1
|
Packard CJ, Pirillo A, Tsimikas S, Ference BA, Catapano AL. Exploring apolipoprotein C-III: pathophysiological and pharmacological relevance. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 119:2843-2857. [PMID: 38039351 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of pharmacological approaches able to effectively reduce circulating LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) has led to a substantial reduction in the risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, a residual cardiovascular (CV) risk persists in treated individuals with optimal levels of LDL-C. Additional risk factors beyond LDL-C are involved, and among these, elevated levels of triglycerides (TGs) and TG-rich lipoproteins are causally associated with an increased CV risk. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is a key regulator of TG metabolism and hence circulating levels through several mechanisms including the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity and alterations in the affinity of apoC-III-containing lipoproteins for both the hepatic receptors involved in their removal and extracellular matrix in the arterial wall. Genetic studies have clarified the role of apoC-III in humans, establishing a causal link with CVD and showing that loss-of-function mutations in the APOC3 gene are associated with reduced TG levels and reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Currently available hypolipidaemic drugs can reduce TG levels, although to a limited extent. Substantial reductions in TG levels can be obtained with new drugs that target specifically apoC-III; these include two antisense oligonucleotides, one small interfering RNA and an antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Center for the Study of Dyslipidaemias, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Ference
- Centre for Naturally Randomized Trials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Center for the Study of Dyslipidaemias, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stankov S, Vitali C, Rader DJ. Gain-of-Function Variants in Lipid Genes Enhance Biological Insight and Point Toward Therapeutic Opportunities. Circulation 2022; 146:740-742. [PMID: 36067277 PMCID: PMC10122829 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Stankov
- Division of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (S.S., C.V., D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Cecilia Vitali
- Division of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (S.S., C.V., D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (S.S., C.V., D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee S, Kim SA, Hong J, Kim Y, Hong G, Baik S, Choi K, Lee MK, Lee KR. Identification of genetic variants related to metabolic syndrome by next-generation sequencing. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:119. [PMID: 35999587 PMCID: PMC9396768 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions associated with glucose intolerance, hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Since MetS is known as a complex symptom with a high incidence of genetic factors, it is important to identify genetic variants for each clinical characteristic of MetS. METHODS We performed targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify genetic variants related to obesity, blood glucose, triacylglycerol (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level, and hypertension in 48 subjects with MetS and in 48 healthy subjects. RESULTS NGS analysis revealed that 26 of 48 subjects (54.2%) with MetS had putative non-synonymous variants related to the clinical features of MetS. Of the subjects with MetS, 8 (16.7%) had variants in 4 genes (COL6A2, FTO, SPARC, and MTHFR) related to central obesity, 17 (35.4%) had variants in 6 genes (APOB, SLC2A2, LPA, ABCG5, ABCG8, and GCKR) related to hyperglycemia, 3 (6.3%) had variants in 4 genes (APOA1, APOC2, APOA4, and LMF1) related to hypertriglyceridemia, 8 (16.7%) had variants in 4 genes (ABCA1, CETP, SCARB1, and LDLR) related to low HDL-cholesterolemia, and 5 (10.4%) had variants in ADD1 related to hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may contribute to broadening the genetic spectrum of risk variants related to the development of MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoo Lee
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea.
| | - Seol-A Kim
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Hong
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea
| | - Gayeon Hong
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea
| | - SaeYun Baik
- Central Laboratory, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Choi
- HANARO Medical Foundation, 5F, 1 TOWER, GRAN SEOUL, 33 Jong-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03159, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Lee
- Department of MyGenome, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, 28F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ryul Lee
- Center for Companion Biomarker, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea.
- Central Laboratory, Seoul Clinical Laboratories Healthcare Inc., 23F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea.
- HANARO Medical Foundation, 5F, 1 TOWER, GRAN SEOUL, 33 Jong-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03159, Korea.
