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Helal SA, Gerges SH, El-Kadi AOS. Enantioselectivity in some physiological and pathophysiological roles of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:31-45. [PMID: 38358327 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2284110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The phenomenon of chirality has been shown to greatly impact drug activities and effects. Different enantiomers may exhibit different effects in a certain biological condition or disease state. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) into a large variety of metabolites with a wide range of activities. Hydroxylation of AA by CYP hydroxylases produces hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), which are classified into mid-chain (5, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 15-HETE), subterminal (16-, 17-, 18- and 19-HETE) and terminal (20-HETE) HETEs. Except for 20-HETE, these metabolites exist as a racemic mixture of R and S enantiomers in the physiological system. The two enantiomers could have different degrees of activity or sometimes opposing effects. In this review article, we aimed to discuss the role of mid-chain and subterminal HETEs in different organs, importantly the heart and the kidneys. Moreover, we summarized their effects in some conditions such as neutrophil migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis, with a focus on the reported enantiospecific effects. We also reported some studies using genetically modified models to investigate the roles of HETEs in different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Helal
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Samar H Gerges
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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2
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He FT, Fu XL, Li MH, Fu CY, Chen JZ. USP14 Regulates ATF2/PIK3CD Axis to Promote Microvascular Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Angiogenesis in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:2076-2091. [PMID: 36939972 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness in diabetic patients. However, the pathogenesis of DR is complex, and no firm conclusions have been drawn so far. It has become a hot spot in ophthalmology research to deeply study the mechanism of DR pathological changes and find effective treatment options. Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were induced by high glucose (HG) to construct DR cell model. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the viability of HRMECs. Transwell assay was used to detect the migration ability of HRMECs. Tube formation assay was used to identify the tube formation ability of HRMECs. The expressions of USP14, ATF2 and PIK3CD were detected by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR assay. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was used to ascertain the relationship of USP14 and ATF2. To explore the regulatory relationship between ATF2 and PIK3CD by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. High glucose treatment promoted the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HRMEC, and the expressions of USP14, ATF2 and PIK3CD were significantly up-regulated. USP14 or ATF2 knockdown inhibited HG-induced HRMECs proliferation, migration, and tube formation. USP14 regulated the expression of ATF2, and ATF2 promoted PIK3CD expression. PIK3CD overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effectiveness of USP14 knockdown on proliferation, migration and tube formation of DR cell model. Here, we revealed that USP14 regulated the ATF2/PIK3CD axis to promote proliferation, migration, and tube formation in HG-induced HRMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Tao He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan West Central Hospital, No.2 Fubo East Road, Nada Town, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan West Central Hospital, No.2 Fubo East Road, Nada Town, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mo-Han Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan West Central Hospital, No.2 Fubo East Road, Nada Town, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan West Central Hospital, No.2 Fubo East Road, Nada Town, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan West Central Hospital, No.2 Fubo East Road, Nada Town, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Ma X, Xu J, Jin P, Yang L, Pan Y, Yin F, Zhang J, Wang J, Yu D, Wang X, Zhang M, Wang X, Wang D, Sheng J. Serum metabolomics of hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia in the Tibetan plateau has unique characteristics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12772. [PMID: 37550384 PMCID: PMC10406831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have provided data on the metabolomics characteristics of metabolic diseases such as hyperuricemia and hyperbilirubinemia in the Tibetan plateau. In the current study, we sought to investigate the serum metabolomics characteristics of hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia in the Tibetan plateau, with the aim to provide a basis for further research on their pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. The study participants were born in low-altitude areas below 1000 m and had no prior experience living in a high-altitude area before entering Golmud, Tibet (average elevation: 3000 m) and Yushu, Qinghai (average elevation: 4200 m). Thirty-four participants with hyperbilirubinemia (18 in Golmud and 16 in Yushu), 24 participants with hyperuricemia, and 22 healthy controls were enrolled. The serum samples of subjects were separated and then sent to a local tertiary hospital for biochemical examination. Serum widely targeted technology, based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) platform, was used to detect serum metabolites and differential metabolites. Compared to the healthy controls, hyperbilirubinemia patients from Golmud showed 19 differential metabolites, hyperbilirubinemia patients from Yushu showed 12 differential metabolites, and hyperuricemia patients from Yushu showed 23 differential metabolites. Compared to the hyperbilirubinemia patients from Golmud that is at a low altitude, the Yushu groups had 33 different metabolites. Differential metabolites are primarily classified into amino acids and their derivatives, nucleotides and their derivatives, organic acids and their derivatives, and lipids/fatty acids. These are related to metabolic pathways such as caffeine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. Hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia in the Tibetan plateau have unique serum metabolomics characteristics. Glycine derivatives and arachidonic acid and its derivatives were associated with plateau hyperbilirubinemia, and vanillic acid and pentadecafluorooctanoic acid were associated with plateau hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xianzong Ma
