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Lee DS, Jo HG, Kim MJ, Lee H, Cheong SH. Antioxidant and Anti-Stress Effects of Taurine Against Electric Foot-Shock-Induced Acute Stress in Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1155:185-196. [PMID: 31468397 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant and anti-stress activities of taurine in electric foot-shock stress model rats. Taurine supplementation markedly increased the hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, compared to the levels in the stress group. In addition, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were improved in the taurine-treated group. Plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) levels were significantly reduced in the taurine-supplemented group compared to those in the stress group. In contrast, the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were markedly increased in the taurine or betaine-treated group compared to those in the stress group. It may be concluded that taurine produces beneficial effects in the form of antioxidant status and biochemical alterations in foot-shock-induced acute stress in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Geun Jo
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
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Coronel-Restrepo N, Posso-Osorio I, Naranjo-Escobar J, Tobón GJ. Autoimmune diseases and their relation with immunological, neurological and endocrinological axes. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:684-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ahn SK, Suh CK, Cha SH. Polymorphisms of SLC22A9 (hOAT7) in Korean Females with Osteoporosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:319-25. [PMID: 26170735 PMCID: PMC4499643 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among solute carrier proteins, the organic anion transporters (OATs) play an important role for the elimination or reabsorption of endogenous and exogenous negatively charged anionic compounds. Among OATs, SLC22A9 (hOAT7) transports estrone sulfate with high affinity. The net decrease of estrogen, especially in post-menopausal women induces rapid bone loss. The present study was performed to search the SNP within exon regions of SLC22A9 in Korean females with osteoporosis. Fifty healthy controls and 50 osteoporosis patients were screened for the genetic polymorphism in the coding region of SLC22A9 using GC-clamped PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Six SNPs were found on the SLC22A9 gene from Korean women with/without osteoporosis. The SNPs were located as follows: two SNPs in the osteoporosis group (A645G and T1277C), three SNPs in the control group (G1449T, C1467T and C1487T) and one SNP in both the osteoporosis and control groups (G767A). The G767A, T1277C and C1487T SNPs result in an amino acid substitution, from synonymous vs nonsynonymous substitution arginine to glutamine (R256Q), phenylalanine to serine (F426S) and proline to leucine (P496L), respectively. The Km values and Vmax of the wild type, R256Q, P496L and F426S were 8.84, 8.87, 9.83 and 12.74 µM, and 1.97, 1.96, 2.06 and 1.55 pmol/oocyte/h, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the SLC22A9 variant F426S is causing inter-individual variation that is leading to the differences in transport of the steroid sulfate conjugate (estrone sulfate) and, therefore this could be used as a marker for certain disease including osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyu Ahn
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Chang Kook Suh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Cha
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Korea
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Masi AT, Rehman AA, Jorgenson LC, Smith JM, Aldag JC. Sexual Dimorphisms of Adrenal Steroids, Sex Hormones, and Immunological Biomarkers and Possible Risk Factors for Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:929246. [PMID: 26693225 PMCID: PMC4674595 DOI: 10.1155/2015/929246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity and immunological biomarkers are believed to be interrelated with sex hormones and other neuroendocrine factors. Sexual dimorphism mechanisms may be operating in certain rheumatic and inflammatory diseases which occur more frequently in women than men, as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Less data have been available on altered interrelations of the combined neuroendocrine and immune (NEI) systems as risk factors for development of certain diseases. In this study, serological interrelations of NEI biomarkers are analyzed before symptomatic onset of RA (pre-RA) versus control (CN) subjects, stratified by sex. Sexual dimorphism was found in serum levels of acute serum amyloid A (ASAA), soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2Rα), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1). Multiple steroidal and hormonal (neuroendocrine) factors also showed highly (p < 0.001) significant sexual dimorphism in their assayed values, but less for cortisol (p = 0.012), and not for 17-hydroxyprogesterone (p = 0.176). After stratification by sex and risk of developing RA, differential NEI correlational patterns were observed in the interplay of the NEI systems between the pre-RA and CN groups, which deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonse T. Masi
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria (UICOMP), One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
- *Alfonse T. Masi:
| | - Azeem A. Rehman
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | - Laura C. Jorgenson
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Smith
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
| | - Jean C. Aldag