- Department of MyGenome, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, 28F, Bldg. A, Heungdeok IT Valley, 13 Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 16954, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oldham D, Wang H, Mullen J, Lietzke E, Sprenger K, Reigan P, Eckel RH, Bruce KD. Using Synthetic ApoC-II Peptides and nAngptl4 Fragments to Measure Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Radiometric and Fluorescent Assays. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:926631. [PMID: 35911520 PMCID: PMC9329559 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.926631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a crucial role in preventing dyslipidemia by hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs) in packaged lipoproteins. Since hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide, methods that accurately quantify the hydrolytic activity of LPL in clinical and pre-clinical samples are much needed. To date, the methods used to determine LPL activity vary considerably in their approach, in the LPL substrates used, and in the source of LPL activators and inhibitors used to quantify LPL-specific activity, rather than other lipases, e.g., hepatic lipase (HL) or endothelial lipase (EL) activity. Here, we describe methods recently optimized in our laboratory, using a synthetic ApoC-II peptide to activate LPL, and an n-terminal Angiopoietin-Like 4 fragment (nAngptl4) to inhibit LPL, presenting a cost-effective and reproducible method to measure LPL activity in human post-heparin plasma (PHP) and in LPL-enriched heparin released (HR) fractions from LPL secreting cells. We also describe a modified version of the triolein-based assay using human serum as a source of endogenous activators and inhibitors and to determine the relative abundance of circulating factors that regulate LPL activity. Finally, we describe how an ApoC-II peptide and nAngptl4 can be applied to high-throughput measurements of LPL activity using the EnzChek™ fluorescent TG analog substrate with PHP, bovine LPL, and HR LPL enriched fractions. In summary, this manuscript assesses the current methods of measuring LPL activity and makes new recommendations for measuring LPL-mediated hydrolysis in pre-clinical and clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Oldham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Juliet Mullen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Emma Lietzke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kayla Sprenger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert H. Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kimberley D. Bruce,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramms B, Patel S, Sun X, Pessentheiner AR, Ducasa GM, Mullick AE, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL, Gordts PL. Interventional hepatic apoC-III knockdown improves atherosclerotic plaque stability and remodeling by triglyceride lowering. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158414. [PMID: 35653195 PMCID: PMC9310539 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is a critical regulator of triglyceride metabolism and correlates positively with hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It remains unclear if therapeutic apoC-III lowering reduces CVD risk and if the CVD correlation depends on the lipid-lowering or antiinflammatory properties. We determined the impact of interventional apoC-III lowering on atherogenesis using an apoC-III antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in 2 hypertriglyceridemic mouse models where the intervention lowers plasma triglycerides and in a third lipid-refractory model. On a high-cholesterol Western diet apoC-III ASO treatment did not alter atherosclerotic lesion size but did attenuate advanced and unstable plaque development in the triglyceride-responsive mouse models. No lesion size or composition improvement was observed with apoC-III ASO in the lipid-refractory mice. To circumvent confounding effects of continuous high-cholesterol feeding, we tested the impact of interventional apoC-III lowering when switching to a cholesterol-poor diet after 12 weeks of Western diet. In this diet switch regimen, apoC-III ASO treatment significantly reduced plasma triglycerides, atherosclerotic lesion progression, and necrotic core area and increased fibrous cap thickness in lipid-responsive mice. Again, apoC-III ASO treatment did not alter triglyceride levels, lesion development, and lesion composition in lipid-refractory mice after the diet switch. Our findings suggest that interventional apoC-III lowering might be an effective strategy to reduce atherosclerosis lesion size and improve plaque stability when lipid lowering is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sohan Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Mays Cancer Center, Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - G. Michelle Ducasa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Joseph L. Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iannuzzi A, Annunziata M, Fortunato G, Giacobbe C, Palma D, Bresciani A, Aliberti E, Iannuzzo G. Case Report: Genetic Analysis of PEG-Asparaginase Induced Severe Hypertriglyceridemia in an Adult With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Front Genet 2022; 13:832890. [PMID: 35237305 PMCID: PMC8882989 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.832890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PEG-Asparaginase (also known as Pegaspargase), along with glucocorticoids (predominantly prednisolone or dexamethasone) and other chemotherapeutic agents (such as cyclophosphamide, idarubicin, vincristine, cytarabine, methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine) is the current standard treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in both children and adults. High doses of PEG-asparaginase are associated with side effects such as hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, venous thrombosis, hypersensitivity reactions against the drug and severe hypertriglyceridemia. We report a case of a 28-year-old male who was normolipidemic at baseline and developed severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides of 1793 mg/dl) following treatment with PEG-asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Thorough genetic analysis was conducted to assess whether genetic variants could suggest a predisposition to this drug-induced metabolic condition. This genetic analysis showed the presence of a rare heterozygous missense variant c.11G > A-p.(Arg4Gln) in the APOC3 gene, classified as a variant of uncertain significance, as well as its association with four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; c.*40C > G in APOC3 and c.*158T > C; c.162-43G > A; c.-3A > G in APOA5) related to increased plasma triglyceride levels. To our knowledge this is the first case that a rare genetic variant associated to SNPs has been related to the onset of severe drug-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