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Senior Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Senior Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Senior Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuanming Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fumei Yin
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiheng Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
- Senior Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Dongliang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Dezhi Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jianqiu Sheng
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nanmencang, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Senior Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Du Y, Taylor CG, Aukema HM, Zahradka P. Role of oxylipins generated from dietary PUFAs in the modulation of endothelial cell function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 160:102160. [PMID: 32717531 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins, which are circulating bioactive lipids generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by cyclooxygenase, lipooxygenase and cytochrome P450 enzymes, have diverse effects on endothelial cells. Although studies of the effects of oxylipins on endothelial cell function are accumulating, a review that provides a comprehensive compilation of current knowledge and recent advances in the context of vascular homeostasis is lacking. This is the first compilation of the various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo reports to examine the effects and potential mechanisms of action of oxylipins on endothelial cells. The aggregate data indicate docosahexaenoic acid-derived oxylipins consistently show beneficial effects related to key endothelial cell functions, whereas oxylipins derived from other PUFAs exhibit both positive and negative effects. Furthermore, information is lacking for certain oxylipin classes, such as those derived from α-linolenic acid, which suggests additional studies are required to achieve a full understanding of how oxylipins affect endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Du
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Singh NK, Rao GN. Emerging role of 12/15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in human pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:28-45. [PMID: 30472260 PMCID: PMC6338518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an enzyme, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-6 and -3 fatty acids, to generate a number of bioactive lipid metabolites. A large number of studies have revealed the importance of 12/15-LOX role in oxidative and inflammatory responses. The in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of 12/15-LOX metabolites in the expression of various genes and production of cytokine related to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. The studies with the use of knockout and transgenic animals for 12/15-LOX have further shown its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular, renal, neurological and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of 12/15-LOX in inflammation and various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Xing Y, Zheng X, Qi J, Fu Y, Cao W, Li J, Zhu D. 15-Lipoxygenase/15-hydroxyeicosanoid and activator protein 1 contribute to hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells phenotype alteration. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:22-29. [PMID: 30103928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and its metabolite 15-hydroxyeicosanoid (15-HETE) play a critical role on hypoxia-triggered pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) phenotype alteration through multifactorial pathways, like extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Here, we hypothesize that activator protein 1 (AP-1) was also involved in the PASMC phenotype alteration. Hypoxia elevated AP-1 expression in pulmonary arterials and in cultured PASMCs with a time-dependent manner. Both the gene disruption and pharmacological inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) significantly attenuated the hypoxia-elevated AP-1 expression. Silencing of AP-1 with small interference RNA abrogated the hypoxia- and 15-HETE-increased cell viability, proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, and Ki67 and α-tubulin staining. Moreover, AP-1 knockdown prevented hypoxia- and 15-HETE-promoted cyclin D1 expression and subsequent cell cycle progression into G2/M+S phase. Interestingly, AP-1 knockdown also inhibited the expression of 15-LOX, indicating a feedback regulation of 15-LOX/15-HETE signaling by AP-1. These findings shed light on the involvement of AP-1 in the PASMCs phenotype alteration via the hypoxia/15-LOX/15-HETE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University - Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University - Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Harbin Medical University - Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Yao Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University; and Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Department of Biotechnological Pharmaceutics Education, Harbin Medical University - Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University; and Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Daling Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University; and Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China.
