplasm, and iii) plastid lipid droplets (PL-LDs), that are found in plant plastids, organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Within each class there is a remarkable array of sub-classes displaying various sizes, shapes and compositions. A more integrated lipid droplet research field will provide opportunities to better build on discoveries and accelerate the pace of research in ways that have not been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lundquist
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kiran-Kumar Shivaiah
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Roberto Espinoza-Corral
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Zhang L, Ding L, Shi H, Wang C, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids suppressed lipid accumulation by specific inhibition of lipid droplet-associated protein FSP27 in mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2244-2251. [PMID: 31919850 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumber is a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL). It is known to be efficacious in preventing obesity. However, few studies have focused on the role of EPA-PL in inhibiting lipid accumulation by lipid droplets (LDs). This study first investigated the effect of EPA-PL from sea cucumber on the formation of LDs and the underlying mechanism in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into two groups and treated for 8 weeks or 3, 7, and 14 days with either (i) a high-sucrose diet (model group), (ii) a high-sucrose diet plus 2% EPA-PL (EPA-PL group). RESULTS Eight-week EPA-PL supplementation significantly reduced lipid accumulation and LD size in liver and white adipose tissue (WAT), which was accompanied by the decreased expression of LDs-associated protein FSP27. A 3-day EPA-PL treatment suppressed the mRNA expression of Fsp27. The mRNA level of Fsp27 reached its 'normal level' after withdrawing EPA-PL for 7 days, suggesting that EPA-PL might serve as a rapid regulator of FSP27. Furthermore, EPA-PL increased the expression of lipolysis genes Hsl and Atgl accompanied by the regulation of Pparγ in WAT. CONCLUSIONS Dietary EPA-PL from sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) protected against lipid accumulation by regulating LDs-associated protein FSP27, which might provide novel evidence for the anti-obesity action of EPA-PL. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haohao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Qingdao, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Qingdao, China
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Steryl Ester Formation and Accumulation in Steroid-Degrading Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02353-19. [PMID: 31704679 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02353-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steryl esters (SEs) are important storage compounds in many eukaryotes and are often prominent components of intracellular lipid droplets. Here, we demonstrate that selected Actino- and Proteobacteria growing on sterols are also able to synthesize SEs and to sequester them in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. We found cholesteryl ester (CE) formation in members of the actinobacterial genera Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, and Amycolatopsis, as well as several members of the proteobacterial Cellvibrionales order. CEs maximally accumulated under nitrogen-limiting conditions, suggesting that steryl ester formation plays a crucial role for storing excess energy and carbon under adverse conditions. Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 was able to synthesize phytosteryl and cholesteryl esters, the latter reaching up to 7% of its cellular dry weight and 69% of its lipid droplets. Purified lipid droplets from RHA1 contained CEs, free cholesterol, and triacylglycerols. In addition, we found formation of CEs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis when it was grown with cholesterol plus an additional fatty acid substrate. This study provides a basis for the application of bacterial whole-cell systems in the biotechnological production of SEs for use in functional foods and cosmetics.IMPORTANCE Oleaginous bacteria exhibit great potential for the production of high-value neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols and wax esters. This study describes the formation of steryl esters (SEs) as neutral lipid storage compounds in sterol-degrading oleaginous bacteria, providing a basis for biotechnological production of SEs using bacterial systems with potential applications in the functional food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. We found cholesteryl ester (CE) formation in several sterol-degrading Actino- and Proteobacteria under nitrogen-limiting conditions, suggesting an important role of this process in storing energy and carbon under adverse conditions. In addition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown on cholesterol accumulated CEs in the presence of an additional fatty acid substrate.
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The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:281-334. [PMID: 33263877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semi-autonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show a striking level of diversification. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the architecture, dynamics, and multitude of functions of the lipid droplets in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes deriving from primary and secondary endosymbiosis events.