|
7
|
D'Elia L, Barbato A, Iacone R, Russo O, Strazzullo P, Galletti F. Metabolic syndrome and its components predict the development of arterial stiffening in a sample of adult men. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 44:26-33. [PMID: 34459325 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1969664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components are associated with greater cardiovascular risk. A number of studies found a positive association between MS and vascular damage, but few observational studies evaluated the predictive role of MS on arterial stiffening (AS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the ability of MS and its components to predict the risk of AS in an 8-year follow-up of a sample of adult men (Olivetti Heart Study). METHODS The analysis included 778 men without AS (pulse pressure >60 mmHg) at baseline. A positive diagnosis of MS was made by recognized criteria, if at least three components were present. RESULTS At the end of the follow-up period, there was an incidence of 11% in AS. The percentage of participants that developed AS was greater in the MS group than those without MS, also after adjustment for main confounders (odds ratio: 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-4.9). The risk of AS also increased with increase in the numbers of MS elements (p for trend <.01). In addition, the analysis of the predictive role of the single MS component showed that high blood pressure (HBP) was the strongest predictor. CONCLUSIONS The results of this prospective study indicate a predictive role of MS on AS, independently of main confounders. In addition, HBP seems the strongest predictor of AS among MS components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D'Elia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Russo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Galletti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kılıç A, Baydar O, Elçik D, Apaydın Z, Can MM. Role of dyslipidemia in early vascular aging syndrome. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:727-734. [PMID: 33356026 PMCID: PMC8203140 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2008-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Arterial stiffness, known as a predictor of early vascular aging, was defined as the main determinant of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. However, the relationship between lipid profile and increased arterial stiffness is not clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between lipid profiles and increased arterial stiffness in patients with early vascular aging syndrome. Materials and methods A total of 1582 participants —504 (31.8%) of were male and the mean age was 52.8 ±14.2 years— were included in the study . Patients who applied to the hospital for various reasons and who had undergone 24-h blood pressure Holter monitoring were included in this study. Patients were divided into four groups according to pulse wave velocity (PWV) quartiles (Q1 (<6.3), Q2 (6.3–7.4), Q3 (7.5–8.8), Q4 (>8.8)). Results We found that in the highest PWV group, patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), uric acid(UA), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein ( LDL-C), triglycerid (TG), and non- high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C ) levels. Additionally, diabetes mellitus (dm), age, non-HDL-C, and TG/ HDL-C levels were detected as independent risk factors of increased PWV in ordinal logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that lipid parameters are strongly correlated with increased PWVvalue and early vascular aging. In daily clinical practice, TG\HDL-C ratio, known as atherogenic index, might be used routinely for predicted of early vascular aging and subclinical atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alparslan Kılıç
- Department of Cardiology, Koç University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Baydar
- Department of Cardiology, Koç University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Elçik
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ziya Apaydın
- Department of Cardiology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mustafa Can
- Department of Cardiology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
D'Erasmo L, Di Costanzo A, Gallo A, Bruckert E, Arca M. ApoCIII: A multifaceted protein in cardiometabolic disease. Metabolism 2020; 113:154395. [PMID: 33058850 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ApoCIII has a well-recognized role in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins metabolism. A considerable amount of data has clearly highlighted that high levels of ApoCIII lead to hypertriglyceridemia and, thereby, may influence the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, recent findings indicate that ApoCIII might also act beyond lipid metabolism. Indeed, ApoCIII has been implicated in other physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis, monocyte adhesion, activation of inflammatory pathways, and modulation of the coagulation cascade. As the inhibition of ApoCIII is emerging as a new promising therapeutic strategy, the complete understanding of multifaceted pathophysiological role of this apoprotein may be relevant. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to review available evidences not only related to genetics and biochemistry of ApoCIII, but also highlighting the role of this apoprotein in triglyceride and glucose metabolism, in the inflammatory process and coagulation cascade as well as in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University Paris, France.
