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Bi X, Wang Y, Lin Y, Wang M, Li X. Genetic Evidence for Causal Relationships between Plasma Eicosanoid Levels and Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolites 2024; 14:294. [PMID: 38921429 PMCID: PMC11206149 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Eicosanoids are a group of bioactive metabolites that are mainly oxidized by arachidonic acid. Eicosanoids play a diverse role in cardiovascular diseases, with some exerting beneficial effects while others have detrimental consequences. However, a causal relationship between eicosanoid levels and cardiovascular disease remains unclear. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with strong associations with plasma eicosanoid levels were selected. Summary-level data for cardiovascular disease were obtained from publicly available genome-wide association studies. A two-sample MR analysis identified that plasma eicosanoid levels were inversely correlated with unstable angina pectoris (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1-1.12; p = 0.04), myocardial infarction (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.09; p = 0.005), ischemia stroke (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1-1.11; p = 0.047), transient ischemic attack (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1-1.07; p = 0.042), heart failure (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.05; p = 0.011), and pulmonary embolism (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.02-1.14; p = 1.69 × 10-6). In conclusion, our data strongly suggest a genetic causal link between high plasma eicosanoid levels and an increased cardiovascular disease risk. This study provides genetic evidence for treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukun Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Nursing, No. 906 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Yangjun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Meihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Lin LC, Liu ZY, Yang JJ, Zhao JY, Tao H. Lipid metabolism reprogramming in cardiac fibrosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:164-175. [PMID: 37949734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a critical pathophysiological process that occurs with diverse types of cardiac injury. Lipids are the most important bioenergy substrates for maintaining optimal heart performance and act as second messengers to transduce signals within cardiac cells. However, lipid metabolism reprogramming is a double-edged sword in the regulation of cardiomyocyte homeostasis and heart function. Moreover, lipids can exert diverse effects on cardiac fibrosis through different signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a brief overview of aberrant cardiac lipid metabolism and recent progress in pharmacological research targeting lipid metabolism alterations in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Peng L, Song Z, Zhao C, Abuduwufuer K, Wang Y, Wen Z, Ni L, Li C, Yu Y, Zhu Y, Jiang H, Shen J, Jiang X, Chen C, Zhang X, Wang DW. Increased Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Activity Positively Correlates with Mortality in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Evidence from Metabolomics. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:34-49. [PMID: 36939801 PMCID: PMC9883375 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have pleiotropic endogenous cardiovascular protective effects and can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has shown an increased prevalence and worse prognosis over the decades. However, the role of sEH activity in HFpEF remains unclear. We enrolled 500 patients with HFpEF and 500 healthy controls between February 2010 and March 2016. Eight types of sEH-related eicosanoids were measured according to target metabolomics, and their correlation with clinical endpoints was also analyzed. The primary endpoint was cardiac mortality, and the secondary endpoint was a composite of cardiac events, including heart failure (HF) readmission, cardiogenic hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, the effect of sEH inhibitors on cardiac diastolic function in HFpEF was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Patients with HFpEF showed significantly enhanced EET degradation by the sEH enzyme compared with healthy controls. More importantly, sEH activity was positively correlated with cardiac mortality in patients with HFpEF, especially in older patients with arrhythmia. A consistent result was obtained in the multiple adjusted models. Decreased sEH activity by the sEH inhibitor showed a significant effective effect on the improvement of cardiac diastolic function by ameliorating lipid disorders in cardiomyocytes of HFpEF mouse model. This study demonstrated that increased sEH activity was associated with cardiac mortality in patients with HFpEF and suggested that sEH inhibition could be a promising therapeutic strategy to improve diastolic cardiac function. Clinical trial identifier: NCT03461107 (https://clinicaltrials.gov). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00069-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Peng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Ziping Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Kudusi Abuduwufuer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Li Ni
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Chenze Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jinshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease-Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