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Niu J, Liu Y, Wang W, Lin W. Novel two-photon fluorescent probe with high fluorescence quantum yields for tracking lipid droplets in biological systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 216:35-44. [PMID: 30877892 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) played an important role in storing neutral lipids process. In this work, we developed a series of fluorescent dyes PIE1-PIE4 with high fluorescence quantum yields based on a single phenanthrenequinone imidazole fluorophore core. Among these compounds, we introduced diethyl aniline group on the phenanthrenequinone imidazole core to provide the compound PIE1. It is firstly found that PIE1 could real-color image and track lipid droplets (LDs) in living cells. However, we modified nitrile, imidazole and methyl group on the same fluorophore core to afford three dyes PIE2, PIE3 and PIE4, respectively. Although PIE2, PIE3 and PIE4 possessed high fluorescence quantum yields in various organic solvents, they could not real-color image and track LDs in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Niu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Weishan Wang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China.
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GROWTH POLE RING protein forms a 200-nm-diameter ring structure essential for polar growth and rod shape in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10962-10967. [PMID: 31085632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar growth in Agrobacterium pirates and repurposes well-known bacterial cell cycle proteins, such as FtsZ, FtsA, PopZ, and PodJ. Here we identify a heretofore unknown protein that we name GROWTH POLE RING (GPR) due to its striking localization as a hexameric ring at the growth pole during polar growth. GPR also localizes at the midcell late in the cell cycle just before division, where it is then poised to be precisely localized at new growth poles in sibling cells. GPR is 2,115 aa long, with two N-terminal transmembrane domains placing the bulk of the protein in the cytoplasm, N- and C-terminal proline-rich disordered regions, and a large 1,700-aa central region of continuous α-helical domains. This latter region contains 12 predicted adjacent or overlapping apolipoprotein domains that may function to sequester lipids during polar growth. Stable genetic deletion or riboswitch-controlled depletion results in spherical cells that grow poorly; thus, GPR is essential for wild-type growth and morphology. As GPR has no predicted enzymatic domains and it forms a distinct 200-nm-diameter ring, we propose that GPR is a structural component of an organizing center for peptidoglycan and membrane syntheses critical for cell envelope formation during polar growth. GPR homologs are found in numerous Rhizobiales; thus, our results and proposed model are fundamental to understanding polar growth strategy in a variety of bacterial species.
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Control of Drosophila Growth and Survival by the Lipid Droplet-Associated Protein CG9186/Sturkopf. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3726-3740.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Jones AD, Boundy-Mills KL, Barla GF, Kumar S, Ubanwa B, Balan V. Microbial Lipid Alternatives to Plant Lipids. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1995:1-32. [PMID: 31148119 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are in high demand in food production, nutritional supplements, detergents, lubricants, and biofuels. Different oil seeds produced from plants are conventionally extracted to yield lipids. With increasing population and reduced availability of cultivable land, conventional methods of producing lipids alone will not satisfy increasing demand. Lipids produced using different microbial sources are considered as sustainable alternative to plant derived lipids. Various microorganisms belonging to the genera of algae, bacteria, yeast, fungi, or marine-derived microorganisms such as thraustochytrids possess the ability to accumulate lipids in their cells. A variety of microbial production technologies are being used to cultivate these organisms under specific conditions using agricultural residues as carbon source to be cost competitive with plant derived lipids. Microbial oils, also known as single cell oils, have many advantages when compared with plant derived lipids, such as shorter life cycle, less labor required, season and climate independence, no use of arable land and ease of scale-up. In this chapter we compare the lipids derived from plants and different microorganisms. We also highlight various analytical techniques that are being used to characterize the lipids produced in oleaginous organisms and their applications in various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kyria L Boundy-Mills
- Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G Florin Barla
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Tyton Biosciences, Danville, VA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, Biotechnology Program, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Engineering Technology, Biotechnology Program, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Sun X, Wang Y, Loor JJ, Bucktrout R, Shu X, Jia H, Dong J, Zuo R, Liu G, Li X, Li X. High expression of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA) promotes milk fat content in dairy cows with clinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1682-1692. [PMID: 30594378 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) during ketosis represent a source of fatty acids for milk fat synthesis and explain the increase in milk fat content in ketotic cows. Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA) is a lipid droplet coat protein with important roles in the regulation of milk fat synthesis and secretion in mice. Whether ketosis alters the expression of CIDEA in mammary gland tissue and the extent to which it may contribute to regulation of milk fat synthesis and secretion are unknown. Mammary gland tissue and blood samples were collected from healthy (n = 15) and clinically ketotic (n = 15) cows. Mammary epithelial cells isolated from cows were infected with CIDEA overexpression adenovirus for 48 h, treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 mM NEFA for 24 h, or infected with CIDEA-silencing adenovirus for 48 h and treated with 1.2 mM NEFA for 24 h. Serum concentrations of NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate were greater in cows with clinical ketosis, and milk production and dry matter intake were lower in cows with clinical ketosis. However, compared with healthy cows, the content of milk fat of cows with clinical ketosis was greater. Compared with healthy cows, abundance of mRNA and protein of CIDEA, fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-coA carboxylase 1 (ACACA), butyrophilin (BTN1A1), and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) was greater in mammary tissue of cows with clinical ketosis. Overexpression of CIDEA in cultured mammary epithelial cells increased the abundance of FASN, ACACA, XDH, and BTN1A1, and increased triacylglycerol (TAG) content in mammary epithelial cells. Exogenous NEFA increased the abundance of CIDEA, FASN, ACACA, XDH, and BTN1A1, and increased TAG content in mammary epithelial cells. Importantly, knockdown of CIDEA reversed the upregulation of FASN, ACACA, XDH, and BTN1A1 abundance and TAG content induced by NEFA treatment. Overall, these data suggest that high levels of NEFA stimulate the expression of CIDEA and enhance de novo fatty acid synthesis and milk fat secretion. As such, these mechanisms explain in part the elevation of milk fat content in dairy cows with clinical ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Ryan Bucktrout
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Xin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hongdou Jia
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Jihong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Rankun Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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Nagy I, Sun N, Varga S, Boicu M, Zinzula L, Kukolya J. Proteomics Analysis of Thermoplasma Quinone Droplets. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1800317. [PMID: 30520262 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of lipid droplet/lipoprotein (LD/LP) particle from Thermoplasma acidophilum has been identified recently, and based on biochemical evidences, it was named Thermoplasma Quinone Droplet (TaQD). The major components of TaQDs are menaquinones, and to some extent polar lipids, and the 153 amino acid long Ta0547 vitellogenin-N domain protein. In this paper, the aim is to identify TaQD proteome components with 1D-SDS-PAGE/LC-MS/MS and cross reference them with Edman degradation. TaQD samples isolated with three different purification methods-column chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and LD ultracentrifugation-are analyzed. Proteins Ta0093, Ta0182, Ta0337, Ta0437, Ta0438, Ta0547, and Ta1223a are identified as constituents of the TaQD proteome. The majority of these proteins is uncharacterized and has low molecular weight, and none of them is predicted to take part in lipid metabolism. Bioinformatics analyses does not predict any interaction between these proteins, however, there are indications of interactions with proteins taking part in lipid metabolism. Whether if TaQDs provide platform for lipid metabolism and the interactions between TaQD proteins and lipid metabolism proteins occur in the reality remain for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Nagy
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried (Planegg), Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried (Planegg), Germany
| | - Sándor Varga
- Department of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marius Boicu
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried (Planegg), Germany
| | - Luca Zinzula
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried (Planegg), Germany
| | - József Kukolya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhang C, Liu P. The New Face of the Lipid Droplet: Lipid Droplet Proteins. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1700223. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Raze D, Verwaerde C, Deloison G, Werkmeister E, Coupin B, Loyens M, Brodin P, Rouanet C, Locht C. Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin (HBHA) Is Involved in Intracytosolic Lipid Inclusions Formation in Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2258. [PMID: 30333800 PMCID: PMC6176652 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) is an important virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a surface-displayed protein that serves as an adhesin for non-phagocytic cells and is involved in extra-pulmonary dissemination of the tubercle bacillus. It is also an important latency antigen useful for the diagnosis of latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. Using fluorescence time-lapse microscopy on mycobacteria that produce HBHA-green fluorescent protein chimera, we show here that HBHA can be found at two different locations and dynamically alternates between the mycobacterial surface and the interior of the cell, where it participates in the formation of intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILI). Compared to HBHA-producing mycobacteria, HBHA-deficient mutants contain significantly lower amounts of ILI when grown in vitro or within macrophages, and the sizes of their ILI are significantly smaller. Lipid-binding assays indicate that HBHA is able to specifically bind to phosphatidylinositol and in particular to 4,5 di-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, but not to neutral lipids, the main constituents of ILI. HBHA derivatives lacking the C-terminal methylated, lysine-rich repeat region fail to bind to these lipids and these derivatives also fail to complement the phenotype of HBHA-deficient mutants. These studies indicate that HBHA is a moonlighting protein that serves several functions depending on its location. When surface exposed, HBHA serves as an adhesin, and when intracellularly localized, it participates in the generation of ILI, possibly as a cargo to transport phospholipids from the plasma membrane to the ILI in the process of being formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Raze