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University Paris, France
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University Paris, France
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Low cholesterol syndrome and drug development. Curr Opin Cardiol 2020; 35:423-427. [PMID: 32452920 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Low cholesterol syndromes were considered curiosities. The present article reviews some hypolipidaemic disorders and the drugs developed from the insights they provided. RECENT FINDINGS Abetalipopoproteinaemia and hypobetalipoproteinaemia are associated with low cholesterol concentrations and caused by mutations in apolipoprotein (apo) B or microsomal transfer protein. This led to the development of mipomersen and lomitapide which are used to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Mutations in proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 (PCSK9) can cause either high or low cholesterol. Loss of function PCSK9 mutations prompted the development of antibody therapies to PCSK9 which are now widely used to treat hypercholesterolaemia. Mutations in apolipoprotein C-3 and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) cause hypolipoproteinaemia and reduced triglycerides. Antisense therapies to apolipoprotein C-3 and antibodies to ANGPTL3 are in development to treat familial chylomicronaemia syndrome. Activating mutations in apoA-1 result in hyper-functioning high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and suggest that modifying HDL turnover may reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. SUMMARY Orphan lipid disorders have provided insights into mechanisms involved in lowering cholesterol levels and the potential safety and efficacy of interventional processes. They have been not only enabled development of drugs to treat rare lipid disorders but also those finding wider use in general lowering of CVD risk.
Collapse
|
11
|
Boden WE, Baum S, Toth PP, Fazio S, Bhatt DL. Impact of expanded FDA indication for icosapent ethyl on enhanced cardiovascular residual risk reduction. Future Cardiol 2020; 17:155-174. [PMID: 32959713 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2020-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) demonstrated that the purified, stable ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid, icosapent ethyl (IPE), added to statins reduced CVD events by 25% (p < 0.001), leading to an expanded indication in the USA. IPE is now approved as an adjunct to maximally tolerated statins to reduce CVD event risk in adults with triglyceride (TG) levels ≥150 mg/dl and either established CVD or diabetes mellitus plus ≥2 additional CVD risk factors. The new indication allows co-administration of IPE for elevated TG levels with statin treatment, enabling effective residual risk reduction in a broader at-risk population beyond what can be achieved with intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Boden
- VA New England Healthcare System, Boston, MA, & Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Seth Baum
- Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Boca Raton, FL 33486, USA
| | - Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 61081, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham & Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in the development of lipid-lowering therapies, clinical trials have shown that a significant residual risk of cardiovascular disease persists. Specifically, new drugs are needed for non-responding or statin-intolerant subjects or patients considered at very high risk for cardiovascular events even though are already on treatment with the best standard of care. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Besides, genetic and epidemiological studies and Mendelian randomization analyses have strengthened the linear correlation between the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the incidence of cardiovascular events and highlighted various novel therapeutic targets. This review describes the novel strategies to reduce the levels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, and Lp(a), focusing on those developed using biotechnology-based strategies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dron JS, Wang J, McIntyre AD, Iacocca MA, Robinson JF, Ban MR, Cao H, Hegele RA. Six years' experience with LipidSeq: clinical and research learnings from a hybrid, targeted sequencing panel for dyslipidemias. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:23. [PMID: 32041611 PMCID: PMC7011550 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-0669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2013, our laboratory designed a targeted sequencing panel, "LipidSeq", to study the genetic determinants of dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders. Over the last 6 years, we have analyzed 3262 patient samples obtained from our own Lipid Genetics Clinic and international colleagues. Here, we highlight our findings and discuss research benefits and clinical implications of our panel. METHODS LipidSeq targets 69 genes and 185 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) either causally related or associated with dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders. This design allows us to simultaneously evaluate monogenic-caused by rare single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) or copy-number variants (CNVs)-and polygenic forms of dyslipidemia. Polygenic determinants were assessed using three polygenic scores, one each for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS Among 3262 patient samples evaluated, the majority had hypertriglyceridemia (40.1%) and familial hypercholesterolemia (28.3%). Across all samples, we identified 24,931 unique SNVs, including 2205 rare variants predicted disruptive to protein function, and 77 unique CNVs. Considering our own 1466 clinic patients, LipidSeq results have helped in diagnosis and improving treatment options. CONCLUSIONS Our LipidSeq design based on ontology of lipid disorders has enabled robust detection of variants underlying monogenic and polygenic dyslipidemias. In more than 50 publications related to LipidSeq, we have described novel variants, the polygenic nature of many dyslipidemias-some previously thought to be primarily monogenic-and have uncovered novel mechanisms of disease. We further demonstrate several tangible clinical benefits of its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S. Dron