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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Qi S, Xin R, Guo W, Liu Y. Meta-analysis of oral contraceptives and rheumatoid arthritis risk in women. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:915-23. [PMID: 25395857 PMCID: PMC4226450 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s70867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Epidemiological investigations of the relationship between oral contraceptives and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk have reported controversial results. Therefore, a meta-analysis of case-control or cohort studies was performed to evaluate the role of oral contraceptives in relation to risk of developing RA. Methods Eligible studies were identified from databases PubMed and EMBASE by searching and reviewing references. Random effect models were utilized to summarize the relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 12 case-control studies and five cohort studies were eligible for our analysis. No statistically significant association was observed between oral contraceptives and RA risk (RR=0.88, 95% CI=0.75–1.03). In the subgroup of geographic area, a decreased risk of borderline significance was observed for oral contraceptive users in European studies (RR=0.79, 95% CI=0.62–1.01), but this association did not emerge in the North American studies group (RR=0.99, 95% CI=0.81–1.21). No evidence for publication bias was detected (P for Egger’s test =0.231). Conclusion Our results of meta-analysis do not support the hypothesis of a protective effect of oral contraceptives on the risk for RA in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital. Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xin
- Department of Radiology, 2nd Hospital affiliated to Jilin University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Guo
- Intensive Care Unit, 2nd Hospital affiliated to Jilin University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Turk SA, van Beers-Tas MH, van Schaardenburg D. Prediction of future rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:753-70. [PMID: 25437290 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results from an interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Several of these factors are known, such as family history of RA, high birth weight, smoking, silica exposure, alcohol nonuse, obesity, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibody, and genetic variants such as the shared epitope and protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22. The impact of these factors can be modeled in the 2 main groups at risk of RA: family members of patients with RA and seropositive persons with or without arthralgia. Current models have the potential to select individuals for preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina A Turk
- Department of Rheumatology, Jan van Breemen Research Institute/Reade, Doctor Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marian H van Beers-Tas
- Department of Rheumatology, Jan van Breemen Research Institute/Reade, Doctor Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan van Schaardenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Jan van Breemen Research Institute/Reade, Doctor Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Controlled Cohort Study of Serum Gonadal and Adrenocortical Steroid Levels in Males Prior to Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis (pre-RA): A Comparison to pre-RA Females and Sex Differences among the Study Groups. Int J Rheumatol 2013; 2013:284145. [PMID: 24371442 PMCID: PMC3859165 DOI: 10.1155/2013/284145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum testosterone levels are generally reported to be lower in male rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, but it is not determined if a deficiency may occur before clinical onset of disease (pre-RA). Lower testosterone levels were recently reported in males many years before RA onset but were predictive only of rheumatoid factor (RF)—negative disease. A preceding prospective study did not reveal androgenic-anabolic hormone association with risk of RA in men or women. This cohort study of males analyzed baseline serum levels of gonadal and adrenocortical steroids, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin in 18 pre-RA versus 72 matched non-RA control (CN) subjects. Findings in males were compared to those in female pre-RA and CN subjects in the same cohort, and sex differences were analyzed. Steroidal and hormonal levels, including total testosterone, were similar between male study groups. In females, mean (±SE) serum androstenedione (nmol/L) was slightly (P = 0.048) lower in 36 pre-RA (6.7 ± 0.36) than 144 CN (7.6 ± 0.22). With the exception of 3 partial correlations of hormonal variables observed to differ between pre-RA versus CN subjects, the patterns were similar overall. However, partial correlations of hormonal variables differed frequently by sex, both within and between study groups.
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Sánchez-Andrade A, Suárez JL, Arias M, Francisco I, Díez C, Cortiñas J, Romasanta A, Morrondo P, Díez-Baños P, Paz-Silva A, Sánchez-Andrade R. Relationships between eosinophilia, anti-FasciolaIgG, and IgM rheumatoid factors, in urban and rural areas of north–western Spain. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 102:489-98. [DOI: 10.1179/136485908x311777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lower Serum Androstenedione Levels in Pre-Rheumatoid Arthritis versus Normal Control Women: Correlations with Lower Serum Cortisol Levels. Autoimmune Dis 2013; 2013:593493. [PMID: 23762532 PMCID: PMC3674651 DOI: 10.1155/2013/593493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum adrenal androgens (AAs), including androstenedione (Δ4A) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), have been reported to be lower in female rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with early disease. Few data are available on hormonal status of women before the onset of clinical rheumatoid arthritis (pre-RA). A broad baseline panel of serum adrenal and sex steroids was compared in 36 female pre-RA to 144 matched cohort control (CN) subjects to determine differences in their mean values and in patterns of hormonal correlations. Study subjects having lower versus higher baseline serum cortisol levels than the total group's mean value were also analyzed separately to investigate differences in their hormonal levels and correlational patterns. In total subjects, mean (±SE) Δ4A level (nmol/L) was lower (P = 0.018) in 28 pre-RA cases (6.4 ± 0.40) versus 108 CN (7.8 ± 0.28). The significant (P = 0.013) difference was restricted to 9 pre-RA versus 53 CN subjects having lower cortisol levels (5.6 ± 0.73 versus 8.0 ± 0.42 nmol/L, resp.). In total subjects, no significant difference was found between study subjects in their bivariate correlations of the hormonal panel variables, unlike results found in the subgroups stratified by lower versus higher cortisol levels. A subgroup of pre-RA females may have relative adrenal cortical insufficiency, as reflected by lower Δ4A, especially observed among those subjects with lower cortisol levels.