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Sun M, Li L. Identification of Biomarkers Associated with Heart Failure Caused by Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using WGCNA and Machine Learning Algorithms. Int J Genomics 2023; 2023:2250772. [PMID: 37143707 PMCID: PMC10154102 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2250772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic factors and pathogenesis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy-induced heart failure (IDCM-HF) have not been understood thoroughly; there is a lack of specific diagnostic markers and treatment methods for the disease. Hence, we aimed to identify the mechanisms of action at the molecular level and potential molecular markers for this disease. Methods Gene expression profiles of IDCM-HF and non-heart failure (NF) specimens were acquired from the database of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We then identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and analyzed their functions and related pathways by using "Metascape". Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to search for key module genes. Candidate genes were identified by intersecting the key module genes identified via WGCNA with DEGs and further screened via the support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) method and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. At last, the biomarkers were validated and evaluated the diagnostic efficacy by the area under curve (AUC) value and further confirmed the differential expression in the IDCM-HF and NF groups using an external database. Results We detected 490 genes exhibiting differential expression between IDCM-HF and NF specimens from the GSE57338 dataset, with most of them being concentrated in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cells related to biological processes and pathways. After screening, 13 candidate genes were identified. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) showed high diagnostic efficacy in the GSE57338 and GSE6406 datasets, respectively. In comparison to the NF group, AQP3 was significantly down-regulated in the IDCM-HF group, while CYP2J2 was significantly up-regulated. Conclusion As far as we know, this is the first study that combines WGCNA and machine learning algorithms to screen for potential biomarkers of IDCM-HF. Our findings suggest that AQP3 and CYP2J2 could be used as novel diagnostic markers and treatment targets of IDCM-HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jining First People′s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Linping Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Jining Medical Research Academy, Jining First People′s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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Zhang Y, Gao L, Yao B, Huang S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Wang X. Role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in cardiovascular diseases and cardiotoxicity of drugs. Life Sci 2022; 310:121122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Inhibit the Activation of Murine Fibroblasts by Blocking the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 Signaling in a PPARγ-Dependent Manner. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7265486. [PMID: 36275905 PMCID: PMC9584742 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7265486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the metabolite of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 (CYP), reportedly serve as a vital endogenous protective factor in several chronic diseases. EETs are metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We have observed that prophylactic blocking sEH alleviates bleomycin- (BLM-) induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in mice. However, the underlying mechanism and therapeutic effects of EETs on PF remain elusive. Objective In this study, we investigated the effect of CYP2J2/EETs on the activation of murine fibroblasts and their mechanisms. Results we found that administration of the sEH inhibitor (TPPU) 7 days after the BLM injection also reversed the morphology changes and collagen deposition in the lungs of BLM-treated mice, attenuating PF. Fibroblast activation is regarded as a critical role of PF. Therefore, we investigated the effects of EETs on the proliferation and differentiation of murine fibroblasts. Results showed that the overexpression of CYP2J2 reduced the cell proliferation and the expressions of α-SMA and PCNA induced by transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 in murine fibroblasts. Then, we found that EETs inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of TGF-β1-treated-NIH3T3 cells and primary murine fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we found that 14,15-EET disrupted the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 murine fibroblasts by activating PPARγ, which was completely abolished by a PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Conclusion our study shows that EETs inhibit the activation of murine fibroblasts by blocking the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Regulating CYP2J2-EET-sEH metabolic pathway may be a potential therapeutic option in PF.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a superfamily of monooxygenases with diverse biological roles. CYP2J2 is an isozyme highly expressed in the heart where it metabolizes endogenous substrates such as N-3/N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to produce lipid mediators involved in homeostasis and cardioprotective responses. Expanding our knowledge of the role CYP2J2 has within the heart is important for understanding its impact on cardiac health and disease. AREAS COVERED The objective of this review was to assess the state of knowledge regarding cardiac CYP2J2. A literature search was conducted using PubMed-MEDLINE (from 2022 and earlier) to evaluate relevant studies regarding CYP2J2 mediated cardioprotection, small molecule modulators, effects of CYP2J2 substrates toward biologically relevant effects and implications of CYP2J2 polymorphisms and sexual dimorphism in the heart. EXPERT OPINION Cardiac CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates have been shown to impact cardiac function. Identifying individual factors, like sex and age, that affect CYP2J2 require further elucidation to better understand CYP2J2's clinical relevance. Resolving the biological targets and activities of CYP2J2-derived PUFA metabolites will be necessary to safely target CYP2J2 and design novel analogues. Targeting CYP2J2 for therapeutic aims offers a potential novel approach to regulating cardiac homeostasis, drug metabolism and cardioprotection.