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Jian Wang
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Adam D. McIntyre
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michael A. Iacocca
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - John F. Robinson
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Matthew R. Ban
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Henian Cao
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars leads to dyslipidemia. Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII is strongly associated with elevated levels of triglycerides and cardiovascular disease risk. We reviewed the effects of fructose consumption on apoCIII levels and the role of apoCIII in fructose-induced dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Consumption of fructose increases circulating apoCIII levels compared with glucose. The more marked effects of fructose compared with glucose on apoCIII concentrations may involve the failure of fructose consumption to stimulate insulin secretion. The increase in apoCIII levels after fructose consumption correlates with increased postprandial serum triglyceride. Further, RNA interference of apoCIII prevents fructose-induced dyslipidemia in nonhuman primates. Increases in postprandial apoCIII after fructose, but not glucose consumption, are positively associated with elevated triglycerides in large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and increased small dense LDL levels. SUMMARY ApoCIII might be causal in the lipid dysregulation observed after consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars. Decreased consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars could be an effective strategy for reducing circulating apoCIII and subsequently lowering triglyceride levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hieronimus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su X, Peng D. The exchangeable apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism and obesity. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 503:128-135. [PMID: 31981585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, characterized by increased plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and reduced plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), is confirmed as a hallmark of obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), posing serious risks to the future health of humans. Thus, it is important to understand the molecular metabolism of dyslipidemia, which could help reduce the morbidity and mortality of obesity and CVD. Currently, several exchangeable apolipoproteins, such as apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3), have been verified to exert vital effects on modulating lipid metabolism and homeostasis both in plasma and in cells, which consequently affect dyslipidemia. In the present review, we summarize the findings of the effect of exchangeable apolipoproteins on affecting lipid metabolism in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Furthermore, we also provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the exchangeable apolipoproteins influence the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia and its related cardio-metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia, a commonly encountered phenotype in cardiovascular and metabolic clinics, is surprisingly complex. A range of genetic variants, from single-nucleotide variants to large-scale copy number variants, can lead to either the severe or mild-to-moderate forms of the disease. At the genetic level, severely elevated triglyceride levels resulting from familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) are caused by homozygous or biallelic loss-of-function variants in LPL, APOC2, APOA5, LMF1, and GPIHBP1 genes. In contrast, susceptibility to multifactorial chylomicronemia (MCM), which has an estimated prevalence of ~1 in 600 and is at least 50-100-times more common than FCS, results from two different types of genetic variants: (1) rare heterozygous variants (minor allele frequency <1%) with variable penetrance in the five causal genes for FCS; and (2) common variants (minor allele frequency >5%) whose individually small phenotypic effects are quantified using a polygenic score. There is indirect evidence of similar complex genetic predisposition in other clinical phenotypes that have a component of hypertriglyceridemia, such as combined hyperlipidemia and dysbetalipoproteinemia. Future considerations include: (1) evaluation of whether the specific type of genetic predisposition to hypertriglyceridemia affects medical decisions or long-term outcomes; and (2) searching for other genetic contributors, including the role of genome-wide polygenic scores, novel genes, non-linear gene-gene or gene-environment interactions, and non-genomic mechanisms including epigenetics and mitochondrial DNA.