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Chakrabarti S, Davidge ST. Estradiol modulates tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial inflammation: role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. J Vasc Res 2012; 50:21-34. [PMID: 23095497 DOI: 10.1159/000342736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex hormone estradiol (E(2)) appears to mediate both anti-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory effects in premenopausal women, suggesting a complex immunomodulatory role. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. Alterations at the TNF receptors (TNFRs) and their downstream signaling/transcriptional pathways can affect inflammatory responses. Given this background, we hypothesized that chronic E(2) exposure would alter endothelial inflammatory response involving modulation at the levels of TNFRs and signaling pathways. HUVECs were used as the model system. Pre-treatment with E(2) did not significantly alter TNF-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules ICAM-1 (3-6 times) and VCAM-1 (5-7 times). However, pharmacological inhibition of transcriptional pathways suggested a partial shift from NF-ĸB (from 97 to 64%) towards the JNK/AP-1 pathway in ICAM-1 upregulation on E(2) treatment. In contrast, VCAM-1 expression remained NF-ĸB dependent in both control (∼96%) and E(2) treated (∼85%) cells. The pro-inflammatory TNF effects were mediated by TNFR1. Interestingly, E(2) pre-treatment increased TNFR2 levels in these cells. Concomitant TNFR2 activation (but not TNFR1 activation alone) led to the shift towards JNK/AP-1-mediated ICAM-1 upregulation in E(2)-treated cells, suggesting the effects of chronic E(2) to be dependent on TNFR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Chakrabarti
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Physiology, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center and Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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Jara LJ. La interacción inmuno-neuro-endocrina en enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes: un nuevo desafio para el reumatólogo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:85-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Maninger N, Capitanio JP, Mason WA, Ruys JD, Mendoza SP. Acute and chronic stress increase DHEAS concentrations in rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1055-62. [PMID: 20153584 PMCID: PMC2894999 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on the stress-responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have focused on glucocorticoids, while few studies have investigated the adrenal secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), which is unique to primates. Monkeys were chair-restrained for 2h per day for seven consecutive days, and blood samples were collected upon placement in the chair, and at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min later. Like cortisol, DHEAS concentrations increased throughout the initial session of chair restraint (acute stress). Unlike the cortisol response, which decreased after repeated exposure to the stressor, the DHEAS response was sustained throughout the seventh session of restraint (chronic stress) and response to the seventh session of restraint did not differ from the DHEAS response to the initial session. Like cortisol, DHEAS concentrations showed a diurnal rhythm with higher concentrations in the morning compared to the evening and a decrease in response to dexamethasone (DEX) administration. After repeated exposure to the stressor, the suppression of DHEAS in response to dexamethasone was more complete, suggesting an increase in negative feedback sensitivity. These data show that DHEAS concentrations increase in response to both acute and chronic (repeated) stress and provide another measure of HPA activity that parallels cortisol during acute responses to stress but diverges in chronic or repeated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maninger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, CA 94143, USA.
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Karlson EW, Chibnik LB, McGrath M, Chang SC, Keenan BT, Costenbader KH, Fraser PA, Tworoger S, Hankinson SE, Lee IM, Buring J, De Vivo I. A prospective study of androgen levels, hormone-related genes and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R97. [PMID: 19555469 PMCID: PMC2714153 DOI: 10.1186/ar2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is more common in females than males and sex steroid hormones may in part explain this difference. We conducted a case–control study nested within two prospective studies to determine the associations between plasma steroid hormones measured prior to RA onset and polymorphisms in the androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2), aromatase (CYP19) and progesterone receptor (PGR) genes and RA risk. Methods We genotyped AR, ESR2, CYP19, PGR SNPs and the AR CAG repeat in RA case–control studies nested within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHS II (449 RA cases, 449 controls) and the Women's Health Study (72 cases, and 202 controls). All controls were matched on cohort, age, Caucasian race, menopausal status, and postmenopausal hormone use. We measured plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin in 132 pre-RA samples and 396 matched controls in the NHS cohorts. We used conditional logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders to assess RA risk. Results Mean age of RA diagnosis was 55 years in both cohorts; 58% of cases were rheumatoid factor positive at diagnosis. There was no significant association between plasma DHEAS, total testosterone, or calculated free testosterone and risk of future RA. There was no association between individual variants or haplotypes in any of the genes and RA or seropositive RA, nor any association for the AR CAG repeat. Conclusions Steroid hormone levels measured at a single time point prior to RA onset were not associated with RA risk in this study. Our findings do not suggest that androgens or the AR, ESR2, PGR, and CYP19 genes are important to RA risk in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Karlson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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MASI ALFONSET, CHATTERTON ROBERTT, ALDAG JEANC. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Hormones and Male Rheumatoid Arthritis: Novel Perspectives. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:859-62. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gerosa M, De Angelis V, Riboldi P, Meroni PL. Rheumatoid arthritis: a female challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:195-201. [PMID: 19072521 DOI: 10.2217/17455057.4.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is two- to three-fold more frequent in women than in men and a strong association with sex hormones has been demonstrated. There is strong evidence that autoimmunity is under genetic control, and genes in sexual chromosomes can play a role in supporting the female prevalence. On the other hand, it is widely accepted that sex hormones--estrogens in particular--may regulate the immune response by favoring the survival of forbidden autoreactive clones and ultimately the prevalence of autoimmunity in women. Accordingly, estrogens have been suggested to be associated with the development of RA. Pregnancy in RA women is a common situation and most pregnant patients experience a remission. This has been closely related to a switch from Th1 to Th2 immune responses and to a decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, at least in part supported by the changes of the hormonal profile in pregnancy. Pregnancy planning is required in RA in order to avoid unwanted complications. In particular, the need to control the disease requires safe use of antirheumatic drugs both during the pregnancy itself and in the breastfeeding period. Hormonal treatment for contraception is contraindicated in the case of positivity for antiphospholipid antibodies owing to the increased thrombophilic risk. Similarly, replacement hormonal treatment in postmenopausal women with RA to control osteoporosis is no longer recommended as a result of its ability to increase the cardiovascular risk closely associated with RA itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerosa
- San Luca Hospital, Allergy, Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology Unit, Via G Spagnoletto 3, 20149 Milan, Italy
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High prevalence of rheumatoid factor associated with clinical manifestations of rheumatic disease in Kaingang and Guarani Indians from Southern Brazil. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:427-30. [PMID: 18820931 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to perform a screening for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-nuclear antibody in Kaingang, Guarani and Mestizos individuals from Mangueirinha Reservation, State of Paraná, Brazil, and associate it with demographic and clinical data. Serum samples from 321 aborigines (125 male and 196 female; 4-86 years old) and 180 non-Indians healthy individuals were analysed (62 male and 118 female; 2-81 years old). Antinuclear antibody (ANA) was tested by indirect immunofluorescence, and RF by agglutination in latex and turbidimetry. RF was higher in Kaingang when compared to Guarani (P = 0.009), Mestizos (P = 0.061) and non-Indians (P = 0.010). A significant increase of RF was observed in Kaingang women versus Kaingang men (P = 0.002) and, among the women, in Kaingang when compared to Mestizos and Guarani (P <or= 0.008). The positivity for ANA did not show significant differences between the groups. Clinical evaluation of RF positive individuals (n = 6) confirmed rheumatoid arthritis in two Kaingang Indians. Other two individuals (RF positive) will be under medical observation, as well as two Mestizos. The differences observed among the investigated groups, suggest the influence of genetic and hormonal factors in the development of auto antibodies in these populations.
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Ramos-Remus C, Sierra-Jimenez G, Skeith K, Aceves-Avila FJ, Russell AS, Offer R, Olguin-Redes JE, Homik J, Sanchez L, Sanchez-Ortiz A, Navarro-Cano G. Latitude gradient influences the age of onset in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26:1725-8. [PMID: 17646901 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-007-0666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mean age of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) onset is around 50 years as reported in several clinical trials involving Caucasian patients. However, clinical observations suggest that Mexican RA patients' disease is initiated at a younger age. The objective of the study was to assess whether the age of onset of RA is different in Mexican and in Canadian RA patients. Certified rheumatologists from Canada and Mexico directly interviewed consecutive RA patients attending their clinics regarding the date patients first noticed a swollen joint. None of the participant rheumatologists were aware of the primary aim of this exploratory study at the time of the interviews. Data was gathered from 161 Mexican (91% women) and 130 Canadian (77% women) RA patients collected by three rheumatologists in each country. Duration since disease onset was not different within countries (mean 95% confidence interval [CI] for differences -10 to 16 years, p = 0.12 for Canadians, and -6 to 10 years, p = 0.26, for Mexicans). However, there was a significant difference between the two countries. Mexicans patients on average developed RA almost 12 years younger than Canadians (95% CI for difference 9 to 15 years, p < 0.001). Frequency distribution showed that 35.5% of Canadians but only 4% of Mexicans had the onset of the disease after the age of 55 (all p < 0.001). It appears that RA begins at a much younger age in Mexican than Canadian patients. If this were confirmed after controlling for different confounders and biases, it would have important societal, economic, and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Ramos-Remus
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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