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Çolakoğlu M, Tunçer S, Banerjee S. Emerging cellular functions of the lipid metabolizing enzyme 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12472. [PMID: 30062726 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acid through lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) leads to the production of bioactive lipids that are important both in the induction of acute inflammation and its resolution. Amongst the several isoforms of LOX that are expressed in mammals, 15-LOX-1 was shown to be important both in the context of inflammation, being expressed in cells of the immune system, and in epithelial cells where the enzyme has been shown to crosstalk with a number of important signalling pathways. This review looks into the latest developments in understanding the role of 15-LOX-1 in different disease states with emphasis on the emerging role of the enzyme in the tumour microenvironment as well as a newly re-discovered form of cell death called ferroptosis. We also discuss future perspectives on the feasibility of use of this protein as a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Çolakoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Tunçer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Singh NK, Janjanam J, Rao GN. p115 RhoGEF activates the Rac1 GTPase signaling cascade in MCP1 chemokine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14080-14091. [PMID: 28655771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of Rho proteins in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases is well studied, little is known about the role of their upstream regulators, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). Here, we sought to identify the RhoGEFs involved in monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1)-induced vascular wall remodeling. We found that, among the RhoGEFs tested, MCP1 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p115 RhoGEF but not of PDZ RhoGEF or leukemia-associated RhoGEF in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, p115 RhoGEF inhibition suppressed MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation. Consistent with these observations, balloon injury (BI) induced p115 RhoGEF tyrosine phosphorylation in rat common carotid arteries, and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of its levels substantially attenuated BI-induced smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, resulting in reduced neointima formation. Furthermore, depletion of p115 RhoGEF levels also abrogated MCP1- or BI-induced Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling, which, as we reported previously, is involved in vascular wall remodeling. Our findings also show that protein kinase N1 (PKN1) downstream of Rac1-cyclin D1/CDK6 and upstream of CDK4-PAK1 in the p115 RhoGEF-Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling axis is involved in the modulation of vascular wall remodeling. Of note, we also observed that CCR2-Gi/o-Fyn signaling mediates MCP1-induced p115 RhoGEF and Rac1 GTPase activation. These findings suggest that p115 RhoGEF is critical for MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation in vitro and for injury-induced neointima formation in vivo by modulating Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
| | - Jagadeesh Janjanam
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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Chen L, Zhu YM, Li YN, Li PY, Wang D, Liu Y, Qu YY, Zhu DL, Zhu YL. The 15-LO-1/15-HETE system promotes angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF in ischemic brains. Neurol Res 2017; 39:795-802. [PMID: 28460604 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1321710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiogenesis promotes neurobehavioral recovery after cerebral ischemic stroke. 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) is one of the major metabolites of arachidonic acid by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and stimulates the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thus, inducing autocrine-mediated angiogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of 15-LO/15-HETE system on VEGF expression and angiogenesis in brain ischemia. METHODS Rat cerebral arterial vascular endothelial cells were used to set up a cell injury model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R), mimicking a condition of brain ischemia. A mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. RESULTS Oxygen-glucose deprivation increased cellular expression of 15-LO-1 and VEGF. Transfection of 15-LO-1 siRNA depleted cells of 15-LO-1, and sequentially induced downregulation of VEGF expression; while, incubation of 15-HETE increased the expression of VEGF. Incubation of 15-HETE attenuated the reduction in cell viability induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation, and promoted cell migration, while transfection of 15-LO-1 siRNA showed an opposite effect. In animal experiments, the density of microvessels in hypoxic regions of brains was significantly increased after MCAO, while intracerebroventricular delivery of 15-LO-1 siRNA significantly reduced the density of microvessels, and downregulates VEGF expression. DISCUSSION The results indicate that the 15-LO-1/15-HETE system promotes angiogenesis in ischemic brains by upregulation of VEGF, representing a potential target for improving neurobehavioral recovery after cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhu
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Yu-Nong Li
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Peng-Yan Li
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Di Wang
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Yu Liu
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - You-Yang Qu
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Da-Ling Zhu
- b Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Harbin Medical University (Daqing) , Daqing , China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhu
- a Department of Neurology , Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
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Kotla S, Singh NK, Traylor JG, Orr AW, Rao GN. ROS-dependent Syk and Pyk2-mediated STAT1 activation is required for 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:147-62. [PMID: 25152235 PMCID: PMC4253592 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), the major 15-lipoxygenase 1/2 (15-LO1/2) metabolite of arachidonic acid (AA), induces CD36 expression through xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production and Syk and Pyk2-dependent STAT1 activation. In line with these observations, 15(S)-HETE also induced foam cell formation involving ROS, Syk, Pyk2, and STAT1-mediated CD36 expression. In addition, peritoneal macrophages from Western diet-fed ApoE(-/-) mice exhibited elevated levels of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase activities, ROS production, Syk, Pyk2, and STAT1 phosphorylation, and CD36 expression compared to those from ApoE(-/-):12/15-LO(-/-) mice and these events correlated with increased lipid deposits, macrophage content, and lesion progression in the aortic roots. Human atherosclerotic arteries also showed increased 15-LO1 expression, STAT1 phosphorylation, and CD36 levels as compared to normal arteries. Together, these findings suggest that 12/15-LO metabolites of AA, particularly 12/15(S)-HETE, might play a crucial role in atherogenesis by enhancing foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - James G Traylor