Collapse
|
17
|
Borén J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The Roles of ApoC-III on the Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:474. [PMID: 32849270 PMCID: PMC7399058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. It is well-established based on evidence accrued during the last three decades that high plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins are causatively linked to CVD, and that lowering these reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in humans (1-9). Historically, most attention has been on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) since these are the most abundant atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation, and thus the main carrier of cholesterol into the artery wall. However, with the rise of obesity and insulin resistance in many populations, there is increasing interest in the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their metabolic remnants, with accumulating evidence showing they too are causatively linked to CVD. Plasma triglyceride, measured either in the fasting or non-fasting state, is a useful index of the abundance of TRLs and recent research into the biology and genetics of triglyceride heritability has provided new insight into the causal relationship of TRLs with CVD. Of the genetic factors known to influence plasma triglyceride levels variation in APOC3- the gene for apolipoprotein (apo) C-III - has emerged as being particularly important as a regulator of triglyceride transport and a novel therapeutic target to reduce dyslipidaemia and CVD risk (10).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jan Borén
| | - Chris J. Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Florentin M, Kostapanos MS, Anagnostis P, Liamis G. Recent developments in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia: what’s the current state of the art? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 21:107-120. [PMID: 31738617 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1691523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Florentin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michael S Kostapanos
- Lipid clinic, Department of General Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Unit of reproductive endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Several new or emerging drugs for dyslipidemia owe their existence, in part, to human genetic evidence, such as observations in families with rare genetic disorders or in Mendelian randomization studies. Much effort has been directed to agents that reduce LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, triglyceride, and Lp[a] (lipoprotein[a]), with some sustained programs on agents to raise HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Lomitapide, mipomersen, AAV8.TBG.hLDLR, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, and gemcabene primarily target LDL cholesterol. Alipogene tiparvovec, pradigastat, and volanesorsen primarily target elevated triglycerides, whereas evinacumab and IONIS-ANGPTL3-LRx target both LDL cholesterol and triglyceride. IONIS-APO(a)-LRx targets Lp(a).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, Vascular Medicine Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Macchi C, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Santos RD, Watts GF, Ruscica M. A new dawn for managing dyslipidemias: The era of rna-based therapies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 150:104413. [PMID: 31449975 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The high occurrence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events is still a major public health issue. Although a major determinant of ASCVD event reduction is the absolute change of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), considerable residual risk remains and new therapeutic options are required, in particular, to address triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. In the era of Genome Wide Association Studies and Mendelian Randomization analyses aimed at increasing the understanding of the pathophysiology of ASCVD, RNA-based therapies may offer more effective treatment options. The advantage of oligonucleotide-based treatments is that drug candidates are targeted at highly specific regions of RNA that code for proteins that in turn regulate lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. For LDL-C lowering, the use of inclisiran - a silencing RNA that inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) synthesis - has the advantage that a single s.c. injection lowers LDL-C for up to 6 months. In familial hypercholesterolemia, the use of the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) mipomersen, targeting apolipoprotein (apoB) to reduce LDL-C, has been a valuable therapeutic approach, despite unquestionable safety concerns. The availability of specific ASOs lowering Lp(a) levels will allow rigorous testing of the Lp(a) hypothesis; by dramatically reducing plasma triglyceride levels, Volanesorsen (APOC3) and angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3)-LRx will further clarify the causality of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in ASCVD. The rapid progress to date heralds a new dawn in therapeutic lipidology, but outcome, safety and cost-effectiveness studies are required to establish the role of these new agents in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Macchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - C R Sirtori
- Dyslipidemia Center, A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - A Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - R D Santos
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiometabolic Services, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia.
| | - M Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zwol WV, Rimbert A, Kuivenhoven JA. The Future of Lipid-lowering Therapy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8071085. [PMID: 31340607 PMCID: PMC6678580 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol on top of statins or as monotherapy is rapidly changing the landscape of treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, existing lipid-lowering drugs have little impact on lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) or plasma triglycerides, two other risk factors for ASCVD. This review summarizes the evidence and the rationale to target Lp(a) and triglycerides and provides an overview of currently tested strategies to lower Lp(a), apolipoprotein C-III and angiopoietin-like protein 3. In addition, it summarizes new findings on the use of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FA) to fight ASCVD. With the exception of OM3FA supplementation, the promise of the experimental drugs discussed here depends on the long-term safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and/or antisense oligonucleotides Clinical outcome trials will ultimately prove whether these new therapeutic modalities will reduce ASCVD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willemien van Zwol