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Zhang M, Shu H, Chen C, He Z, Zhou Z, Wang DW. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid: A potential therapeutic target of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113326. [PMID: 35759865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) reduces the quality of life, costs substantial medical resources, and has a high mortality. However, we lack an effective therapy for HFpEF due to our limited knowledge of its mechanism. Therefore, it is crucial to explore novel therapeutics, such as those with endogenous protective roles, and seek new targeted therapies. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous bioactive metabolites of arachidonic acids produced by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases. EETs can function as endogenous cardioprotective factors with potent inhibitory roles in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, and fibrosis, which are the fundamental mechanisms of HFpEF. This suggests that EETs have the potential function to protect against HFpEF. Therefore, we present an overview of the ever-expanding world of EETs and how they might help alleviate the pathophysiology underlying HFpEF to provide new insights for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongyang Shu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zuowen He
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Shi Z, He Z, Wang DW. CYP450 Epoxygenase Metabolites, Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids, as Novel Anti-Inflammatory Mediators. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123873. [PMID: 35744996 PMCID: PMC9230517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the initiation and development of a wide range of systemic illnesses. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are derived from arachidonic acid (AA) metabolized by CYP450 epoxygenase (CYP450) and are subsequently hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which are merely biologically active. EETs possess a wide range of established protective effects on many systems of which anti-inflammatory actions have gained great interest. EETs attenuate vascular inflammation and remodeling by inhibiting activation of endothelial cells and reducing cross-talk between inflammatory cells and blood vessels. EETs also process direct and indirect anti-inflammatory properties in the myocardium and therefore alleviate inflammatory cardiomyopathy and cardiac remodeling. Moreover, emerging studies show the substantial roles of EETs in relieving inflammation under other pathophysiological environments, such as diabetes, sepsis, lung injuries, neurodegenerative disease, hepatic diseases, kidney injury, and arthritis. Furthermore, pharmacological manipulations of the AA-CYP450-EETs-sEH pathway have demonstrated a contribution to the alleviation of numerous inflammatory diseases, which highlight a therapeutic potential of drugs targeting this pathway. This review summarizes the progress of AA-CYP450-EETs-sEH pathway in regulation of inflammation under different pathological conditions and discusses the existing challenges and future direction of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Zuowen He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (D.W.W.)
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (D.W.W.)
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Malacarne PF, Bezzenberger J, Lopez M, Warwick T, Müller N, Brandes RP, Rezende F. Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid and Prostanoid Crosstalk at the Receptor and Intracellular Signaling Levels to Maintain Vascular Tone. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115939. [PMID: 35682616 PMCID: PMC9180422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are signaling lipids produced by the cytochrome P450-(CYP450)-mediated epoxygenation of arachidonic acid. EETs have numerous biological effects on the vascular system, but aspects including their species specificity make their effects on vascular tone controversial. CYP450 enzymes require the 450-reductase (POR) for their activity. We set out to determine the contribution of endothelial CYP450 to murine vascular function using isolated aortic ring preparations from tamoxifen-inducible endothelial cell-specific POR knockout mice (ecPOR-/-). Constrictor responses to phenylephrine were similar between control (CTR) and ecPOR-/- mice. Contrastingly, sensitivity to the thromboxane receptor agonist U46619 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was increased following the deletion of POR. Ex vivo incubation with a non-hydrolyzable EET (14,15-EE-8(Z)-E, EEZE) reversed the increased sensitivity to U46619 to the levels of CTR. EETs had no effect on vascular tone in phenylephrine-preconstricted vessels, but dilated vessels contracted with U46619 or PGE2. As U46619 acts through RhoA-dependent kinase, this system was analyzed. The deletion of POR affected the expression of genes in this pathway and the inhibition of Rho-GTPase with SAR407899 decreased sensitivity to U46619. These data suggest that EET and prostanoid crosstalk at the receptor level and that lack of EET production sensitizes vessels to vasoconstriction via the induction of the Rho kinase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Felipe Malacarne
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (P.F.M.); (J.B.); (M.L.); (T.W.); (N.M.); (R.P.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Justus Bezzenberger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (P.F.M.); (J.B.); (M.L.); (T.W.); (N.M.); (R.P.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Melina Lopez
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (P.F.M.); (J.B.); (M.L.); (T.W.); (N.M.); (R.P.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Timothy Warwick