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 King׳s Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 King׳s Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Chattopadhyay R, Dyukova E, Singh NK, Ohba M, Mobley JA, Rao GN. Vascular endothelial tight junctions and barrier function are disrupted by 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid partly via protein kinase C ε-mediated zona occludens-1 phosphorylation at threonine 770/772. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3148-63. [PMID: 24338688 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of tight junctions (TJs) perturbs endothelial barrier function and promotes inflammation. Previously, we have shown that 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), the major 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LO1) metabolite of arachidonic acid, by stimulating zona occludens (ZO)-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and its dissociation from claudins 1/5, induces endothelial TJ disruption and its barrier dysfunction. Here, we have studied the role of serine/threonine phosphorylation of TJ proteins in 15(S)-HETE-induced endothelial TJ disruption and its barrier dysfunction. We found that 15(S)-HETE enhances ZO-1 phosphorylation at Thr-770/772 residues via PKCε-mediated MEK1-ERK1/2 activation, causing ZO-1 dissociation from occludin, disrupting endothelial TJs and its barrier function, and promoting monocyte transmigration; these effects were reversed by T770A/T772A mutations. In the arteries of WT mice ex vivo, 15(S)-HETE also induced ZO-1 phosphorylation and endothelial TJ disruption in a PKCε and MEK1-ERK1/2-dependent manner. In line with these observations, in WT mice high fat diet feeding induced 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) expression in the endothelium and caused disruption of its TJs and barrier function. However, in 12/15-LO(-/-) mice, high fat diet feeding did not cause disruption of endothelial TJs and barrier function. These observations suggest that the 12/15-LO-12/15(S)-HETE axis, in addition to tyrosine phosphorylation of ZO-2, also stimulates threonine phosphorylation of ZO-1 in the mediation of endothelial TJ disruption and its barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Chattopadhyay
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
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12
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Kotla S, Singh NK, Heckle MR, Tigyi GJ, Rao GN. The transcription factor CREB enhances interleukin-17A production and inflammation in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra83. [PMID: 24045154 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) plays a role in atherogenesis (also known as atherosclerosis), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We found that 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HETE], the major 15-LO-dependent metabolite of arachidonic acid, stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by monocytes through the xanthine oxidase-mediated activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. ROS production led to the Syk-, Pyk2-, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in a manner that required the transcription factor CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein). In addition, this pathway was required for the 15(S)-HETE-dependent migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. Consistent with these observations, we found that peritoneal macrophages from apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet (a mouse model of atherosclerosis) exhibited increased xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase activities; ROS production; phosphorylation of Syk, Pyk2, MAPK, and CREB; and IL-17A production compared to those from similarly fed ApoE-/-:12/15-LO-/- mice. These events correlated with increased lipid deposits and numbers of monocytes and macrophages in the aortic arches of ApoE-/- mice, which resulted in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Together, these observations suggest that 15(S)-HETE exacerbates atherogenesis by enhancing CREB-dependent IL-17A production and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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13
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Kundumani-Sridharan V, Singh NK, Kumar S, Gadepalli R, Rao GN. Nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 mediates p21-activated kinase 1 activation in the modulation of chemokine-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell F-actin stress fiber formation, migration, and proliferation and injury-induced vascular wall remodeling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22150-62. [PMID: 23737530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.454082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) mediate cell migration. However, the mechanisms were not known. Therefore, the objective of this study is to test whether cyclin/CDKs activate Pak1, an effector of Rac1, whose involvement in the modulation of cell migration and proliferation is well established. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) induced Pak1 phosphorylation/activation in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in a delayed time-dependent manner. MCP1 also stimulated F-actin stress fiber formation in a delayed manner in HASMCs, as well as the migration and proliferation of these cells. Inhibition of Pak1 suppressed MCP1-induced HASMC F-actin stress fiber formation, migration, and proliferation. MCP1 induced cyclin D1 expression as well as CDK6 and CDK4 activities, and these effects were dependent on activation of NFATc1. Depletion of NFATc1, cyclin D1, CDK6, or CDK4 levels attenuated MCP1-induced Pak1 phosphorylation/activation and resulted in decreased HASMC F-actin stress fiber formation, migration, and proliferation. CDK4, which appeared to be activated downstream of CDK6, formed a complex with Pak1 in response to MCP1. MCP1 also activated Rac1 in a time-dependent manner, and depletion/inhibition of its levels/activation abrogated MCP1-induced NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-CDK4-Pak1 signaling and, thereby, decreased HASMC F-actin stress fiber formation, migration, and proliferation. In addition, smooth muscle-specific deletion of NFATc1 led to decreased cyclin D1 expression and CDK6, CDK4, and Pak1 activities, resulting in reduced neointima formation in response to injury. Thus, these observations reveal that Pak1 is a downstream effector of CDK4 and Rac1-dependent, NFATc1-mediated cyclin D1 expression and CDK6 activity mediate this effect. In addition, smooth muscle-specific deletion of NFATc1 prevented the capacity of vascular smooth muscle cells for MCP-1-induced activation of the cyclin D1-CDK6-CDK4-Pak1 signaling axis, affecting their migration and proliferation in vitro and injury-induced neointima formation in vivo.