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Effects of Fructose or Glucose on Circulating ApoCIII and Triglyceride and Cholesterol Content of Lipoprotein Subfractions in Humans. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070913. [PMID: 31247940 PMCID: PMC6678650 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoCIII and triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL), particularly, large TG-rich lipoproteins particles, have been described as important mediators of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The effects of sustained consumption of dietary fructose compared with those of sustained glucose consumption on circulating apoCIII and large TRL particles have not been reported. We measured apoCIII concentrations and the TG and cholesterol content of lipoprotein subfractions separated by size in fasting and postprandial plasma collected from men and women (age: 54 ± 8 years) before and after they consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks. The subjects consuming fructose exhibited higher fasting and postprandial plasma apoCIII concentrations than the subjects consuming glucose (p < 0.05 for both). They also had higher concentrations of postprandial TG in all TRL subfractions (p < 0.05, effect of sugar), with the highest increases occurring in the largest TRL particles (p < 0.0001 for fructose linear trend). Compared to glucose consumption, fructose consumption increased postprandial TG in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (p < 0.05, effect of sugar), especially in the smaller particles (p < 0.0001 for fructose linear trend). The increases of both postprandial apoCIII and TG in large TRL subfractions were associated with fructose-induced increases of fasting cholesterol in the smaller LDL particles. In conclusion, 10 weeks of fructose consumption increased the circulating apoCIII and postprandial concentrations of large TRL particles compared with glucose consumption.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and function as an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism. In addition, apoC-III has also more recently been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which apoC-III induces hypertriglyceridemia and promotes atherogenesis, as well as the findings from recent clinical trials using novel strategies for lowering apoC-III. Recent Findings Genetic studies have identified subjects with heterozygote loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in APOC3, the gene coding for apoC-III. Clinical characterization of these individuals shows that the LOF variants associate with a low-risk lipoprotein profile, in particular reduced plasma triglycerides. Recent results also show that complete deficiency of apoC-III is not a lethal mutation and is associated with very rapid lipolysis of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Ongoing trials based on emerging gene-silencing technologies show that intervention markedly lowers apoC-III levels and, consequently, plasma triglyceride. Unexpectedly, the evidence points to apoC-III not only inhibiting LPL activity but also suppressing removal of TRLs by LPL-independent pathways. Summary Available data clearly show that apoC-III is an important cardiovascular risk factor and that lifelong deficiency of apoC-III is cardioprotective. Novel therapies have been developed, and results from recent clinical trials indicate that effective reduction of plasma triglycerides by inhibition of apoC-III might be a promising strategy in management of severe hypertriglyceridemia and, more generally, a novel approach to CHD prevention in those with elevated plasma triglyceride.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ramms B, Patel S, Nora C, Pessentheiner AR, Chang MW, Green CR, Golden GJ, Secrest P, Krauss RM, Metallo CM, Benner C, Alexander VJ, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S, Esko JD, Gordts PLSM. ApoC-III ASO promotes tissue LPL activity in the absence of apoE-mediated TRL clearance. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1379-1395. [PMID: 31092690 PMCID: PMC6672034 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia results from accumulation of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in the circulation and is associated with increased CVD risk. ApoC-III is an apolipoprotein on TRLs and a prominent negative regulator of TG catabolism. We recently established that in vivo apoC-III predominantly inhibits LDL receptor-mediated and LDL receptor-related protein 1-mediated hepatic TRL clearance and that apoC-III-enriched TRLs are preferentially cleared by syndecan-1 (SDC1). In this study, we determined the impact of apoE, a common ligand for all three receptors, on apoC-III metabolism using apoC-III antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment in mice lacking apoE and functional SDC1 (Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+). ApoC-III ASO treatment significantly reduced plasma TG levels in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice without reducing hepatic VLDL production or improving hepatic TRL clearance. Further analysis revealed that apoC-III ASO treatment lowered plasma TGs in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice, which was associated with increased LPL activity in white adipose tissue in the fed state. Finally, clinical data confirmed that ASO-mediated lowering of APOC-III via volanesorsen can reduce plasma TG levels independent of the APOE isoform genotype. Our data indicate that apoE determines the metabolic impact of apoC-III as we establish that apoE is essential to mediate inhibition of TRL clearance by apoC-III and that, in the absence of functional apoE, apoC-III inhibits tissue LPL activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sohan Patel
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chelsea Nora
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Max W Chang
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory J Golden
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Patrick Secrest
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Christopher Benner