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (P.F.M.); (J.B.); (M.L.); (T.W.); (N.M.); (R.P.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Niklas Müller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (P.F.M.); (J.B.); (M.L.); (T.W.); (N.M.); (R.P.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P. Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (P.F.M.); (J.B.); (M.L.); (T.W.); (N.M.); (R.P.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Flávia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (P.F.M.); (J.B.); (M.L.); (T.W.); (N.M.); (R.P.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-6996; Fax: +49-69-6301-7668
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COX-2/sEH Dual Inhibitor PTUPB Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation of Alveolar Epithelial Cells via Nrf2-Mediated Inhibition of TGF- β1/Smad Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5759626. [PMID: 35509835 PMCID: PMC9060975 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5759626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). However, the role of ARA metabolism in the progression of EMT during pulmonary fibrosis (PF) has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cytochrome P450 oxidase (CYP)/soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) metabolic disorders of ARA in EMT during PF. Methods A signal intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM) was given to induce PF in C57BL/6 J mice. A COX-2/sEH dual inhibitor PTUPB was used to establish the function of CYPs/COX-2 dysregulation to EMT in PF mice. In vitro experiments, murine alveolar epithelial cells (MLE12) and human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were used to explore the roles and mechanisms of PTUPB on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT. Results PTUPB treatment reversed the increase of mesenchymal marker molecule α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the loss of epithelial marker molecule E-cadherin in lung tissue of PF mice. In vitro, COX-2 and sEH protein levels were increased in TGF-β1-treated alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). PTUPB decreased the expression of α-SMA and restored the expression of E-cadherin in TGF-β1-treated AECs, accompanied by reduced migration and collagen synthesis. Moreover, PTUPB attenuated TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway activation in AECs via Nrf2 antioxidant cascade. Conclusion PTUPB inhibits EMT in AECs via Nrf2-mediated inhibition of the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway, which holds great promise for the clinical treatment of PF.
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Guo P, Tai Y, Wang M, Sun H, Zhang L, Wei W, Xiang YK, Wang Q. Gα 12 and Gα 13: Versatility in Physiology and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:809425. [PMID: 35237598 PMCID: PMC8883321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.809425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as the largest family of receptors in the human body, are involved in the pathological mechanisms of many diseases. Heterotrimeric G proteins represent the main molecular switch and receive cell surface signals from activated GPCRs. Growing evidence suggests that Gα12 subfamily (Gα12/13)-mediated signaling plays a crucial role in cellular function and various pathological processes. The current research on the physiological and pathological function of Gα12/13 is constantly expanding, Changes in the expression levels of Gα12/13 have been found in a wide range of human diseases. However, the mechanistic research on Gα12/13 is scattered. This review briefly describes the structural sequences of the Gα12/13 isoforms and introduces the coupling of GPCRs and non-GPCRs to Gα12/13. The effects of Gα12/13 on RhoA and other signaling pathways and their roles in cell proliferation, migration, and immune cell function, are discussed. Finally, we focus on the pathological impacts of Gα12/13 in cancer, inflammation, metabolic diseases, fibrotic diseases, and circulatory disorders are brought to focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paipai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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13
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He Z, Wang DW. The roles of eicosanoids in myocardial diseases. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 97:167-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids and Fibrosis: Recent Insights for the Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910714. [PMID: 34639055 PMCID: PMC8509622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis often ends in eventual organ failure and leads to high mortality. Although researchers have identified many effector cells and molecular pathways, there are few effective therapies for fibrosis to date and the underlying mechanism needs to be examined and defined further. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid metabolites of arachidonic acid (ARA) synthesized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases. EETs are rapidly metabolized primarily via the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathway. The sEH pathway produces dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which have lower activity. Stabilized or increased EETs levels exert several protective effects, including pro-angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-senescence. Currently, intensive investigations are being carried out on their anti-fibrotic effects in the kidney, heart, lung, and liver. The present review provides an update on how the stabilized or increased production of EETs is a reasonable theoretical basis for fibrosis treatment.