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14
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Angiogenesis: the HETE is on. Blood 2012; 118:5367-9. [PMID: 22096255 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-376152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Singh and colleagues identify HMG-CoA reductase-dependent farnesylation of Rac-1 as critical for 15(S)-HETE-induced angiogenesis. These findings establish a novel link between eicosanoid and cholesterol metabolism with important biologic and therapeutic implications for angiogenesis.
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12/15-Lipoxygenase gene knockout severely impairs ischemia-induced angiogenesis due to lack of Rac1 farnesylation. Blood 2011; 118:5701-12. [PMID: 21841162 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-347468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms by which 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) activates Rac1 in the induction of angiogenesis, we studied the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and αPix. 15(S)-HETE stimulated Rac1 in a sustained manner in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs). Simvastatin, a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, suppressed 15(S)-HETE-induced Rac1 activation in HDMVECs affecting their migration and tube formation. 15(S)-HETE by inducing HMG-CoA reductase expression caused increased farnesylation and membrane translocation of Rac1 where it became activated by Src-dependent αPix stimulation. Mevalonate rescued 15(S)-HETE-induced Rac1 farnesylation and membrane translocation in HDMVECs and the migration and tube formation of these cells from inhibition by simvastatin. Down-regulation of αPix inhibited 15(S)-HETE-induced HDMVEC migration and tube formation. Hind-limb ischemia induced Rac1 farnesylation and activation leading to increased angiogenesis and these effects were blocked by simvastatin and rescued by mevalonate in WT mice. In contrast, hind-limb ischemia failed to induce Rac1 farnesylation and activation as well as angiogenic response in 12/15-Lox(-/-) mice. Activation of Src and αPix were also compromised at least to some extent in 12/15-Lox(-/-) mice compared with WT mice in response to hind-limb ischemia. Together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that HMG-CoA reductase plays a determinant role in 12/15-Lox-induced angiogenesis.
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Zhang Q, Wang D, Singh NK, Kundumani-Sridharan V, Gadiparthi L, Rao CM, Rao GN. Activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 downstream of the Src-phospholipase D1 (PLD1)-protein kinase C γ (PKCγ) signaling axis is required for hypoxia-induced pathological retinal angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22489-98. [PMID: 21536681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.217786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of understanding the mechanisms of retinal neovascularization, we had reported previously that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced pathological retinal angiogenesis requires the activation of Src-PLD1-PKCγ signaling. In the present work, we have identified cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) as an effector molecule of Src-PLD1-PKCγ signaling in the mediation of VEGF-induced pathological retinal angiogenesis based on the following observations. VEGF induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMVECs). VEGF also induced arachidonic acid (AA) release in a dose-, time-, and cPLA(2)-dependent manner. Depletion of cPLA(2) levels inhibited VEGF-induced HRMVEC DNA synthesis, migration, and tube formation. In addition, the exogenous addition of AA rescued VEGF-induced HRMVEC DNA synthesis, migration, and tube formation from inhibition by down-regulation of cPLA(2). Inhibition of Src, PLD1, or PKCγ attenuated VEGF-induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation and AA release. Consistent with these findings, hypoxia induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation and activity in VEGF-Src-PLD1-PKCγ-dependent manner in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. In addition, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of cPLA(2) levels in the retina abrogated hypoxia-induced retinal endothelial cell proliferation and neovascularization. These observations suggest that cPLA(2)-dependent AA release is required for VEGF-induced Src-PLD1-PKCγ-mediated pathological retinal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Zhang