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA .,Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhan B, Huang X, Wang J, Qin X, Zhang J, Cao J, Song Y, Liu L, Li P, Yang R, Wu Y, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Li J, Huo Y, Wang B, Xu X, Bao H, Cheng X. Association Between Lipid Profiles and Arterial Stiffness in Chinese Patients With Hypertension: Insights From the CSPPT. Angiology 2019; 70:515-522. [PMID: 30651004 DOI: 10.1177/0003319718823341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between lipid levels and arterial stiffness is controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between lipid parameters and brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity (baPWV) in Chinese patients with hypertension. A total of 14 071 participants with hypertension in the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT) were enrolled in the present study. Patients were assigned to 4 equal groups according to their baPWV. Participants in the highest baPWV group were older with a higher prevalence of stroke and diabetes mellitus as well as higher body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), homocysteine (Hcy), and vitamin B12 levels ( P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and other cardiovascular risks, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was negatively related to baPWV (β = -0.22, P = .012), TC (β = 0.08, P = 0.001), TG (β = 0.14, P = .001); non-HDL-C (β = 0.12, P = .001) and positively related to baPWV. The effect was not observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; β = 0.12, P = .335).These results suggested that non-HDL-C, TG, and TC were associated with arterial stiffness in a Chinese population with hypertension. HDL-C was inversely associated with arterial stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biming Zhan
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- 2 Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- 2 Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- 3 Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- 3 Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Song
- 4 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lishun Liu
- 4 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- 5 Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Li
- 5 Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Huo
- 4 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,5 Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Binyan Wang
- 3 Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- 2 Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,3 Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,4 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Bao
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang Shi, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Danford CJ, Yao ZM, Jiang ZG. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review of genetics. J Biomed Res 2018; 32:389-400. [PMID: 30355853 PMCID: PMC6283828 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20180045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. It encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from isolated hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the key challenges in NAFLD is identifying which patients will progress. Epidemiological and genetic studies indicate a strong pattern of heritability that may explain some of the variability in NAFLD phenotype and risk of progression. To date, at least three common genetic variants in the PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and GCKR genes have been robustly linked to NAFLD in the population. The function of these genes revealed novel pathways implicated in both the development and progression of NAFLD. In addition, candidate genes previously implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis have also been identified as determinants or modulators of NAFLD phenotype including genes involved in hepatocellular lipid handling, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. This article will review the current understanding of the genetics underpinning the development of hepatic steatosis and the progression of NASH. These newly acquired insights may transform our strategy to risk-stratify patients with NAFLD and to identify new potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Danford
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ze-Min Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sathiyakumar V, Kapoor K, Jones SR, Banach M, Martin SS, Toth PP. Novel Therapeutic Targets for Managing Dyslipidemia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:733-747. [PMID: 29970260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations. Therapeutic modulation of dyslipidemia by inhibiting 3'-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is standard practice throughout the world. However, based on findings from Mendelian studies and genetic sequencing in prospective longitudinal cohorts from around the world, novel therapeutic targets regulating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, such as apoprotein C3, angiopoietin-like proteins 3 and 4, and lipoprotein(a), have been identified. These targets may provide additional avenues to prevent and treat atherosclerotic disease. We therefore review these novel molecular targets by addressing available Mendelian and observational data, therapeutic agents in development, and early outcomes results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Sathiyakumar
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karan Kapoor
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Jones
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Seth S Martin
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter P Toth
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Davidson J, Rotondo D. Control of serum triglyceride levels by the apolipoprotein C3 gene and its relationship to cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:271-272. [PMID: 29715243 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Davidson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III is a key player in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism and strongly associated with elevated plasma triglyceride levels. Several new studies added important insights on apoC-III and its physiological function confirming its promise as a valid therapeutic target. RECENT FINDINGS APOC3 is expressed in liver and intestine and regulates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) catabolism and anabolism. The transcriptional regulation in both organs requires different regulatory elements. Clinical and preclinical studies established that apoC-III raises plasma triglyceride levels predominantly by inhibiting hepatic TRL clearance. Mechanistic insights into missense variants indicate accelerated renal clearance of apoC-III variants resulting in enhanced TRL catabolism. In contrast, an APOC3 gain-of-function variant enhances de novo lipogenesis and hepatic TRL production. Multiple studies confirmed the correlation between increased apoC-III levels and cardiovascular disease. This has opened up new therapeutic avenues allowing targeting of specific apoC-III properties in triglyceride metabolism. SUMMARY Novel in vivo models and APOC3 missense variants revealed unique mechanisms by which apoC-III inhibits TRL catabolism. Clinical trials with Volanesorsen, an APOC3 antisense oligonucleotide, report very promising lipid-lowering outcomes. However, future studies will need to address if acute apoC-III lowering will have the same clinical benefits as a life-long reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|