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McCarty MF. Nutraceutical, Dietary, and Lifestyle Options for Prevention and Treatment of Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073321. [PMID: 33805039 PMCID: PMC8037104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although well documented drug therapies are available for the management of ventricular hypertrophy (VH) and heart failure (HF), most patients nonetheless experience a downhill course, and further therapeutic measures are needed. Nutraceutical, dietary, and lifestyle measures may have particular merit in this regard, as they are currently available, relatively safe and inexpensive, and can lend themselves to primary prevention as well. A consideration of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the VH/HF syndrome suggests that measures which control oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, that support effective nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide bioactivity, that prevent a reduction in cardiomyocyte pH, and that boost the production of protective hormones, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), while suppressing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and marinobufagenin, may have utility for preventing and controlling this syndrome. Agents considered in this essay include phycocyanobilin, N-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, ferulic acid, zinc, selenium, ubiquinol, astaxanthin, melatonin, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, berberine, citrulline, high-dose folate, cocoa flavanols, hawthorn extract, dietary nitrate, high-dose biotin, soy isoflavones, taurine, carnitine, magnesium orotate, EPA-rich fish oil, glycine, and copper. The potential advantages of whole-food plant-based diets, moderation in salt intake, avoidance of phosphate additives, and regular exercise training and sauna sessions are also discussed. There should be considerable scope for the development of functional foods and supplements which make it more convenient and affordable for patients to consume complementary combinations of the agents discussed here. Research Strategy: Key word searching of PubMed was employed to locate the research papers whose findings are cited in this essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, 811 B Nahant Ct., San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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Mota-Zamorano S, Robles NR, Lopez-Gomez J, Cancho B, González LM, Garcia-Pino G, Navarro-Pérez ML, Gervasini G. Plasma and urinary concentrations of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids are associated with diabetic kidney disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:698-708. [PMID: 34040498 PMCID: PMC8144539 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies indicate that arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids contribute to hyperglycemia-induced kidney injury. We aimed to determine whether plasma and/or urinary levels of dihydroxyeicosatrienoic (DHETs) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (20-HETE) acids are associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). A total of 334 subjects (132 DKD patients and 202 non-diabetic individuals) were studied. Plasma levels of 11,12-DHET, 14,15-DHET and 20-HETE were measured by LC/MS/MS. Urinary 20-HETE concentrations were determined by immunoenzymatic assay. Subjects with normoalbuminuria had larger 20-HETE-to-creatinine urinary ratios (20-HETE/Cr) than those with micro and macroalbuminuria (p=0.012). Likewise, participants with eGFR>60 ml/min/1.73 m2 had higher plasma levels of 14,15-DHET (p=0.039) and 20-HETE/Cr ratios (p=0.007). Concentrations of 14,15-DHET, 11,12-DHET and 20-HETE/Cr were significantly lower in DKD patients. Median values for non-diabetic vs. DKD were, respectively, 493 (351.0-691.5) vs. 358 (260.5-522) ng/L, p=3e-5; 262 (183.5-356.0) vs. 202 (141.5-278.0) ng/L, p=1e-4 and 5.26 (1.68-11.65) vs. 2.53 (1.01-6.28) ng/mgCr, p=0.010. In addition, 20-HETE/Cr ratios were higher in patients with non-proteinuric DKD than in those with typical DKD (p=0.020). When only individuals with impaired filtration were considered, 14,15-DHET and 11,12-DHET levels were still higher in non-diabetic subjects (p=0.002 and p=0.006, respectively). Our results indicate that AA-derived eicosanoids may play a relevant role in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mota-Zamorano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Nicolás R Robles
- Service of Nephrology, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan Lopez-Gomez
- Service of Clinical Analyses, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Bárbara Cancho
- Service of Nephrology, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Luz M González
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Lai J, Chen C. The Role of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids in Cardiac Remodeling. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642470. [PMID: 33716791 PMCID: PMC7943617 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are metabolites of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases, which include four regioisomers: 5,6-EET, 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET. Each of them possesses beneficial effects against inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, which could combat cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that elevation of EETs by overexpression of CYP2J2, inhibition of sEH, or treatment with EET analogs showed protective effects in various cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. As is known to all, cardiac remodeling is the major pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. This review will begin with the introduction of EETs and their protective effects in cardiovascular diseases. In the following, the roles of EETs in cardiac remodeling, with a particular emphasis on myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis, will be summarized. Finally, it is suggested that upregulation of EETs is a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases. The EET-related drug development against cardiac remodeling is also discussed, including the overexpression of CYP2J2, inhibition of sEH, and the analogs of EET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang B, Wu L, Chen J, Dong L, Chen C, Wen Z, Hu J, Fleming I, Wang DW. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:94. [PMID: 33637672 PMCID: PMC7910446 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) pathway plays a key role in cardiovascular biology, carcinogenesis, and many inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, etc. Esterified AA on the inner surface of the cell membrane is hydrolyzed to its free form by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which is in turn further metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to a spectrum of bioactive mediators that includes prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (diHETEs), eicosatetraenoic acids (ETEs), and lipoxins (LXs). Many of the latter mediators are considered to be novel preventive and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, and inflammatory diseases. This review sets out to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological importance of the AA metabolizing pathways and outline the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of AA related to its three main metabolic pathways in CVD and cancer progression will provide valuable insight for developing new therapeutic drugs for CVD and anti-cancer agents such as inhibitors of EETs or 2J2. Thus, we herein present a synopsis of AA metabolism in human health, cardiovascular and cancer biology, and the signaling pathways involved in these processes. To explore the role of the AA metabolism and potential therapies, we also introduce the current newly clinical studies targeting AA metabolisms in the different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Lujin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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Effects of Three-Month Feeding High Fat Diets with Different Fatty Acid Composition on Myocardial Proteome in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020330. [PMID: 33498641 PMCID: PMC7911225 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Westernized diet is characterized by a high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a low level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), often accompanied by an imbalance in the omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio. Since increased intake of SFA and n-6 PUFA is considered as a cardiovascular disease risk factor, this study was conducted to determine whether a three-month dietary supplementation of high-fat diets (HFDs) with saturated fatty acids and a significant proportion of various n-6 and n-3 PUFA ratios would affect the architecture and protein expression patterns of the murine heart. Therefore, three HFD (n = 6) feeding groups: rich in SFA, dominated by PUFA with the n-6/n-3–14:1, and n-6/n-3–5:1, ratios were compared to animals fed standard mouse chow. For this purpose, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis with MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry-based identification of differentially expressed cardiac proteins, and a histological examination of cardiac morphology. The results indicated that mice fed with all HFDs developed signs of hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Animals fed SFA-rich HFD manifested the most severe cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis lesions, whereas less pronounced changes were observed in the group of animals that ingested the highest amount of omega-3 FA. In general, all HFDs, regardless of FA composition, evoked a comparable pattern of cardiac protein changes and affected the following biological processes: lipid metabolism and FA β-oxidation, glycolysis, TCA cycle, respiratory chain, myocardium contractility, oxidative stress and PUFA eicosanoid metabolism. However, it should be noted that three proteins, namely IDH3A, LDHB, and AK1, were affected differently by various FA contents. High expression of these myocardial proteins found in the group of animals fed a HFD with the highest n-3 PUFA content could be closely related to the observed development of hypertrophy.
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Lu J, Chen A, Ma X, Shang X, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Liu M, Wang X. Generation and Characterization of Cytochrome P450 2J3/10 CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rat Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1129-1136. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Ranieri M, Venneri M, Pellegrino T, Centrone M, Di Mise A, Cotecchia S, Tamma G, Valenti G. The Vasopressin Receptor 2 Mutant R137L Linked to the Nephrogenic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (NSIAD) Signals through an Alternative Pathway that Increases AQP2 Membrane Targeting Independently of S256 Phosphorylation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061354. [PMID: 32486031 PMCID: PMC7349359 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NSIAD is a rare X-linked condition, caused by activating mutations in the AVPR2 gene coding for the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R) associated with hyponatremia, despite undetectable plasma vasopressin levels. We have recently provided in vitro evidence that, compared to V2R-wt, expression of activating V2R mutations R137L, R137C and F229V cause a constitutive redistribution of the AQP2 water channel to the plasma membrane, higher basal water permeability and significantly higher basal levels of p256-AQP2 in the F229V mutant but not in R137L or R137C. In this study, V2R mutations were expressed in collecting duct principal cells and the associated signalling was dissected. V2R-R137L and R137C mutants had significantly higher basal pT269-AQP2 levels -independently of S256 and PKA-which were reduced to control by treatment with Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. Interestingly, ROCK activity was found significantly higher in V2R-R137L along with activation of the Gα12/13–Rho–ROCK pathway. Of note, inhibition of ROCK reduced the basal elevated osmotic water permeability to control. To conclude, our data demonstrate for the first time that the gain-of-function mutation of the V2R, R137L causing NSIAD, signals through an alternative PKA-independent pathway that increases AQP2 membrane targeting through ROCK-induced phosphorylation at S/T269 independently of S256 of AQP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Maria Venneri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Tommaso Pellegrino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Mariangela Centrone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Susanna Cotecchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.R.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (M.C.); (A.D.M.); (S.C.); (G.T.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 00136 Roma, Italy
- Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics (CEGBA), University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-5443444
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Li X, Chu G, Zhu F, Zheng Z, Wang X, Zhang G, Wang F. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid prevents maladaptive remodeling in pressure overload by targeting calcineurin/NFAT and Smad-7. Exp Cell Res 2020; 386:111716. [PMID: 31734152 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence demonstrates that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) as important active eicosanoids that regulate cardiovascular homeostasis, but the mechanisms underlying its favorable anti-hypertrophic benefits in overpressure model remain obscure. METHODS AND RESULTS Four weeks after transverse aortic constriction (TAC), TAC mice developed maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and consequent cardiac failure. Conversely, a cardiotropic adeno-associated viral vector (AAV9) encoding CYP2J2 prevented transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction. EET also conferred protection against phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Further investigations indicate CYP2J2/EET exerts protection against cardiac hypertrophy through opposing the increase of intracellular Ca2+ level and Ca2+-mediated calcineurin/NFATc3 signaling. Meanwhile, extended myocardial fibrosis in TAC mice was also effectively abolished with the administration of AAV9-2J2. Intriguingly, TAC mice display activated TGF-β/Samd-3 signaling with decreased Smad-7 expression, whereas AAV9-2J2 attenuated the phosphorylation of Smad-3 without altering TGF-β expression, whilst preservation of Smad-7. Subsequently, the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in the presence of TGF-β1 stimulation was significantly disrupted with EET treatment, accompanied by declined Smad-3 activation and collagen production, whereas inhibition of Smad-7 with SiRNA Smad-7 substantially abrogated these effects of EET on cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS EET has synergistic actions on cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts, preventing cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of Ca2+-mediated calcineurin/NFATc3 signaling cascades, and ameliorating myocardial fibrosis dependent on Smad-7. This work further extends the potential mechanisms of EET, providing a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of pathological remodeling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang CY, Duan JX, Yang HH, Sun CC, Zhong WJ, Tao JH, Guan XX, Jiang HL, Hammock BD, Hwang SH, Zhou Y, Guan CX. COX-2/sEH dual inhibitor PTUPB alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via inhibiting senescence. FEBS J 2019; 287:1666-1680. [PMID: 31646730 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a senescence-associated disease with poor prognosis. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating the disease process. Mounting evidence suggests that arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of various fibrosis. However, the relationship between the metabolism of ARA and PF is still elusive. In this study, we observed a disorder in the cyclooxygenase-2/cytochrome P450 (COX-2/CYP) metabolism of ARA in the lungs of PF mice induced by bleomycin (BLM). Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of COX-2/CYP-derived ARA metabolic disorders in PF. PTUPB, a dual COX-2 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, was used to restore the balance of COX-2/CYP metabolism. sEH is an enzyme hydrolyzing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids derived from ARA by CYP. We found that PTUPB alleviated the pathological changes in lung tissue and collagen deposition, as well as reduced senescence marker molecules (p16Ink4a and p53-p21Waf1/Cip1 ) in the lungs of mice treated by BLM. In vitro, we found that PTUPB pretreatment remarkably reduced the expression of senescence-related molecules in the alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) induced by BLM. In conclusion, our study supports the notion that the COX-2/CYP-derived ARA metabolic disorders may be a potential therapeutic target for PF via inhibiting the cellular senescence in AECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Xi Duan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui-Hui Yang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen-Chen Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhong
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Hao Tao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Xin Guan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui-Ling Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cha-Xiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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24