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claudie Verwaerde
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gaspard Deloison
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Baptiste Coupin
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marc Loyens
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carine Rouanet
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Liu Y, Xu S, Zhang C, Zhu X, Hammad MA, Zhang X, Christian M, Zhang H, Liu P. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family proteins on lipid droplets through bacteria, C. elegans, and mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:881-894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Association of Mycobacterium Proteins with Lipid Droplets. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00240-18. [PMID: 29760207 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00240-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global pathogen of significant medical importance. A key aspect of its life cycle is the ability to enter into an altered physiological state of nonreplicating persistence during latency and resist elimination by the host immune system. One mechanism by which M. tuberculosis facilitates its survival during latency is by producing and metabolizing intracytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are quasi-organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core such as triacylglycerol surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and proteins. We previously reported that PspA (phage shock protein A) associates with LDs produced in Mycobacterium In particular, the loss or overproduction of PspA alters LD homeostasis in Mycobacterium smegmatis and attenuates the survival of M. tuberculosis during nonreplicating persistence. Here, M. tuberculosis PspA (PspAMtb) and a ΔpspA M. smegmatis mutant were used as model systems to investigate the mechanism by which PspA associates with LDs and determine if other Mycobacterium proteins associate with LDs using a mechanism similar to that for PspA. Through this work, we established that the amphipathic helix present in the first α-helical domain (H1) of PspA is both necessary and sufficient for the targeting of this protein to LDs. Furthermore, we identified other Mycobacterium proteins that also possess amphipathic helices similar to PspA H1, including a subset that localize to LDs. Altogether, our results indicate that amphipathic helices may be an important mechanism by which proteins target LDs in prokaryotes.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium spp. are one of the few prokaryotes known to produce lipid droplets (LDs), and their production has been linked to aspects of persistent infection by M. tuberculosis Unfortunately, little is known about LD production in these organisms, including how LDs are formed, their function, or the identity of proteins that associate with them. In this study, an established M. tuberculosis LD protein and a surrogate Mycobacterium host were used as model systems to study the interactions between proteins and LDs in bacteria. Through these studies, we identified a commonly occurring protein motif that is able to facilitate the association of proteins to LDs in prokaryotes.
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Vallochi AL, Teixeira L, Oliveira KDS, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT. Lipid Droplet, a Key Player in Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 29875768 PMCID: PMC5974170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (lipid bodies, LDs) are dynamic organelles that have important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and inflammation. LD biogenesis, composition, and functions are highly regulated and may vary according to the stimuli, cell type, activation state, and inflammatory environment. Increased cytoplasmic LDs are frequently observed in leukocytes and other cells in a number of infectious diseases. Accumulating evidence reveals LDs participation in fundamental mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, including cell signaling and immunity. LDs are sources of eicosanoid production, and may participate in different aspects of innate signaling and antigen presentation. In addition, intracellular pathogens evolved mechanisms to subvert host metabolism and may use host LDs, as ways of immune evasion and nutrients source. Here, we review mechanisms of LDs biogenesis and their contributions to the infection progress, and discuss the latest discoveries on mechanisms and pathways involving LDs roles as regulators of the immune response to protozoan infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Xu S, Zhang X, Liu P. Lipid droplet proteins and metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1968-1983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zan X, Tang X, Chu L, Song Y. Dual Functions of Lip6 and Its Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in the Oleaginous Fungus Mucor circinelloides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2796-2804. [PMID: 29486557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple roles of lipases have been reported in yeasts and microalgae, the functions of lipases have not been studied in oleaginous filamentous fungi. Lipase Lip6 has been reported in the oleaginous filamentous fungus Mucor circinelloides with the consensus lipase motif GXSXG and the typical acyltransferase motif of H-(X)4-D. To demonstrate that Lip6 might play dual roles as a lipase and an acyltransferase, we performed site-directed mutagenesis in the lipase motif and the acyltransferase motif of Lip6. Mutation in the lipase motif increased cell biomass by 12%-18% and promoted lipid accumulation by 9%-24%, while mutation in the acyltransferase motif induced lipid degradation. In vitro, purified Lip6 had a slight lipase activity but had a stronger phospholipid:DAG acyltransferase activity. Enzyme activity assays in vivo and phospholipid synthesis pathway analysis suggested that phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine can be the supplier of a fatty acyl moiety to form TAG in M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Linfang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Yuanda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo 255000 , P.R. China
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Huang AHC. Plant Lipid Droplets and Their Associated Proteins: Potential for Rapid Advances. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1894-1918. [PMID: 29269574 PMCID: PMC5841732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) of neutral lipids (triacylglycerols [TAGs], sterylesters, etc.) are reserves of high-energy metabolites and other constituents for future needs. They are present in diverse cells of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. An LD has a core of neutral lipids enclosed with a monolayer of phospholipids and proteins, which play structural and/or metabolic roles. During the past 3 decades, studies of LDs in diverse organisms have blossomed after they were found to be involved in prevalent human diseases and industrial uses. LDs in plant seeds were studied before those in mammals and microbes, and the latter studies have since moved forward. Plant LDs carry a hallmark protein called oleosin, which has a long hydrophobic hairpin penetrating the TAG core and stabilizing the LD. The oleosin gene first appeared in green algae and has evolved in enhancing promoter strength, tandem repeats, and/or expression specificity, leading to the appearance of new LD organelles, such as tapetosomes in Brassicaceae. The synthesis of LDs occurs with TAG-synthesizing enzymes on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nascent TAGs are sequestered in the acyl moiety region between the bilayers of phospholipids, which results in ER-LD swelling. Oleosin is synthesized on the cytosol side of the ER and extracts the LD from the ER-LD to cytosol. This extraction of LD to the cytosol is controlled solely by the innate properties of oleosin, and modified oleosin can redirect the LD to the ER lumen and then vacuoles. The breakdown of LDs requires lipase associating with core retromer and binding to peroxisomes, which then send the enzyme to LDs via tubular extensions. Two groups of LD-associated proteins, caleosin/dioxygenase/steroleosin and LD/oil body-associated proteins, participate in cellular stress defenses via enzymic activities and binding, respectively. The surface of LDs in all plant cells may be an inert refuge for these and other proteins, which exert functions on diverse cell components. Oleosin-LDs have been explored for commercial applications; successes in their uses will rely on overcoming conceptual and technical difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H C Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Xu L, Wang L, Zhou XR, Chen WC, Singh S, Hu Z, Huang FH, Wan X. Stepwise metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to produce triacylglycerol rich in medium-chain fatty acids. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:177. [PMID: 29983740 PMCID: PMC6016142 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triacylglycerols (TAGs) rich in medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C10-14 fatty acids) are valuable feedstocks for biofuels and chemicals. Natural sources of TAGs rich in MCFAs are restricted to a limited number of plant species, which are unsuitable for mass agronomic production. Instead, the modification of seed or non-seed tissue oils to increase MCFA content has been investigated. In addition, microbial oils are considered as promising sustainable feedstocks for providing TAGs, although little has been done to tailor the fatty acids in microbial TAGs. RESULTS Here, we first assessed various wax synthase/acyl-coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferases, phosphatidic acid phosphatases, acyl-CoA synthetases as well as putative fatty acid metabolism regulators for producing high levels of TAGs in Escherichia coli. Activation of endogenous free fatty acids with tailored chain length via overexpression of the castor thioesterase RcFatB and the subsequent incorporation of such fatty acids into glycerol backbones shifted the TAG profile in the desired way. Metabolic and nutrient optimization of the engineered bacterial cells resulted in greatly elevated TAG levels (399.4 mg/L) with 43.8% MCFAs, representing the highest TAG levels in E. coli under shake flask conditions. Engineered cells were observed to contain membrane-bound yet robust lipid droplets. CONCLUSIONS We introduced a complete Kennedy pathway into non-oleaginous E. coli towards developing a bacterial platform for the sustainable production of TAGs rich in MCFAs. Strategies reported here illustrate the possibility of prokaryotic cell factories for the efficient production of TAGs rich in MCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