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Xiao YM, Chen L, Liu J, Liu WB, Chen HG, Zou LJ, Liu Y, Li DWC. Contrast expression patterns of JNK1 during sex reversal of the rice-field eel. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:242-56. [PMID: 19938068 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Their functions in regulating animal development have been well studied in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, it remains to be determined whether they play a role in sex determination. Here we present first evidence to show that expression of JNK1 displays distinct patterns during sex reversal of rice-field eel. Molecular cloning reveals that JNK1 is well conserved among rice-field eel and other vertebrates. Both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis demonstrate that JNK1 is highly expressed in the ovary of the female individual and reduced to a substantial degree at the later stage of the intersex. However, when the intersex individual develops into the stage of male, expression of the JNK1 in the testis of the male individual is distinctly downregulated. Associated with the contrast JNK1 expression pattern in female and male gonads, several stem cell marker genes including Nanog, Oct-3/4, and Sox-2 were also differentially expressed in female and male germinal stem cells. Together, these results suggest it is possible that JNK1 plays an important role in sexual reversal of the rice-field eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Xiao
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Singh NK, Quyen DV, Kundumani-Sridharan V, Brooks PC, Rao GN. AP-1 (Fra-1/c-Jun)-mediated induction of expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 is required for 15S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16830-43. [PMID: 20353950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE)-induced angiogenesis, we have studied the role of MMP-2. 15(S)-HETE induced MMP-2 expression and activity in a time-dependent manner in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs). Inhibition of MMP-2 activity or depletion of its levels attenuated 15(S)-HETE-induced HDMVEC migration, tube formation, and Matrigel plug angiogenesis. 15(S)-HETE also induced Fra-1 and c-Jun expression in a Rac1-MEK1-JNK1-dependent manner. In addition, 15(S)-HETE-induced MMP-2 expression and activity were mediated by Rac1-MEK1-JNK1-dependent activation of AP-1 (Fra-1/c-Jun). Cloning and site-directed mutagenesis of MMP-2 promoter revealed that AP-1 site proximal to the transcriptional start site is required for 15(S)-HETE-induced MMP-2 expression, and Fra-1 and c-Jun are the essential components of AP-1 that bind to MMP-2 promoter in response to 15(S)-HETE. Hind limb ischemia led to an increase in MEK1 and JNK1 activation and Fra-1, c-Jun, and MMP-2 expression resulting in enhanced neovascularization and recovery of blood perfusion in wild-type mice as compared with 12/15-Lox(-/-) mice. Together, these results provide the first direct evidence for a role of 12/15-Lox-12/15(S)-HETE axis in the regulation of ischemia-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Chava KR, Karpurapu M, Wang D, Bhanoori M, Kundumani-Sridharan V, Zhang Q, Ichiki T, Glasgow WC, Rao GN. CREB-mediated IL-6 expression is required for 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:809-15. [PMID: 19342597 PMCID: PMC2724759 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.185777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from media to intima is a key event in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and restenosis. The lipoxygenase products of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were shown to play a role in these diseases. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) has been implicated in the regulation of VSMC growth and motility in response to thrombin and angiotensin II. The aim of the present study was to test the role of CREB in an oxidized lipid molecule, 15(S)-HETE-induced VSMC migration and neointima formation. METHODS AND RESULTS 15(S)-HETE stimulated VSMC migration in CREB-dependent manner, as measured by the modified Boyden chamber method. Blockade of MEK1, JNK1, or p38MAPK inhibited 15(S)-HETE-induced CREB phosphorylation and VSMC migration. 15(S)-HETE induced expression and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), as analyzed by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibodies blocked 15(S)-HETE-induced VSMC migration. Dominant-negative mutant-mediated blockade of ERK1/2, JNK1, p38MAPK, or CREB suppressed 15(S)-HETE-induced IL-6 expression in VSMCs. Serial 5' deletions and site-directed mutagenesis of IL-6 promoter along with chromatin immunoprecipitation using anti-CREB antibodies showed that cAMP response element is essential for 15(S)-HETE-induced IL-6 expression. Dominant-negative CREB also suppressed balloon injury-induced IL-6 expression, SMC migration from media to intimal region, and neointima formation. Adenovirus-mediated transduction of 15-lipoxygenase 2 (15-LOX2) caused increased production of 15-HETE in VSMCs and enhanced IL-6 expression, SMC migration from media to intimal region, and neointima formation in response to arterial injury. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest a role for 15-LOX2-15-HETE in the regulation of VSMC migration and neointima formation involving CREB-mediated IL-6 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara R. Chava
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Manjula Karpurapu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Manjula Bhanoori
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | | | - Qiuhua Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Toshihiro Ichiki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wayne C. Glasgow
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N. Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
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