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Zhou C, Huang J, Li Q, Zhan C, He Y, Liu J, Wen Z, Wang DW. Pharmacological Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Ameliorates Chronic Ethanol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis by Restoring Autophagic Flux. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1970-1978. [PMID: 30047995 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic drinking leads to myocardial contractile dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy, and cardiac fibrosis is a consequence of these alcoholic injuries. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) hydrolyzes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to less bioactive diols, and EETs have cardioprotective properties. However, the effects of sEH inhibition in ethanol (EtOH)-induced cardiac fibrosis are unknown. METHODS This study was designed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of sEH inhibition in chronic EtOH feeding-induced cardiac fibrosis. C57BL/6J mice were fed a 4% Lieber-DeCarli EtOH diet for 8 weeks, and the sEH inhibitor 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU) was administered throughout the experimental period. RESULTS The results showed that chronic EtOH intake led to cardiac dilatation, collagen deposition, and autophagosome accumulation, while TPPU administration ameliorated these effects. In vitro, treating primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) with EtOH resulted in CF activation, including alpha smooth muscle actin overexpression, collagen synthesis, and cell migration. Moreover, EtOH disturbed CF autophagic flux, as evidenced by the increased LC3 II/I ratio and SQSTM1 expression, and by the enhanced autophagosome accumulation. TPPU treatment prevented the activation of CF induced by EtOH and restored the impaired autophagic flux by suppressing mTOR activation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that sEH pharmacological inhibition may be a unique therapeutic strategy for treating EtOH-induced cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenao Zhan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying He
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
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25
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Gastrin stimulates pancreatic cancer cell directional migration by activating the Gα12/13-RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 29717112 PMCID: PMC5938061 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which gastrin promotes pancreatic cancer cell metastasis is unclear. The process of directing polarized cancer cells toward the extracellular matrix is principally required for invasion and distant metastasis; however, whether gastrin can induce this process and its underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that gastrin-induced phosphorylation of paxillin at tyrosine 31/118 and RhoA activation as well as promoted the metastasis of PANC-1 cancer cells. Depletion of Gα12 and Gα13 inhibited the phosphorylation of paxillin and downstream activation of GTP-RhoA, blocked the formation and aggregation of focal adhesions and facilitated polarization of actin filaments induced by gastrin. Suppression of RhoA and ROCK also exhibited identical results. Selective inhibition of the CCKBR–Gα12/13–RhoA–ROCK signaling pathway blocked the reoriented localization of the Golgi apparatus at the leading edge of migrated cancer cells. YM022 and Y-27632 significantly suppressed hepatic metastasis of orthotic pancreatic tumors induced by gastrin in vivo. Collectively, we demonstrate that gastrin promotes Golgi reorientation and directional polarization of pancreatic cancer cells by activation of paxillin via the CCKBR–Gα12/13–RhoA–ROCK signal pathway. A hormone found in high levels in pancreatic cancer sufferers helps the disease spread by co-ordinating cellular migration. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly forms of cancer, being highly aggressive and likely to metastasize. Honggang Yu at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and scientists across China have demonstrated that gastrin, a hormone expressed at higher levels in patients with pancreatic cancer, helps to co-ordinate directional cell migration and ensure the disease spreads effectively. By activating two key molecules via a specific signalling pathway, gastrin ensures the correct orientation of the Golgi apparatus, a cellular organelle tasked with packaging proteins for transportation. This in turn activates directional migration of the cancer cells. The results explain why gastrin is over-expressed in both tumors and blood in cancer patients, and may inform future therapies.
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Therapeutic potential of omega-3 fatty acid-derived epoxyeicosanoids in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:177-204. [PMID: 29080699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous benefits have been attributed to dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs), including protection against cardiac arrhythmia, triglyceride-lowering, amelioration of inflammatory, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review covers recent findings indicating that a variety of these beneficial effects are mediated by "omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids", a class of novel n-3 LC-PUFA-derived lipid mediators, which are generated via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase pathway. CYP enzymes, previously identified as arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; AA) epoxygenases, accept eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA), the major fish oil n-3 LC-PUFAs, as efficient alternative substrates. In humans and rodents, dietary EPA/DHA supplementation causes a profound shift of the endogenous CYP-eicosanoid profile from AA- to EPA- and DHA-derived metabolites, increasing, in particular, the plasma and tissue levels of 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EEQ) and 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EDP). Based on preclinical studies, these omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids display cardioprotective, vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic properties that contribute to the beneficial effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs in diverse disease conditions ranging from cardiac disease, bronchial disorders, and intraocular neovascularization, to allergic intestinal inflammation and inflammatory pain. Increasing evidence also suggests that background nutrition as well as genetic and disease state-related factors could limit the response to EPA/DHA-supplementation by reducing the formation and/or enhancing the degradation of omega-3 epoxyeicosanoids. Recently, metabolically robust synthetic analogs mimicking the biological activities of 17,18-EEQ have been developed. These drug candidates may overcome limitations of dietary EPA/DHA supplementation and provide novel options for the treatment of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.
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