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A Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Reductase Promotes Wax Ester Accumulation in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00902-17. [PMID: 28778885 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00902-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many rhodococci are oleaginous and, as such, have considerable potential for the sustainable production of lipid-based commodity chemicals. Herein, we demonstrated that Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, a soil bacterium that catabolizes a wide range of organic compounds, produced wax esters (WEs) up to 0.0002% of its cellular dry weight during exponential growth on glucose. These WEs were fully saturated and contained primarily 31 to 34 carbon atoms. Moreover, they were present at higher levels during exponential growth than under lipid-accumulating conditions. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that RHA1 contains a gene encoding a putative fatty acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) reductase (FcrA). The purified enzyme catalyzed the NADPH-dependent transformation of stearoyl-CoA to stearyl alcohol with a specific activity of 45 ± 3 nmol/mg · min and dodecanal to dodecanol with a specific activity of 5,300 ± 300 nmol/mg · min. Deletion of fcrA did not affect WE accumulation when grown in either carbon- or nitrogen-limited medium. However, the ΔfcrA mutant accumulated less than 20% of the amount of WEs as the wild-type strain under conditions of nitric oxide stress. A strain of RHA1 overproducing FcrA accumulated WEs to ∼13% cellular dry weight under lipid-accumulating conditions, and their acyl moieties had longer average chain lengths than those in wild-type cells (C17 versus C16). The results provide insight into the biosynthesis of WEs in rhodococci and facilitate the development of this genus for the production of high-value neutral lipids.IMPORTANCE Among the best-studied oleaginous bacteria, rhodococci have considerable potential for the sustainable production of lipid-based commodity chemicals, such as wax esters. However, many aspects of lipid synthesis in these bacteria are poorly understood. The current study identifies a key enzyme in wax ester synthesis in rhodococci and exploits it to significantly improve the yield of wax esters in bacteria. In so doing, this work contributes to the development of novel bioprocesses for an important class of oleochemicals that may ultimately allow us to phase out their unsustainable production from sources such as petroleum and palm oil.
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Zhang C, Liu P. The lipid droplet: A conserved cellular organelle. Protein Cell 2017; 8:796-800. [PMID: 28913786 PMCID: PMC5676593 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet (LD) is a unique multi-functional organelle that contains a neutral lipid core covered with a phospholipid monolayer membrane. The LDs have been found in almost all organisms from bacteria to humans with similar shape. Several conserved functions of LDs have been revealed by recent studies, including lipid metabolism and trafficking, as well as nucleic acid binding and protection. We summarized these findings and proposed a hypothesis that the LD is a conserved organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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46
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Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that store neutral lipids for energy or membrane synthesis and act as hubs for metabolic processes. Cells generate LDs de novo, converting cells to emulsions with LDs constituting the dispersed oil phase in the aqueous cytoplasm. Here we review our current view of LD biogenesis. We present a model of LD formation from the ER in distinct steps and highlight the biology of proteins that govern this biophysical process. Areas of incomplete knowledge are identified, as are connections with physiology and diseases linked to alterations in LD biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jeeyun Chung
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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The expanding role of sphingolipids in lipid droplet biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1155-1165. [PMID: 28743537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse class of lipids that have regulatory, structural, and metabolic functions. Although chemically distinct from the neutral lipids and the glycerophospholipids, which are the main lipid components of the lipid droplets, sphingolipids have nonetheless been shown to influence lipid droplet formation. The goal of this article is to review the available information and provide a cohesive picture of the role sphingolipids play in lipid droplet biogenesis. The following topics are discussed: (i) the abundance of sphingolipids in lipid droplets and their functional significance; (ii) cross-talk between the synthetic pathways of sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and neutral lipids; (iii) the impact of bioactive sphingolipids on TAG synthesis and degradation; (iv) interactions between sphingolipids and other lipid droplet components, like cholesterol esters and proteins; (v) inhibition/genetic deletion of specific sphingolipid metabolic enzymes and the resulting effects on lipid droplet formation in mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Zhang C, Yang L, Ding Y, Wang Y, Lan L, Ma Q, Chi X, Wei P, Zhao Y, Steinbüchel A, Zhang H, Liu P. Bacterial lipid droplets bind to DNA via an intermediary protein that enhances survival under stress. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15979. [PMID: 28681845 PMCID: PMC5504291 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are multi-functional organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer, and exist in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Here we study the functions of LDs in the oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus jostii. We show that these LDs bind to genomic DNA through the major LD protein, MLDS, which increases survival rate of the bacterial cells under nutritional and genotoxic stress. MLDS expression is regulated by a transcriptional regulator, MLDSR, that binds to the operator and promoter of the operon encoding both proteins. LDs sequester MLDSR, controlling its availability for transcriptional regulation. Our findings support the idea that bacterial LDs can regulate nucleic acid function and facilitate bacterial survival under stress. The MLDS protein is a major component of lipid droplets (LDs) in oleaginous bacteria. Here, Zhang et al. show that LDs bind to genomic DNA via MLDS, which enhances bacterial survival under certain stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunfeng Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lan Lan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Ma
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Chi
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Environmental Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Onal G, Kutlu O, Gozuacik D, Dokmeci Emre S. Lipid Droplets in Health and Disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:128. [PMID: 28662670 PMCID: PMC5492776 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential building blocks synthesized by complex molecular pathways and deposited as lipid droplets (LDs) in cells. LDs are evolutionary conserved organelles found in almost all organisms, from bacteria to mammals. They are composed of a hydrophobic neutral lipid core surrounding by a phospholipid monolayer membrane with various decorating proteins. Degradation of LDs provide metabolic energy for divergent cellular processes such as membrane synthesis and molecular signaling. Lipolysis and autophagy are two main catabolic pathways of LDs, which regulate lipid metabolism and, thereby, closely engaged in many pathological conditons. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge on the structural properties and the biogenesis of LDs. We further focus on the recent findings of their catabolic mechanism by lipolysis and autophagy as well as their connection ragarding the regulation and function. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of LDs and their catabolism-dependent pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Onal
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kutlu
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM) & Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program & Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Dokmeci Emre
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Lázaro B, Villa JA, Santín O, Cabezas M, Milagre CDF, de la Cruz F, Moncalián G. Heterologous expression of a thermophilic diacylglycerol acyltransferase triggers triglyceride accumulation in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176520. [PMID: 28448543 PMCID: PMC5407786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides (TAGs), the major storage molecules of metabolic energy and source of fatty acids, are produced as single cell oil by some oleogenic microorganisms. However, these microorganisms require strict culture conditions, show low carbon source flexibilities, lack efficient genetic modification tools and in some cases pose safety concerns. TAGs have essential applications such as behaving as a source for added-value fatty acids or giving rise to the production of biodiesel. Hence, new alternative methods are urgently required for obtaining these oils. In this work we describe TAG accumulation in the industrially appropriate microorganism Escherichia coli expressing the heterologous enzyme tDGAT, a wax ester synthase/triacylglycerol:acylCoA acyltranferase (WS/DGAT). With this purpose, we introduce a codon-optimized gene from the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora curvata coding for a WS/DGAT into different E. coli strains, describe the metabolic effects associated to the expression of this protein and evaluate neutral lipid accumulation. We observe a direct relation between the expression of this WS/DGAT and TAG production within a wide range of culture conditions. More than 30% TAGs were detected within the bacterial neutral lipids in 90 minutes after induction. TAGs were observed to be associated with the hydrophobic enzyme while forming round intracytoplasmic bodies, which could represent a bottleneck for lipid accumulation in E. coli. We detected an increase of almost 3-fold in the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) occurring in the recombinant strains. These MUFA were predominant in the accumulated TAGs achieving 46% of the TAG fatty acids. These results set the basis for further research on the achievement of a suitable method towards the sustainable production of these neutral lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lázaro
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, C/ Albert Einstein, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan A. Villa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, C/ Albert Einstein, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Omar Santín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, C/ Albert Einstein, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Matilde Cabezas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, C/ Albert Einstein, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Cintia D. F. Milagre
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, C/ Albert Einstein, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Gabriel Moncalián
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, C/ Albert Einstein, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- * E-mail:
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